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CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1. SUBSTATION
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power
system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the
structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a
transmission substation may include significant distribution functions, for example.
Transmission substation
Distribution substation
TANSMISSION SUBSTATION
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is
where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-
voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two
transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,
reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to
control power flow between two adjacent power systems.
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution
system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main
transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station
reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution
substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may
be, for example, 33/11 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of
feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV
depending on the size of the area.
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220KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution
network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient
transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it
enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply. Sub-
Station is constructed near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power
transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows:
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required
for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for drinking
purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public places,
aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipments,
buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds
etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should
be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over
private land. ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
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ix) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of high voltage
overhead transmission lines.
INCOMING LINES:
MORADABAD (400KV)
RAMPUR (220KV)
SIRSI (220 KV)
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ONE 200 MVA (220/132) KV T/F & TWO 160 MVA ( 220/132) T/F
TWO 63 MVA (132/33)KV T/F & TWO 40 MVA (132/33) KV T/F
220 KV, 50 MVAR Bus Reactor
SF6 Circuit breakers
Isolators
Lightning Arresters
Current transformers
Capacitive Voltage Transformers
Wave traps
Insulators
Bus Bar
312 KVA A.C. Generator
Overhead Conductors
DC Supply (110 V)
Protective Relays
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CHAPTER-2
TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
Power transformer
Instrument transformer
On the basis of working
On the basis of structure
The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to transfer electrical energy in
any part of the electrical or electronic circuit between the generator and the distribution primary
circuits. These transformers are used in distribution systems to interface step up and step down
voltages. The common type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years. Power transformers can be classified into three types based on
the ranges. They are small power transformers, medium power transformers and large power
transformers.
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Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate
instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the
secondary circuit.
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CHAPTER-3
TRANSFORMERS AND PROTECTION
Interconnecting autotransformer which can step up or step down voltage for synchronization of
two grid voltages. Interconnecting transformers are Bi-directional and they can be used power
import and export to power grid. Interconnecting transformer are delta connected and winding
are tertiary winding of about 33KV voltage rating. Interconnecting transformer provide zero
sequence current.
During the plant start-up, they "import" power from the grid either at 400kV and step down to
220kV or 33kV to supply the station auxiliaries. Once the plant is started and synchronized to
the grid, the same transformer can now be used to "export" power to the grid. The spec would
read: 400/220/33KV.
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Lines are provided around the Transformer / Reactor as well as spray line and Fire
detection system
Along the spray line, nozzles are provided to spray in case of fire outbreak by producing a
heavy wet mist blanket as opposed to direct jets of water.
Along the detection line Quartz bulbs are provided which bursts at 79 degree C. The sensor
pipes and glass bulb detectors are filled with air pressure which holds the flap valve closed
against the water pressure. If a bulb bursts, the air leaks out and the water valve flaps open.
That lightning arrestor is connected to a conductor which runs along the walls and goes into
the earth. Surge arrestor gives the protection against surge currents or voltages in a circuit.
Surges can be produced because of short circuit, lightning, sparking etc. Surge Arresters are
widely also known Lightning arrester.
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CHAPTER-4
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub- Station,
Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
1. Main Bus-A
2. Main Bus-B
3. Auxiliary Bus
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It is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current (AC). It produces a current
in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along
with voltage or potential transformers are instrument transformer. Instrument transformers
scale the large values of voltage or current too small, standardized values that are easy to
handle for instruments and protective relays. The
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instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the
primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately
proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible
load to the primary circuit. Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power
system and are used at generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and
commercial electric power distribution.
A type of transformer used to reduce the magnitude of the flowing current in a conductor, so
that current can be handled safely for measurement & instrumentation. Primary side is the
current measured and secondary side will have the reduced current. Reduction in magnitude
will be determined by the turn’s ratio.
4.5 ISOLATOR
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically
from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch
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any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety there must be
some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of the circuit before
touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch
which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load.
Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the
breaker in order that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.
Fig-4.5: Isolator
4.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
Electrical circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making (close)
breaking (open) and carry under normal condition or specified time. The function of circuit
breaker is to isolate the faulty part of the power system. A protective relay detect abnormal
conditions and send a tripping signal to circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is the equipment,
which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker
breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station.
According to different criteria there are different type of circuit breaker: According to their arc
quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as
Oil circuit breaker
Air blast circuit breaker
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4.8 INSULATORS
The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators
is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there
used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.An electrical insulator is a
material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly
impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field. A perfect
insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges
(charge carriers) which can carry current.
Fig-4.8 : Insulator
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The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line
and earth during abnormal over voltage in the system. During the flash over, the huge heat
produced by arching, causes puncher in insulator body.
A-Porcelain insulator
B- Glass insulator
A. PORCELAIN INSULATOR
B. GLASS INSULATORS
Now days glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution system.
Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose.
Fig-B:Glass insulator
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Synchronising Switch
Ammeter Switch
Isolator Switch
Energy meter
Electric Power Tool: Substation Equipment - Capacitor Bank. Capacitors are used to control
the level of the voltage supplied to the customer by reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in
the system caused by inductive reactive loads.
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In RSEB almost on all the 220 KV Sub-stations two sets of 220 V (for protection) and one set
of 48 V (for carrier communication) lead Acid station batteries along with battery chargers are
installed. The battery charging equipments comprises of a float charger and a boost charger.
Stabilization output voltage is provided in the float charger to float the battery at the correct
level. The battery can be boost charging after a prolonged mains failure by the boost charger.
These chargers have been provided protection for under voltage DC & earth fault. DC Board is
installed to feed various essential DC load from a separate feeder. Recommended specific
gravity of cells at 270C (electrolyte temp) should be 1.210 ± 0.005. Actual temp should be
measured in the electrolyte of the cell. If the temp is different than 27 0C the correction ±
0.0007/0C change in temp. should be made in sp. gr. (Subtract for temp. below 270 C and add
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CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are made
aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of
the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz. generation, transmission and distribution
are connected to each other and that too very perfectly.
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REFERENCES
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