El

ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s1
Ray

Chapt
er

25
El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
ray
s
El
ect
ri
cDi
schar
geThr
oughGases wholet
ubeisfi
ll
edwi t
hbrightli
ghtcal
l
edposi
ti
vecol
umnand
col
ourofl
ightdependsupont henatur
eofgasinthetubeas
Atnor malat mospheri
c pr
essur e,the gases are poor
showni
nthefol
lowingtabl
e.
conduct orofelect
ri
ci
ty.I
fweestabli
shapot enti
aldi
ff
erence(of
Tabl
e25.
1:Col
ourf
ordi
ff
erentgases
theor derof30kV)bet weentwoelect r
odesplacedinairata
distanceoff ew cm fr
om eachother,elect
ri
cconducti
onst ar
ts Gas Ai
r H2 N2 Cl
2 CO2 Neon
i
nt hef orm ofspar
ks. Col
our Purpl
e Bl
ue Red Gr
een Bl
uish Dar
k
The dischar
ge of el
ect
ri
cit
ythrough gases can be red white red

systemat
icall
ystudi
edwi
ththehelpofdischar
getubeshown
below (
5)Atapr
essur 65mm ofHg:
eof1.
Skycolourl
ightisproducedatthecat
hodeiti
scall
edas
High
potenti
al
negati
veglow.Positi
vecolumnshr i
nkst
owardst
heanodeand
– di ence+
f
fer Lengt
hoftube thedarkspacebet weenpositi
vecolumnandnegat
ivegl
ow i
s
30to40cm cal
ledFaradaysdarkspace(FDS).
Di
ameter4cm
Gas Negat
iv owPosi
egl ti
vecol
umn

– +

Manomet
er
Vacuum pump
F.
D.S.
As the pressurei
ns
Fi
d
i
g.e
25t
h
1e di
. schar
ge tube i
s gr
adual
l
y (6)Atapr essureof0.8mm
Fig.25H
.
3g:Att hi
spressure,negat
ive
reduced,thefoll
owingi
sthesequenceofphenomenonthatar
e glow isdet achedfrom thecat hodeandmov est owardst he
observed. anode.Thedar kspacecreatedbet weencathodeandnegat ive
(
1)Atnor
mal
pressur
enodi
schar
get
akespl
ace. glowi scal
ledasCr ook'
sdarkspace.Lengt hofpositi
vecolumn
(
2)Atthepressure10mm ofHg,azig-zagthi
nredspar
k furt
herreduced.Agl owappearatcat hodecal
ledcathodeglow.
r
unsfr
om oneel
ectrodet
ootherandcr
acki
ngsoundishear
d. Negat
ivegl
ow Posi
ti
vecol
umn

– St
reamer
s – +
+

Cat
hodegl
ow C.
D.S. F. D.
S.
Fi
g.25.
2
(
3)Atthepressure4mm.ofHg, anil
l
uminat
ionisobserv
ed (7)Atapressur
eof0. 05
Fimm 4 Hg:Th
g.25.of eposit
ivecol
umn
attheelect
rodesandt herestofthetubeappearsdark.This spl
i
tsint
odar
kandbrightdi
scofl i
ghtcall
edst
ri
ati
ons.
ty
peofdischargeiscall
eddar
kdischar
ge.
(
8)Att
hepr
essur 01or10–2mm ofHgsomei
eof0. nvi
sibl
e
(
4)Whent
hepr
essur
efal
l ow 4mm ofHgt
sbel hent
he
 2El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s
parti
clesmov ef
rom cathodewhichonstri
ki
ngwiththegl
ass 
Cat
hode B
tubeont heopposi
tesideofcathodecausethetubetogl
ow. Anode
Fi
l
ament P
Thesei nv
isi
bler
aysemer gi
ngfr
om cat
hodearecall
edcat
hode
A X +
rays. C
P
(
9)Fi
nal
lywhenpressur
edr
opst
onear
ly10–4 mm ofHg, Y –
t
her
eisnodi
schar
gei
nt ube. P
V
L.
T.
Cat
hodeRay
s Magneti
c
(H.T.) f
iel
d ZnScoated
(
1)Cat
hoder
ays,
discov
eredbySi
rWi
l
li
am Cr
ooke
I
nthi
scase;Electr
icf
orce=Magnet
icf
orce eE= e
scv
r
eB
en
(
2)Theyar
est
reamsoff
astmov
ingel
ect
rons. Fig.25.
5

(
3)They can be pr
oduced by usi
ng a di
schar
ge t
ube  v=vel
oci
tyofel
ect
ron
–2
cont
aini
nggasatal
owpr
essur
eoft derof10 mm ofHg.
heor
(
5)Aselectr
onbeam acceleratedfrom cat
hodet oanodeits
(4)Thecathoderaysinthedischar
getubear
etheel
ectr
ons
l
ossinpotenti
alener
gyappear sasgai nintheK.E.attheanode.
producedduet oioni
sati
onofgasandt hatemit
tedbycat
hode
IfsupposeV isthepot enti
aldi
fferencebetweencat hodeand
duetocolli
sionofposit
iveions.
anodethen,
lossinpotential gy=eV
ener
(
5)Cat
hoder
ayst
rav
eli
nst
rai
ghtl
i
nes.
(
6)Cathoderay
sareemitt
ednor mal
lyfr
om thecat
hode Andgai
ninki
net
icener
gyatanodewi
l
lbeK.
E.
surf
ace.Thei
rdir
ecti
oni
sindependentoftheposi
ti
onofthe
anode. i
.e.  
(7)Cat
hoder
ayse
xer
tme
chani
calf
orc
eont
heobj
ect
sthe
y
s
tri
ke.
Thomsonf
ound,
(8)Cat
hoder
ayspr
oduceheatwhent
heyst
ri
kesamet
al
sur
face. I
fonei
ncl
udest
her
elat
ivi
sti
cvar
iat
ionofmasswi
thspeed
(
9)Cat
hoder
ayspr
oducef
luor
escence.
,t
hen speci
fi
c char
ge ofan el
ect
ron
(
10)Whencathoderaysstri
keasoli
dobject,speci
all
ya
decr
easeswi
tht
hei
ncr
easei
nit
svel
oci
ty.
met
alofhi
ghatomicweightandhighmel
ti
ngpointX-ray
sar e
emi
tt
edfr
om t
heobject
s. (
6)Thedef
lect
ionofanel
ect
roni
napur
elyel
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
s
(
11)Cat
hoderaysar
edef
lect
edbyanel
ect
ri
cfi
eldandal
so gi
venby el=Lengt
;wher hofeachpl
ate,y=
byamagnet
icf
iel
d.
(12)Cat
hoder
aysi
oni
set
hegas
est
hroughwhi
cht
heyar
e def
lecti
on ofel
ect
ron i
nthe f
iel
dr on,v = speed oft
egi he
pas
sed. el
ectron.
(
13)Cat
hoder
ayscanpenet
rat
ethr
ought
hinf
oil
sofmet
al.
+
y
(
14)Cat
hoder
aysar
efoundt
ohav
evel
oci
tyr
angi
ng  –
E e
–
t
o ofv
eloci
tyofl
i
ght
. l
Fi
g.25.
6
J.
J.Thomson'
sExper
iment Mi
ll
ikansOi
lDr
opExper
ime nt
(
1)I
t'
swor
kingi
sbasedont
hef
actt
hati
fabeam of (1)Mil
l
ikanperf
ormedt hepi
oneer
ingoi
ldropexperi
ment
f
ort
hepr
ecisemeasurementoft
hechar
geontheelect
ron.
el
ect
ron i
ssubj
ect
ed t
othe cr
ossed el
ect
ri
cfi
eld and
(
2)Byappl ying sui
table elect
ri
cfiel
d acrosstwo met al
magneticfield ,i texperiencesafor
ceduetoeachfi
eld.In pl
ates,t
hechargedoildropletscouldbecausedt or
iseorfallor
casethef orcesontheel ectronsi
ntheel
ect
ronbeam duet o evenheld stationar
yi nthef ieldofvi
ew forsuff
ici
ent
lylong
these fi
elds are equaland opposi t
e,the beam r
emai ns ti
me.Hef oundthatthechar geonanoi ldropl
etwasalway san
undefl
ected.
i
ntegr
almul
ti
pleofanel
ement
arychar 60210–19C.
ge1.
(
2)Whennof iel
disappl
i
ed,t
heel
ect
ronbeam pr
oduces
(
3)I
nthi
sexper
imentchar
geont
hedr
opi
sgi
venby
i
l
lumi
nat
i ntP.
onsatpoi
(3)I
nt hepresenceofanyfi
eld(el
ect
ri
candmagnet
ic)
el
ect
ronbeam def
lect
edupordown(
il
lumi
nati
onat or )
(4)Ifbot ht he f
iel
ds are appl
i
ed si
mul t
aneousl
y and At
omi
zer
Oi
ldr
ops
adjusted such t
hatelectr
on beam passes undef
lect
ed and X-
rayt
ube
V+
producesill
uminat
ionatpointP. ar
cli
ght ++++ ++ ++ ++++
+ P
–––– – – –– ––––
– V–
Mi
croscope
S
 El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s3
Ray

gas.Thi
sisdonebymeasur
ingq/
m ofsi
ngl
yioni
sedposi
ti
ve
i
onofthegas.

where =Coef f
ici
entofv i
scosit
yofair,v1 =Terminal
velocit
yofdr opwhennoel ectr
icfiel
disappli
edbet weent he (1)Thepositi
vei onsareproducedinthebulbatt hel ef
t
plates,v2 =T er
minalvelocit
yofdr op when el
ectr
icfiel
di s handside.Theseionsar eacceler
atedtowardscathode.Some
appliedbetweenthepl
ates. ofthepositi
veionspasst hr
oughthef i
neholeinthecat hode.
Thisf
inerayofpositi
v eionsissubject
edtoelect
ri
cf i
eldEand
V = Potent
ialdi
ff
erence between t
he pl
ates, d = magneticfi
eldBandt henal l
owedtostri
keaf l
uor
escentscr een
Separ
ati
onbet
weenplat
es,=densit
yofoil
,=Densi
tyofair
.
( but or )
.
Posi
ti
veRay
s (2)I
ftheinit
ialmotionoftheionsisi
n di
recti
onand
Whenpot
ent
ialdi
ff
erencei
sappl
i
edacr
osst
heel
ect
rodes elect
ricandmagnet icfiel
dsareappli
edalong axi
sthen
ofadischar getube(10–3mm ofHg) , elect
ronsareemi tt
edf r
om forceduetoelectri
cfiel
disinthedir
ect
ionofy-
axi
sandduet o
magnet i
cfi
elditi
salongz-dir
ecti
on.
theperforatedcathode.Ast heymov et owardsanode,t heygain
Y
energy.Theseener geti
cel ectr
onswhencol li
dewi t
ht heatoms
S
ofthegasi nthedischarget ube,theyi oni
zet heat oms.The
y
posit
iveionssof ormedatv ari
ousplacesbet weencat hodeand +q v
anode,traveltowardst hecat hode.Si ncedur i
ngtheirmot ion,
Z
thepositi
v eionswhenr eacht hecathode,somepasst hrough z
theholesi nthecathodeandaf ai
ntl uminousgl ow comesout
N
from eachhol eont hebacksi deoft hecat hode.Itiscal l
ed
D
posit
iverays,whicharecomi ngoutf
rom t heholes.
The def
lect
ion due t
Fo
i e
g.25.
1l
ect
0 ri
c f
iel
d al
one
 ⊝  ⊝ .
..
..
(i
)
 ⊝  ⊝
The def
lect
ion due t
o magnet
icf
iel
d al
one
Posi
ti
verays
(
1)Posi
ti
ver
aysar
epos i
t
Fi
i
gv
.ei
25o
.
8nshav
ingsamemassi
fthe .
..
..
(i
i)
experimentalgasdoesnothav ei sotopes.Howev erift hegas
hasisotopest henposi tiv
er aysar egroupofpositiveionshav ing Fr
om equat
ion(
i)and(
ii
),
diff
erentmasses.
(2)Theyt ravelinstraightli
nesandcastshadowsofobj ects
wher
e ;Thi
sist
he equat
ion ofpar
abol
a.I
t
placedint heirpath.Butt hespeedoft hepositi
ver aysi smuch
smal l
erthant hatofcat hoder ays. meansal lthechargedparticl
esmov ingwi thdif
ferentvelociti
es
(3)Theyar edef l
ectedbyel ect
ricandmagnet i
cf ieldsbut butofsameq/ m valuewillstr
ikethescr eenplacediny zpl ane
thedeflecti
onsar esmal lascompar edtothatforcathoder ays. onapar abolict
rackasshowni ntheabov efi
gure.
(3)Al ltheposi
tiv onsofsame.q/
ei m movingwi t
hdif f
erent
(4)Theyshow aspect rum ofv el
ociti
es.Dif
ferentposi t
ive
vel
ocit
yl i
eont hesamepar abola.Higheri stheveloci
tyloweri s
i
onsmov ewi thdi f
ferentv el
ocit
ies.Bei ngheavy,t
hei rvelocityis
thev ueofyandz.Thei
al onsofdi ff
er entspecif
icchargewi llli
e
muchl esst hanthatofcat hoder ays.
ondiff
erentparabola.
(5)q/m r ati
ooft heseraysdependsont henatureoft he
gasi nt het ube( whil
ei n caseoft hecat hoderays q/m i s Y q/m q/m q/
m q/m
V4 Li
ght
l
argesmal
l smal
constantanddoesn' tdependont henatureofgasint hetube) . V2 V3 mass l
lar
ge
q/mf orhydrogenismaxi mum. V1
Z Heav
y
(6)Theycarryener gyandmoment um.Theki net
icenergyof mass
posit
iveraysismor ethant hatofcat
hoder ay
s. V1>V2>V3>V4
(7)Thev al
ueofchar geon positi
ver aysisan integr al
multi
pleofelectroniccharge. (
A) (
B)
(8)Theycausei onisati
on(whichismuchmor et hant hat Fi
g.25.
11
(4)Thenumberofpar
abol
atel
l
sthenumberofi
sot
opes
producedbycat hoder ays). pr
esenti
nthegi
veni
oni
cbeam.
Thomson'
sMassSpect
rogr
aph Bai
nbr
idgeMassSpect
rogr
aph
I
tisusedt
omeasur
eat
omi
cmassesofv
ari
ousi
sot
opesi
n

S Scr
eenor
Cat
hode – Photopl
ate
Low –
P
pr
essure
gas
 4El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s
I
nBai nbri
dgemassspect r
ograph,fi
eldpar t
icl
esofsame
Hencede-
Brogl
i
ewav
elengt
h
vel
ocit
yar eselect
edbyusingav eloci
tyselect
orandt hent hey
aresubjectedtoauni f
orm magneticf
iel
dper pendicul
artot he
vel
ocit
yoft hepart
icl
es.Thepar
ti
clescorrespondingtodif
ferent Å, Å,
i
sotopesfollowdif
fer
entcir
cul
arpathsasshowni nt hefi
gure.
(
1)Velocit
yselector:Theposi t
ivei onshav i
ngacer t
ain Å, Å
vel
ociyvget
t sisol
atedfrom allotherv eloci
typart
icles.I
nthis
chambertheelectr
icandmagnet i
cf i
eldsar esobal ancedthat (3) de-
Brogl
ie wavelengt
h associat
ed wi
th unchar
ged
thepart
icl
emov esundefl
ected.Forthist henecessarycondit
ion par
ti
cles:ForNeut
ronde-Brogl
iewavel
engthi
sgi
venas

i
s andE,Bandvshoul
dbemut
ual
l
yper
pendi
cul
art
o

eachot
her
.
Ener
gyoft
her
mal
neut
ronsator
dinar
ytemper
atur
e
(2)Anal
ysi
ngchamber:Inthi
schambermagnet
icf
ieldBi s
appl
i
edperpendi
culart
othedir
ecti
onofmoti
onoftheparti
cle. e T = Absol
; wher ute
Asaresul
tthepar
ti
clesmoveal
ongacir
cul
arpat
hofradius
t
emper
atur
e,k=Bol
tzman'
sconst
ant= Joul
e/kel
vi
n,
al
so So,

I
nthi
swayt hepar
ti
cle
sofdif
fer
entmasse
sge t
sdef
lec
tedon
ci
rcl
esofdif
fer
entradi
iandre
achondiff
ere
ntpoi
ntsont
hephoto
pl
ate. (
4)Rat
io ofwav
elengt
h ofphot
on and el
ect
ron :The

Vel
oci
tyspect
rum   wav
elengt
hofaphot gyEi
onofener sgi
venby
   
v    Whi
l
ethewav
elengt
hofanel
ect
ronofki
net
i gyKi
cener s
m  
  B
+q    gi
venby .Ther
efor
e,f
ort
hesameener
gy,
2r
1
m1  


 
2r
2


E B m2  
r   t
her
ati
o
 
 
Phot
ogr
aphi
cpl
ate
Char
act
eri
sti
csofMat
terWav
es
Separ
ati
onbet
weent
wot
Fr
a
i
gc
.e
2s
5.
12 (1)Mat terwav er epresentst he pr
obabil
it
yoff inding a
part
icleinspace.
.
(2)Mat terwav esar enotel ect
romagnet i
cinnatur
e.
(3)de- Brogileormat t
erwav eisindependentoft hechar ge
Mat
terWav
es(
de-
Brogl
ieWav
es)
onthemat erialpar t
icl
e.I tmeans,mat t
erwav eofde- Brogli
e
According to de- Brogl
ie a mov ing mat eri
al part
icle wavei sassoci at
edwi thev er
ymov i
ngparti
cle(whetherchar ged
somet i
mesact sasawav eandsomet i
mesasapar t
icl
e. orunchar ged) .
Thewav eassociatedwi thmov i
ngpar ti
cleiscall
edmat ter (4)Pr acticalobserv at
ionofmat t
erwav esispossi bleonly
waveorde- Brogli
ewav eandi tpropagatesint heform ofwav e whent hede- Br ogli
ewav el
engthisoft heorderofthesizeoft he
packetswithgroupv elocity. part
icles.
(1)de-Brogl
iewav elength:Accordingtode- Br
ogli
etheory,
(5)El
ect
ronmi
croscopewor
ksont
hebasi
sofde-
Brogl
i
e
thewav el
engthofde- Brogliewaveisgivenby
wav
es.
(
6)Thephasev el
oci
tyoft
hemat
terwav
escanbegr
eat
er
t
hanthespeedoft
heli
ght.
eh=Pl
Wher ank'sconst ,m =Massoft
ant hepar
ti
cle,v=
(7)Matt
erwav
escanpr
opagat
einv
acuum,hencet
heyar
e
Speedofthepar
ti
cl E=Ener
e, gyoft
hepar
ti
cle.
notmechani
cal
waves.
Thesmal
lestwav
elengt
hwhosemeasur
ementi
spossi
ble
i
sthatof -r
ays. (8)Thenumberofde-
Brogl
i
ewav
esassoci
atedwi
th nth
or
bit
alel
ect
r sn.
oni
The wavel
ength ofmatterwaves associ
ated wit
hthe
(
9)Onlythosecircul
arorbit
sar oundthenucleusare
mi
croscopi
c parti
cles l
ike el
ect
ron,pr ot
on,neut on, -
r
st
abl
e whose ci
rcumference i
si nt
egralmul t
ipl
e ofde-
par
ti
cleet
c.i
soft
heor
derof m. Br
ogl
iewavel
engthassociat
edwiththeorbi
talel
ectron.
(2)de-Br
ogli
e wavel
ength associ
ated wi
tht he charged
par
ti
cles:Theenergyofachar
gedpar t
icl
eaccel
eratedthrough
Dav
isi
onandGer
merExper
iment
(1)I
tisusedt
ostudythescat
teri
ngofel
ect
ronfr
om asol
id
pot
ent
ial
dif
f enceVi
er s ort
ov eri
fythewavenatureofelect
ron.Abeam ofel
ect
rons

F El
ect
ron
gun
 El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s5
Ray

emi t
tedbyel ectr
onguni smadet ofal
lonni ckelcry
stalcut (5)The Bragg'
sf ormul
a can be r
ewr
itt
en i
nthe f
orm
alongcubicalaxisataparti
cul e.Nicr
arangl y
stalbehaveslikea cont
aini
ngi
nter
atomicdi anceDandangl
st e
threedi
mensi onaldi
ffr
act
iongrat
inganditdi
ff
ractstheelectr
on
beam obtainedfrom el
ect
rongun. 

