Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
The rapid growth of tourism in the twentieth century has produced both
It has had visible impact on the social cultural and economic environment.
also b rings with it serous long-term problems which, without careful control
The effect on income, on employment, on the area’s balance of payments with the
Income
Tourism income in general comes from wages and salaries, interest, rent and
profits.
Much of the income at the international and national level is business income
which is generated by the organizations buying and selling goods and service
to tourist.
Employment
Employment is an important benefit of tourism at all levels, from local to national.
services directly to tourist in hotels restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and the like.
Indirect employment- consists of those positions that are associated with other
tourism-related activities but are used by both the local resident and the tourist.
doctors and accountants who service the employees working directly in tourism-
related positions.
Balance Payments
Balance payments is an accounting to the flow of goods, service and funds in and
out of the country during than it receives, it has a deficit in its balance of payments. If
it receives more money than it sends or exports, it has a surplus in its balance
payments.
High inflation and land speculation destinations, high leakages from the
Growth in the tourist trade creates additional demand for land, competition
High Leakages
Leakages occurs from variety of sources. It occurs from the cost of goods and
Examples of these are developing countries which have to import cars, buses,
Another source of leakage is the remittance of profits and wages to outside sources.
Seasonality
fluctuations in demands.
Overdependence on Tourism
1. Develop tourism gradually so that local residents can have sufficient time to
2. Maintain a scale of tourism development that is appropriate for the local as well
as national environment.
3. Involve residents and their spokesmen in planning decision-making so that they
5. Make certain that residents have easy access to tourist attractions, facilities, and
amenity features have public access and are not preempted by tourism.
other tourist facilities and services so that residents can receive direct economic
benefits.
7. Develop strong linkages between tourism and other economic activities such as
8. Plan, develop, and organize tourism so that no area becomes too congested with
tourist, and residents can easily use community by facilities and services.
9. Train local people to work effectively in all levels of tourism, including managerial
people. Social impacts of tourism refer to the changes in the quality of life of
Host-Visitor Interactions
Smith categorized tourist into several types and outlined her views on the
intensity of interaction between the tourist (visitor) and the local residents
(hosts).
Elite- This type of tourist is few in number. He can afford to pay well for unusual
Off-Beat- This tourist adapt well to simple accommodations and services provided
Unusual Tourist- This tourist loves sub-exotic cultural sites, the unusual or primitive
as long as he can quickly and safely return to more familiar surroundings and group.
Measurement Mass Tourist- This is a visitor who looks for the amenities of Western
other tourist.
Character Tourist-The character tourist comes “en masse’’ with other of his kind
improving the host country’s use foreign languages; and it improves health
Pope Pius XII touched on this aspect of tourism when he spoke of “subjecting
oneself, joyfully or sorrowfully, to the inconveniences, great or small, which can with
traditions, convictions and prejudices which are completely foreign to one’s ordinary
between a person and destination in its natural setting. Above all, the WTO believes
Adaptation to the Realities of Modern Life and Improvement of the Host Country’s
Lifestyle
First, the quality of life improves in places where tourism is being developed by
that occur in occupation and income pattern create a middle class with its different
Fourth, changes in family relations occur through the employment of women outside
the home.
The desire of tourist for high quality public health facilities can contribute to
Through tourism, local resident can become aware of both health problems
mass tourism has brought with it problems and costs. Among these are:
Social Saturation
resources. The local residents frequently resent having to share their facilities
so crowded with tourist that there is hardly any room for local residents.
Shops are full of travelers, forcing the natives to change their shopping
patterns. Streets are full of visitors resulting in traffic jams. Thus, saturation or
They also disregard social norms such as respect for elders and close family
ties. Young women who enter the work force have changed their traditional
Prostitution, often called the “oldest profession” certainly existed before the growth of
mass tourism.
The following are some of the reasons for the increase of prostitution in tourist
resorts:
2. By its very nature, tourism means that people are away from the puritanical
bonds of normal living, anonymity is assured away from home, and money is
status.
Len and Loeb identified the following three factors in the relationship between crime
and tourism:
Second, the social norms of the tourist that are very different from the local
1. Reducing the contact between hosts and guest by limiting the carrying of the
borrowing from other cultures. These Changes may include Technology, Language,
and values. Cultural convergence is the tendency of world cultures to become more
alike.
The two most important positive effects of tourism on culture are the promotion of
Intercultural Communication
stimulate awareness of the local area. There are two main purposes for cultural
model villages. The first is to provide a location where visitors may observe and
participate in a particular culture without disrupting the everyday life of the people
The second is to portray the past history of the area. An example of a cultural model
village is the Polynesian Cultural Center in Hawaii which was designed to keep alive
the traditional arts forms which was designed to keep traditional arts forms and
practices, giving the visitor a chance to view some limited historical aspects of
production, the products are mass produced thereby losing the careful, prices
workmanship
2. The impersonal nature of the tourist market has decreased the spiritual
decorating hotel interiors with local paintings, murals and sculpture and
preexisting forms.
Positive Environmental Impact of Tourism
Tourism has created environmental awareness in two ways. First contact with scenic
areas has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty and made it easier for him
Conservation
Conservation and preservation of the environment not only benefits the local area
Gunn (cited by Valene, 1995) Gave the following factors which led to the
conservation movement:
There was a social concern to which the park movement owes its beginnings. The
growth of industry and commerce and their associated ills stimulated a demand for
the parks and open. The provision for public lands was seen as an antidote to the
non-renewable resources.
Stimulating the transformation of old buildings and locations into new tourist
facilities.
Development of Attractions
Historic Preservation
Many historical sites in both urban and rural areas have been preserved to attract
tourist. Examples are Intramuros or Walled City in the Philippines, Jamestown and
Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, U.S.A., Mont. St. Michael in France, and the
Corregidor Philippines
Resident Benefits
Tourism benefits the local residents in a number of ways. The first benefit is that the
well as by tourists.
Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism
Exceeding the carrying capacity and saturation levels of an area. The term carrying
capacity is the degree of development a certain area can take without having
Environmental Conflicts
Some of the problem affecting the quality of the environments are destruction of the
vegetation, pollution (air, water and noise) and the destruction of wildlife.
Air pollution results from the gas fumes emitted by automobiles taxi, buses, aircrafts and
factories.
Water pollution is the result of the discharge of untreated waste from resort or boats into
Noise pollution is associated with traffic congestion on land and in the air.
Problems associated with wildlife result from killing of animals or birds and the
Geological Conflicts
Tourism has had an effect on geological formations. Some tourist collect minerals,
rocks, and fossils. In caves, the natural formations are vandalized. In some areas, coral
Residents Conflicts
Conflict between tourist and the local residents may also arise because of damage to
First, the general protective measures and second, regulation and control of tourist
development. The protective measures are designed to protect the various aspects of
Regulations and control refers to zoning and land use, specifications on the facilities
being built as to height, appearance, open space, overall design among other things.