Music

Elements of Music
1. Rhythm: (beat, meter, tempo, syncopation)
2.  Dynamics: (forte, piano, [etc.], crescendo, decrescendo)
3.  Melody: (pitch, theme, conjunct, disjunction) 
4. Harmony: (chord, progression, consonance, dissonance, key, tonality, atonality)
5.  Tone color: (register, range, instrumentation)
6.  Texture: (monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic, imitation, counterpoint)
7. Form: (binary, ternary, strophic, through-composed)
Renaissance
- come from the word renaitre which means “ rebirth”, “revival” and “rediscovery”.
- Golden Age of Greece and Rome.
 The revival of European art and literature in the 14th – 16th centuries.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE MUSIC
1. Vocal music was more important than instrumental music.
2. Many songs were accompanied by instruments; these instruments were commonly members of the lute,
organ, recorder or viol families
3. Composers during the period wrote music to enhance the meaning and emotion of the text.
4. Renaissance composers used word painting, a musical representation of specific poetic images.
5. Emphasis is on the capturing emotional and imagery of a text.
6. Expressed in moderates, balanced way, with no extreme contrasts of dynamics, tone, color or rhythm.
Different elements of music that influenced the Renaissance Era
TEXTURE
Most Polyphonic
Homophonic texture was used in light music like dances
Emphasis on Bass line
Consonant chords are favored and triads occur often.
RHYTHM
Renaissance music has great rhythmic independence and moves more with a gentle flow than a sharply
defined beat.
MELODY
 Melodies are easy to sing because the melody usually moves along scale with few large leaps.
 Modal
FORM
 Some of the compositions were written as a single movement in sectional, variation, fugal or free dorms.
Forms of Renaissance Music
1. Sacred Vocal Form
Gregorian chants or Plain song – terms applied to early symphonic settings of the words of the two
main liturgies or services of the Roman Catholic Church.
Mass – the commemoration of the sacrifice of Christ. Derived from the last item of the ordinary “Ite
missa est”
Motet – a short polyphonic musical compositions that is typically set in Latin Text.
Anthem – it may be written for full chorus or for full alternations of full chorus with solo voice and
instruments.
Hymn – strophic settings of Latin texts. Catholic Church developed polyphonic settings of these while
the Lutheran Church. 
2. Secular Vocal Form

Madrigal – a vocal composition that combines homophonic and polyphonic lectures; a piece for several
voices set to a short poem usually about love.
Baroque
 The word baroque come from the Portuguese word barroco meaning “misshapen pearl”
 A style of European music which existed between 16th and 1750.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE MUSIC

1. Unity of mood – composers molded the musical language to fit moods and affections.
2. Rhythmic patterns heard at the beginning of the piece is reiterated many time throughout the piece.
3. Creates a feeling of continuity.
4. Melody; complex and elaborate
5. Gives an impression of dynamic expansion rather than balance and symmetry.
6. Gives a whole feeling of jumble yet a theme is distinctly heard.
7. Texture; predominantly polyphonic
8. Basso continuo and figure bass.
Different styles and forms of Baroque Music
Single Movement Vocal Forms
1. chorale – the words to which they are sung are generally to a rhyming scheme and are in a strophic
form.
2. Aria – is a song for solo voice and accompaniment in which the vocal part is written in a fairly complex
style.
3. Arioso – is a work for solo voice and accompaniment written in a style between recitative and aria.
 4. Solo Song – apply to works for voice and accompaniment, usually in fairly simple, homophonic style
and in a binary or ternary form. 
Multi-Movement Vocal Forms
1. Cantata – is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment typically in several movements
often involving choir.
2. Opera – is a drama song with instrumental accompaniment and presented with appropriate scenery,
costumes and staging.
3. Oratorio – is a composition including an orchestra, a choir and soloist.
4. Mass – have orchestral accompaniment, sections for vocal solos or ensembles and in general a more
dramatic, almost operatic character.
Single Movement Instrumental Forms
1. Fugue – in two or more voices built on a subject that is introduced at the beginning in imitation.
2. Fantasia – is a musical composition with its roots in the art if improvisation.
3. Ricecare – is an instrumental composition of the late Renaissance and early Baroque.
4. Toccata – is a virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring
fast moving.
5. Prelude – is a short piece of music, the form of which may vary from piece to piece.