Usi
ng

  Dsi
n=

Hei
senber
gUncer
tai
ntyPr
inci
ple
(
1)Accordi
ng to Hei
senberg'
suncert
aint
ypri
nci
ple,i
tis
i
mpossi
blet
omeasuresimultaneousl
ybot
htheposi
ti
onandthe
moment
um ofthepart
icl
e.
(2)Letxandpbetheuncer
tai
ntyi
nthesi
mul
taneous
(2)Thedi f
fract
edbeam ofel ect
ronsisreceiv
edbyt he measurementoft
heposi
ti
onandmomentum oft
heparti
cle,
detectorwhichcanbeposi t
ionedatanyanglebyr otati
ngit
t
hen ;
wher
e 63 10–34J-
andh=6. sis
aboutt hepointofinci
dence.Theener
gyofthei
ncidentbeam of
elect
ronscanal sobev ari
edbychangingtheappl
iedv ol
tageto
t
hePl
anck'
sconst
ant
.
theelectrongun.
(3)Accordingt oclassi
calphysics,thei
nt ensit
yofscat
tered
Amor
eri
gor
oust
reat
mentgi
ves .
beam ofel ectronsatal lscatteri
ng anglewi l
lbesamebut
Davi
sson and Ger mer,found thatt he i
ntensityofscattered
( fx=0t
3)I henp=andi
fp=0t
henx=
beam ofelectronswasnott hesamebutdi fferentatdi
ff
erent
angl
esofscat ter i
ng.I
tismaximum f ordif
fractingangl
e50°at i
.e.,ifwear eabl et omeasur etheexactposi ti
onoft he
54voltpot
ential dif
fer
ence. part
icle (say an el ectr
on) then the uncer t
ainty i
n t he
measur ementoft helinearmoment um ofthepart
icleisi
nfi
nite.
Simil
arly,i
fwear eabl etomeasur etheexactl
inearmoment um
dentbeam

ofthepar ti
clei.
e.,p=0,t henwecannotmeasur etheexact
posi
tionoft heparti
cleatthatti
me.
nci

50o
I

Vi
ewer
54V
I
nci
dent Refl
ected
Fi
g.25.
14 phot
on photon
(
4)Ift
hede- Brogl
i
ewav esexistforelectr
onst henthese
shoul
d be di
ffr
acted as X-r
ays.Using the Bragg'sfor
mul a
,
wecandet er
minethewavelengthofthesewaves. Or
igi
nalmomentum
ofel
ect
ron
e d = di
wher stance bet
ween di
ff
ract
ing pl
anes, Fi
nalmomentum
ofel
ect
ron
=gl
anci
ngangl
efori
nci
dentbeam =Br
agg'
sangl
e. An el
ect
ron c
annot F
be
i o
g.2b
5s
.
1er
6 v
ed wi
thout c
hangi
ng i
t'
s
moment
um
(
4)Uncer
tai
ntypr
inci
plesuccessf
ull
yexpl
ains
=65° =50°
(
i)Non-
exi
stenceofel
ect
ronsi
nthenucl
eus
D

(
ii
)Fi
nit
esi
zeofspect
ral
li
nes.
d
(5)TheHei
senber
guncertaint
ypr
inci
plei
sal
soappl
icable
At
omic t
o ener
gy and time, angular momentum and angular
pl
anes

Thedi
stancebet
weend
Fi
g.i
f
2f
r
5a
.
1c
5t
ingpl n Ni
anesi -cr
yst
alf
or di
spl
acement
.Hence and
o
t
hisexper
i sd=0.
menti 91Åandt
heBr
agg'
sangl
e=65.Thi
s
(6)I
ftheradi
usoft henucl
eusisrthent
heprobabi
l
ityof
gi
v orn=1,
esf Å f
indi
ngtheel
ectr
oninsi
dethenucl sx=2randuncer
eusi tai
nty
Now t
hede-
Brogl
i
ewav
elengt
hcanal
sobedet
ermi
nedby
i
nmoment
um i
s
usi
ngt
hef
ormul
a .Thust
hede-
Phot
on
Br
ogl
i
ehy
pot
hesi
sisv
eri
fi
ed.
 6El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s
Accordi
ngt oEienst
ein'
squantum t
heor
yli
ghtpr
opagat
esin 0=Thr
eshol
dwav
elengt
h
thebundles( packetsorquanta)ofenergy
,eachbundl
ebeing
cal
ledaphot onandpossessingenergy. Wor
kfunct
ioni
nel
ect
ronv
oltW0(
eV)
(
1)Ener
gyofphot
on:Ener
gyofphot
oni
sgi
venby
Tabl
e25.
2:Wor
kfunct
ionofsev
eralel
ement
s
e c = Speed ofl
wher i ,h = Pl
ght ank'
s El
ement Wor
kfunct
ion El
ement Wor
kfunct
ion
eV)
( eV)
(
–34
constant=6.610 J-
sec,  =Fr n Hz, =
equencyi
Pl
ati
num 6.
4 Al
umi
num 4.
3
Wav el
engt
hofl
ight
.
Gol
d 5.
1 Si
l
ver 4.
3
I
nel
ect
ronv
olt 
Ni
ckel 5.
1 Sodi
um 2.
7
Car
bon 5.
0 Li
thi
um 2.
5
(2)Massofphoton:Actual
lyr
estmassoft
hephot
oni
s
zer
o.Buti
t'
sef
fect
ivemassi
sgivenas Si
l
icon 4.
8 Pot
assi
um 2.
2
Copper 4.
7 Cesi
um 1.
9
 .Thi
smassi
sal
so
(2)Thr
esholdf
requency(0):Themi ni
mum fr
equencyof
knownaski
net
icmassoft
hephot
on
i
nci
dentradi
ati
onsrequiredtoejecttheelect
ronfr
om metal
(
3)Moment
um oft
hephot
on
sur
facei
sdefi
nedasthreshol
dfrequency
.
Moment
um I
finci
dentf
requency<0 Nophot
oel
ect
ronemi
ssi
on

(
4)Numberofemitt
edphotons:Thenumberofphotons Formostmet al
sthethresholdfr
equencyi
sintheul
tr
aviol
et
emi
tt
edpersecondf
rom asour
ceofmonochr
omati
cradiat
ion (cor
respondingtowav el
engthsbetween200and300nm) ,but
forpotassi
um andcesium oxidesiti
sinthevi
sibl
espect
rum (
ofwav
el handpowerPi
engt sgi
venas ;
between400and700nm)
eE=ener
wher gyofeachphot
on (
3)Thresholdwavelengt
h(0):Themaximum wavel
engt
h
(5)Intensi
tyofli
ght(I):Energycrossingperuni
tar
ea ofi
nci
dentr adi
ati
onsrequir
edtoejecttheelectr
onsfr
om a
nor
mallypersecondi
scal
ledint
ensi
tyorenergyfl
ux met
all
icsur
faceisdef
inedasthr
esholdwavel
ength.
I
finci
dentwav
el h>0 Nophot
engt oel
ect
ronemi
ssi
on
i
.e.
(4)Einstei
n'
sphot oel
ectr
icequati
on:Accordi
ngtoEinstei
n,
Atadi
stancerf
rom apoi ceofpowerPi
ntsour ntensi
tyi
s photoelectr
iceffecti
stheresultofonetooneinel
ast
iccoll
isi
on
betweenphot onandel ectr
oni nwhichphotoniscompl etel
y
gi
venby 
absorbed
(
6)Numberofphot
onsf
all
i n):I
ngpersecond( fPi
sthe
E=h0 E=h
powerofr
adi
atonandEi
i stheener
gyofaphot
ont
hen

Phot
o-El
ect
ri
cEf
fect K.
E.=max.
K.
E.=0
The phot o- el
ectri
c effecti sthe emissi
on ofelectr
ons
e–
(
cal
ledphot o-electronswhenl i
ghtst
ri
kesasur f
ace.Toescape –
e
f
rom thesurface, theelect
r onmustabsorbenoughenergyfrom
Met
al
t
heincidentradiati
ont oov ercometheattr
acti
onofposi
tiv
eions
i
nthemat eri
al ofthesur f
ace. Ei
nst
ein'
sphot
oel
ect
ri
cFe
iq
gua
.2t
5i
o7 sE=W0+Kmax
1ni
.

Thephot oel
ect
riceff
ectwasfi
rstobser
ved byHeinri
ch wher
e maxi
mum ki
net
ic ener
gy of
Her
tzanditwasinvesti
gat
edi
ndet
ail
byWhilel
m Hal
lwachsand
Phi
l
ippLenard. emi
tt
edel
ect
rons.

The phot
oel
ect
ri
c ef
fecti
s based on t
he pr
inci
ple of Exper
iment
alSet
upf
orPhot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fect
conserv
ati
onofener
gy. (
1)Twoconduct
ingelect
rodes,t
heanode(Q)andcat
hode
(1) Workf unct
ion (or t
hreshol
d energy)( W0) :The P)ar
( eencl
osedi
nanev acuat
edglasstubeasshown
mi ni
mum energyofi nci
dentradi
ati
on,requi
red t
o ejectthe
elect
ronsfrom metal
li
csur f
aceisdefinedasworkf unct
ionof
thatsurf
ace.
–

0=Thr
eshol
dfr
equency
; e– e
–
P e –
e Q

V
mA

Fi
g.25.
18
 El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s7
Ray

(
6)

Compt
onEf
fect
(2)The bat t eryorot hersour ce ofpot enti
aldi ff
erence (
1)Thescatt
eri
ngofaphot
onbyanel
ect
roni
scal
l
ed
createsanel ectricf i
eldint hedi rect
ionfrom anodet ocathode.
Compt
onef
fect
.
(3)Lightofcer t
ainwav elengt horf requencyf all
i
ngont he
surfaceofcat hodecausesacur rentintheext er nalcir
cuitcall
ed (
2)Theener
gyandmoment
um i
sconser
ved.
photoelectr
iccur rent. (3) Scat
ter
ed phot
on will have less ener
gy (more
(4)Aspot ent i
aldifferencei ncreases,phot oel ectri
ccur r
ent wav
elengt
h)ascomparet
oinci
dentphoton(l
esswavel
engt
h).
alsoincreasest il
l saturati
oni sr eached.
(4)Theener
gyl
ostbyt
hephot
oni
stakenbyel
ect
ronas
(5)Whenpol ari
tyofbat teryi sr ev
ersed( i.
e.plateQ i sat
negativepot entialw. r.t.plateP)el ectronsst ar tmov i
ngback ki
net
icener
gy.
towar dsthecat hode. (5)Thechangei
nwav
elengt
hduet
oComptonef
fecti
s
(6)Atapar t
icularnegat ivepot ent i
alofpl ateQnoel ect
ron cal
l
ed Compton shi
ft
. Compt
on shi
ft
willreacht hepl at eQ andt hecur rentwi l
lbecomezer o,thi
s
negativepot entiali scal l
edst oppingpot enti
aldenot edbyV0.
Maxi mum kinet i
cener gyofphot oelect r
onsi nter msofst opping
potent i
alwil
lther eforebe f=0o,
I =0

Ef
fectofI
ntensi
tyandFr
equencyofLi
ght =90o,
(1)Eff
ectofi ntensit
y:Iftheintensi
tyofli
ghtisi
ncr
eased
(whil
eit'
sfrequencyi skeptt
hesame)t hecurr
entl
evel
soffata (
cal
l
edCompt
onwav
elengt
h)
higherval
ue,showi ngthatmor eel
ectronsarebei
ngemitt
edper
unitti
me.Butthest oppingpotenti
alV0doesn'
tchangei
.e. Compt
onscat
ter
ing
–
Tar
getelect
ron
Int
ensit
y  no.ofinci
dentphoton  no.ofemi
tt
ed atrest Recoil
h elect
ron
phot
oelect
ronpert
imephot
ocurr
ent –


i h
i
I
nci
dentphot
on
2I
=const
ant f
Scat
ter
edphot
on
I
X-
Ray
s Fi
g.25.
21

(
1)X-ray
sweredi
scover
edbysci
ent
istRont
gent
hat
swhy
–V0 O V t
heyareal
socal
l
edRontgenr
ays.
(2)Eff
ectoff requency:I ffr
eq uencyofi nci
dentli
ght
Fig.25.
19 (2) Rontgen discover
ed that when pressurei nsi
de a
i
ncr
eases,(keepi
ng int
ensityis constant)stoppi
ng pot
enti
al
dischar
get ubeiskept10–3mm ofHgandpot enti
aldif
ferenceis
i
ncr
easesbutthei
risnochangei nphotoelect
ri
ccurrent kept25kV,t hensomeunknownr adi
ati
ons(X-rays)ar
eemi t
ted
byanode.
2>1 i I=const
ant
(3) Ther
e are thr
ee essent
ial r
equi
rement
s f
or t
he
2 pr
oducti
onofX-r
ays.
(
i)Asour
ceofel
ect
ron
1
(
ii
)Anar
rangementt
oaccel
erat
etheel
ect
rons
–V02 –V01 O V (
ii
i)Atar
getofsui
tabl
emat er
ialofhighat
omicweightand
I
mpor
tantFor
mul
aeFf
o
i
g.rP
25.
2h
0ot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fect hi
ghmelt
ingpoi
ntonwhichthesehighspeedel
ect
ronsstr
ike.

(
1) and Cool
idgeX-
RayTube
(1)Itconsistsofahi ghl
yev acuat
edglasstubecontaini
ng
(
2)  cathodeandt arget(
alsoknownasf i
lamenttypeX-raytube).
Thecat hodeconsi stofat ungstenfil
ament.Thef i
lamentis
coatedwi thoxidesofbarium orstront
ium tohaveanemi ssi
on
(
3) of electrons ev en at low t emperatur
e. The fil
ament is
surroundedbyamol ybdenum cyli
nderkeptatnegat
ivepot
ential
(
4) w.r
.t.thetarget
.
(2)Thet ar
get(
Iti
samat eri
alofhighatomicwei
ght,hi
gh
melt
ingpointandhi
ghthermalconduct
ivi
ty)madeoftungst
en
(
5) ormolybdenum i
sembeddedi
nacopperblock.
 8El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s

(3)Thefaceoft
hetar ssetat45o t
geti othei
nci
dent (5)X-
ray
sar
emeasur
edi
nRont
gen(
measur
eofi
oni
zat
ion
el
ect
ronstr
eam. power)
.
V
Lead
(6)X-r
ayscarryno chargeso t
heyar
enotdef
lect
edi
n
chamber Anode
C magneti
cfi
eldandel
ect
ri
cf i
eld.
Wat
er (
7)
T
(
8)Theyusedi
nthest
udyofcr
yst
alst
ruct
ure.
F (
9)Theyi
oni
segases
Fi
l
ament W
Tar
get
(
10)X-
ray
sdonotpasst
hroughheav
ymet
alsandbones.
Wi
ndow X-
ray
s
(
11)Theyaf
fectphot
ogr
aphi
cpl
ates.
(4)Thefi
lamentisheat eFi
g.
db 2p
y 5.
2
a2
ssi
ngthecurrentthr
oughit
. (
12)Longexposur
etoX-
ray
sisi
njur
iousf
orhumanbody
.
Ahighpot ent
ialdif
fer
ence(10kVt o80kV)isappl i
edbetween
(
13)Leadi
sthebestabsor
berofX-
ray
s.
thetargetandcat hodet oaccel eratetheelect
ronswhi chare
emittedbyf i
lament.Thest ream ofhi ghl
yenerget i
celectr
ons (
14)ForX-rayphot
ogr
aphyofhumanbodypar
ts,BaSO4 i
s
arefocussedont hetarget
. t
hebestabsor
ber.
(5)Mostoft heener
gyoftheelect
ronsisconv
ert
edi
nto (
15)Theypr
oducephot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fectandCompt
onef
fect
heat(above98%)and onlya f
ract
ion oftheener
gyofthe (
16)X-
ray
sar
enotemi
tt
edbyhy
drogenat
om.
el
ectr
ons(about2%)i
susedtopr
oduceX-ray
s.
(17)Thesecannotbeusedi
nRadarbecauset
heyar
enot
(
6)Duri
ngtheoperati
onofthetube,
ahugequanti
tyofheat
r
efl
ectedbythet
arget.
i
spr oducedinthi
starget,t
hisheatisconduct
edthr
ought he
copperanodetothecooli
ngfinsfr
om whereiti
sdi
ssipat
edby (18)Theyshowall
theimport
antpr
operti
esofl
i
ghtraysl
ike;
radi
ati
onandconvect
ion. refl
ecti
on,refr
acti
on,i
nter
fer
ence,di
ff
ract
ionandpolari
zat
ion
(
7)Contr
olofi nt
ensi
tyofX- rays:I nt
ensi
tyi mpli
esthe etc.
numberofX- ray photons produced from the target.The Absor
pti
onofX-
Ray
s
i
ntensit
y ofX-rays emitt
ed is dir
ectl
y propor
tionalt othe
X-
ray
sar
eabsor
bedwhent
heyi
nci
dentonsubst
ance.
el
ectronsemi
tt
edpersecondf rom thefi
lamentandt hiscanbe
i
ncreasedbyi
ncr easi
ngthefi
lamentcurrent.Sointensit
yofX- I
ntensi
t gentX-
yofemer ray
s
r
aysFi
l
amentcur
rent
Soi
ntensi
tyofabsor
bedX-
ray
s
(
8)Cont rolofqual i
tyorpenet
raton powerofX-
i r
ays:
Quali
tyofX-raysimpli
esthepenet
rat
ingpowerofX- r
ays,whi
ch
canbecont roll
edbyv aryi
ngthepotent
ialdi
ff
erencebetween wher ex=t
hicknessofabsor
bi um,=absor
ngmedi pti
on
thecathodeandt het
arget. coef
fi
cient
For lar
ge potent
ialdif
fer
ence,energy of bombar
ding
el
ect
ronswillbel
argeandhencelar
geri
sthepenet
rati
onpower I
0 Emergent
ofX-
rays. X-
rays

Tabl
e25.
3:Ty
pesofX-
ray
s I
I
nci
dentX-
ray
s
Har
dX-
ray
s Sof
tX-
ray
s

Mor
epenet
rat
ionpower Lesspenet
rat
ionpower
x
Fi
g.25.
23
Mor
efr
equencyoft
heor
derof Lessf
requencyoft
heor
derof =Wav
elengt
hofX-
ray
)
19 16
10 Hz 10 Hz
Fr
equencyofX-
ray
)
Lesserwav
elengt
hrange(
0.1Å Morewav
elengt
hrange(
4Å–
–4Å) 100Å) At
omi
cnumberoft
arget
)

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofX-
Ray
s
Pr
oper
ti
esofX-
Ray
s InX-r
ayt ube,whenhi ghspeedel ectr
onsst ri
kesthetar
get,
(
1)X-r
ays ar
e el
ect
romagnet
ic wav
es wi
th wav
elengt
h theypenetratet het arget
.Theyl osest heirkinet
icenergyand
r
ange0.
1Å–100Å. comest oresti nsi
det hemet al.Theelect r
onbef orefi
nall
ybei
ng
(
2)Thewav el
engthofX-r
aysi
sv erysmal
lincompar
isonto stoppedmakessev eralcoll
i
sionswi t
ht heat omsi nthetar
get.
t
hewavelengt
hofl i
ght.Hencetheycarrymuchmor eenergy Ateachcol l
isiononeoft hef oll
owi ngtwot y
pesofX- raysmay
(
Thi
sistheonl
ydiff
erencebet
weenX- r
aysandli
ght) getformed.
(
3)X-
ray
sar
einv
isi
ble. (
1)Cont
inuousX-
ray
s
(
4)Theyt
rav
eli
nast
rai
ghtl
i
newi
thspeedofl
i
ght
. (
2)Char
act
eri
sti
cX-
ray
s
 El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s9
Ray

Cont
inuousX-
Ray
s
Asanelectronpassesclosetotheposi
ti
venucleusofatom
ofthetarget
,theelect
ronisdefl
ectedfr
om it
'spathasshownin Tofil
lthisv acancyelectr
onsf rom highershell
sjumpt of i
l
l
fi
gure.Thisresult
sindecelerat
ionoftheelectr
on.Thelossin thecreatedv acancies,weknow t hatwhenanel ectronjumps
energyoftheelectr
onduringdeceler
ati
onisemitt
edintheform from ahigherener gyorbitE1tolowerener gyor tE2,
bi i
tradi
ates
ofX-ray
s. energy(E1 – E2)
.Thust hisenergydiffer
encei sradi
atedi nthe
TheX-
rayphot
onssoemi
tt
edf
ormt
hecont
inuousX-
ray form ofX- raysofv erysmal lbutdef i
nitewavelength which
spectr
um. dependsupont het ar
getmat eri
al.TheX- rayspectr
um consists
X-
rayphot
on
ofsharplinesandi scall
edchar acteri
sti
cX- r
ayspectrum.
e– (1)K,L,M,…… ser i
es:I ft heel ectr
onst ri
kingt het ar
get
+
ejectanel ectronf rom t heK- shel loft heat om,av acancyis
createdint heK-shel l
.Immedi atelyanel ectronf rom oneoft he
outershell,sayL- shelljumpst ot heK- shell
,emi ttinganX- ray
Fi
g.25.
24 photonofener gyequalt otheener gydifferencebet weent he
(1)Mi
nimum wavelengt
h: Whent heel
ectr
onlooses
whol
eofit
'sener
gyi
nasi ngl
ecol l
i
sionwi
tht
heatom,anX-ray twoshel l
s.Similar
ly,ifanel ectronf rom theM- shelljumpst othe
phot
onofmaximum energyhmaxi
semitedi
t .e. K-shell
,X-rayphot onofhi gherener gyi semi t
ted.TheX- ray
photonsemi t
tedduet ot hej umpofel ectronf rom t heL,M,N
shell
st otheK- shellsgivesK,K,Kl i
nesoft heK- seriesofthe
ev=v
wher el
ocit
yofelect
ronbeforecol
l
isionwit
ht ar
get spectrum.
atom,V = pot
entialdi
ff
erence t
hrough which el
ect
ron is n=5
O
accel
erat c=speedofl
ed, ight=3108m/ s N n=4
M M
Maxi
mum f
requencyofr
adi
ati
ons(
X-r
ays) M n=3
M-
ser
ies
L L L
Mi
nimum wav
elengt
h=cutof
fwav
elengt
hofX-
ray
L n=2
L-
ser
ies
K K K
K n=1
(
2)I ntensity wav el
ength gr
aph :The cont inuous X-r
ay K-ser
ies
spect
raconsi stofallthewav el
engthsov eragi
venrange.These Iftheelect
ronstrikingthe
Fi
targ
g.25.
etej
27
ectsanelectr
onfrom the
wavelengthar eofdi f
ferentint
ensit
ies.Foll
owingfigur
eshows L-
shellofthetargetat om,anel ectr
onfrom theM,N …. .shell
s
the i
ntensityv ari
ati
on ofdi f
fer
entwav el
engths forvari
ous j
umpst otheL-shellsot hatX-raysphotonsoflesserenergyare
accel
erati
ngv oltagesappliedtoX-r
ayt ube. emit
ted.
Y Thesephotonsfor he L-
m t ser
iesoft hespectr
um.I
na
si
milarwaythefor
matonofM ser
i ies,N ser
ieset
c.maybe
t
ensi

expl
ained.
y
nt

30kV
I

20kV (2)Intensi
ty-
wav elengthgr
aph:Atcer tainsharplydefi
ned
10kV wav el
engths,theintensit
yofX-raysi
sv erylargeasmar kedK,
min Wav
elengt
h K ….as shown i nf igur
e.These X- r
ay s are known as
Foreachv ol
tage,thei nt
ensit
ycur
vestar
tsatapar
ti
cul
ar
Fi
g.25.
25 characteri
sti
cX- r
ays.Atot herwavel
engthst heint
ensityvari
es
mini
mum wav el
ength( min)
.Risesrapi
dlyt
oamaxi mum and
graduall
yandt heseX- r
aysarecall
edconti
nuousX- rays.
t
hendr opsgradual
l
y .
I
ntensi
ty K
The wavel
ength atwhich the i
ntensi
tyi
s maxi
mum
dependsontheaccelerat
ingv
oltage,bei
ngshort
erf
orhigher K
L
vol
tageandvi
ce-v
ersa. LL
K-
ser
ies
Char
act
eri
sti
cX-
Ray
s
Few oft he fastmoving elect
rons havi
ng hi
gh veloci
ty L-
ser
ies

penetrat
et hesurf
aceatomsoft hetargetmater
ialandknock
min Wav
elengt
h
outthetightl
yboundelect
ronsev enfrom thei
nnermostshells
oftheatom.Nowwhent heelect
ronisknockedout,avacancyis Fi
g.25.
28
creat
edatt hatpl
ace. –
Mosl
ey'
sLaw
e
Mosley st
udi
ed t
he char
acter
ist
ic X-
ray spect
rum ofa
–
X-
rayphot
on numberofaheavyel
ementsandconcludedthatthespect
raof
e
e– di
ff
erentel
ementsar
ev er
ysimil
arandwi t
hincreasi
ngatomic
+
K
L
M

Fi
g.25.
26
 10El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s
number,the spect
ral l
i
nes mer
ely shi
ftt
owar
ds hi
gher
en=2,
wher 3,4,
….
fr
equenci
es.

Heal
sogav
ethef
oll
owi
ngr
elat
ion
Whi
l
eforK l
i
ne

k
(
iv)
k
UsesofX-
Ray
s
(i
)Instudyofcr
yst
alstructur
e:St
ruct
ureofDNAwasal
so
det
erminedusi
ngX-r
aydif
fracti
on.
(i
i
)Inmedi cal science
Z (i
i
i)Inradiogr aphy
where=Fr Fi
equencyofemig
t.
t
e25.
dl2
i9
ne,Z=Atomicnumberof (i
v)Inradiot her apy
tar
get,a=Pr oporti
onali
tyconst
ant,b=Screeningconst
antor (v
)Inengi neer ing
Shiel
dingconst
ant. (v
i)Inlabor at ories
Z–b)=Ef
( fect
iveat
omi
cnumber (v
ii
)Indet ect ivedepar t
ment
(v
ii
i)Inartt hechangeoccur ri
ngi
nol
doi
lpai
nti
ngscanbe
aandbdoesn'
tdependont
henat
ureoft
arget
.Di
ff
erent exami
nedbyX- ray s.
v
aluesofbar
easfoll
ows
b=1 f
or K-
ser
ies
b=7.
4 f
or L-
ser
ies
b=19.
2 f
or M-
ser
ies
(
1)Mosl
ey'
slawsuppor
tedBohr
'st
heor
y
(
2)Itexper
iment
all
ydet
ermi
nedt
heat
omi Z)of
cnumber(  Di
scov
ery of posi
ti
ver
ays hel
ps i
n di
scov
eri
ng of
el
ement
s. i
sot
opes.

