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1. Prior to 1996, electronic communication between stores and headquarters took place
through several different technologies. These technologies includes TCP/IP, Systems
Network Architecture (SNA), X.25, a protocol for wide area networks that uses phone or
ISDN lines with slow maximum speed of 128 kbps and the asynchronous transfer mode
(ATM) protocol. Data was transmitted via three types of lines: satellite, telephone dial-up,
and leased lines. This mix of technologies provided communication that was slow and
unreliable. It did not support real-time monitoring of inventory. If there is heavy rain, the
lin was not operable.
At the same time, to ensure access to inventory and order data—which was stored on
servers at headquarters—each store maintained four or five servers with its own
inventory and order data. Data was often lost, and keeping it synchronized with
headquarters was challenging. When conditions were good, data could be transmitted at
a speed of no more than 19.2 Kbps.