Arts
ELEMENTS OF ARTS
Line- an element of art defined by a point moving in space.
It may be two or three dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract
Shape- an element of art that is two dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width
Form- an element that is three dimensional or and encloses volume; includes height, width and depth. It
may also be free flowing
Value- it is the lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value and Black is the
darkest. Middle gray the value halfway between these extremes.
Space- an element of art which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a
work of art.
Color- also known as Hue.
Texture- an element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.
Renaissance
 - Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th century. 
  - It was an Era of Great artistic and intellectual achievement with the birth of secular art.
 - the focus was on realistic and humanistic art “humanism”.
Renaissance Art characterized by:
Accurate Anatomy, Scientific perspective, Religious Interpretation and Deeper landscape.
Paintings
-Depict real-life situation

Sculptures
-Naturalistic portraits of human being

Architectures
-Characterized by it’s symmetry and balance

 NAME Michelangelo (color orange)

OCCUPATION S culptor, Painter, Poet, Architect
BIRTH DATE March 6, 1475
PLACE OF BIRTH Caprese (Republic of Florence), Italy
FULL NAME Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
“ Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.
He was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime and ever since then he was considered as one of the
greatest artists of all time.
Among his outstanding works as sculptor were the:
 PIETA
 BACCHUS
 MOSES
 DYING SLAVE

NAME Leonardo da Vinci (color blue)

OCCUPATION Writer, Mathematician, Inventor, Artist
BIRTH DATE April 15, 1452
PLACE OF BIRTH Vinci, Italy
He was a painter, architect, scientist and mathematician.
He was popularized in present time through the novel and movie “ Da Vinci Code”
He is known as the ultimate “ Renaissance Man” because of his intellect, interest, talent and his
expression of humanist and classical values.
His well known works were: 
 The Last Supper
 Mona Lisa
NAME Raphael (color red)
OCCUPATION Architect, Painter
BIRTH DATE April 6, 1483
PLACE OF BIRTH Urbino, Italy
AKA Raphael Santi, Raphael Sanzio, Rafaello Sanzio, Rafaello Santi
FULL NAME Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino
He was an Italian painter and architect of High Renaissance period. His work was admired for clarity of form
and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the interpreting the Divine and Incorporating
Christian Doctrines.
His well known works were: 
 The Sistine Madonna
 The School of Athens
 The Transfiguration

NAME Donatello (color purple)

OCCUPATION Sculptor, Artist
BIRTH DATE c. 1386
PLACE OF BIRTH Florence, Italy
AKA Donatello
FULL NAME Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi
He was an Italian great artists of the period. He was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. He is
known for his work in bas-relief a form of shallow relief sculpture. 
His well known works were: 
 David 
 Statue of St. George
  The Feast of Herod 

Physical education
 Integral part of the general education designed to promote the desired level of fitness through
participation in well selected activities.
Physical fitness
 Considered as a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure
activities, to be healthy, to resist hypo kinetic diseases and to respond to emergency situations.
Healthy Habits
 Intake of proper nutrition
 Adequate sleep
 Proper exercise
 Personal hygiene
 Medical and dental check-up 
 Recreational activities

Physical Education

Health-Related Fitness vs. Skill-Related Fitness

Total physical fitness includes:
 Health-related fitness. This is your ability to become and stay physically healthy.
 Skill-related fitness. This is your ability to maintain high levels of performance on the playing
field.
Health-Related Fitness
 Body composition- is the relative percentage of body fat to lean body tissue.
 Cardiovascular fitness- is the ability of your body to work continuously for extended periods of
time. 
Cardiovascular fitness- is sometimes called cardiorespiratory endurance.
 Muscular strength- refers to the maximum amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert
against an opposing force. 
It contributes to more efficient movement and reduces your energy cost.
Energy cost-
The amount of energy needed to perform different physical activities or exercise
  Muscular endurance- refers to the ability of the same muscle or muscle group to contract for an
extended period of time without undue fatigue.
(The higher your level of muscular endurance, the lower your energy cost.)
 Flexibility- is the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion. (A moderate to high
level of flexibility is central to efficient physical movement.)
The Benefits of Flexibility
Helps reduce your risk for muscle and bone injuries.
Improves performance fitness.
Reduces some types of muscle soreness following physical activity or exercise.
Improves functional health and fitness.
Skill-Related Fitness
 Agility- is the component of skill-related fitness that accounts for an athlete’s “quick feet.”
(Agility- The ability to change and control the direction and position of the body while
maintaining a constant, rapid motion.)
 Balance- helps you maintain control while coordinating your movements.
- The ability to control or stabilize the body while standing or moving.

 Coordination- requires using a combination of different muscle groups at once.

- The ability to use the senses to determine and direct the movement of your limbs and head.

 Speed- is largely determined by heredity, speed can be increased.

- The ability to move your body, or parts of it, swiftly.

 Power- is a function of both speed and muscular strength.

- The ability to move the body parts swiftly while simultaneously applying the maximum
force of your muscles.
(Proper biomechanics can also enhance power by improving your balance, coordination,
and speed.)
 Reaction time- The ability to react or respond quickly to what you hear, see, or feel.
Agility, coordination, and power are skill-related components that can be improved through practice.

Health-related fitness can be improved by participating in many physical activities that are not
necessarily related to sports or games.
Benefits derived from Physical fitness:
1. Lowers the risk of lifestyle diseases
2. Promotes healthy mind sound body
3. Managed stress
4. Shapes one’s personality
5. Models behavior
6. Increases self-confidence and self-esteem