(3)Thi
slaw est
abl
ished the i
mpor
tance ofor
der
ing of  Thede-
Brogl
i
ewav
elengt
hofel
ect
ronsi
nfi
rstBohror
bit
ofanat
om i
sequal
toci
rcumf
erenceofor
bit
.
el
ementsi
nperi
odi
ctabl
ebyat omicnumberandnotbyatomic
wei
ght.  A par
ti
clehav
ingzer
orestmassandnonzer
oener
gy
andmoment
um mustt
rav
elswi
thaspeedequalt
ospeedof
(4)GapsinMosel
ey'
sdat
aforA=43, 61,72,
75suggest
ed
l
ight
.
exi
stenceofnewel
ement
swhichwer
elat
erdiscover
ed.
 de-
Brogl
iewav
elengt
hassoci
ateswi
thgasmol
ecul
es
(5)Theatomi
cnumber sofCu,AgandPtwer
eest
abl
i
shed
t
obe29,47and78respect
ivel
y. i
sgi
venas (
Ener
gyofgasmol
ecul
es
(6)Whenav acancyoccursintheK-shel
l,t
hereisstil
lone
electr
onremaini
ngi nt heK-shel
l
.AnelectronintheL-shel
lwil
l att
emper
at eTi
ur s )
feelaneff
ecti
vechar geof(Z–1) edueto+Zef rom t
henucleus
and– ef r
om ther emai ngK-
ni shel
lel
ectron,becauseL-shel
l  A phot
oni
snotamat
eri
alpar
ti
cle.I
tisaquant
aof
orbiti
swellout
sidet heK-shel
lor
bit
. ener
gy.
(
7) Wav
e l
engt
h of char
act
eri
sti
c spect
rum  Whenapar
ti
cleexhi
bit
swav
enat
ure,i
tisassoci
ated
wi
thawav
epacket
,rat
hert
henawav
e.
and ener
gy of X-
ray r
adi
ati
ons.  Bycoat
ingt
hemet
als
urf
acewi
thal
ayerofbar
ium ox
ideor
s
tront
iumox
idei
t'
swor
kfunc
tioni
slower
ed.
 We mustr
emembert
hati
ntensi
ty ofi
nci
dentl
i
ght
radi
ati
onisinver
sel
ypropor
ti
onaltothesquareofdist
ance
between sour
ce ofli
ghtand photosensi
ti
ve pl
ateP i.
e.,
(
8)I
ftr
ansi
ti
ont
akespl
acef
rom n2=2t
on1=1(
K-l
i
ne)
so )
(
i)
 The phot
oel
ect
ri
c cur
rentcan be i
ncr
eased byf
il
li
ng
someinertgasl i
keArgoni
ntothebul
b.Thephotoel
ect
rons
(
ii
) emit
tedbycat hodei
oniset
hegasbycoll
i
sionandhencethe
cur
renti
sincreased.
 Compt
onef
fectshowst
hatphot
onhav
emoment
um.
(
ii
i)I
ngener
alt
hewav
elengt
hofal
ltheK-
li
nesar
egi
venby  Pr
oduct
ion ofX-
ray i
sthe r
ever
se phenomenon of
phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect
.
 El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX- s1
Ray 1

 Thet
hicknessofmedi
um atwhi
chi
ntensi
tyofemer
gent  Uncer
tai
ntyi
nthe measur
ement of moment
um of
X-
ray fi
sbecomeshal .
e. i
scal
l
edhal
fval
uet
hickness phot
onwi
thi
nthenucl
eusi
s

x1/2)andi
( tisgi
venas . where d = di
ameteroft eus and x = d =
he nucl
uncert
aint
yinthemeasurementofposi
ti
onofprot
on.
 Cont
inuosX-
ray
sar
epr
oducedduet
othephenomenon
call
ed"Br
emsst
rahl
ung"
.Itmeanssl
owi
ngdownorbr
aki
ng
radi
ati
on.
 Thewavel
engt
hofchar
act
eri
sti
cX-
raydoesn'
tdepend
onaccel
erati
ngv
olt
age.I
tdependsont
heat
omi Z)
cnumber(
oft
hetargetmat
eri
al.
 I
nchar
act
eri
sti
cX-
rayspect
rum and Cat
hodeRay
sandPosi
ti
veRay
s
al
so 1. IntheMi l
l
ikan'sexper
iment,t
hedistancebetweent wo
hori
zont
alplatesis2.5cm andt hepotent
ialdi
ff
erence
 Near
lyal
lmet
alsemi
tsphot
oel
ect
ronswhenexposedt
o appl
i s250V.Theel
edi ectr
icfi
eldbet
weentheplateswil
l
UV li
ght.Butalkal
imetal
sli
keli
thi
um,sodium,pot
assi
um, be
rubi
dium and cesium emit phot
oel
ect
rons even when
exposedtovi
siblel
i
ght
. a)900V/
( m b)10000V/
( m
c)625 V/
( m d)6250V/
( m
 Oxi
decoat
edf
il
amenti
nvacuum t
ubesi
susedt
oemi
t
2. Thecat
hoder
ayshav
epar
ti
clenat
urebecauseoft
hef
act
el
ect
ronsatr
elat
ivel
ylowert
emper
atur
e.
that
 Conduct
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
yingasesatl
owpr
essur
etakes [
CPMT1986;
MNR1986]
becausecol
l
idi
ngel
ectr
onsacqui
rehi
gherki
net
icener
gydue (
a)Theycanpr
opagat
einv
acuum
toincr
easei
nmeanfreepat
h.
(
b)Theyar
edef
lect
edbyel
ect
ri
candmagnet
icf
iel
ds
 Ki
net
icener
gyofcat
hoder
aysdependsonbot
hvol
tage (
c)Theypr
oducedf
luor
escence
andwor
kfunct
ionofcat
hode.
(
d)Theycastshadows
 Phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fecti
sduet
othepar
ti
clenat
ureofl
i
ght
. 3. In Mil
li
kan'
s experi
mentforthe det
erminat
ion oft
he
 Hydr
ogenat
om doesnotemi
tX-
ray
sbecausei
t'
sener
gy chargeontheelect
ron,
ther
easonf
orusingtheoi
lis
l
evel
sar
etoocl
oset
oeachot
her
. (
a)I
tisal
ubr
icant (
b)I
tsdensi
tyi
shi
gher
 Theessent
ialdi
ff
erencebet
weenX-
r sandof
ay -ray
sis (
c)I
tvapour
iseseasi
l
y (
d)I
tdoesnotv
apour
ise
t ,
hat -
ray
semi
tsf
rom nucl
euswhi
l
eX-
ray
sfr
om out
erpar
t 4. Themassofapar t
icl
ei s400 timest han t
hatofan
ofatom. elect
ron and t
he charge is double.The parti
cleis
 Ther
eisnot
imedel
aybet
weenemi
ssi
onofel
ect
ronand acceler
atedby5V.Init
ial
l
yt hepart
icleremai
nedinrest
,
i
nci
denceofphotoni
.
e.theelect
ronsar
eemi
tt
edoutassoon then i
ts fi
nal ki neti
c energy wil
l be
ast
helightf
all
sonmetalsur
face. [
MPPMT1990]
 I
fli
ghtwer
ewav
e(notphot
ons)i
twi
l
ltakeaboutany
ear a)5eV
( b)10eV
(
t
oej
ectaphot
oel
ect
ronoutoft
hemet
alsur
face. c)100eV
( d)2000eV
(
 DozeofX-
rayar
emeasur
edi
nter
msofpr
oducedi
onsor 5. An elect
ron (
charge = )is accel
erat
ed
f
reeener
gyv
iai
oni
sai
ton. thr
oughapotenti 000V.Theener
alof100, gyacqui
redby
theel
ectr
onis [
MPPET1989]
 Saf
edozef
orhumanbodyperweeki
soneRont
gen(
One
Ront
gonistheamountofX-r
ayswhichemi
t 5104Jf
s2. ree (
a) (
b)
ener
gyt
hroughioni
zat
ionof1gm ai
ratNTP
(
c) (
d)
 Thephot
oel
ect
ronsemi
tt
edf
rom t
hemet
all
i
csur
face 6. Whil
edoinghi
sexper
iment,
Mil
l
ikanonedayobser
vedt
he
have di
ff
erentki
neti
c ener
gies even when t
he inci
dent f
oll
owingchar
gesonasingl
edr
op
phot
onshav esameenergy.Thishappensbecauseallthe
el
ectr
onsdonotexi
stint
hesurfacel
ayer
. (
i) (
ii
)

Thosecomingfr
om bel
owt
hesur
facel
oosemor
eener
gy (
ii
i) (
iv)
i
ngetti
ngthemsel
vesfr
ee.
(
v) (
vi)
 Ei
nst
ein was awar
ded Nobelpr
ize f
orexpl
aini
ng t
he  
  
  
   Fr om t
hisdat
athev
alueoft
heel
ement
arychar
ge(e)
phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect
. was  
  
  
  f oundtobe [MPPMT1993]
 12El
ect
ron,
Phot
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEf
fectandX-
Ray
s

(
a) (
b)
(
c) (
d)
7. Whenelect
ronbeam passest
hroughanel
ect
ri
cfi
eld,t
hey
gai
nkineti
cenergy.Ifthesamebeam passesthrough
magnet
icfi
eld,
then
(
a)Thei
rener
gyi
ncr
eases
(
b)Thei
rmoment
um i
ncr
eases
(
c)Thei
rpot
ent
ial
ener
gyi
ncr
eases
(
d)Ener
gyandmoment
um bot
hremai
nsunchanged
8. Whi
ch oft
he f
oll
owing l
aw i
s used i
nthe Mi
l
li
kan'
s
met
hod f or t he det er
minat
ion of char ge
[
DPMT2002]
(
a)Amper
e'sl
aw (
b)St
oke'
slaw
(
c)Fl
emi
ng'
slef
thandr
ule(
d)Fl
emi
ng'
sri
ghthandr
ule
9. Themassoft
heel
ect
ronv
ari
eswi
th
(
a)Thesi
zeoft
hecat
hoder
ayt
ube
(
b)Thev
ari
atonof‘
i g’
(
c)Vel
oci
ty
(
d)Si
zeoft
heel
ect
ron
10. Whenthespeedofel
ect
ronsi
ncr
eases,t
henthev
alueof
i
tsspeci
fi
cchar
ge [
MPPMT1994]
(
a)I
ncr
eases
(
b)Decr
eases
(
c)Remai
nsunchanged
(
d)I
ncreases upt
o some v
eloci
tyand t
hen begi
ns t
o
decrease
11. Anelect
ronisaccel
erat
edthroughapot
ent
ialdi
ff
erence
of1000vol
ts.I
tsvel
ocit
yisnearl
y
[
MPPMT1985;
Pb.PET2003]

(
a) (
b)

(
c) (
d)
12. I
nanel ectr
ongunthecont
rolgri
disgi
venanegat i
ve
pot
ent
ialrel
ati
vet
ocat
hodei
norderto [
NCERT1988]
(
a)Decel
erat
eel
ect
rons
(
b)Repelel
ect
ronsandt hust
ocont
rolt
henumberof
el
ectr
onspassi
ngthr
oughit
(
c)Toselectel
ectr
onsofsamev
eloci
tyandt
oconv
erge
them al
ongtheaxi
s
(
d)Todecr
easet
heki
net
icener
gyofel
ect
rons
 1394 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
13. The ratio of momenta of an electron and an   particle which are (d) Electric field is parallel to the electrons beam
accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 100 V is 21. Cathode[MNR
rays1994;
enterRPET
into1997]
a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to
the direction of the field. In the magnetic field their path will be
2m e
(a) 1 (b) (a) Straight line (b) Circle
m
(c) Parabolic (d) Ellipse
me me
(c) (d) 22. The specific charge of an electron is [MP PMT/PET 1998;
m 2m 
J&K CET 2004; Pb. PET 2002; MH CET 1999]
14. When subjected to a transverse electric field, cathode rays move [MP PET19
1994]
(a) 1.6  10 coulomb
(a) Down the potential gradient
(b) Up the potential gradient (b) 4.8  10 10 stat coulomb
(c) Along a hyperbolic path
(c) 1.76  10 11 coulomb / kg
(d) Along a circular path
15. The fact that electric charges are integral multiples of the (d) 1.76  10 11 coulomb/ kg
fundamental electronic charge was proved experimentally by 23. [MP PET
An electron is moving constant velocity along x  axis. If a
1994]
with
(a) Planck (b) J.J. Thomson uniform electric field is applied along y  axis, then its path in the
(c) Einstein (d) Millikan x  y plane will be [MP PMT 1999]

16. In Millikan oil drop experiment, a charged drop of mass (a) A straight line (b) A circle
14
1.8  10 kg is stationary between its plates. The distance (c) A parabola (d) An ellipse
between its plates is 0.90 cm and potential difference is 2.0 kilo 24. Cathode rays are similar to visible light rays in that
volts. The number of electrons on the drop is
[SCRA 1994]
[MP PMT 1994, 2003; MP PET 1997]
(a) They both can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields
(a) 500 (b) 50
(b) They both have a definite magnitude of wavelength
(c) 5 (d) 0
(c) They both can ionise a gas through which they pass
17. The charge on electron was discovered by
(d) They both can expose a photographic plate
[BHU 1995; RPMT 1999; DCE 2004]
25. Which one of the following devices makes use of the electrons to
(a) J.J. Thomson (b) Neil Bohr strike certain substances to produce fluorescence
(c) Millikan (d) Chadwick [SCRA 1994]
18. From the following, what charges can be present on oil drops in (a) Thermionic valve (b) Photoelectric cell
Millikan's experiment [MP PET 1995]
(c) Cathode ray oscilloscope (d) Electron gun
(a) Zero, equal to the magnitude of charge on   particle
26. An oxide coated filament is useful in vacuum tubes because
(b) 2e, 1.6  10 18 C, essentially [SCRA 1994]

(c) 1.6  10 19 C, 2.5 e (a) It has high melting point

(b) It can withstand high temperatures
(d) 1.5 e, e
(c) It has good machanical strength
(Here e is the electronic charge)
(d) It can emit electrons at relatively lower temperatures
19. A narrow electron beam passes undeviated through an electric field
27. Gases begin to conduct electricity at low pressure because
E  3  10 4 volt / m and an overlapping magnetic field
[CBSE PMT 1994]
B  2  10 3 W eber / m 2 . If electric field and magnetic field are
mutually perpendicular. The speed of the electrons is (a) At[MP
lowPET
pressure,
1995]
gases turn to plasma
(b) Colliding electrons can acquire higher kinetic energy due to
(a) 60 m/s (b) 10.3  10 7 m / s increased mean free path leading to ionisation of atoms
(c) 1.5  10 7 m / s (d) 0.67  10 7 m / s (c) Atoms break up into electrons and protons

20. In Thomson's method of determining e/m of electrons
[MP PMT 1997]
(a) Electric and magnetic fields are parallel to electrons beam
(b) Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other
and perpendicular to electrons beam
(c) Magnetic field is parallel to the electrons beam
(d) The electrons in atoms can move freely at low pressure
28. A beam of electrons is moving with constant velocity in a region
having electric and magnetic fields of strength 20 Vm 1 and 0.5 T
at right angles to the direction of motion of the electrons. What is
the velocity of the electrons
[CBSE PMT 1996]
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1395

(a) 20 ms 1 (b) 40 ms 1 (c) Linear velocity of cathode rays

(d) Angular velocity of cathode rays
(c) 8 ms 1 (d) 5.5 ms 1
38. Cathode rays are [RPET 2000]
29. Kinetic energy of emitted cathode rays is dependent on (a) Positive rays (b) Neutral rays
[CPMT 1996] (c) He rays (d) Electron waves
(a) Only voltage 39. An electron of charge ‘e’ coulomb passes through a potential
(b) Only work function difference of V volts. Its energy in ‘joules’ will be
(c) Both (a) and (b) [MP PET 2000]

(d) It does not depend upon any physical quantity (a) V /e (b) eV
30. The radius of the orbital of electron in the hydrogen atom 0.5 Å. (c) e /V (d) V
The speed of the electron is 2  10 m / s . Then the current in the
6
40. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 200
loop due to the motion of the electron is volts. If e / m for the electron be 1.6  10 11 coulomb/kg, the
[RPMT 1996] velocity acquired by the electron will be
(a) 1 mA (b) 1.5 mA [MP PET 2000]

(a) 8  10 m / s
6
(b) 8  10 m / s
5
(c) 2.5 mA (d) 1.5  10 2 mA
31. The kinetic energy of an electron which is accelerated through a (c) 5.9  10 6 m / s (d) 5.9  10 5 m / s
potential of 100 volts is 41. Which is not true with respect to the cathode rays
[MP PET 1986; CBSE PMT 1997; AIIMS 1998] [Kerala PET 2001]
17 (a) A stream of electrons
(a) 1.602  10 J (b) 418.6 calories
(b) Charged particles
(c) 1.16  10 4 K (d) 6.626  10 34 W- sec
(c) Move with speed same as that of light
32. When a proton is accelerated with 1 volt potential difference, then its
(d) Can be deflected by magnetic fields
kinetic energy is
42. In Milikan’s experiment, an oil drop having charge q gets stationary
[CPMT 1997; CBSE PMT 1999; RPET 2003] on applying a potential difference V in between two plates separated
1 by a distance ‘d’. The weight of the drop is
(a) eV (b) 1840 eV
1840 d
(a) qVd (b) q
(c) 1 eV (d) 1840 c eV
2 V
33. Energy of electrons can be increased by allowing them q V
(c) (d) q
[JIPMER 1997] Vd d
43. Electron volt is a unit of [MP PMT 2001]
(a) To fall through electric potential
(a) Potential (b) Charge
(b) To move in high magnetic field
(c) Power (d) Energy
(c) To fall from great heights
(d) To pass through lead blocks 44. In Thomson experiment of finding e / m for electrons, beam of
electron is replaced by that of muons (particle with same charge as
34. Cathode rays and canal rays produced in a certain discharge tube of electrons but mass 208 times that of electrons). No deflection
are deflected in the same direction if [SCRA 1998]
condition in this case satisfied if
(a) A magnetic field is applied normally
[Orissa (Engg.) 2002]
(b) An electric field is applied normally
(a) B is increased 208 times
(c) An electric field is applied tangentially
(b) E is increased 208 times
(d) A magnetic field is applied tangentially
(c) B is increased 14.4 times
35. In a Millikan's oil drop experiment the charge on an oil drop is
(d) None of these
calculated to be 6.35  10 19 C . The number of excess electrons
on the drop is [MNR 1998] 45. The colour of the positive column in a gas discharge tube depends
(a) 3.9 (b) 4 on [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]

(c) 4.2 (d) 6 (a) The type of glass used to construct the tube
36. Cathode rays consist of [DCE 1999] (b) The gas in the tube
(a) Photons (b) Electrons (c) The applied voltage
(c) Protons (d)  -particles (d) The material of the cathode
37. A metal plate gets heated, when cathode rays strike against, it due to 46. Cathode rays are produced when the pressure is of the order of [
[CPMT 2000; Pb. PET 2000]
(a) 2 cm of Hg (b) 0.1 cm of Hg
(a) Kinetic energy of cathode rays
(c) 0.01 mm of Hg (d) 1 m of Hg
(b) Potential energy of cathode rays
 1396 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
[CBSE PMT 1999]
47. The speed of an electron having a wavelength of 10 10 m is
(a) Electrons only
[AIIMS 2002]
(b) +ve ions and electrons
(a) 7.25  10 m / s
6
(b) 6.26  10 m / s
6
(c) – ve ions and electrons
(c) 5.25  10 6 m / s (d) 4.24  10 6 m / s (d) + ve ions, – ve ions and electrons
57. In Milikan's oil drop experiment, a charged drop falls with terminal
48. Which of the following is not the property of a cathode ray
velocity V. If an electric field E is applied in vertically upward
[CBSE PMT 2002] direction then it starts moving in upward direction with terminal
(a) It casts shadow E
velocity 2V. If magnitude of electric field is decreased to , then
(b) It produces heating effect 2
(c) It produces flurosence terminal velocity will become
(d) It does not deflect in electric field [CBSE PMT 1999]
49. In a Thomson set-up for the determination of e/m, electrons V
(a) (b) V
accelerated by 2.5 kV enter the region of crossed electric and 2
magnetic fields of strengths 3.6  10 4 Vm 1 and 1.2  10 3 T
3V
respectively and go through undeflected. The measured value of (c) (d) 2V
2
e /m of the electron is equal to
58. An electron is accelerated through a p.d. of 45.5 volt. The velocity
[AMU 2002] acquired by it is (in ms )
-1
[AIIMS 2004]

(a) 1.0  1011 C - kg 1 (b) 1.76  1011 C - kg 1 (a) 4  10 6 (b) 4  10 4

(c) 1.80  1011 C - kg 1 (d) 1.85  1011 C - kg 1 (c) 10 6 (d) Zero

The ratio of specific charge of an  -particle to that of a proton is 2003]1.8  10
14
50. 59. A cathode emits
[BCECE electrons per second, when heated.
When 400V is applied to anode all the emitted electrons reach the
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1
anode. The charge on electron is 1.6  10 19 C . The maximum
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 3 anode current is
51. In Bainbridge mass spectrograph a potential difference of 1000 V is [MP PMT 2004]
applied between two plates distant 1 cm apart and magnetic field in
B = 1T. The velocity of undeflected positive ions in m/s from the (a) 2.7 A (b) 29 A
velocity selector is
(c) 72 A (d) 29 mA
[RPMT 1998]
60. Order of q/m ratio of proton,  -particle and electron is
(a) 10 7 m /s (b) 10 4 m /s
[AFMC 2004]
5
(c) 10 m /s (d) 10 m /s 2 (a) e  p   (b) p   e
52. When cathode rays (tube voltage ~ 10 kV) collide with the anode of (c) e    p (d) None of these
high atomic weight then we get [MP PET 1985] 61. A charge of magnitude 3 e and mass 2m is moving in an electric
(a) Positive rays (b) X-rays field E. The acceleration imparted to the charge is
(c) Gamma rays (d) Canal rays [DCE 2004]
53. In Thomson's experiment if the value of q/m is the same for all (a) 2 Ee / 3m (b) 3 Ee / 2m
positive ions striking the photographic plate, then the trace would
be [RPMT 1986] (c) 2m / 3 Ee (d) 3m / 2 Ee
(a) Straight line (b) Parabolic 62. An electron initially at rest, is accelerated through a potential
(c) Circular (d) Elliptical difference of 200 volt, so that it acquires a velocity 8.4  10 6 m / s.
The value of e/m of electron will be
54. In a discharge tube at 0.02 mm, there is a formation of [DPMT 2003]
[CBSE PMT 1996]
(a) 2.76  1012 C / kg (b) 1.76  1011 C / kg
(a) FDS (b) CDS
(c) Both space (d) None of these (c) 0.76  1012 C / kg (d) None of these
55. Electric field and magnetic field in Thomson mass spectrograph are 63. An  particle is accelerated through a p.d of 10 6 volt then K.E. of
applied [RPMT 1998]
particle will be [Pb. PET 2003]
(a) Simultaneously, perpendicular
(a) 8 MeV (b) 4 MeV
(b) Perpendicular but not simultaneously
(c) 2 MeV (d) 1 MeV
(c) Parallel but not simultaneously
64. Positive rays consists of [RPMT 1996, 2003]
(d) Parallel simultaneously
(a) Electrons (b) Neutrons
56. The current conduction in a discharged tube is due to
(c) Positive ions (d) Electro magnetic waves
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1397

