APH Lect.4 OCF

Subject-Applied Hydraulics(TE)
By Prof. V. R. Kasar,
Gharda Inst. Of Technology, Lavel
Dept of Civil Engineering
U.6-Flow through open channels

Ref-1) Flow in Open Channels: K. Subramanya; Tata Mc-Graw Hill
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2) Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics: Dr P.M. Modi and Dr. S.M.
1 Seth, Standard Book House, Delhi
3) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: S.K. Ukarande, Ane’s Books Pvt.
Ltd.
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 Uniform Flow: Flow through open channel Definition, types of channels, Types
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of flows in channels, Prismatic, non-prismatic channels,
 Uniform flow: steady flow and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow,
subcritical flow, supercritical flow, Chezy’s formula, Manning’s formula,
hydraulically efficient channel cross-section (most economical section).
 Non-Uniform Flow:
 Specific energy and specific energy curve,
 Dimensionless specific energy discharge curve, applications of specific energy
and Momentum principle to open channel flow, specific force.
 Hydraulic jump and standing wave. Gradually varied flow, equation for gradually
varied flow, back water curve and afflux,
 Introduction to surface profiles.
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6
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Most Economical Section of Channels
9
During the design stages of an open channel, the channel
cross-section, roughness and bottom slope are given.
The objective is to determine the flow velocity, depth and

flow rate, given any one of them. The design of channels
involves selecting the channel shape and bed slope to convey
a given flow rate with a given flow depth. For a given
discharge, slope and roughness, the designer aims to
minimize the cross-sectional area A in order to reduce
construction costs
10 A section of a channel is said to be most economical when the cost of
construction of the channel is minimum.
But the cost of construction of a channel depends on excavation and
the lining. To keep the cost down or minimum, the wetted perimeter, for
a given discharge, should be minimum.
This condition is utilized for determining the dimensions of
economical sections of different forms of channels.
11
Most economical section is also called the best section or most
efficient section as the discharge, passing through a most
economical section of channel for a given cross sectional area A,
slope of the bed S0 and a resistance coefficient, is maximum.
Hence the discharge Q will be maximum when the wetted perimeter P is

minimum.
12
The most ‘efficient’ cross-sectional shape is
determined for uniform flow conditions. Considering
a given discharge Q, the velocity V is maximum for the
minimum cross-section A. According to the Manning
equation the hydraulic diameter is then maximum.
It can be shown that:

1. the wetted perimeter is also minimum,
2. the semi-circle section (semi-circle having its
centre in the surface) is the best hydraulic section
13 Most Economical Rectangular Channel
Because the hydraulic radius is equal to the water cross
section area divided by the wetted parameter, Channel
section with the least wetted parameter is the best
hydraulic section
Rectangular section
14
Most Economical Rectangular Channel
A  BD P  2D  B
A
P2D 
D
dP
0
dD
dP  A  A BD B
2 2 0 2 2  2 2 
dD D  D D D
B
D
2
15
Most Economical Trapezoidal Channel
A
A(BnD )D or B  nD
D
P  B 2 D 1n 2
A
P (  nD )  2 D 1n 2
D
dP
0 dP A
dD   2  n 2 1n 2  0 2 1n 2  A n
dD D D2
(B nD)D B2nD
2 1n 2   n 
D2 D
B2nD
D 1n 2 
2
16 Other criteria for economic Trapezoidal section
OFD k
The best side slope for Trapezoidal section

dP
0
dk

1
k    60
3 vivkasar86@gmail.com 21/07/2020
17 Most Economical Circular Channel
Circular section d 2d2
A  sin 2
4 8
P  2 r   d
Maximum Flow using Manning Maximum Velocity using Manning or Chezy

 154   D  0.95 d  128 .75  D  0.81d
Maximum Flow using Chezy
 151  D  0.94 d
18
19 Example 1
Circular open channel as shown d=1.68m, bed slope = 1:5000, find the Max. flow
rate & the Max. velocity using Chezy equation, C=70.
Max. flow rate  154 
V C Rh S
d2 d2 1 . 68 2  1 . 68 2
A   sin 2   154   sin 2  154   2 . 17 m 2
4 8 4 180 8

P   d  154   1 . 68  4.5 m
180
A 2 . 17
Rh    0 . 485 m
P 4 .5
1
V  70 0 . 485   0 . 69 m/s
5000
Q  VA  0 . 69  2 . 17  1 . 496 m 3 / s
20 Example 1 cont.
Max. Velocity  128 .75
V  C Rh S
d2 d2 1.682  1.682
A   sin 2   128.75   sin2  128.75  1.93 m 2
4 8 4 180 8

