Why do we need Calculus? What is Calculus?

Precalculus vs. Calculus: The fundamental difference between precalculus and calculus is that precalculus is more static, whereas calculus is more dynamic.
In Precalculus, you learn how to find y, given x. In
Calculus, you learn how to find the y-value that you are
APPROACHING, given x. The y-value you are approaching
is called a limit.

In Precalculus, you study the slope of a given line. In

Calculus, you analyze the slope of a curve (the slope of
the tangent line). In Precalculus, you study average rate
of change between two points using the slope of the
secant line. In Calculus, you analyze the instantaneous
rate of change at one point using the slope of the tangent
line.

In Precalculus, you study objects traveling at a CONSTANT

velocity. In Calculus, you can analyze the velocity of an
object that is speeding up or slowing down over time.
The first derivative is the instantaneous velocity of the
object at a given moment in time, and the second
derivative is the acceleration of the object.

In Precalculus, you can easily find area using geometric

formulas (circle, triangle, rectangle, trapezoid, etc.) In
Calculus, you can find the area under a curve. We use
integration to find the area under a curve.

What is Calculus? There are two types of calculus: differentiation calculus

(Newton) and integral calculus (Leibniz). Before you can study differential and integral
calculus, you must have a firm foundation in precalculus and limits.

Differential calculus focuses on instantaneous rate of change (slope). Derivatives help us locate maximums, minimums, and points of inflection. We can
use derivatives in physics, business, and related rates problems. Integration is the inverse of differentiation. There are two types of integrals: indefinite
and definite. Indefinite integration can be used to find the original function, f(x), given the derivative f’(x). Don’t forget the +C when finding an indefinite
integral. Definite integration finds the area bound by the curve, the x-axis, and two vertical lines x=a and x=b. The answer for a definite integral will be
a number that represents the area of a region. Remember, area above the x-axis is positive and the area below the x-axis is negative.
CP Calculus Pacing Guide
***KEEP YOUR CHEAT SHEET FOR COLLEGE***

4 Pillars of Calculus
All four pillars utilize the concept of infinity.
1. Functions
For example: Functions extend infinitely in both directions(domain and range), limits can approach
2. Limits
infinity (horizontal asymptotes), a derivative is the slope between two points that are infinitely close
3. Differentiation
together, integration calculates the area under a curve using an infinite amount of rectangles with an
4. Integration
infinitely small width
Quarter 1: Functions & Limits

Unit 1: Trigonometry Review Unit 2: Precalculus Review Unit 3: Chapter 1 - Limits

• Reference angles and radians • Graphs, finding intercepts, symmetry • Evaluating limits analytically
• Degrees, radians, reference angles, • Intersections • Finding limit graphically and
special triangles • Linear equations numerically
• Special angles, calculator, equations • Linear equations with the graphing calculator • Continuity and one sided
• Unit circle and trig review • Graphing various functions limits
• Pythagorean identities • Modeling using data • Using one sided limits
• Double angle formulas • Discontinuities
• Graphing sine and cosine functions • Intermediate value theorem
• Inverse trig functions • Infinite limits
• Graphing trig functions

Quarter 2: Derivatives
Unit 4: Chapter 2 - Derivatives

• Average rate of change (slope between two points)

• Using limits to find derivatives
• Derivative (instantaneous rate of change) at a point
• Derivative applications
• Tangent line
• Differentiation (finding the derivative) rules
o Product Rule, Quotient Rule, Chain Rule
• Implicit Differentiation
• Related Rates
Quarter 3: Derivative Applications
Unit 5: Chapter 2 & 3 (Related Rates and Business Apps) Unit 6: Chapter 3
• Extrema
• Differentiation with real-world application • Intercepts
problems • Critical Numbers
o Related rates of change • Points of Inflection
o Business applications • Relative Max/Min
o Physics Apps • First Derivative Test to determine
increasing/decreasing
• Concavity Test (using the second
derivative) to determine concavity
• Second derivative test
• Graphing f(x), f’(x), and f’’(x)
• Optimization Problems