65. O   , C  , He   and H  ions are projected on the photographic 3. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with the particle of mass m
moving with velocity v is
plate with same velocity in a mass spectrograph. Which one will [CBSE PMT 1992]
strike farthest [RPMT 2003]
(a) h / mv (b) mv / h
(a) O (b) C  (c) mh / v (d) m / hv
(c) He   (d) H 2 4. A photon, an electron and a uranium nucleus all have the same
wavelength. The one with the most energy
66. An electron beam is moving between two parallel plates having [MP PMT 1992]
electric field 1.125  10 6 N / m . A magnetic field 3  10 10 T is (a) Is the photon
also applied so that beam of electrons do not deflect. The velocity of (b) Is the electron
the electron is [MH CHT 2004] (c) Is the uranium nucleus
(a) 4225 m / s (b) 3750 m / s (d) Depends upon the wavelength and the properties of the
particle.
(c) 2750 m / s (d) 3200 m / s 5. A particle which has zero rest mass and non-zero energy and
momentum must travel with a speed
67. Positive rays was discovered by [RPMT 1998]
[MP PMT 1992; DPMT 2001; Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) Thomson (b) Goldstem
(a) Equal to c, the speed of light in vacuum
(c) W. Crookes (d) Rutherford
(b) Greater than c
68. An electron is moving in electric field and magnetic field it will gain
energy from [DCE 1998] (c) Less than c
(a) Electric field (b) Magnetic field (d) Tending to infinity
(c) Both of these (d) None of these 6. When the kinetic energy of an electron is increased, the wavelength
69. If an electron oscillates at a frequency of 1 GHz it gives of the associated wave will
[DCE 1999]
(a) Increase
(a) X-rays (b) Mirowaves
(b) Decrease
(c) Infrared rays (d) None of these
70. In an electron gun, the electrons are accelerated by the potential V. (c) Wavelength does not depend on the kinetic energy
If e is the charge and m is the mass of an electron, then the (d) None of the above
maximum velocity of these electrons will be [MP PMT 1987, 96; BHU 1995; MNR 1998]
7. If the de-Broglie wavelengths for a proton and for a   particle are
2 eV 2 eV equal, then the ratio of their velocities will be
(a) (b)
m m (a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
2m V2 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4
(c) (d)
eV 2 em 8. The de-Broglie wavelength  associated with an electron having
71. Which of the following have highest specific charge kinetic energy E is given by the expression
[BHU 2005] [MP PMT 1990; CPMT 1996]

(a) Positron (b) Proton h 2h

(a) (b)
(c) He (d) None of these 2mE mE
72. In Millikan’s oil drop experiment, an oil drop of mass 16  10 6 kg
2 2mE
is balanced by an electric field of 10 6 V / m. The charge in (c) 2mhE (d)
h
coulomb on the drop, assuming g  10 m / s 2 is [UP SEAT 2005]
9. Dual nature of radiation is shown by [MP PET 1991]
(a) 6.2  10 11 (b) 16  10 9 (a) Diffraction and reflection
(c) 16  10 11 (d) 16  10 13 (b) Refraction and diffraction
(c) Photoelectric effect alone
Matter Waves (d) Photoelectric effect and diffraction
10. For the Bohr's first orbit of circumference 2r , the de-Broglie
1. The idea of matter waves was given by wavelength of revolving electron will be
(a) Davisson and Germer (b) de-Broglie [MP PMT 1987]
(c) Einstein (d) Planck
(a) 2r (b) r
2. Wave is associated with matter
(a) When it is stationary 1 1
(c) (d)
(b) When it is in motion with the velocity of light only 2r 4 r
(c) When it is in motion with any velocity 11. An electron of mass m when accelerated through a potential
(d) None of the above difference V has de-Broglie wavelength  . The de-Broglie
 1398 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
wavelength associated with a proton of mass M accelerated through 1 1
the same potential difference will be (a)  (b)  
 m
[CBSE PMT 1995; EAMCET 2001; J & K CET 2004]
1
(c)  (d)   p
m m p
(a)  (b) 
M M 20. Particle nature and wave nature of electromagnetic waves and
electrons can be shown by [AIIMS 2000]
M M
(c)  (d)  (a) Electron has small mass, deflected by the metal sheet
m m
(b) X-ray is diffracted, reflected by thick metal sheet
12. What will be the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of proton and
  particle of same energy (c) Light is refracted and defracted
[RPET 1991, 96; DCE 2002; Kerala PET 2005] (d) Photoelectricity and electron microscopy
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 21. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle moving with a velocity 2.25
 10 m/s is equal to the wavelength of photon. The ratio of kinetic
8

(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
energy of the particle to the energy of the photon is (velocity of
13. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of the   particle accelerated light is 3  10 m/s)
8

through a potential difference V [RPMT 1996]

[EAMCET (Med.) 2003]
0 .287 12 . 27 (a) 1/8 (b) 3/8
(a) Å (b) Å
V V (c) 5/8 (d) 7/8
0 .101 0 .202 22. According to de-Broglie, the de-Broglie wavelength for electron in an
(c) Å (d) Å orbit of hydrogen atom is 10 m. The principle quantum number for
–9

V V this electron is [RPMT 2003]

14. de-Broglie hypothesis treated electrons as (a) 1 (b) 2
[BHU 2000] (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) Particles (b) Waves 23. The speed of an electron having a wavelength of 10 10 m is
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ (d) None of these [Manipal 1997; AIIMS 2002]

15. The energy that should be added to an electron, to reduce its de- (a) 7.25  10 m/s6
(b) 6.26  10 6 m / s
10 10
Broglie wavelengths from 10 m to 0.5  10 m, will be [KCET (Engg./Med.) 2000]
(c) 5.25  10 6 m / s (d) 4.24  10 6 m / s
(a) Four times the initial energy
24. The kinetic energy of electron and proton is 10 32 J . Then the
(b) Thrice the initial energy relation between their de-Broglie wavelengths is
(c) Equal to the initial energy [CPMT 1999]

(d) Twice the initial energy (a) p  e (b) p  e

16. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron having 80eV of energy is (c) p  e (d) p  2e
nearly
25. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle accelerated with 150 volt
(1eV = 1.6  10 J, Mass of electron = 9  10 kg
–19 –31

potential is 10 10 m. If it is accelerated by 600 volts p.d., its

Plank’s constant = 6.6  10 J-sec)
–34
wavelength will be [RPET 1988]
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2001] (a) 0.25 Å (b) 0.5 Å
(a) 140 Å (b) 0.14 Å (c) 1.5 Å (d) 2 Å
(c) 14 Å (d) 1.4 Å 26. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a hydrogen molecule
moving with a thermal velocity of 3 km/s will be
17. If particles are moving with same velocity, then maximum de-Broglie
wavelength will be for [CBSE PMT 2002] (a) 1 Å (b) 0.66 Å

(a) Neutron (b) Proton (c) 6.6 Å (d) 66 Å

27. When the momentum of a proton is changed by an amount P , the
(c) -particle (d)  -particle corresponding change in the de-Broglie wavelength is found to be
0

18. If an electron and a photon propagate in the form of waves having 0.25%. Then, the original momentum of the proton was
the same wavelength, it implies that they have the same [CBSE PMT 1995; DCE 2001;(a)
AIIMSp 2003] 0
(b) 100 p 0

(a) Energy (b) Momentum (c) 400 p 0

(d) 4 p 0

(c) Velocity (d) Angular momentum 28. The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 27 C is . What will be its
o

wavelength at 927 C o
[DPMT 2002]
19. The de-Broglie wavelength is proportional to [RPET 2003]
(a)  / 2 (b)  / 3
(c)  / 4 (d)  / 9
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1399
29. An electron and proton have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Then 38. The de-Broglie wavelength  [RPMT 2004]
the kinetic energy of the electron is
(a) is proportional to mass
[Kerala PMT 2004]
(b) is proportional to impulse
(a) Zero (c) Inversely proportional to impulse
(b) Infinity (d) does not depend on impulse
(c) Equal to the kinetic energy of the proton 39. Davission and Germer experiment proved
(d) Greater than the kinetic energy of the proton [RPET 2002; DCE 2004]
30. For moving ball of cricket, the correct statement about de-Broglie (a) Wave nature of light (b) Particle nature of light
wavelength is [RPMT 2001] (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(a) It is not applicable for such big particle 40. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its de-Broglie
h wavelength changes by the factor [AIEEE 2005]
(b)
2mE 1
(a) (b) 2
2
h
(c) 1
2mE (c) (d) 2
2
h
(d) 41. The energy that should be added to an electron to reduce its de
2mE Broglie wavelength from one nm to 0.5 nm is
31. Photon and electron are given same energy (10 20 J ) . Wavelength [KCET 2005]
associated with photon and electron are  Ph and  el then correct (a) Four times the initial energy
statement will be [RPMT 2001] (b) Equal to the initial energy
(c) Twice the initial energy
(a)  Ph  el (b)  Ph  el
(d) Thrice the initial energy
el 42. de-Broglie wavelength of a body of mass m and kinetic energy E is
(c)  Ph  el (d) C given by
Ph [BCECE 2005]

32. The kinetic energy of an electron with de-Broglie wavelength of 0.3 h 2mE
(a)   (b)  
nanometer is [UPSEAT 2004] mE h
(a) 0.168 eV (b) 16.8 eV h h
(c)   (d)  
(c) 1.68 eV (d) 2.5 eV 2mE 2mE
33. A proton and an -particle are accelerated through a potential 43. The wavelength of the matter wave is independent of
difference of 100 V. The ratio of the wavelength associated with the [Kerala PMT 2005]
proton to that associated with an -particle is [DCE 2002; DPMT 2003]
(a) Mass (b) Velocity
(a) (b) 2 :1 (c) Momentum (d) Charge
2 :1
1 Photon and Photoelectric Effect
(c) 2 2 :1 (d) :1
2 2
34. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave is 2m, then its momentum is (h 1. The momentum of a photon is 3.3  10 29 kg  m/sec. Its frequency
will be
= 6.63  10–34 J-s) [DCE 2004]
[CPMT 1980; MP PET 1992; DPMT 1999]
(a) 3.315  10 kg-m/s
–28
(b) 1.66  10–28 kg-m/s (a) 3  10 Hz3
(b) 6  10 Hz3

(c) 4.97  10 kg-m/s

–28
(d) 9.9  10 kg-m/s–28

(c) 7.5  10 Hz 12
(d) 1.5  1013 Hz
35. de-Broglie wavelength of a body of mass 1 kg moving with velocity of 2. The energy of a photon of wavelength  is given by
2000 m/s is [Pb. PMT 2003] [CPMT 1974; CBSE PMT 1992; DCE 1998;
(a) 3.32  10 Å–27
(b) 1.5  10 Å 7 BHU 2000; DPMT 2001]
(a) h (b) ch
(c) 0.55  10 Å–22
(d) None of these
(c)  / hc (d) hc / 
36. The kinetic energy of an electron is 5 eV. Calculate the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it (h = 6.6  10 Js, m = 9.1  10 kg)
–34

e
–31
3. The momentum of a photon is 2  10 16 gm-cm/sec. Its energy is
[Pb. PMT 2004]
(a) 5.47 Å (b) 10.9 Å (a) 0.61  10 26 erg (b) 2.0  10 26 erg
(c) 2.7 Å (d) None of these
(c) 6  10 6 erg (d) 6  10 8 erg
37. The wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a
potential difference of 100 V is nearly 4. The rest mass of the photon is
[RPMT 2003] [MP PET 1994; CPMT 1996; RPMT 1999; JIPMER 2002]
(a) 100 Å (b) 123 Å (a) 0
(c) 1.23 Å (d) 0.123 Å (b) 
 1400 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(c) Between 0 and  (a) 2.5/5000 eV (b) 2.5 /(5000)2 eV
(d) Equal to that of an electron
(c) 2.5  5000 eV (d) 2.5  (5000)2 eV
5. The momentum of the photon of wavelength 5000Å will be
[CPMT 1987] 15. Energy of a quanta of frequency 10 15 Hz and
(a) 1.3  10 27
kg - m/sec (b) 1.3  10 28
kg - m/sec h  6.6  10 34 J - sec will be [RPMT 1997]
(a) 6.6  10 19 J (b) 6.6  10 12 J
(c) 4  10 29 kg - m/sec (d) 4  10 18 kg - m/sec 49
(c) 6.6  10 J (d) 6.6  10 41 J
6. The momentum of a photon of energy h  will be 16. Momentum of a photon of wavelength  is
[DCE 2000] [CBSE PMT 1993; JIPMER 2001, 02]
(a) h (b) h / c (a)
h
(b) Zero

(c) h c (d) h / 
h h
7. A photon in motion has a mass [MP PMT 1992] (c) (d)
c2 c
(a) c / h (b) h / 
17. Wavelength of a 1 keV photon is 1.24  10 9 m . What is the
(c) h (d) h / c 2 frequency of 1 MeV photon
[CBSE PMT 1993; MP PET 2005]
8. If the momentum of a photon is p, then its frequency is
[MP PET 1989] (a) 1.24  10 15 Hz (b) 2.4  10 20 Hz
ph pc (c) 1.24  10 18 Hz (d) 2.4  10 23 Hz
(a) (b) 18. What is the momentum of a photon having frequency
c h
1.5  10 13 Hz [BHU 1997]
mh mc
(c) (d) (a) 3.3  10 29
kg m / s (b) 3.3  10 34
kg m / s
c h
Where m is the rest mass of the photon (c) 6.6  10 34 kg m / s (d) 6.6  10 30 kg m / s
9. An AIR station is broadcasting the waves of wavelength 300 metres. 19. The energy of a photon of light of wavelength 450 nm is
If the radiating power of the transmitter is 10 kW, then the number [BHU 1997; JIPMER 2000]
of photons radiated per second is
19
[MP PET 1989; RPMT 2000] (a) 4.4  10 J (b) 2.5  10 19 J
17
(a) 1.5  10 29 (b) 1.5  10 31 (c) 1.25  10 J (d) 2.5  10 17 J
20. Frequency of photon having energy 66 eV is
(c) 1.5  10 33 (d) 1.5  10 35 [CPMT PMT 1997]
10. The energy of a photon is E  h and the momentum of photon (a) 8  10 15
Hz (b) 12  10 15
Hz
h (c) 16  10 Hz 15
(d) None of these
p  , then the velocity of photon will be
 21. Which of the following statement is not correct
[CPMT 1991] [AFMC 1999]
(a) Photographic plates are sensitive to infrared rays
(a) E/p (b) Ep
(b) Photographic plates are sensitive to ultraviolet rays
E
2 (c) Infra-red rays are invisible but can cast shadows like visible
(c)   (d) 3  10 8 m / s light
p (d) Infrared photons have more energy than photons of visible
11. The approximate wavelength of a photon of energy 2.48 eV is light [MP PMT 1987]
22. If we express the energy of a photon in KeV and the wavelength in
(a) 500 Å (b) 5000 Å angstroms, then energy of a photon can be calculated from the
(c) 2000 Å (d) 1000 Å relation [AMU (Engg.) 1999]
12. An important spectral emission line has a wavelength of 21 cm. The (a) E  12.4 h (b) E  12.4 h / 
corresponding photon energy is [MP PMT 1993]
(c) E  12.4 /  (d) E  h
(a) 5.9  10 4 eV (b) 5.9  10 6 eV
(c) 5.9  10 8 eV (d) 11.8  10 6 eV 23. The frequency of a photon, having energy 100 eV
34
(h  6.62  10 34 Js; c  3  10 8 m / s) is (h  6.6 10 J-sec) [AFMC 2000]

13. The momentum of a photon in an X-ray beam of 10 10 metre (a) 2.42  10 26 Hz (b) 2.42  1016 Hz
wavelength is [MP PET 1996]
(c) 2.42  1012 Hz (d) 2.42  10 9 Hz
(a) 1.5  10 23 kg  m/sec (b) 6.6  10 24 kg  m/sec 24. A photon of wavelength 4400 Å is passing through vacuum. The
(c) 6.6  10 44 kg  m/sec (d) 2.2  10 52 kg  m/sec effective mass and momentum of the photon are respectively
14. The energy of a photon of light with wavelength 5000 Å is (a) 5  10 36 kg , 1.5  10 27 kg - m / s
approximately 2.5 eV. This way the energy of an X-ray photon with
wavelength 1Å would be [MP PET 1997] (b) 5  10 35 kg , 1.5  10 26 kg - m / s
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1401

(c) Zero, 1.5  10 26 kg - m / s (c) 50 watt ultraviolet lamp

(d) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp
(d) 5  10 36 kg , 1.67  10 43 kg - m / s (e) Both (c) and (d)
25. Which of the following is true for photon [RPET 2001]
34. Threshold frequency for a metal is 1015 Hz. Light of
hc 1
(a) E (b) E  mu 2   4000 Å falls on its surface. Which of the following statements
 2
is correct
E 1
(c) p  (d) E  mc 2 (a) No photoelectric emission takes place
2v 2
(b) Photo-electrons come out with zero speed
26. Which of the following is incorrect statement regarding photon[MH CET (Med.) 2001]
(c) Photo-electrons come out with 10 m/sec speed
3

(a) Photon exerts no pressure

(d) Photo-electrons come out with 10 m/sec speed
5

(b) Photon energy is hv

(c) Photon rest mass is zero 35. Photo cells are used for the
(d) None of these (a) Reproduction of pictures from the cinema film
27. If a photon has velocity c and frequency , then which of following (b) Reproduction of sound from the cinema film
represents its wavelength [AIEEE 2002] (c) Automatic switching of street light
hc h (d) (b) and (c) both
(a) (b)
E c 36. Einstein got Nobel prize on which of the following works
h [DCE 1995]
(c) (d) h 
c 2 (a) Mass-energy relation
28. The mass of a photo electron is [MP PMT 2002] (b) Special theory of relativity
27 29
(a) 9.1  10 kg (b) 9.1  10 kg (c) Photoelectric equation
(d) (a) and (b) both
(c) 9.1  10 31 kg (d) 9.1  10 34 kg
37. The photo-electrons emitted from a surface of sodium metal are
29. Energy of photon whose frequency is 1012 MHz, will be such that [MP PMT 1992]
[MH CET 2002] (a) They all are of the same frequency
(a) 4.14  10 keV
3
(b) 4.14  10 eV 2
(b) They have the same kinetic energy
(c) 4.14  10 3 MeV (d) 4.14  10 3 eV (c) They have the same de Broglie wavelength
30. There are n1 photons of frequency  1 in a beam of light. In an (d) They have their speeds varying from zero to a certain
equally energetic beam, there are n2 photons of frequency  2 . maximum
Then the correct relation is [KCET 2003] 38. A metal surface of work function 1.07 eV is irradiated with light of
n1 n1  1 wavelength 332 nm. The retarding potential required to stop the
(a) 1 (b) 
n2 n2  2 escape of photo-electrons is [MP PMT 1992]

n1  2 n1  12 (a) 4.81 eV (b) 3.74 eV

(c)  (d) 
n2  1 n 2  22 (c) 2.66 eV (d) 1.07 eV
31. Einstein's photoelectric equation states that Ek  h   . In this 39. In a photo cell, the photo-electrons emission takes place
equation Ek refers to [CPMT 1982; MP PMT 1997] (a) After 10 sec on incident of light rays
–1

(a) Kinetic energy of all the emitted electrons (b) After 10 sec on incident of light rays
–3

(b) Mean kinetic energy of the emitted electrons (c) After 10 sec on incident of light rays
–6

(c) Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons (d) After 10 sec on incident of light rays
–8

(d) Minimum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons

40. When light falls on a metal surface, the maximum kinetic energy of
32. Kinetic energy with which the electrons are emitted from the metal
the emitted photo-electrons depends upon
surface due to photoelectric effect is [CPMT 1973]
(a) Independent of the intensity of illumination [MP PMT 1989; MP PET 1992, 93]

(b) Independent of the frequency of light (a) The time for which light falls on the metal
(c) Inversely proportional to the intensity of illumination (b) Frequency of the incident light
(d) Directly proportional to the intensity of illumination (c) Intensity of the incident light
33. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from a material
(d) Velocity of the incident light
is 5200 Å. Photo-electrons will be emitted when this material is
illuminated with monochromatic radiation from a [IIT JEE 1982; MP PMT 1992;
41.MP The1999;
PET electrons are emitted in the photoelectric effect from a metal
UPSEAT 2001; KCET 2004; J & K CET 2004; BHU 2004] surface [MP PET 1992]
(a) 50 watt infrared lamp (a) Only if the frequency of the incident radiation is above a
(b) 1 watt infrared lamp certain threshold value
 1402 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(b) Only if the temperature of the surface is high 49. The work function for tungsten and sodium are 4.5 eV and 2.3 eV
(c) At a rate that is independent of the nature of the metal respectively. If the threshold wavelength  for sodium is 5460 Å ,
(d) With a maximum velocity proportional to the frequency of the the value of  for tungsten is
incident radiation [MP PET 1990]
(a) 5893 Å (b) 10683 Å
42. The work function of a metal is 4.2 eV, its threshold wavelength
will be [BHU 2003; CPMT 2004]
(c) 2791 Å (d) 528 Å
50. A photon of energy 3.4 eV is incident on a metal having work
(a) 4000 Å (b) 3500 Å
function 2 eV. The maximum K.E. of photo-electrons is equal to
(c) 2955 Å (d) 2500 Å (a) 1.4 eV (b) 1.7 eV
43. The number of photo-electrons emitted per second from a metal (c) 5.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV
surface increases when 51. The work function of a metallic surface is 5.01 eV. The photo-
[EAMCET (Med.) 1995; CBSE PMT 1993; electrons are emitted when light of wavelength 2000 Å falls on it.
MP PMT 1994, 2002; MH CET 1999; KCET 2003] The potential difference applied to stop the fastest photo-electrons is
(a) The energy of incident photons increases [h  4.14  10 15 eV sec]

(b) The frequency of incident light increases [MP PET 1991; DPMT 1999]
(a) 1.2 volts (b) 2.24 volts
(c) The wavelength of the incident light increases
(c) 3.6 volts (d) 4.8 volts
(d) The intensity of the incident light increases 52. The photoelectric threshold wavelength for a metal surface is 6600
44. The work function of metal is 1 eV. Light of wavelength 3000 Å is Å. The work function for this is [MP PET 1991]
incident on this metal surface. The velocity of emitted photo- (a) 1.87 V (b) 1.87 eV
electrons will be [MP PMT 1990] (c) 18.7 eV (d) 0.18 eV
(a) 10 m/sec (b) 1  10 m/sec
3 53. Photoelectric effect was successfully explained first by
(a) Planck (b) Hallwash
(c) 1  10 4 m/sec (d) 1  10 6 m/sec
(c) Hertz (d) Einstein
45. The retarding potential for having zero photo-electron current [MP PMT/PET 1988]
(a) Is proportional to the wavelength of incident light 54. The spectrum of radiation 1.0  10 14 Hz is in the infrared region.
(b) Increases uniformly with the increase in the wavelength of The energy of one photon of this in joules will be
incident light [MP PET 1982]
(c) Is proportional to the frequency of incident light (a) 6.62  10 48
(b) 6.62  10 20