P   d  128.75   1.68  3.378 m
180
A 1.93
Rh    0.57m
P 3.3775
1
V  70 0.57   0.748 m/s
5000
21 Example 2
Trapezoidal open channel as shown Q=10m3/s, velocity =1.5m/s,
for most economic section. find wetted parameter, and the bed
slope n=0.014.
B  2kD
D 1 k 2 
2
2 B  2 3 D
D 1 3  2
2 2
0.6055D  B
Q 10
A   6.667m 2
V 1.5
A  B  kD D
3
A  (0.6055D  D)  D  6.667
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D  1.78m
22 Example 2 P  B  2D 1  k 2
cont. P  0.6055D  2 D 1  k 2
2
3
P  0.6055(1.78)  2 1.78  1     7.49m
To calculate bed Slope 2
1 2
V  Rh 3 S
n
A  6.667 m 2
P  7.49 m
A 6.667
Rh    0.89
P 7.49
2
1
V  0.89 3 S  1.5
0.014
S  1 : 1941.6
23 Example 3:
Use the proper numerical method to calculate uniform water
depth flowing in a Trapezoidal open channel with B = 10 m, as
shown Q=10m3/s if the bed slope 0.0016, n=0.014. k = 3/2. to a
precision 0.01 m, and with iterations not more than 15.
Note: you may find out two roots to the equation.
1
V  R h2 / 3 S 1 / 2
n
B  B  2 nD 
A  D
2
P  B  2 nD 2  D 2
A
R h 
P
From Manning
2 / 3
Q 1  A 
 vivkasar86@gmail.com S 1 / 2
n  P 
21/07/2020
A
24 Example 3 cont.
D  2 . 28 m
3
A  10 2 . 28   ( 2 . 28 ) 2  30 . 7 m 2
2
Q 10
V    0 . 326 m / s
A 30 . 7
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The best side slope for Trapezoidal section
26
1
when n     60
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B  2n D 2
D 1 n  2
 B  2 D ( 1  n  n)
2 A
P  B  B  2n D  2(B  n D )  B   nD
D
A
 n D  2 D ( 1  n 2  n)
D
A
D2 
1 n2  n
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Now, from equations: P  2( B  n D) A
27 A P2
B
D
 nD D
A 2
P  4 ( )  4 A (2 1  n 2  n)
squaring both sides 2
D 1
dP dP 
 0 2P  4 A [(1  n 2 ) 2 * ( 2 n )  1]
dn dn
2n
 1  4 n 2 1 n 2  n  1 1

3
 tan    60
1  n2 3 n 1
The best side slope is at 60o to the horizontal, i.e.; of all trapezoidal
sections a half hexagon is most economical. However, because of
constructional difficulties, it may not be practical to adopt the most
economical side slopes
Circular section
28 In the case of circular channels, the area of the flow cannot be
maintained constant. Indeed, the cross-sectional area A and the wetted
perimeter P both do not depend on D but they depend on the angle .
Referring to the figure shown, we

can determine the wetted
perimeter P and the area of flow
A as follows:
d 2
d2
A  sin 2
4 8
P  2 r   d
Thus in case of circular channels, for most economical section, two
separate conditions are obtained:
1. Condition for maximum discharge, and
2. Condition for maximum velocity.
1. Condition for Maximum Discharge for Circular Section:
29
A3  A3  dQ
Q  AV  A C Rh S  C S Q  C S 
2 2 0
P  P d
(Using the Chezy formula)   154 D  0.95 d

(Using Manning’s formula)   151 D  0.94 d
2. Condition for Maximum Velocity for Circular Section:
A  A dV
V C Rh S  C S 2
V C S 2
0
P  P d
  128.75 D  0.81 d
Variation of flow and velocity with depth in circular pipes
30
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Thank You……………..

APH Lect.4 OCF

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APH Lect.4 OCF

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Subject-Applied Hydraulics(TE)

U.6-Flow through open channels

The objective is to determine the flow velocity, depth and

Hence the discharge Q will be maximum when the wetted perimeter P is

It can be shown that:

The best side slope for Trapezoidal section

Maximum Flow using Manning Maximum Velocity using Manning or Chezy

Referring to the figure shown, we

(Using the Chezy formula)   154 D  0.95 d

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