Quarter 4: Integration
Unit 6: Chapter 4 Unit 7: Chapter 5
• Integration • Graphing logs and exponential functions
o No product rule, quotient rule, or chain • Solving equations with logs and
rule exponentials
o U-substitution • Differentiating and integrating logs and
o Division to rewrite the problem exponentials
o Definite vs. indefinite integrals • Other derivative and integration rules
Quarter 1
A limit is the y-value that a function "approaches" as x approaches a given value.
1. What is a limit? For a limit to exist, you must approach the same y value from the left and the right.
2. Find the following limits:
2 2 2 2𝑥−2 2𝑥+1 2𝑥 2 +1
a) lim 2𝑥 + 1 b) lim c) lim+ d) lim− e) lim f) lim g) lim
𝑥→3 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2

3. Find the SLOPE between the points (x, f(x)) and (x+h, f(x+h)). You should get the limit definition of a derivative.

This limit is called “the limit definition of a derivative.” The limit definition can be used to find the slope of the function at a given x value.
Finding the slope between two points on the secant line does not provide a very good approximation for the slope of the tangent line. The approximation becomes
much better if we make the two points on the secant line very, VERY close together. Imagine dragging the two points on the secant line very close together, so that
the secant line and tangent line are ALMOST the same. As Δx approaches 0, we get a much better approximation for the slope of the tangent line.

4. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find the derivative of the following function: f(x)=3x+1
Quarter 2

5. Find the derivative of the following function:

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑

6. Find the equation of the tangent line to

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 at x = 4

7. Find the derivative of the following function

using PRODUCT RULE:
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎)

8. Find the derivative of the following function

using the PRODUCT RULE: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

9. Find the derivative of the following function

using the CHAIN RULE: 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟏𝟎𝟎

10.Find the derivative of the following function

using the CHAIN RULE: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟓𝒙)

11.Find the derivative of the following RELATION

using IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION. Find dy/dx,
given 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
Quarter 3
12. Related Rates: A homeowner decides to paint his home. He leans an 18-foot long ladder against the wall of his house. The ladder begins to
slide down the side of the wall. One foot before the top of the ladder hits the ground, it’s falling at a rate of 20 ft/second. At this moment, how fast
is the foot of the ladder moving away from the wall?

13. Related Rates: The radius of a spherical balloon is increasing at a rate of 4 mm per second, when the radius is 20mm. How fast is the volume
changing?

14. Physics: A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch velocity of 150 ft/sec. What is the velocity of the rock at 2 seconds?
Meters: s(t ) = −4.9t + v0t + s0
2

Feet: s(t ) = −16t + v0t + s0

2

15. Business: A manufacturing company finds that its product has a demand function of p = 231 − 0.025x and a cost function of C = 18 + 15 x .
How many units should be produced to maximize profit.
16. Determine the max, min, and point of inflection. Use the tests, not a calculator. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖𝒙
Do you remember the first derivative test? Second derivative test? Concavity test? The first derivative test and second derivative test are used to
determine whether CN are maximums or minimums. If you plug test values into the first derivative, and the function goes from increasing to
decreasing you have a relative max. If you plug in a CN to the second derivative, the concavity will tell you whether you have a max or min. If the
graph is CU, you have a min. If the graph is CD, you have a max. The concavity test is used to determine if you have a point of inflection. If you plug
test values into the second derivative and your graph changes concavity, then you have a point of inflection.

17. Circle the relative max and mins. Star the points of inflection.
Quarter 4
1 3 3
18. ∫(𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 19. ∫−1(6𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 20. ∫−1(5𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 3 4
21. ∫0 cos⁡(6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 22. ∫0 |𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥 23. ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, using the graph.

24. What is calculus? How you would explain calculus to a pre-calculus student?
What advice would you give them? Re-read the first page. Your response should be at
least three complete sentences.

25. What was your favorite calculus topic? Explain why. Your response should be at least two complete sentences.