(d) Increases uniformly with the increase in the frequency of

incident light wave 6 .62
(c)  10  28 (d) 3  6.62  10 28
46. In a dark room of photography, generally red light is used. The 3
reason is 55. A radio transmitter operates at a frequency of 880 kHz and a power
(a) Most of the photographic films are not sensitive to red light of 10 kW. The number of photons emitted per second are[CBSE PMT 1990; MP PE
(b) The frequency for red light is low and hence the energy hv of (a) 1.72  10 31 (b) 1327  10 34
photons is less
(c) (a) and (b) both (c) 13.27  10 34 (d) 0.075  10 34
(d) None of the above 56. A photo cell is receiving light from a source placed at a distance of 1
47. The work function of a metal is 1.6  10 19 J. When the metal m. If the same source is to be placed at a distance of 2 m, then the
surface is illuminated by the light of wavelength 6400 Å, then the ejected electron
maximum kinetic energy of emitted photo-electrons will be [MNR 1986; UPSEAT 2000, 01]
34 (a) Moves with one-fourth energy as that of the initial energy
(Planck's constant h  6.4  10 Js ) [MP PMT 1989]
19 19 (b) Moves with one-fourth of momentum as that of the initial
(a) 14  10 J (b) 2.8  10 J
momentum
(c) 1.4  10 19 J (d) 1.4  10 19 eV (c) Will be half in number
48. Ultraviolet radiations of 6.2 eV falls on an aluminium surface (d) Will be one-fourth in number
(work function 4.2 eV ). The kinetic energy in joules of the fastest 57. In a photoelectric experiment for 4000 Å incident radiation, the
potential difference to stop the ejection is 2 V. If the incident light is
electron emitted is approximately
changed to 3000 Å, then the potential required to stop the ejection
[MNR 1987; MP PET 1990; CBSE PMT 1993; of electrons will be
Pb. PMT 2001; BVP 2003; Pb. PET 2004]
[MP PET 1995]
(a) 3.2  10 21 (b) 3.2  10 19 (a) 2 V (b) Less than 2 V
(c) 3.2  10 17 (d) 3.2  10 15 (c) Zero (d) Greater than 2 V
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1403
58. Light of wavelength 4000 Å is incident on a sodium surface for 67. Work function of a metal is 2.51 eV. Its threshold frequency is [
which the threshold wave length of photo – electrons is 5420 Å. The
work function of sodium is (a) 5.9  10 14 cycle/sec (b) 6.5  10 14 cycle/sec
[MP PMT 1993; Pb. PMT 2002] (c) 9.4  10 14 cycle/sec (d) 6.08  10 14 cycle/sec
(a) 4.58 eV (b) 2.29 eV 68. Energy conversion in a photoelectric cell takes place from
(c) 1.14 eV (d) 0.57 eV [AFMC 1993; MP PET 1996; MP PMT 1996]
59. Photo cell is a device to [MP PET 1993] (a) Chemical to electrical (b) Magnetic to electrical
(a) Store photons (c) Optical to electrical (d) Mechanical to electrical
(b) Measure light intensity 69. Which one of the following is true in photoelectric emission
[MP PMT 1996; JIPMER 2001, 02]
(c) Convert photon energy into mechanical energy (a) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the amplitude
(d) Store electrical energy for replacing storage batteries of light of a given frequency
(b) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of
60. If the work function for a certain metal is 3.2  10 19 joule and it light of a given frequency at moderate intensities
is illuminated with light of frequency 8  10 14 Hz. The maximum (c) Above the threshold frequency, the maximum K.E. of
kinetic energy of the photo-electrons would be photoelectrons is inversely proportional to the frequency of
[MP PET 1993] incident light
19 19 (d) The threshold frequency depends upon the wavelength of
(a) 2.1  10 J (b) 8.5  10 J incident light
(c) 5.3  10 19 J (d) 3.2  10 19 J 70. When a point source of light is at a distance of one metre from a
34 photo cell, the cut off voltage is found to be V. If the same source is
(h  6.63  10 Js)
placed at 2 m distance from photo cell, the cut off voltage will be
61. Stopping potential for photoelectrons [MP PET 1994]
(a) V (b) V/2
(a) Does not depend on the frequency of the incident light
(b) Does not depend upon the nature of the cathode material (c) V/4 (d) V / 2
(c) Depends on both the frequency of the incident light and nature 71. The work function of a photoelectric material is 3.3 eV. The
of the cathode material threshold frequency will be equal to [UPSEAT 1999]
(d) Depends upon the intensity of the incident light (a) 8  10 4 Hz (b) 8  10 56 Hz
62. The maximum wavelength of radiation that can produce (c) 8  10 10 Hz (d) 8  10 14 Hz
photoelectric effect in a certain metal is 200 nm. The maximum
kinetic energy acquired by electron due to radiation of wavelength 72. If the work function of a metal is '  ' and the frequency of the
100 nm will be [MP PMT 1994] incident light is ' ' , there is no emission of photoelectron if
(a) 12.4 eV (b) 6.2 eV  
(c) 100 eV (d) 200 eV (a)   (b)  
h h
63. When the light source is kept 20 cm away from a photo cell,
 
stopping potential 0.6 V is obtained. When source is kept 40 cm (c)   (d)    
away, the stopping potential will be [MP PMT 1994] h h
(a) 0.3 V (b) 0.6 V 73. A photoelectric cell is illuminated by a point source of light 1 m
(c) 1.2 V (d) 2.4 V away. When the source is shifted to 2 m then
[CBSE PMT 2003]
64. The minimum energy required to remove an electron is called[AFMC 1995; DPMT 2001]
(a) Number of electrons emitted is half the initial number
(a) Stopping potential (b) Kinetic energy
(b) Each emitted electron carries half the initial energy
(c) Work function (d) None of these
(c) Number of electrons emitted is a quarter of the initial number
65. Light of wavelength 4000 Å falls on a photosensitive metal and a
(d) Each emitted electron carries one quarter of the initial energy
negative 2V potential stops the emitted electrons. The work function
of the material (in eV) is approximately 74. Light of wavelength  strikes a photo-sensitive surface and electrons
are ejected with kinetic energy E. If the kinetic energy is to be
(h  6.6  10 34 Js, e  1.6  10 19 C, c  3  10 8 ms 1 )
increased to 2E, the wavelength must be changed to  ' where
[MP PMT 1995; MH CET 2004]

(a) 1.1 (b) 2.0 (a) '  (b)  '  2
2
(c) 2.2 (d) 3.1

66. Assuming photoemission to take place, the factor by which the (c)  '   (d)  '  
maximum velocity of the emitted photoelectrons changes when the 2
wavelength of the incident radiation is increased four times, is 75. [Haryana CEE 1996]
If in a photoelectric experiment, the wavelength of incident radiation
1 is reduced from 6000 Å to 4000 Å then
(a) 4 (b)
4 [MP PMT 1999]

1 (a) Stopping potential will decrease

(c) 2 (d)
2 (b) Stopping potential will increase
 1404 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(c) Kinetic energy of emitted electrons will decrease creating photoemission. What is the ratio of the work functions of
(d) The value of work function will decrease the two emitters
[CBSE PMT 1993; JIPMER 2000]
76. The photoelectric work function for a metal surface is 4.125 eV. The
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
cut-off wavelength for this surface is
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
[CBSE PMT 1999; KCET 2001]
86. Threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect on sodium is 5000 Å.
(a) 4125 Å (b) 2062.5 Å
Its work function is [CBSE PMT 1993]
(c) 3000 Å (d) 6000 Å
(a) 15 J (b) 16  10 14 J
77. As the intensity of incident light increases
[CPMT 1999; CBSE PMT 1999; MH CET (Med.) 2000; (c) 4  10 19 J (d) 4  10 81 J
KCET (Engg./Med.) 2001; Pb. PET 2001] 87. The cathode of a photoelectric cell is changed such that the work
function changes from W to W (W >W ). If the current before and
(a) Photoelectric current increases 1 2 2 1

after change are I and I , all other conditions remaining unchanged,

(b) Photoelectric current decreases
1 2

then (assuming h > W )

(c) Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons increases
2

[CBSE PMT 1992]

(d) Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons decreases
(a) I1  I2 (b) I1  I2
78. Light of wavelength 5000 Å falls on a sensitive plate with
photoelectric work function of 1.9 eV. The kinetic energy of the (c) I1  I2 (d) I1  I2  2I1
photoelectron emitted will be [CBSE PMT 1998]
(a) 0.58 eV (b) 2.48 eV 88. A beam of light of wavelength  and with illumination L falls on a
clean surface of sodium. If N photoelectrons are emitted each with
(c) 1.24 eV (d) 1.16 eV
kinetic energy E, then [BHU 1994]
79. Which of the following is dependent on the intensity of incident
radiation in a photoelectric experiment 1
(a) N  L and E  L (b) N  L and E 
[AIIMS 1998] 
(a) Work function of the surface 1 1
(c) N   and E  L (d) N and E 
(b) Amount of photoelectric current  L
(c) Stopping potential will be reduced 89. Which of the following statements is correct
(d) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons [CBSE PMT 1997]
80. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The longest wavelength (a) The current in a photocell increases with increasing frequency
of light that can cause photoelectron emission from this substance is of light
approximately (b) The photocurrent is proportional to applied voltage
[IIT JEE 1998; UPSEAT 2002, 03; AIEEE 2004] (c) The photocurrent increases with increasing intensity of
light
(a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm
(d) The stopping potential increases with increasing intensity of
(c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm incident light
81. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from a 90. What is the stopping potential when the metal with work function
surface when photons of energy 6 eV fall on it is 4 eV. The stopping 0.6 eV is illuminated with the light of 2 eV
potential in volts is [BHU 1998; MH CET 2003]
[IIT JEE 1997 Re-Exam] (a) 2.6 V (b) 3.6 V
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 0.8 V (d) 1.4 V
(c) 6 (d) 10 91. When yellow light is incident on a surface, no electrons are emitted
82. Work function of a metal is 2.1 eV. Which of the waves of the while green light can emit. If red light is incident on the surface,
following wavelengths will be able to emit photoelectrons from its then
surface [Bihar MEE 1995] [MNR 1998; MP PET 2000; MH CET 2000]

(a) 4000 Å, 7500 Å (b) 5500 Å, 6000 Å (a) No electrons are emitted
(b) Photons are emitted
(c) 4000 Å, 6000 Å (d) None of these
(c) Electrons of higher energy are emitted
83. If mean wavelength of light radiated by 100 W lamp is 5000 Å, then
number of photons radiated per second are (d) Electrons of lower energy are emitted
[RPET 1997] 92. The photoelectric threshold wavelength of a certain metal is 3000Å.
If the radiation of 2000Å is incident on the metal
(a) 3  10 23
(b) 2.5  10 22
[MNR 1998; KCET 1994]
(c) 2.5  10 20
(d) 5  10 17 (a) Electrons will be emitted
84. The frequency of the incident light falling on a photosensitive metal (b) Positrons will be emitted
plate is doubled, the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is [Roorkee 1992]
(c) Protons will be emitted
(a) Double the earlier value (b) Unchanged
(c) More than doubled (d) Less than doubled (d) Electrons will not be emitted
85. When light of wavelength 300 nm (nanometer) falls on a 93. A photocell stops emission if it is maintained at 2 V negative
photoelectric emitter, photoelectrons are liberated. For another potential. The energy of most energetic photoelectron is
emitter, however light of 600 nm wavelength is sufficient for [JIPMER 1999]
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1405
(a) 2eV (b) 2J 103. If work function of metal is 3 eV then threshold wavelength will be
(c) 2kJ (d) 2keV [RPMT 2000]

94. The work functions for sodium and copper are 2eV and 4 eV . (a) 4125 Å (b) 4000 Å
Which of them is suitable for a photocell with 4000 Å light (c) 4500 Å [RPET 1999] (d) 5000 Å
(a) Copper (b) Sodium 104. When wavelength of incident photon is decreased then
(c) Both (d) Neither of them [RPET 2000]
95. For intensity I of a light of wavelength 5000Å the photoelectron (a) Velocity of emitted photo-electron decreases
saturation current is 0.40  A and stopping potential is 1.36 V, the (b) Velocity of emitted photoelectron increases
work function of metal is
(c) Velocity of photoelectron do not charge
[RPET 1999]
(d) Photo electric current increases
(a) 2.47 eV (b) 1.36 eV
105. Quantam nature of light is explained by which of the following
(c) 1.10 eV (d) 0.43 eV
phenomenon [RPET 2000]
96. The work function of aluminium is 4.2 eV . If two photons, each of
(a) Huygen wave theory
energy 3.5 eV strike an electron of aluminium, then emission of
electrons will be [AFMC 1999] (b) Photoelectric effect
(a) Possible (c) Maxwell electromagnetic theory
(b) Not possible (d) de-Broglie theory
(c) Data is incomplete 106. When a metal surface is illuminated by light of wavelengths 400 nm
(d) Depend upon the density of the surface and 250 nm, the maximum velocities of the photoelectrons ejected
are v and 2v respectively. The work function of the metal is (h =
97. In photoelectric effect if the intensity of light is doubled then
Planck’s constant, c = velocity of light in air)
maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons will become
[RPMT 1999] (a) 2 hc  10 6 J (b) 1.5 hc  10 6 J
(a) Double (b) Half
(c) hc  10 6 J (d) 0.5 hc  10 6 J
(c) Four time (d) No change
107. 4 eV is the energy of the incident photon and the work function in
98. Energy required to remove an electron from aluminium surface is 2eV . What is the stopping potential
4.2 eV. If light of wavelength 2000 Å falls on the surface, the
velocity of the fastest electron ejected from the surface will be [AMU 1999] [DCE 2000; AIIMS 2004]
(a) 2V (b) 4V
(a) 8.4  10 5 m/sec (b) 7.4  10 5 m/sec
(c) 6V (d) 2 2 V
(c) 6.4  10 5 m/sec (d) 8.4  10 6 m/sec
108. Light of frequency  is incident on a certain photoelectric substance
99. Mercury violet light (  4558 Å) is falling on a photosensitive with threshold frequency  . The work function for the substance is
0

material (  2.5 eV ) . The speed of the ejected electrons is in (a) h (b) h 0

ms 1
, about [AMU (Engg.) 1999] (c) h(   0 ) (d) h(   0 )

(a) 3  10 5
(b) 2.65  10 5 109. If threshold wavelength for sodium is 6800Å then the work function
will be [RPET 2001]
(c) 4  10 4 (d) 3.65  10 7 (a) 1.8 eV (b) 2.5 eV
100. The work functions of metals A and B are in the ratio 1 : 2. If light (c) 2.1eV (d) 1.4 eV
of frequencies f and 2 f are incident on the surfaces of A and B 110. If intensity of incident light is increased in PEE then which of the
respectively, the ratio of the maximum kinetic energies of following is true [RPET 2001]
photoelectrons emitted is (f is greater than threshold frequency of A, (a) Maximum K.E. of ejected electron will increase
2f is greater than threshold frequency of B) (b) Work[EAMCET (Med.)
function will2000]
remain unchanged
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) Stopping potential will decrease
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4 (d) Maximum K.E. of ejected electron will decrease
101. Light of frequency  is incident on a substance of threshold 111. Light of frequency 8  1015 Hz is incident on a substance of
frequency  ( < ). The energy of the emitted photo-electron will be
0 0
[MP PETwork
photoelectric 2000; function
03] 6.125 eV . The maximum kinetic
(a) h(   0 ) (b) h /  energy of the emitted photoelectrons is [AFMC 2001]

(c) he (   0 ) (d) h /  0 (a) 17 eV (b) 22 eV

(c) 27 eV (d) 37 eV
102. The stopping potential (V0 ) [BHU 2000]
112. The photoelectric threshold wavelength for potassium (work
(a) Depends upon the angle of incident light function being 2eV ) is [CPMT 2001]
(b) Depends upon the intensity of incident light (a) 310 nm (b) 620 nm
(c) Depends upon the surface nature of the substance (c) 1200 nm (d) 2100 nm
(d) Is independent of the intensity of the incident light
 1406 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
113. Photons of energy 6 eV are incident on a metal surface whose work 122. When radiation is incident on a photoelectron emitter, the stopping
function is 4 eV. The minimum kinetic energy of the emitted photo- potential is found to be 9 volts. If e / m for the electron is
electrons will be [MP PET 2001]
1.8  1011 C kg 1 the maximum velocity of the ejected electrons is
(a) 0 eV (b) 1 eV [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(c) 2 eV (d) 10 eV
114. According to photon theory of light which of the following physical (a) 6  10 5 ms 1 (b) 8  10 5 ms 1
quantities associated with a photon do not/does not change as it
collides with an electron in vacuum (c) 1.8  10 6 ms 1 (d) 1.8  10 5 ms 1
[AMU (Engg.) 2001] 123. Two identical metal plates show photoelectric effect by a light of
(a) Energy and momentum (b) Speed and momentum wavelength  A falls on plate A and  B on plate B ( A  2B ) .
(c) Speed only (d) Energy only The maximum kinetic energy is [CPMT 2002]
115. The lowest frequency of light that will cause the emission of
(a) 2K A  KB (b) K A  KB / 2
photoelectrons from the surface of a metal (for which work function
is 1.65 eV) will be [JIPMER 2002] (c) K A  2KB (d) K A  KB / 2
(a) 4  1010 Hz (b) 4  1011 Hz 124. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect of a metal is 6500
(c) 4  1014 Hz (d) 4  10 10 Hz Å. The work function of the metal is approximately
116. Light of two different frequencies whose photons have energies [MP PMT 2002]
1eV and 2.5 eV respectively, successively illuminates a metal of (a) 2 eV (b) 1 eV
work function 0.5 eV . The ratio of maximum kinetic energy of the (c) 0.1 eV (d) 3 eV
emitted electron will be
[AIEEE 2002] 125. When ultraviolet rays are incident on metal plate, then photoelectric
effect does not occurs. It occurs by the incidence of [CBSE PMT 2002; DCE 1997;
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1 (a) X-rays (b) Radio wave
117. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV and 4.5 eV (c) Infrared rays (d) Green house effect
respectively. Then the ratio of their threshold wavelengths is nearest 126. Light of frequency 4 is incident on the metal of the threshold
0

to [AIEEE 2002] frequency  . The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted

0

(a) 1: 2 (b) 4 : 1 photoelectrons is [MP PET 2002]

(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 (a) 3 h 0 (b) 2 h  0

118. Photon of 5.5 eV energy fall on the surface of the metal emitting 3 1
photoelectrons of maximum kinetic energy 4.0 eV. The stopping (c) h 0 (d) h 0
2 2
voltage required for these electrons are
127. By photoelectric effect, Einstein, proved [MP PET 2003]
[Orissa (Engg.) 2002; DPMT 2004]
1
(a) 5.5 V (b) 1.5 V (a) E  hv (b) K. E.  mv 2
2
(c) 9.5 V (d) 4.0 V
Rhc 2
119. A caesium photocell, with a steady potential difference of 60 V (c) E  mc 2 (d) E
across, is illuminated by a bright point source of light 50 cm away. n2
When the same light is placed 1m away the photoelectrons emitted 128. The work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. The threshold wavelength of
from the cell [KCET 2002] sodium will be [BHU 2003]
(a) Are one quarter as numerous (a) 2900 Å (b) 2500 Å
(b) Are half as numerous (c) 5380 Å (d) 2000 Å
(c) Each carry one quarter of their previous momentum 129. Which of the following shown particle nature of light
(d) Each carry one quarter of their previous energy [AFMC 2003; CBSE PMT 2001]
120. A radio transmitter radiates 1 kW power at a wavelength 198.6 (a) Refraction (b) Interference
metres. How many photons does it emit per second
(c) Polarization (d) Photoelectric effect
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
130. Two identical photo-cathodes receive light of frequencies f1 and
(a) 1010 (b) 10 20
f2 . If the velocities of the photo electrons (of mass m ) coming out
(c) 10 30 (d) 10 40 are respectively v1 and v 2 , then [AIEEE 2003]
121. The number of photons of wavelength 540 nm emitted per second 1/2
 2h 
v1  v 2    f1  f2   f1  f2 
2h
by an electric bulb of power 100W is (taking h = 6  10 34
J - sec ) (a) (b) v12  v 22 
m  m
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002; Pb. PET 2001]
1/2
 2h 
v1  v 2    f1  f2   f1  f2 
(a) 100 (b) 1000 2h
(c) (d) v12  v 22 
 m  m
(c) 3  10 20 (d) 3  1018
131. Consider the two following statements A and B and identify the
correct choice given in the answers;
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1407
(A) In photovlotaic cells the photoelectric current produced is not 141. The ratio of the energy of a photon with   150 nm to that with
proportional to the, intensity of incident light.
  300 nm is [DCE 2003]
(B) In gas filled photoemissive cells, the velocity of photoelectrons
depends on the wavelength of the incident radiation. (a) 2 [EAMCET (Engg.) 2003] (b) 1/4
(a) Both A and B are true (b) Both A and B are false (c) 4 (d) 1/2
(c) A is true but B is false (d) A is false B is true 142. Photo-electric effect can be explained by [DCE 2003]
(a) Corpusular theory of light (b) Wave nature of light
132. When radiation of wavelength  is incident on a metallic surface,
the stopping potential is 4.8 volts. If the same surface is illuminated (c) Bohr’s theory (d) Quantum theory of light
with radiation of double the wavelength, then the stopping potential 143. In photoelectric effect, the K.E. of electrons emitted from the metal
becomes 1.6 volts. Then the threshold wavelength for the surface is surface depends upon [DCE 2003]
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2003] (a) Intensity of light
(a) 2 (b) 4  (b) Frequency of incident light
(d) 8  (c) Velocity of incident light
(c) 6
(d) Both intensity and velocity of light
133. The frequency and work function of an incident photon are  and
144. The photoelectric effect can be understood on the basis of
 0 . If  is the threshold frequency then necessary condition for the
0
[Pb. PET 2004]
emission of photo electron is [RPET 2003]
(a) The principle of superposition
0
(a)    0 (b)   (b) The electromagnetic theory of light
2 (c) The special theory of relativity
(c)    0 (d) None of these (d) Line spectrum of the atom
134. Light of wavelength 1824 Å, incident on the surface of a metal, 145. If the threshold wavelength for sodium is 5420 Å, then the work
produces photo-electrons with maximum energy 5.3 eV. When light function of sodium is [RPMT 2003]
of wavelength 1216 Å is used, the maximum energy of photoelectrons (a) 4.58 eV (b) 2.28 eV
is 8.7 eV. The work function of the metal surface is [MP PMT 2004]
(c) 1.14 eV (d) 0.23 eV
(a) 3.5 eV (b) 13.6 eV
146. The work function of a metal is [RPMT 2004]
(c) 6.8 eV (d) 1.5 eV
(a) The energy for the electron to enter into the metal
135. If the energy of a photon corresponding to a wavelength of 6000 Å
(b) The energy for producing X-ray
is 3.32  10 19 J , the photon energy for a wavelength of 4000 Å
will be [DPMT 2004] (c) The energy for the electron to come out from metal surface
(a) 1.4 eV (b) 4.9 eV (d) None of these
(c) 3.1 eV (d) 1.6 eV 147. The minimum wavelength of photon is 5000 Å, its energy will be
136. If the wavelength of light is 4000 Å, then the number of waves in 1 (a) 2.5 eV (b) 50 V
mm length will be [J & K CET 2004] (c) 5.48 eV (d) 7.48 eV
(a) 25 (b) 0.25 148. Which of one is correct [DCE 1998]
(c) 0.25  10 4
(d) 25  10 4
(a) E 2  p 2c 2 (b) E 2  p 2c
137. The velocity of photon is proportional to (where  is frequency) [Pb. PMT 2004]
(c) E 2  pc 2 (d) E2  p 2 / c2
2 1
(a) (b) 149. The work function for metals A, B and C are respectively 1.92 eV,
2  2.0 eV and 5 eV. According to Einstein’s equation, the metals which
will emit photo electrons for a radiation of wavelength 4100 Å is/are[CBSE PMT
(c)  (d) 
(a) None of these (b) A only
138. If the work function of a photometal is 6.825 eV. Its threshold
wavelength will be (c  3  10 8 m / s) (c) A and B only (d) All the three metals
[Pb. PET 2000; BHU 2004] 150. A photosensitive metallic surface has work function hv0 . If photons
(a) 1200 Å (b) 1800 Å of energy 2hv0 fall on this surface the electrons come out with a
(c) 2400 Å (d) 3600 Å maximum velocity of 4  10 6 m / s . When the photon energy is
139. A photon of energy 8 eV is incident on a metal surface of threshold
increases to 5hv0 then maximum velocity of photo electron will be[CBSE PMT
frequency 1.6  1015 Hz , then the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons emitted is (h  6.6  10 34 Js) (a)  10PET
2 [Pb. 6
m2002]
/s (b) 2  107 m / s
(a) 4.8 eV (b) 2.4 eV (c) 8  10 5 m / s (d) 8  10 6 m / s
(c) 1.4 eV (d) 0.8 eV
151. A photocell is illuminated by a small bright source placed 1 m away.
140. If the energy of the photon is increased by a factor of 4, then its
1
momentum [UPSEAT 2004] When the same source of light is placed m away, the number of
(a) Does not change 2
electrons emitted by photo cathode would[CBSE PMT 2001; AIEEE 2005]
(b) Decreases by a factor of 4
(a) Decrease by a factor of 2 (b) Increase by a factor of 2
(c) Increases by a factor of 4
(d) Decreases by a factor of 2 (c) Decrease by a factor of 4 (d) Increase by a factor of 4
152. The magnitude of saturation photoelectric current depends upon[AFMC 2005]
 1408 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(a) Frequency (b) Intensity (d) Detect fault in radio receiving circuits
(c) Work function (d) Stopping potential 7. Hydrogen atom does not emit X-rays because
153. For photoelectric emission, tungsten requires light of 2300 Å. If light [NCERT 1979; CPMT 1980, 90; RPET 1999]
of 1800 Å wavelength is incident then emission
(a) Its energy levels are too close to each other
[AFMC 2005]
(a) Takes place (b) Its energy levels are too apart
(b) Don’t take place (c) It is too small in size
(c) May or may not take place (d) It has a single electron
(d) Depends on frequency 8. X-rays were discovered by [NCERT 1977; BHU 2005]
154. The light rays having photons of energy 1.8 eV are falling on a metal (a) Becquerel (b) Roentgen
surface having a work function 1.2 eV. What is the stopping potential (c) Marie Curie (d) Von Laue
to be applied to stop the emitting electrons [BHU 2005]
9. X-rays are
(a) 3 eV (b) 1.2 eV
[CPMT 1975; EAMCET 1995; RPET 2000; SCRA 1994]
(c) 0.6 eV (d) 1.4 eV
(a) Stream of electrons
155. The incident photon involved in the photoelectric effect experiment. [EAMCET 2005]
(a) Completely disappears (b) Stream of positively charged particles
(b) Comes out with an increased frequency (c) Electromagnetic radiations of high frequency
(c) Comes out with a decreased frequency (d) Stream of uncharged particles
(d) Comes out without change in frequency 10. The voltage applied across an X-rays tube is nearly
156. A photon of energy 8 eV is incident on metal surface of threshold [CPMT 1983]
frequency 1.6  1015 Hz. The maximum kinetic energy of the (a) 10 V (b) 100 V
photoelectrons emitted (in eV) (Take h  6  10 34 Js) . [MP. VPET 2005]
(c) 10000 (d) 10 V
6

(a) 1.6 (b) 6 11. The characteristic X-ray radiation is emitted, when
(c) 2 (d) 1.2 [CPMT 1975, 80, 90; RPET 1999]
(a) The electrons are accelerated to a fixed energy
X-Rays (b) The source of electrons emits a monoenergetic beam
(c) The bombarding electrons knock out electrons from the inner
1. An X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The minimum wavelength shell of the target atoms and one of the outer electrons falls
produced is [CPMT 1996]
into this vacancy
(a) 0.5 Å (b) 0.75 Å
(c) 0.25 Å (d) 1 Å (d) The valence electrons in the target atoms are removed as a
result of the collision
2. Which of the following wavelength falls in X-ray region
[CPMT 1975; MP PMT 1984] 12. Molybdenum is used as a target element for production of X-rays
(a) 10000 Å (b) 1000 Å because it is [CPMT 1980; RPET 1999]
(c) 1 Å (d) 10 Å –2
(a) A heavy element and can easily absorb high velocity electrons
3. A metal block is exposed to beams of X-ray of different wavelength. (b) A heavy element with a high melting point
X-rays of which wavelength penetrate most
(c) An element having high thermal conductivity
[NCERT 1980; JIPMER 2002]
(a) 2 Å (b) 4 Å (d) Heavy and can easily deflect electrons
(c) 6 Å (d) 8 Å 13. Mosley's law relates the frequencies of line X-rays
4. X-rays and gamma rays are both electromagnetic waves. Which of with the following characteristics of the target element
the following statements is true [NCERT 1973] [CPMT 1980; NCERT 1985]
(a) In general X-rays have larger wavelength than of gamma rays (a) Its density
(b) X-rays have smaller wavelength than that of gamma rays
(b) Its atomic weight
(c) Gamma rays have smaller frequency than that of X-rays
(d) Wavelength and frequency of X-rays are both larger than that (c) Its atomic number
of gamma rays (d) Interplaner spacing of the atomic planes
5. In producing X-rays a beam of electrons accelerated by a potential 14. Compton effect is associated with [CPMT 1971]
difference V is made to strike a metal target. For what value of V, X-
rays will have the lowest wavelength of 0.3094 Å [CPMT 1982; NCERT 1986, 87]
(a)   rays (b)   rays

(a) 10 kV (b) 20 kV (c) X-rays (d) Positive rays

(c) 30 kV (d) 40 kV 15. X-rays are in nature similar to
6. In radio theraphy, X-rays are used to (a) Beta rays (b) Gamma rays
(c) de-Broglie waves (d) Cathode rays
[CPMT 1972; BHU 2005]
16. If the cathode–anode potential difference in an X-ray tube be 10 V,
5

(a) Detect bone fractures

then the maximum energy of X-ray photon can be
(b) Treat cancer by controlled exposure (a) 10 J
5
(b) 10 MeV
5

(c) Detect heart diseases (c) 10 MeV

–1
(d) 10 KeV
5
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1409
17. The shortest wavelength of X-rays emitted from an X-ray tube (a) 2 Å to 0.1 Å (b) 10 Å to 5 Å
depends on the (c) 50 Å to 10 Å (d) 100 Å to 50 Å
[MP PMT 1987; CPMT 1988, 92; IIT 1982]
27. When the accelerating voltage applied on the electrons increased
(a) Current in the tube beyond a critical value [CPMT 1975]
(b) Voltage applied to the tube (a) Only the intensity of the various wavelengths is increased
(c) Nature of gas in the tube (b) Only the wavelength of characteristic relation is affected
(d) Atomic number of target material (c) The spectrum of white radiation is unaffected
18. The wavelength of X-rays is of the order of (d) The intensities of characteristic lines relative to the white
[CPMT 1983; MP PMT 1987; KCET 1994; JIPMER 1997] spectrum are increased but there is no change in their
wavelength
(a) Centimetre (b) Micron (10 m)-6

28. The X-ray beam coming from an X-ray tube will be

(c) Angstrom (10 m) -10
(d) Metre [IIT 1985; SCRA 1996; MP PET 1999]
19. X – rays and   rays of the same energies may be distinguished by [CPMT 1985]
(a) Monochromatic
(a) Their velocity (b) Their ionising power (b) Having all wavelengths smaller than a certain maximum
wavelength
(c) Their intensity (d) Method of production
(c) Having all wavelengths larger than a certain minimum
20. When a beam of accelerated electrons hits a target, a continuous X- wavelength
ray spectrum is emitted from the target. Which of the following (d) Having all wavelengths lying between a minimum and a
wavelength is absent in the X-ray spectrum, if the X-ray tube is maximum wavelength
operating at 40,000 volts 29. The continuous X-rays spectrum produced by an X-ray machine at
[MP PMT 1993; NCERT 1984; MNR 1995; RPMT 2002] constant voltage has [DPMT 1999]

(a) 0.25 Å (b) 0.5 Å (a) A maximum wavelength (b) A minimum wavelength
(c) A single wavelength (d) A minimum frequency
(c) 1.5 Å (d) 1.0 Å
30. The penetrating power of X-rays increases with the
21. For continuous X-rays produced wavelength is [MP PMT 1984]
(a) Inversely proportional to the energy of the electrons hitting the (a) Increase in its velocity (b) Increase in its frequency
target (c) Increase in its intensity (d) Decrease in its velocity
(b) Inversely proportional to the intensity of the electron beam
31. If 1 and 2 are the wavelengths of characteristic X-rays and
(c) Proportional to intensity of the electron beam gamma rays respectively, then the relation between them is
(d) Proportional to target temperature 1
22. An X-ray has a wavelength of 0.010 Å. Its momentum is (a) 1  (b) 1  2
2
[AFMC 1980; RPMT 1995; Pb. PMT 2004]
(c) 1  2 (d) 1  2
(a) 2.126  10 kg-m/sec
–23
(b) 6.626  10 kg-m/sec -22

(c) 3.456  20 kg-m/sec

–25
(d) 3.313  10 kg-m/sec –22
32. The wavelength  of the K line of characteristic X-ray spectra
varies with atomic number approximately
23. X-rays are not used for radar purpose because
[MP PMT 1987]
(a) They are not reflected by the target
(a) Z (b)   Z
(b) They are not electromagnetic waves
1 1
(c) They are completely absorbed by the air (c)  (d)  
(d) They sometimes damage the target Z2 Z
24. A direct X-ray photograph of the intestines is not generally taken by 33. The minimum frequency  of continuous X-rays is related to the
the radiologists because [CPMT 1986, 88]
applied potential difference V as
(a) Intestines would burst on exposure to X-rays (a)   V (b)   V
(b) The X-rays would not pass through the intestines (c)   V 3/2
(d)   V 2
(c) The X-rays will pass through the intestines without causing a 34. If V be the accelerating voltage, then the maximum frequency of
good shadow for any useful diagnosis continuous X-rays is given by
(d) A very small exposure of X-rays causes cancer in the intestines [NCERT 1971; CPMT 1991;
MP PET 2000; RPMT 2001; MP PMT 2002]
25. The patient is asked to drink BaSO4 for examining the stomach by
X-rays because X-rays are eh hV
(a) (b)
(a) Reflected by heavy atoms V e
(b) Refracted by heavy atoms eV h
(c) (d)
(c) Less absorbed by heavy atoms h eV
(d) More absorbed by heavy atoms 35. The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by electrons
accelerated by a potential difference of volts is equal to
26. X-rays can be used to study crystal structure, if the wavelength lies [CPMT 1986, 88, 91; RPMT 1997; RPMT 1997, 98;
in the range MP PET 1997, 98; MP PMT 1996, 98, 2003; UPSEAT 2005]
 1410 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
eV eh (b) Decreasing the filament current
(a) (b)
hc cV (c) Increasing the target potential
hc cV (d) Decreasing the target potential
(c) (d)
eV eh 46. The binding energy of the innermost electron in tungsten is 40 keV.
36. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is increased. As a To produce characteristic X-rays using a tungsten target in an X-rays
result, in the emitted radiation tube the potential difference V between the cathode and the anti-
[IIT 1988; ISM Dhanbad 1994;
cathode should be [IIT 1985]
AIIMS 1997; MP PMT 1995, 2004] (a) V< 40 kV (b) V  40 kV
(a) The intensity increases (c) V > 40 kV (d) V >/< 40 kV
(b) The minimum wavelength increases
47. In above question the energy of the characteristic X-rays given out is
(c) The intensity decreases
(a) Less than 40 keV (b) More than 40 keV
(d) The minimum wavelength decreases
37. A potential difference of 42,000 volts is used in an X-ray tube to (c) Equal to 40 keV (d)  40 keV
accelerate electrons. The maximum frequency of the X–radiations 48. The wavelength of most energetic X-rays emitted when a metal
produced is [MP PMT 1993] target is bombarded by 40KeV electrons, is approximately
(a) 1019 Hz (b) 1018 Hz ( h  6.62  10 34 J-sec; 1 eV = 1.6  10 19 J; c = 3  10 8 m / s)
(c) 1016 Hz (d) 10 20 Hz [MNR 1991; MP PMT 1999; UPSEAT 2000; Pb. PET 2004]
(a) 300 Å (b) 10 Å
(1 eV  1.6  10 19 J and h  6.63  10 34 J  sec) (c) 4 Å (d) 0.31 Å
38. Which of the following is accompanied by the characteristic X-ray 49. X-rays which can penetrate through longer distances in substance
emission [MP PET 1993] are called [EAMCET 1983]
(a)   particle emission (b) Electron emission (a) Soft X-rays (b) Continuous X-rays
(c) Hard X-rays (d) None of the above
(c) Positron emission (d) K–electron capture
50. An X-ray machine has an accelerating potential difference of 25,000
39. X-rays are known to be electromagnetic radiations. Therefore the X- volts. By calculation the shortest wavelength will be obtained as
ray photon has [MP PET 1993]
( h  6.62  10 34 J–sec; e = 1.6  10 19 coulomb)
(a) Electric charge
[MP PET 1994]
(b) Magnetic moment (a) 0.25 Å (b) 0.50 Å
(c) Both electric charge and magnetic moment (c) 1.00 Å (d) 2.50 Å
(d) Neither electric charge nor magnetic moment 51. For the production of X-rays of wavelength 0.1 Å the minimum
40. X-rays of which of the following wavelengths are hardest potential difference will be
(a) 4 Å (b) 1 Å [MP PMT 1994; RPMT 1995]

(c) 0.1 Å (d) 2 Å (a) 12.4 kV (b) 24.8 kV

41. X-ray beam can be deflected by (c) 124 kV (d) 248 kV
[CPMT 2000; BHU 2001; Pb. PMT 2002] 52. Mosley measured the frequency (f) of the characteristic X-rays from
(a) Magnetic field (b) Electric field many metals of different atomic number (Z) and represented his
results by a relation known as Mosley's law. This law is (a, b are
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
constants) [MP PMT 1994; RPMT 1996]
42. X-rays are produced due to [CPMT 1985; JIPMER 2002]
(a) Break up of molecules
(a) f  a(Z  b)2 (b) Z  a( f  b)2
(b) Changing in atomic energy level (c) f 2  a(Z  b) (d) f  a(Z  b)1 / 2
(c) Changing in nuclear energy level 53. Penetrating power of X-rays depends on [MP PMT 1994]
(d) Radioactive disintegration (a) Current flowing in the filament
43. X-rays region lies between [CPMT 1990] (b) Applied potential difference
(a) Short radiowave and visible region (c) Nature of the target
(b) Visible and ultraviolet region (d) All the above
54. The energy of a photon of characteristic X-rays from a Coolidge
(c) Gamma rays and ultraviolet region tube comes from [MP PET 1995]
(d) Short radiowave and long radiowave (a) The kinetic energy of the striking electron
44. The structure of solid crystals is investigated by using (b) The kinetic energy of the free electrons of the target
[CPMT 1992; NCERT 1975; CBSEPMT 1992] (c) The kinetic energy of the ions of the target
(a) Cosmic rays (b) X-rays (d) An electronic transition of the target atom
(c) Infrared radiations (d)   rays 55. An X-ray tube operates on 30 kV. What is the minimum wavelength
emitted
45. In an X-rays tube, the intensity of the emitted X-rays beam is
increased by [MNR 1992; RPMT 1996; UPSEAT 2000] (h  6.6  10 34 Js, e  1.6  10 19 Coulomb, c  3  10 8 ms ) –1

(a) Increasing the filament current [MP PMT 1995; DPMT 2001, 03]
(a) 0.133 Å (b) 0.4 Å
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1411
(c) 1.2 Å (d) 6.6 Å (c) Wavelength of X-rays is of the order of nuclear size
56. The wavelength of the most energetic X–ray emitted when a metal (d) X-rays are coherent radiations
target is bombarded by 100 KeV electrons is approximately [MP PET 1996]
(a) 12 Å (b) 4 67. The essential distinction between X-rays and   rays is that
(c) 0.31 Å (d) 0.124 Å [BHU 1994; RPMT 1991; JIPMER 2001, 02]
57. An electron beam in an X-ray tube is accelerated through a potential (a)   rays have smaller wavelength than X-rays
difference of 50000 volts. These are then made to fall on a tungsten
target. The shortest wavelength of the X-ray emitted by the tube is (b)  [MP
 rays 1997] from nucleus while X-rays emanate from
PETemanate
(a) 2.5 Å (b) 0.25 nm outer part of the atom
(c) 0.25 cm (d) 0.025 nm (c)   rays have greater ionizing power than X-rays
58. For harder X-rays [MP PET 1997]
(a) The wavelength is higher (d)   rays are more penetrating than X-rays
(b) The intensity is higher 68. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced by electrons
(c) The frequency is higher accelerated through a potential difference of V volts is directly
(d) The photon energy is lower proportional to [CBSE PMT 1996]
59. When cathode rays strike a metal target of high melting point with
very high velocity, then (a) V (b) V 2
[MP PMT 1997; AIIMS 1999]
(c) 1 / V (d) 1 / V
(a) X-rays are produced
(b) Ealpha-rays are produced 69. What determines the hardness of the X-rays obtained from the
(c) TV waves are produced Coolige tube [RPMT 1996]
(d) Ultrasonic waves are produced (a) Current in the filament
60. Penetrating power of X-rays can be increased by (b) Pressure of air in the tube
[MP PMT 1997, 2000]
(c) Nature of target
(a) Increasing the potential difference between anode and cathode
(b) Decreasing the potential difference between anode and cathode (d) Potential difference between cathode and target
(c) Increasing the cathode filament current 70. The most penetrating radiation out of the following is
(d) Decreasing the cathode filament current [CBSE PMT 1997]
61. K characteristic X-ray refers to the transition
(a) X-rays (b)  -rays
[MP PMT 1999]
n  2 to n  1 (c)   particles (d)   rays
(a) (b) n  3 to n  2
(c) n  3 to n  1 (d) n  4 to n  2 71. On increasing the number of electrons striking the anode of an X-
62. X-rays are produced in X-ray tube operating at a given accelerating ray tube, which one of the following parameters of the resulting X-
voltage. The wavelength of the continuous X-rays has values from rays would increase
[IIT 1998; BVP 2003] [SCRA 1998; DPMT 2000]
(a) 0 to  (a) Penetration power (b) Frequency
(b) min to  , where min  0 (c) Wavelength (d) Intensity
(c) 0 to max where max   72. What kV potential is to be applied on X-ray tube so that minimum
(d) min to max , where 0 < min  max   wavelength of emitted X-rays may be 1Å ( h  6.625  10 34 J-sec)
63. The wavelength of X-rays is [EAMCET (Med.) 1995] (a) 12.42 kV (b) 12.84 kV
(a) 2000 Å (b) 2 Å
(c) 11.98kV (d) 10.78kV
(c) 1 mm (d) 1 cm
64. The ratio of the energy of an X-ray photon of wavelength 1 Å to that 73. X-rays cannot be deflected by means of an ordinary grating due to [Pb. PMT 199
of visible light of wavelength 5000 Å is (a) Large wavelength (b) High speed
[EAMCET (Med.) 1995]
(c) Short wavelength (d) None of these
(a) 1: 5000 (b) 5000 : 1
74. Consider the following two statements A and B and identify the
(c) 1 :25  10 6
(d) 25  10 6

correct choice in the given answer

65. According to Mosley's law, the frequency of a spectral line in X-ray A: The characteristic X-ray spectrum depends on the nature of the
spectrum varies as material of the target.
[EAMCET (Med.) 1995; Pb. PMT 1999]
B: The short wavelength limit of continuous X-ray spectrum varies
(a) Atomic number of the element inversely with the potential difference applied to the X-rays
(b) Square of the atomic number of the element tube [EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(c) Square root of the atomic number of the element (a) A is true and B is false (b) A is false and B is true
(d) Fourth power of the atomic number of the element (c) Both A and B are true (d) Both A and B are false
66. For the structural analysis of crystals, X-rays are used because 75. [IIT The energy of an
1992; JIPMER 2000]X- ray photon of wavelength 1.65 Å is
(a) X-rays have wavelength of the order of interatomic spacing (h  6.6  10 34 J-sec, c  3  10 8 ms 1 , 1eV  1.6  10 19 J )
(b) X-rays are highly penetrating radiations [EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
 1412 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(a) 3.5 keV (b) 5.5 keV (a) Do not get deflected at all
(c) 7.5 keV (d) 9.5 keV (b) Get deflected in the direction of the field
76. If  =10Å, then it corresponds to [DCE 2000] (c) Get deflected in the direction opposite to the field
(a) Infra-red (b) Microwave (d) Get deflected in the direction perpendicular to the field
(c) Ultra-violet (d) X-rays 88. If the potential difference applied across X-ray tube is V volts, then
77. Bragg’s law for X-rays is [UPSEAT 2001] approximately minimum wavelength of the emitted X-rays will be
RPMT 1995; CBSE PMT 1996]
(a) d sin  = 2n (b) 2d sin  n
1227 1240
(c) n sin  2d (d) None of these (a) Å (b) Å
V V
78. The X-rays produced in a coolidge tube of potential difference 40 V
have minimum wavelength of 2400 12400
(c) Å (d) Å
[MH CET (Med.) 2001] V V
(a) 3.09  10 8 m (b) 5.09  10 8 m 89. What is the difference between soft and hard X-rays
[MP PMT 2002; AIIMS 2002]
(c) 4.09  10 8 m (d) 1.09  10 8 m
(a) Velocity (b) Intensity
79. For the production of X-rays, the target should be made of [BHU 2000; CPMT 2001]
(a) Steel (b) Copper (c) Frequency (d) Polarization
(c) Aluminum (d) Tungsten 90. X-ray will travel minimum distance in [MP PET 2003]
80. Intensity of X-rays depends upon the number of (a) Air (b) Iron
[SCRA 1998; DPMT 2000; AFMC 2001] (c) Wood (d) Water
(a) Electrons (b) Protons 91. The minimum wavelength of X-ray emitted by X-rays tube is 0.4125
(c) Neutrons (d) Positrons Å. The accelerating voltage is
81. In an X-ray tube electrons bombarding the target produce X-rays of [BHU 2003; CPMT 2004; MP PMT 2005]
minimum wavelength 1 Å. What must be the energy of bombarding (a) 30 kV (b) 50 kV
electrons [KCET 2001]
(c) 80 kV (d) 60 kV
(a) 13375 eV (b) 12375 eV
92. Characteristic X-rays are produced due to [AIIMS 2003]
(c) 14375 eV (d) 15375 eV (a) Transfer of momentum in collision of electrons with target
82. If energy of K-shell electron is – 40000 eV and If 60000 V atoms
potential is applied at coolidge tube then which of the following X- (b) Transition of electrons from higher to lower electronic orbits in
ray will get form [RPET 2001] an atom
(a) Continuous (c) Heating of the target
(b) White X-rays (d) Transfer of energy in collision of electrons with atoms in the
(c) Continuous and all series of characteristic target
(d) None of these 93. X-rays when incident on a metal [BCECE 2003; RPMT 2003]
83. For production of characteristic K  X-rays, the electron transition (a) Exert a force on it (b) Transfer energy to it
(c) Transfer pressure to it (d) All of the above
is [MP PET 2001]
94. The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced in a coolidge tube
(a) n  2 to n  1 (b) n  3 to n  2 operated at potential difference of 40 kV is
[BCECE 2003; RPET 2002, 03]
(c) n  3 to n  1 (d) n  4 to n  2
(a) 0.31 Å (b) 3.1 Å
84. Penetrating power of X-rays does not depend on
(c) 31 Å (d) 311 Å
[MP PET 2001]
95. The potential difference between the cathode and the target in a
(a) Wavelength (b) Energy Collidge tube is 100 kV. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays
(c) Potential difference (d) Current in the filament emitted by the tube is [Pb. PMT 2004]
85. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 5kV and the (a) 0.66 Å (b) 9.38 Å
current through it is 3.2 mA. Then the number of electrons striking (c) 0.246 Å (d) 0.123 Å
the target per second is
96. X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons by voltage V and let
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2002] they strike a metal of atomic number Z. The highest frequency of X-
(a) 2  1016 (b) 5  1016 rays produced is proportional to
[UPSEAT 2004]
(c) 1  1017 (d) 4  1015
(a) V (b) Z
86. For the production of characteristic K  , X-ray, the electron
(c) (Z – 1) (d) (Z  1)2
transition is [BHU 2002]
97. If the operating potential of an X-ray tube is 50 kV, the velocity of
(a) n  2 to n  1 (b) n  3 to n  2 X-rays coming out of it is [RPMT 2003]

(c) n  3 to n  1 (d) n  4 to n  1 (a) 4  10 4 m / s (b) 3  10 8 m / s

87. When X rays pass through a strong uniform magnetic field, Then (c) 10 8 m / s (d) 3 m / s
they [MP PET 2002; RPMT 2002, 03]
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1413
98. If the voltage of X-ray tube is doubled, the intensity of X-rays will (c) Beryllium (d) Lead
become [RPMT 2003]
109. The wavelength of K line in copper is 1.54 Å. The ionisation
(a) Half (b) Unchanged
energy of K electron in copper in Joule is
(c) Double (d) Four times
[EAMCET 1984]
99. If the minimum wavelength obtained in an X-ray tube is
2.5  10 10 m , the operating potential of the tube will be (a) 11.2  10 27
(b) 12.9  10 16

[RPMT 2003]
(c) 1.7  10 15
(d) 10  10 16
(a) 2 kV (b) 3 kV
(c) 4 kV (d) 5 kV 110. The wavelength of K line for an element of atomic number 43 is
100. The wavelength of X-rays decreases, when [RPMT 2002] . Then the wavelength of K line for an element of atomic
(a) Temperature of target is increased number 29 is
(b) Intensity of electron beam is increased
43 42
(c) K.E. of electrons striking the target is increased (a)  (b) 
29 28
(d) K.E. of electrons striking the target is decreased
101. X-rays are produced in laboratory by [RPMT 1998] 9 4
(c)  (d) 
(a) Radiation 4 9
(b) Decomposition of the atom 111. In X-ray experiment K, K denotes [DCE 2005]
(c) Bombardment of high energy electron on heavy metal (a) Characteristic
(d) None of these
(b) Continuous wavelength
102. In vacuum an electron of energy 10 keV hits tungsten target, then
emitted radiation will be [RPMT 2001] (c) , -emissions respectively
(a) Cathode rays (b) X-rays (d) None of these
(c) Infrared rays (d) Visible spectrum
103. X-rays of   1 Å have frequency [DCE 1998]

(a) 3  10 8 Hz (b) 3  1018 Hz

(c) 3  1010 Hz (d) 3  1015 Hz

104. Solid targets of different elements are bombarded by highly
energetic electron beams. The frequency (f) of the characteristic X-
rays emitted from different targets varies with atomic number Z as [AIIMS 2005]

(a) f Z (b) f  Z2

(c) fZ (d) f  Z3 / 2

105. Compton effect shows that [DPMT 1995]
(a) X-rays are waves
(b) X-rays have high energy
(c) X-rays can penetrate matter
(d) Photons have momentum
106. An X-ray tube with a copper target emits Cu K line of wavelength
1.50 Å. What should be the minimum voltage through which
electrons are to be accelerated to produce this wavelength of X rays
(h  6.63  10 34 J-sec, c  3  10 8 m / s) [Orissa JEE 1996]
(a) 8280 V (b) 828 V
(c) 82800 V (d) 8.28 V
107. In X-ray spectrum wavelength  of line K depends on atomic
number Z as [RPMT 1995; DCE 2002]

(a)   Z2 (b)   (Z  1)2

1 1
(c)  (d)  
(Z  1) (Z  1)2
108. Absorption of X-ray is maximum in which of the following different
sheets [RPMT 1995]
(a) Copper (b) Gold
 1416 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(d) Photoelectric effect will occur and electron will be produced
8. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted by light of wavelength
 incident on the surface of a metal of work function  , is[MP PMT/PET 1998,
1/2
 2(hc   )  2(hc   )
(a)  m  (b)
  m
1. A 1A beam of protons with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 sq. mm is 1/2 1/2
 2(hc   )   2(h    ) 
moving with a velocity of 3  10 4 ms 1 . Then charge density of (c)   (d)  
beam is [CPMT 2002]  m   m 
(a) 6.6  10 4 C / m 3 (b) 6.6  10 5 C / m 3 Where h = Planck's constant, m = mass of electron and c = speed of
light.
(c) 6.6  10 6 C / m 3 (d) None of these 9. When a point source of monochromatic light is at a distance of 0.2
2. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m 1
m from a photoelectric cell, the cut-off voltage and the saturation
and m , having non-zero velocities. The ratio of the de-Broglie
2
current are 0.6 volt and 18 mA respectively. If the same source is
wavelengths of the particles, 1 /  2 is placed 0.6 m away from the photoelectric cell, then[IIT JEE 1992; MP PMT 1999]
[IIT-JEE 1999; KCET 2003]
(a) The stopping potential will be 0.2 V
(b) The stopping potential will be 0.6 V
(a) m1 / m 2 (b) m 2 / m 1
(c) The saturation current will be 6 mA
(c) 1.0 (d) m 2 / m1 (d) The saturation current will be 18 mA

3. A photon and an electron have equal energy E. photon / electron is 10. In a photoemissive cell with executing wavelength  , the fastest
electron has speed v. If the exciting wavelength is changed to
proportional to
3 / 4 , the speed of the fastest emitted electron will be
[UPSEAT 2003; IIT-JEE (Screening) 2004]
(a) v (3 / 4 )1 / 2 (b) v (4 / 3)1 / 2
(a) E (b) 1 / E
(c) 1 / E (d) Does not depend upon E (c) Less than v (4 / 3)1 / 2 (d) Greater than v (4 / 3)1 / 2
4. When photon of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of a metal A, the 11. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and intensity 1.0 watt/m falls2

ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic energy T eV and de-

A
Brolie wavelength  A . The maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons liberated from another metal B by photon of energy
on the surface of a photosensitive material. If 1% of the incident
photons produce photoelectrons, then the number of photoelectrons
emitted from an area of 1.0 cm of the surface is nearly
2

4.70 eV is TB  (TA  1.50) eV . If the de-Broglie wavelength of (a) 9.61  10 14 per sec (b) 4.12  10 13 per sec
these photoelectrons is  B  2 A , then (c) 1.51  10 12 [IIT-JEE
per sec1994] (d) 2.13  10 11 per sec
(a) The work function of A is 2.25 eV 12. Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic surface for
(b) The work function of B is 4.20 eV frequencies  1 and  2 of the incident light rays ( 1   2 ) . If the
(c) TA  2.00 eV maximum values of kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted in
the two cases are in the ratio of 1 : k , then the threshold frequency
(d) TB  2.75 eV of the metallic surface is
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2001]
5. An image of the sun is formed by a lens of focal length of 30 cm on
the metal surface of a photoelectric cell and a photoelectric current I  1  2 k 1   2
(a) (b)
is produced. The lens forming the image is then replaced by another k 1 k 1
of the same diameter but of focal length 15 cm. The photoelectric  2  1
k  
current in this case is (c) MEE21995]1
[Manipal (d)
k 1 k
I
(a) (b) I 13. Light from a hydrogen discharge tube is incident on the cathode of a
2 photoelectric cell the work function of the cathode surface is 4.2 eV.
(c) 2I (d) 4I In order to reduce the photo-current to zero the voltage of the
6. When an inert gas is filled in the place vacuum in a photo cell, then anode relative
[MP PMTto1997]
the cathode must be made
(a) Photo-electric current is decreased (a) – 4.2 V (b) – 9.4 V
(b) Photo-electric current is increased (c) – 17.8 V (d) +9.4 V
(c) Photo-electric current remains the same 14. Work function of lithium and copper are respectively 2.3 eV and 4.0
(d) Decrease or increase in photo-electric current does not depend eV. Which one of the metal will be useful for the photoelectric cell
upon the gas filled working with visible light ? (h = 6.6  10 J-s, c = 3  10 m/s)
–34 8

(a) Lithium (b) Copper

7. A photon of 1.7  10 13 Joules is absorbed by a material under
special circumstances. The correct statement is (c) Both (d) None of these
[MP PET 1999; JIPMER 2000] 15. X-rays of wavelength 0.1 Å allowed to fall on a metal get scattered.
(a) Electrons of the atom of absorbed material will go the higher The wavelength of scattered radiation is 0.111 Å. If h = 6.624  10 J-s –34

energy states and m = 9  10 kg, then the direction of the scattered photons will
0
–31

(b) Electron and positron pair will be created be

(c) Only positron will be produced (a) cos (0.547)
–1
(b) cos (0.4484)
–1
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1417
(c) cos (0.5)
–1
(d) cos (0.3)
–1

8
(c) (d) 1
16. The largest distance between the interatomic planes of a crystal is 10 -
3
cm. The upper limit for the wavelength of X-rays which can be
7

usefully studied with this crystal is 24. A silver ball of radius 4.8 cm is suspended by a thread in the
vacuum chamber. UV light of wavelength 200 nm is incident on the
[CPMT 1984]
ball for some times during which a total energy of 1  10 J falls on –7

(a) 1 Å (b) 2 Å the surface. Assuming on an average one out of 10 photons incident
3

is able to eject electron. The potential on sphere will be

(c) 10 Å (d) 20 Å
(a) 1 V (b) 2 V
17. An X-ray tube is operating at 50 kV and 20 mA. The target material
(c) 3 V (d) Zero
of the tube has a mass of 1.0 kg and specific heat 495 J kg o C 1 .
-1

One percent of the supplied electric power is converted into X-rays 25. A photon of wavelength 6630 Å is incident on a totally reflecting
and the entire remaining energy goes into heating the target. Then [IIT surface.
1995] The momentum delivered by the photon is equal to
(a) A suitable target material must have a high melting (a) 6.63  10 kg-m/sec
–27
(b) 2  10 kg-m/sec
–27

temperature (c) 10 kg-m/sec

–27
(d) None of these
(b) A suitable target material must have low thermal conductivity
26. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of a -particle to that of a
(c) The average rate of rise of temperature of target would be 2 proton being subjected to the same magnetic field so that the radii
° C/ s of their path are equal to each other assuming the field induction
(d) The minimum wavelength of the X-rays emitted is about vector B is perpendicular to the velocity vectors of the -particle
0.25  10 10 m and the proton is
1
18. The wavelength of K X-rays produced by an X-ray tube is 0.76 Å. (a) 1 (b)
The atomic number of the anode material of the tube is [IIT 1996]
4
(a) 20 (b) 60 1
(c) (d) 2
(c) 40 (d) 80 2

19. X-ray beam of intensity I0 passes through an absorption plate of 27. K wavelength emitted by an atom of atomic number Z = 11 is .
thickness d. If absorption coefficient of material of plate is  , the Find the atomic number for an atom that emits K radiation with
correct statement regarding the transmitted intensity I of X-ray is wavelength 4
[MP PET 1999]
 [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
(a) Z = 6 (b) Z = 4
(a) I  I0 (1  e  d ) (b) I  I0 e  d
(c) Z = 11 (d) Z = 44
 / d  / d
(c) I  I0 (1  e ) (d) I  I0 e 28. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is given by

20. The K X-ray emission line of tungsten occurs at   0.021 nm . E ; 0  x  1

U(x )   0
The energy difference between K and L levels in this atom is about x 1
 0Cancelled]
[IIT 1997 ;
(a) 0.51MeV (b) 1.2 MeV
 and  are the de-Broglie wavelengths of the particle, when 0  x
1 2

(c) 59 KeV (d) 13.6 eV  1 and x > 1 respectively. If the total energy of particle is 2 E , the 0

21. Electrons with energy 80 keV are incident on the tungsten target of 
an X-ray tube. K shell electrons of tungsten have ionization energy ratio 1 will be
2
72.5 keV. X-rays emitted by the tube contain only [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2000]
(a) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with a [Based on IIT-JEE (Mains) 2005]
minimum wavelength of ~ 0.155Å (a) 2 (b) 1
(b) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung] with all
wavelengths 1
(c) 2 (d)
(c) The characteristic X-rays spectrum of tungsten 2
(d) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with a
minimum wavelength of ~ 0.155Å and the characteristic X-ray 29. Rest mass energy of an electron is 0.51 MeV. If this electron is
spectrum of tungsten moving with a velocity 0.8 c (where c is velocity of light in vacuum),
then kinetic energy of the electron should be.
22. The X-ray wavelength of L line of platinum (Z=78) is 1.30 Å.
The X –ray wavelength of L line of Molybdenum (Z=42) is (a) 0.28 MeV (Eng.) 2000]
[EAMCET (b) 0.34 MeV

(a) 5.41Å (b) 4.20Å (c) 0.39 MeV (d) 0.46 MeV
(c) 2.70Å (d) 1.35 Å 30. A proton, a deutron and an -particle having the same momentum,
23. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of molecules of hydrogen and enters a region of uniform electric field between the parallel plates
helium which are at temperature 27 C and 127 C respectively is
o o

of a capacitor. The electric field is perpendicular to the initial path

1 3 of the particles. Then the ratio of deflections suffered by them is
(a) (b)
2 8 –

 p d
+
Screen
 1418 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays

(a) 1 : 2 : 8 (b) 1 : 2 : 4 (a) 0.9 V (b) 0.5 V

(c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) None of these (c) 0.4 V (d) 0.1 V
31. In order to coincide the parabolas formed by singly ionised ions in
one spectrograph and doubly ionized ions in the other Thomson’s 38. The eye can detect 5  10 photons per square metre per sec of
4

mass spectrograph, the electric fields and magnetic fields are kept in green light ( = 5000 Å) while the ear can detect 10 13 (W / m 2 ) .
the ratios 1 : 2 and 3 : 2 respectively. Then the ratio of masses of the
ions is The factor by which the eye is more sensitive as a power detector
than the ear is close to
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 9 : 4 (d) None of these (a) 5 (b) 10

32. Let  ,   and  denote the wavelengths of the X-rays of the (c) 10 6
(d) 15

K , K  and L lines in the characteristic X-rays for a metal 39. A photon collides with a stationary hydrogen atom in ground state
inelastically. Energy of the colliding photon is 10.2 eV. After a time
(a)       (b)      interval of the order of micro second another photon collides with
same hydrogen atom inelastically with an energy of 15 eV. What will
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c)   (d)   be observed by the detector [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
     
(a) 2 photon of energy 10.2 eV
33. The minimum intensity of light to be detected by human eye is
(b) 2 photon of energy of 1.4 eV
10 10 W / m 2 . The number of photons of wavelength
(c) One photon of energy 10.2 eV and an electron of energy 1.4 eV
5.6  10 7 m entering the eye, with pupil area 10 6 m 2 , per
second for vision will be nearly (d) One photon of energy 10.2 eV and another photon of 1.4 eV
(a) 100 (b) 200
(c) 300 (d) 400
34. In X-ray tube when the accelerating voltage V is halved, the
difference between the wavelength of K line and minimum
wavelength of continuous X-ray spectrum
(a) Remains constant
(b) Becomes more than two times 1. The curve drawn between velocity and frequency of photon in
(c) Becomes half vacuum will be a [MP PET 2000]
(d) Becomes less than two times (a) Straight line parallel to frequency axis
35. In a photocell bichromatic light of wavelength 2475 Å and 6000 Å (b) Straight line parallel to velocity axis
are incident on cathode whose work function is 4.8 eV. If a uniform (c) Straight line passing through origin and making an angle of 45 o

magnetic field of 3  10 Tesla exists parallel to the plate, the radius

–5

with frequency axis

of the path describe by the photoelectron will be (mass of electron =
9  10 kg)
–31 (d) Hyperbola
(a) 1 cm (b) 5 cm 2. Which of the following figure represents the variation of particle
momentum and the associated de-Broglie wavelength
(c) 10 cm (d) 25 cm
36. Two metallic plates A and B, each of area 5  10 m are placed –4 2
p p
parallel to each other at a separation of 1 cm. Plate B carries a (a) (b)
positive charge of 33.7 pc. A monochromatic beam of light, with
photons of energy 5 eV each, starts falling on plate A at t = 0, so
that 10 photons fall on it per square meter per second. Assume that
16

one photoelectron is emitted for every 10 incident photons. Also6

 
assume that all the emitted photoelectrons are collected by plate B (c) p (d)
p
and the work function of plate A remains constant at the value 2 eV.
Electric field between the plates at the end of 10 seconds is
(a) 2  10 N/C
3
(b) 10 N/C
3

(c) 5  10 N/C 3
(d) Zero  
37. In the following arrangement y = 1.0 mm, d= 0.24 mm and D = 1.2 m. 3. The figure shows the variation of photocurrent with anode potential
The work function of the material of the emitter is 2.2 eV. The for a photo-sensitive surface for three different radiations. Let
stopping potential V needed to stop the photo current will be Ia , Ib and Ic be the intensities and fa , fb and fc be the
Bright
frequencies for the curves a, b and c respectively [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2004]

Dark Photo current

y S (a) fa  fb and la  lb
Bright c b
d
(b) fa  fc and la  lc
Dark a
Bright A
D O Anode potential
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1419

(c) fa  fb and la  lb

(d) fa  fb and la  lb
4. According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the graph between (a) Greater than that of B
the kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected and the frequency of (b) Smaller than that of B
incident radiation is (c) Equal to that of B
[MP PMT 1994; CBSE PMT 1996; CBSE PMT 2004]
(d) No inference can be drawn about their work functions from the
given graphs

Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy

(a) (b)
9. The intensity of X-rays from a Coolidge tube is plotted against
wavelength as shown in the figure. The minimum wavelength found
is c and the wavelength of the K line is k . As the accelerating
voltage is increased
Frequency Frequency [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2001]
(c) (d)
Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy

Frequency Frequency
5. For the photoelectric effect, the maximum kinetic energy E k of the C K 
emitted photoelectrons is plotted against the frequency  of the (a) (K  C ) increases (b) ( K  C ) decreases
incident photons as shown in the figure. The slope of the curve (c)  K increases (d)  K decreases
gives
[CPMT 1987; MP PET 2001; DPMT 2002] 10. The figure represents the observed intensity of X-rays emitted by an
X-ray tube as a function of wavelength. The sharp peaks A and B
Ek denote [CBSE PMT 1995]

A
B

(a) Charge of the electron Intensity


(b) Work function of the metal
(c) Planck's constant
O Wave length
(d) Ratio of the Planck’s constant to electronic charge (a) Band spectrum (b) Continuous spectrum
6. The stopping potential V for photoelectric emission from a metal
(c) Characteristic radiations (d) White radiations
surface is plotted along Y-axis and frequency  of incident light
11. The graph between intensity of light falling on a metallic plate (I)
along X-axis. A straight line is obtained as shown. Planck's constant
with the current (i) generated is [DCE 2001]
is given by [CPMT 1987;
Similar to MP PMT 2000; Kerala PET 2001] i i
(a) (b)
V Y

0 X

I I
(a) Slope of the line (c) i (d) i
(b) Product of slope on the line and charge on the electron
(c) Product of intercept along Y-axis and mass of the electron
(d) Product of Slope and mass of electron
7. In an experiment on photoelectric effect the frequency f of the
incident light is plotted against the stopping potential V0 . The
12. For a photoelectric cellI the graph showing the variationI of cut of
work function of the photoelectric surface is given by (e is
voltage (V ) with frequency () of incident light is best represented
electronic charge) [CPMT 1987] o

by [DCE 2001; MP PET 2003]

Y
(a) OB  e in eV V0 Vo Vo
(a) (b)
(b) OB in volt A
(c) OA in eV O X
0 
(d) The slope of the line AB
8. The stopping potential as a function Bof the frequency of the incident
Vo
radiation is plotted for two different photoelectric surfaces A and B.  
The graphs show that work function of A is (c) [DPMT 1992]
(d) V0

A B

V



 1420 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
19. The stopping potential (V0 ) versus frequency () plot of a
13. The curve between current (i) and potential difference (V) for a substance is shown in figure the threshold wave length is
photo cell will be
V0
i i 2
(a) (b)

(c) V (d) V 4 5 6 7 8
i i
(a) 5  1014 m  ×10 Hz 14

(b) 6000Å
(c) 5000 Å
(d) Can not be estimated from given data
V V
14. The correct curve between the stopping potential (V) and intensity 20. Figure represents a graph of kinetic energy (K) of photoelectrons (in
of incident light (I) is eV) and frequency (v) for a metal used as cathode in photoelectric
Vo experiment. The work function of metal is
Vo
(a) (b)
(a) 1 eV K
3
(b) 1.5 eV 2
(c) 2 eV 1
0 
Vo I Vo I (d) 3 eV –1
(c) (d)
21. –2 current I versus applied
Figure represents the graph of photo
–3 emitted photoelectrons is
voltage (V). The maximum energy of the
i

15. I
The value of stopping potential in the following diagram I (a) 2eV
i (photoelectric (b) 4 eV
current) (c) 0 eV
(a) – 4V
(b) – 3 V (d) 4J
(c) – 2V 22. The graph that correctly–4 represents
–3 –2 –1 the 0relation
1 2of frequency
3 4  of a
(d) – 1 V particular characteristic X-ray with theV atomic number Z of the
16. In the following diagram –if4VV –>3VV –then
2V –1V 0 V material is
2 1

(Photoelectric
(a) 1  2 i (a)  (b) 
current)
(b) 1  2
2
(c) 1  2
1
(d) 1  2 V2 V1 Potential V Z Z
difference  I  I
17. A point source of light is used in an experiment on photoelectric (c) (d)
effect. Which of the following curves best represents the variation of
photo current (i) with distance (d) of the source from the emitter
(a) a i a
Z Z
(b) b 23. The intensityI distribution of X-rays from twoI coolidge tubes
c b operated on different voltages V and V and using different target
d
1 2

(c) c materials of atomic numbers Z and Z is shown in the figure. Which

1 2

one of the following inequalities is true?

(d) d
d I
18. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plot of the kinetic K
(a) V > V , Z < Z
energy of the emitted photo electrons from a metal versus the 1 2 1 2

K
frequency, of the incident radiation gives a straight line whose slope (b) V [AIEEE
> V , Z 2004]
1 2
>Z1 2
1
(a) Is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity of (c) V < V , Z > Z
1 2 1 2
2
the radiation (d) V = V , Z < Z

1 2 1 2

(b) Depends on the intensity of the radiation

24. The correct graph between the maximum
1 2 energy of a photoelectron
(c) Depends both on the intensity of the radiation and the metal
and the inverse of wavelength of the incident radiation is given by
used the curve
(d) Depends on the nature of the metals used C
A
Kmax

0 1/0 1/
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1421
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C 30. The figure showing the correct relationship between the stopping
(d) None of the above potential V and the frequency  of light for potassium and tungsten
0

25. The continuous x-ray spectrum obtained from a Coolidge tube is of is

the form V0 K V0 K
(eV) (eV)
I I (a) (b)
(a) (b) W W

max  min  0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

I I  ×1015 Hz
(c) (d)  ×1015 Hz
V0 V0
K
(c) (eV) W (d) (eV) K W

max  

26. min
The dependence of the short wavelength limit min on the
accelerating potential V is represented by the curve of figure 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
31. The log-log graph 15between the energy E of an electron and its de-
B  ×10 Hz  ×1015 Hz
(a) A log min
Broglie wavelength  will be
(b) B
A
(c) C
(a) (b)
log 

log 
C
(d) None of these
log V
27. The variation of wavelength  of the K  line with atomic number
Z of the target is shown by the following curve of
 log E log E
(a) A
A
(b) B
(c) (d)
(c) C
log 

log 
B
(d) None of these C
Z
28. In the graph given below. If the slope is 4.12  10 15 V-sec, then
value of ‘h’ should be log E log E
V0
32. The graph between the square root of the frequency of a specific
line of characteristic spectrum of X-rays and the atomic number of
Stopping
potential

the target will be

 
Frequency
(a) 6.6  10 31 J-sec (a) (b)

(b) 6.6  10 34 J-sec

Z Z
(c) 9.1  10  31 J-sec
(d) None of these
29. The curves (a), (b) (c) and (d) show the variation between the
applied potential difference (V) and the photoelectric current (i), at  
two different intensities of light (I > I ). In which figure is the
1 2

(c) (d)
correct variation shown
i i
intensity I1 intensity I1 Z Z
(a) (b)
intensity I2 intensity I2 33. In the diagram a graph between the intensity of X-rays emitted by a
molybdenum target and the wavelength is shown, when electrons of
30 keV are incident on the target. In the graph one peak is of K
–V0 V –V0 V line and the other peak is of K  line
i i
(c) intensity I1 (d) intensity I1

intensity I2 I
intensity I2

–V0 V –V0 V

0.6 0.7  ( Å)
 1422 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(b) Maximum kinetic energy for both the metals depend linearly on
the frequency
(c) The stopping potentials are different for Na and Al for the
same change in frequency
(d) Al is a better photo sensitive material than Na
(a) First peak is of K line at 0.6 Å

(b) Highest peak is of K line at 0.7 Å

(c) If the energy of incident particles is increased, then the peaks
will shift towards left
(d) If the energy of incident particles is increased, then the peaks
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of
will shift towards right the options given below:
34. The maximum value of stopping potential in the following diagram (a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
is explanation of the assertion.
(Photoelectric
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
i explanation of the assertion.
current)
(a) – 4V (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) – 1V
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
2
(c) – 3V
1 1. Assertion : The energy (E) and momentum (p) of a photon are
(d) – 2V Potential –4V
V –2V related by p  E / c .
35. difference
In a parabola spectrograph, the velocities of four positive ions P,Q,R
Reason : The photon behaves like a particle.
and S are v , v , v and v respectively
[AIIMS 2005]
1 2 3 4

(a) v1  v2  v3  v4 Y Q R S 2. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrates the wave nature

P
of light.
(b) v1  v2  v3  v4
Reason : The number of photoelectrons is proportional to
O X
(c) v1  v2  v3  v4 the frequency of light. [AIIMS 2004]
3. Assertion : When the speed of an electron increases its specific
(d) v1  v2  v3  v4 charge decreases.
36. In Thomson spectrograph experiment, four positive ions P,Q,R and S Reason : Specific charge is the ratio of the charge to mass.[AIIMS 2001]
are situated on Y-X curve a shown in the figure 4. Assertion : X-ray travel with the speed of light.
Reason : X-rays are electromagnetic rays.
Q [AIIMS 2001]
Y P
S
5. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies inversely as the
R wavelength.
O X
Reason : Energy of the particle  Mass  (Speed of light)2
(a) The specific charge of R and S are same [AIIMS 2000]
(b) The masses of P and S are same 6. Assertion : Kinetic energy of photo electrons emitted by a
photosensitive surface depends upon the intensity
(c) The specific charges of Q and R are same of incident photon.
(d) The velocities of R and S are same Reason : The ejection of electrons from metallic surface is
37. The slope of frequency of incident light and stopping potential possible with frequency of incident photon below
graph for a given surface will be [MP PET 1999; the threshold frequency. [AIIMS 1999]
MP PMT 2000; JIPMER 2001, 02; UPSEAT 2003]
7. Assertion : Separation of isotope is possible because of the
difference in electron numbers of isotope.
(a) h (b) h/e
Reason : Isotope of an element can be separated by using a
(c) eh (d) e mass spectrometer. [AIIMS 1999]
38. From the figure describing photoelectric effect we may infer 8. Assertion : The specific charge of positive rays is not constant.
correctly that [KCET 2005]
Reason : The mass of ions varies with speed.
Y [AIIMS 1999]
Na Al
4
Stopping potential

9. Assertion : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its work

3 function is small.
2 Reason : Work function  hf0 where f0 is the threshold
1 frequency. [AIIMS 1997]
  10. Assertion : The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule varies
X
10 5 inversely as the square root of temperature.
(a) Na and Al Frequency
both have the same threshold frequency
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1423
Reason : The root mean square velocity of the molecule Reason : If frequency of incident light is less than the
depends on the temperature. threshold frequency, electrons are not emitted from
metal surface.
[AIIMS 1997]
22. Assertion : In photoemissive cell inert gas is used.
11. Assertion : An electron is not deflected on passing through
certain region of space. This observation confirms Reason : Inert gas in the photoemissive cell gives greater
current.
that there is no magnetic field in that region.
23. Assertion : X-rays cannot be diffracted by means of grating.
Reason : The deflection of electron depends on angle
Reason : X-rays does not obey Bragg's law.
between velocity of electron and direction of
magnetic field. 24. Assertion : X-rays can penetrate through the flesh but not
through the bones.
12. Assertion : Electric conduction in gases is possible at normal
Reason : The penetrating power of X-rays depends on
pressure. voltage.
Reason : The electric conduction in gases depends only upon 25. Assertion : Intensity of X-rays can be controlled by adjusting
the potential difference between the electrodes. the filament current and voltage.
13. Assertion : Light is produced in gases in the process of electric Reason : The intensity of X-rays does not depend on number
discharge through them at high pressure. of X-ray photons emitted per second from the
target.
Reason : At high pressure electrons of gaseous atoms collide
26. Assertion : Anode of Coolidge tube gets heated up at time of
and reach and excited state.
emission of X-rays.
14. Assertion : If different gases are filled turn by turn at the same
Reason : The anode of Coolidge tube is made of a material of
pressure in the discharge tube the discharge in
high melting point.
them takes place at the same potential.
27. Assertion : Penetrating power of X-rays increases with the
Reason : The discharge depends only on the pressure of increasing the wavelength.
discharge tube and not on the ionisation potential
of gas. Reason : The penetrating power of X-rays increases with the
frequency of X-rays.
15. Assertion : An electric field is preferred in comparison to
28. Assertion : X-rays are used for studying the structure of
magnetic field for detecting the electron beam in a
crystals.
television picture tube.
Reason : The distance between the atoms of crystals is of the
Reason : Electric field require low voltage. order of wavelength of X-rays.
16. Assertion : The specific charge for positive rays is a
29. Assertion : The phenomenon of X-ray production is basically
characteristic constant. inverse of photoelectric effect.
Reason : The specific charge depends on charge and mass of Reason : X-rays are electromagnetic waves.
positive ions present in positive rays.
30. Assertion : Soft and hard X-rays differ in frequency as well as
17. Assertion : In Millikan's experiment for the determination of velocity.
charge on an electron, oil drops of any size can be
Reason : The penetrating power of hard X-rays is more than
used.
the penetrating power of soft X-rays.
Reason : Millikan's experiment determine the charge on
electron, by simply measuring the terminal velocity.
18. Assertion : In the process of photoelectric emission, all the
emitted photoelectrons have the same kinetic
energy.
Reason : The photon transfers its whole energy to the
electron of the atom in photoelectric effect. Cathode Rays and Positive Rays
19. Assertion : In photoelectric effect, on increasing the intensity of
light, both the number of electrons emitted and 1 b 2 b 3 d 4 b 5 d
kinetic energy of each of them get increased but 6 a 7 d 8 b 9 c 10 b
photoelectric current remains unchanged.
11 c 12 b 13 d 14 b 15 d
Reason : The photoelectric current depends only on
wavelength of light. 16 c 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 b

20. Assertion : Though light of a single frequency 21 b 22 c 23 c 24 d 25 c

(monochromatic) is incident on a metal, the 26 d 27 b 28 b 29 c 30 a
energies of emitted photoelectrons are different.
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 a 35 b
Reason : The energy of electrons emitted from inside the
36 b 37 a 38 d 39 b 40 a
metal surface is lost in collision with the other
atoms in the metal. 41 c 42 d 43 d 44 c 45 b
21. Assertion : The threshold frequency of photoelectric effect 46 c 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 c
supports the particle nature of sunlight. 51 c 52 b 53 b 54 b 55 d
56 d 57 c 58 a 59 b 60 a
 1424 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
61 b 62 b 63 c 64 c 65 b 146 c 147 a 148 a 149 c 150 d
66 b 67 a 68 a 69 d 70 b 151 d 152 b 153 a 154 c 155 a
71 a 72 c 156 a

Matter Waves X-Rays

1 b 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 a
1 c 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 d
6 b 7 a 8 a 9 d 10 a
6 b 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 c
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 b
11 c 12 b 13 c 14 c 15 b
16 d 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 d
16 c 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 a
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 b
21 a 22 b 23 a 24 c 25 d
26 b 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 b
26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 b
31 a 32 b 33 c 34 a 35 a
36 a 37 c 38 c 39 d 40 a 31 c 32 c 33 b 34 c 35 c

41 d 42 d 43 d 36 d 37 a 38 d 39 d 40 c
41 d 42 b 43 c 44 b 45 a

Photon and Photoelectric Effect 46 c 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 b

51 c 52 a 53 b 54 d 55 b
1 d 2 d 3 c 4 a 5 a
56 d 57 d 58 c 59 a 60 a
6 b 7 d 8 b 9 b 10 a
61 a 62 b 63 b 64 b 65 b
11 b 12 b 13 b 14 c 15 a
66 a 67 b 68 d 69 d 70 d
16 a 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 c
71 d 72 a 73 c 74 c 75 c
21 d 22 c 23 b 24 a 25 a
76 d 77 b 78 a 79 d 80 a
26 a 27 a 28 c 29 d 30 c
81 b 82 c 83 c 84 d 85 a
31 c 32 a 33 e 34 a 35 d
86 d 87 a 88 d 89 c 90 b
36 c 37 d 38 c 39 d 40 b
91 a 92 b 93 d 94 a 95 d
41 a 42 c 43 d 44 d 45 d 96 d 97 b 98 b 99 d 100 c
46 c 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 a 101 c 102 b 103 b 104 b 105 d
51 a 52 b 53 d 54 b 55 a 106 a 107 d 108 d 109 b 110 c
56 d 57 d 58 b 59 b 60 a 111 a
61 c 62 b 63 b 64 c 65 a
66 d 67 d 68 c 69 b 70 a Critical Thinking Questions
71 d 72 a 73 c 74 c 75 b
76 c 77 a 78 a 79 b 80 c 1 b 2 c 3 b 4 abc 5 d

81 b 82 d 83 c 84 c 85 b 6 b 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 d
86 c 87 a 88 b 89 c 90 d 11 c 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 a
91 a 92 a 93 a 94 b 95 c 16 d 17 acd 18 c 19 b 20 c
96 b 97 d 98 a 99 b 100 b 21 d 22 a 23 c 24 c 25 b
101 a 102 d 103 a 104 b 105 b 26 c 27 a 28 c 29 b 30 a
106 a 107 a 108 b 109 a 110 b 31 c 32 c 33 c 34 d 35 b
111 c 112 b 113 a 114 c 115 c 36 a 37 a 38 a 39 c
116 b 117 c 118 d 119 a 120 c
121 c 122 c 123 b 124 a 125 a Graphical Questions
126 a 127 a 128 c 129 d 130 b
131 d 132 b 133 c 134 d 135 c 1 a 2 d 3 a 4 d 5 c

136 c 137 d 138 b 139 c 140 c 6 b 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c

141 a 142 d 143 b 144 d 145 b 11 b 12 d 13 d 14 b 15 a
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1425

16 d 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 c 8. (b)
9. (c) Mass is basically a constant term for any physical application at
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a low velocity. But in accordance with Einstein’s theory of
26 a 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 c relativity, at higher speeds the mass of the particle change
according to formula
31 c 32 b 33 b 34 a 35 a
m0
m
36 a 37 b 38 b
1  (v 2 / c 2 )
10. (b) Refer Q.No. 9. Here the velocity of electron increases, so as per
Assertion and Reason Einstein’s equation mass of the electron increases, hence the
e
specific charge decreases.
1 a 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 b m
11. (c) If the voltage given is V, then the energy of electron
6 d 7 e 8 b 9 b 10 a
1 2eV
11 e 12 d 13 d 14 d 15 d mv   eV  v 
2 m
16 b 17 e 18 e 19 d 20 a
2  1 .6  10 19  1000
21 b 22 a 23 c 24 b 25 c   1.875  10 7  1.9  107 m / s
9.1  10  31
26 b 27 e 28 a 29 b 30 e 12. (b)
2QV
13. (d) Momentum p  mv and v 
m
pe e  me me
 p  2QmV  p  Qm   
p 2e  m 2m 
14. (b) In an electric field, a force opposite to the direction of electric
Cathode Rays and Positive Rays field acts on negatively charged particles (i.e. from lower
potential to higher potential).
V 250 15. (d)
1. (b) Electric field    10000 V / m .
d 2.5  10  2 16. (c) QE  mg  Q 
mg
n
mgd
2. (b) E Ve
3. (d) In Millikan's experiment, drops of non-volatile liquid (cloak oil) 1.8  10 14  10  0 .9  10 2
are used to prevent evaporation. n 5
2  10 3  1 .6  10 19
4. (b) E  eV  2e  5  10 eV 17. (c)
18. (b) In Millikan’s experiment, the charges present on the oil drops
5. (d) E  eV  1.6  10 19  10 5  1.6  10 14 J
6. (a) Any charge in the universe is given by are the integral multiples, so 2e and 10e(1.6  10 18 C)
q charges are present.
q  ne  e  (where n is an integer)
n E 3  10 4
q1 : q2 : q3 : q4 : q5 : q6 :: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6 19. (c) eE  evB  v    1 .5  10 7 m / s
B 2  10  3
6.563 : 8.204 : 11.5 : 13.13 : 16.48 : 18.09 20. (b)
:: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
21. (b) Charged particles trace a circular path in a perpendicular
Divide by 6.563 magnetic field.
1 : 1.25 : 1.75 : 2.0 : 2.5 : 2.75 :: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
e 1 .6  10 19
Multiplied by 4 22. (c)   1.76  1011 C / kg
4 : 5 : 7 : 8 : 10 : 11 :: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6 m 9 .1  10  31
23. (c)
q1  q 2  q 3  q 4  q5  q6 73.967  10 19
e  24. (d) Light consists of photons and cathode rays consists of
n1  n2  n3  n4  n5  n6 45 electrons. However both effect the photographic plate.
 1.641  10 19 C 25. (c)
(Note : If you take 45.0743 in place of 45, you will get the 26. (d)
exact value)
27. (b) For ionisation, high energy electrons are required.
7. (d) Because magnetic force always points perpendicular to the
particle velocity. That is why velocity remains unchanged E 20
28. (b) v    40 m / sec .
1  B 0 .5
thereby keeping energy  mv 2  and momentum (mv)
2  29. (c) Higher the voltage, higher is the KE. Higher the work function,
unchanged. smaller is the KE.
 1426 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
2 2r q
30. (a) Time period of revolution of electron T    
 v q  m  q m p 1
50. (c) Specific charge  ; Ratio     .
e ev m q q p m 2
Hence corresponding electric current i    
T 2r  p
m

1 .6  10 19  2  10 6 v
E
; where E 
V

1000
 10 5 V / m
 i  1 mA . 51. (c)
2  3 .14  0 .5  10 10 B d 1  10  2
19 17 10 5
31. (a) K  Q.V  1.6  10  100  1.6  10 Joules  v  10 5 m /s .
1
32. (c) K  Q.V  1e  1 Volt  1 e V
52. (b)
33. (a) Kinetic energy  Potential difference 53. (b)
34. (a) In discharge tube cathode rays (a beam of negative particles) 54. (b)
and canal rays (positive rays) moves opposite to each other.
They will experience a magnetic force in the same direction, if 55. (d) In Thomson’s mass spectrograph E || B
a normal magnetic field is switched on 56. (d)
57. (c) In the absence of electric field (i.e. E = 0)
B mg  6rv D1 = 6rv …(i)
v + –
Q 6 .35  10 19 mg
35. (b) n   F 4 F
e 1 .6  10 19 In the presence of Electric field
36. (b) mg  QE  6r(2v) D2 = 6r(2v) …(ii)
37. (a) When cathode rays strike the metal plate, they transfer their E
energy to plate.
38. (d) Cathode rays are beam of electrons. D2 QE
mg
39. (b) K  QV  e  V  eV When Electric field to reduced to E/2
mg  Q E / 2   6r(v' ) D3 = 6r(2v) …(iii)
1 2QV e 
40. (a) mv 2  QV  v   2  V E/2
2 m m  After solving (i), (ii) and (iii)
3 QE/2
We get v '  v
 v  2  1.6  10 11  200  8  10 6 m / s . 2 mg

41. (c) Speed of the cathode rays is 107 m / sec  3  107 m / s 2eV 2  1.6  10 19  45.5
58. (a) v   4  10 6 m / s
QV m 9 .1  10  31
42. (d) QE  mg  mg 
d Q ne
59. (b) i    1.8  10 14  1.6  10 19  28.8  10 6 A
43. (d) t t
e E2  29 A
44. (c) In the condition of no deflection  If m is
m 2VB2
q q q
increased by 208 times then B should be increased 60. (a)  me  m p  m         
 m e  m  p  m 
208  14.4 times
QE 3 e  E
45. (b) The colour of the positive column in a discharge tube depends 61. (b) Acceleration a  
m 2m
on the type of gas e.g. For air, colour is purple red, for H 2 ,
colour is Blue etc. 1 e v2 (8.4  10 6 )2 C
62. (b) mv 2  eV     1.76  1011 .
46. (c) 2 m 2V 2  200 kg

p h 6.6  10 34 63. (c) K  Q.V  (2e )  10 6 V  2  10 6 eV  2 M eV

47. (a) v    7.25  10 6 m / s
m m  9.1  10 31  10 10 64. (c) Positive rays consist of positive ions.
48. (d) Cathode rays are stream of negative charged particle, so they 2mv m m
deflect in electric field. 65. (b) 2r   2r   is maximum for C 
qB q q
e E2 (3 .6  10 4 ) 2
49. (c)   E 1 .125  10 6
m 2 VB 2
2  2.5  10 3  (1.2  10 3 ) 2 66. (b) v    3750 m / s
B 3  10 10
 1.8  10 11 C / kg . 67. (a) Positive rays was discovered by J.J. Thomson.
68. (a)
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1427
69. (d) If electron oscillate with a frequency of 1 GHz, it does not h 6.6  10 34
radiate any energy, which corresponds a definite wavelength. It 16. (d)     1.4 Å
only radiate when it jump from one orbit to another orbit. 2mE 2  9  10  31  80  1.6  10 19
h 1
70. (b) eV 
1
mv 2  v 2 
2eV
v 
2eV 17. (c)   
2 m m mv m
71. (a) 18. (b) If an electron and a photon propagates in the from of waves
having the same wavelength, it implies that they have same
mg 16  10 6  10
72. (c) eE  mg  e    16  10 11 C. momentum. This is according to de-Broglie equation, p 
1
E 10 6 
h 1
Matter Waves 19. (c)     
p p
1. (b) 20. (d) In photoelectric effect particle nature of electron is shown.
2. (c) According to de-Broglie hypothesis. While in electron microscope, beam of electron is considered as
h h electron wave.
3. (a)  
p mv 1 h
21. (b) K particle  mv 2 also  
2 2 mv
h h h
4. (a)   : E  1 h  vh
mv 2mE 2m 2  K particle    . v 2  ...(i)
2  v  2
1
 is same for all, so E  . Hence energy will be maximum K photon 
hc
...(ii)
m 
for particle with lesser mass.
K particle v 2 .25  10 8 3
5. (a) Particle is photon and it travels with the velocity equal to light    
in vacuum. K photon 2c 2  3  10 8 8

(b)  
h

h
;  
1  10 9
6. (h and m = constant) 22. (c) 2 r n    n   3
p 2mE E 2 r 2  3.14  5.13  10 11
h h v1 m 4
7. (a)   ;   2  23. (a) By using  electron 
h
 v
h
m 1v1 m 2v 2 v2 m1 1 mev m e e

8. (a)
1
mv 2  E  mv  2mE ;   
h

h 6 .6  10 34
2 mv   7 .25  10 6 m /s.
2mE 9.1  10 31  10 10
Photoelectric effect  Particlenature  h
9. (d)  Dual nature 24. (a) By using   E = 10 J = Constant for both
–32

Diffraction  Wave nature  2mE

nh 1
10. (a) mvr  According to Bohr’s theory particles. Hence   Since m p  m e so  p  e .
2 m
 h 
 2r  n    n for n  1 ,   2r 1 1 V2
 mv  25. (b) By using    
V 2 V1
h 1
11. (b)     (E = same) 10 10 600
2mE m    2   = 0.5 Å.
2 150
2

h p m 2 1
12. (a)      h 6 .6  10 34
2mE m  mp 1 26. (b)      0 .66 Å
mv rms 2  1 .67  10  27  3  10 3
h h
13. (c)   1 p  p 
2mE 2m Q V 27. (c)     
p p  p 
On putting Q  2  1.6  10 19 C
p0 0 .25 1
0 .101     p = 400 p .
m  4 m p  4  1.67  10 27 kg    Å p 100 400
0

V
14. (b) 1 1 T2
28. (a)  neutron   
h 1 1 E2 T 2 T1
15. (b)     
2mE E 2 E1  (273  927) 1200 
   2  2  .
10 10
E2 2 (273  27) 300 2
   E 2  4 E1
0 .5  10 10 E1 h 1
29. (d)   E (  constant)
Hence added energy  E 2  E1  3E1 2mE m
 m e  m p so E e  E p
 1428 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
30. (b) E h
31. (a) Wavelength of photon will be greater than that of electron 6. (b) p 
c c
because mass of photon is less than that of electron
  ph  e h
7. (d) E  h  mc 2  m 
c2
h h2 E h
32. (b)   E 8. (b) p   
pc
2mE 2m  2 c c h
(6 .6  10 34 ) 2  n  P 10  10 3  300
  31 9 2
 2.65  10 18 J 9. (b) P
W nhc
    
2  9 .1  10  (0 .3  10 ) t t  t  hc 6 .6  10  34  3  10 8
 16.8 eV
 1.5  10 31
h 1 p m  Q E
33. (c)     10. (a) Momentum of photon p 
2mQV mQ  m pQp c
E
4 m p  2Q p  Velocity of photon c 
 2 2 p
m p  Qp
12375
34
11. (b) By using E (eV ) 
h h 6.63  10 ( Å)
34. (a)  p 
p  2  10 6 12375
28    4989.9 Å  5000 Å
 3.31  10 kg- m / sec 2.48

6 .6  10 34 3  10 8  6 .62  10 34

hc
35. (a) 
h
  3 .3  10  37 m  3.3  10 27 Å 12. (b) E   5 .9  10 6 eV
mv 1  2000  0.21  1.6  10 19
13. (b) Momentum of photon
h 6.6  10 34
36. (a)   h 6 .6  10 34
2mE 2  9.1  10  31  5  1 .6  10 19 p  = 6.6  10 kg - m/sec.
–24

 10 10
 5.469  10 10 m  5.47 Å
1 2.5 1
14. (c) E    E'  (2.5)  5000 eV
h 6 .6  10 34 
37. (c)   E' 5000
2mQV 2  9 .1  10 31  1 .6  10 19  100 15. (a) E  h  6.6  10 34  1015  6.6  10 19 J
 1.23 Å h h
16. (a) Since h  mc 2 , hence p  mc  
h h 1 c 
38. (c) The De-Broglie wavelength is    
| p | | I| | I| E 1  10 6  1 .6  10 19
17. (b) E  h     2.4  10 20 Hz
39. (d) Davission and Germer proved the wave nature of electron by h 6 .6  10  34
performing an experiment.
h 6.6  10 34  1.5  1013
h 1 18. (a) p   3.3  10 29 kg-m / sec
40. (a)     . c 3  10 8
2mE E
hc 6 .62  10 34  3  10 8
19. (a) E   4.4  10 19 J
'
2
(d)  

; 
E E  0 .5 
 
E  450  10 9
41.   E'   4E
2mE  E' E  1  0 .25 E 66  1 .6  10 19
The energy should be added to decrease wavelength. 20. (c) E  h      16  10 15 Hz
h 6 .6  10  34
 E' E  3 E 1
42. (d) 21. (d) E ; also infrared  visible so Einfrared  Evisible

43. (d)
hc hc
22. (c) Energy of photon E  (Joules)  (eV )
 e
Photon and Photoelectric Effect
6 .6  10 34  3  10 8 12375
 E  
h pc 3 .3  10 29  3  10 8 (eV ) 1.6  10 19  ( Å) ( Å)
1. (d) p     1.5  1013 Hz
c h 6 .6  10  34 12.37 12.4
 E(keV )  
2. (d) ( Å) 
E
3. (c) p  E  p  c  2  10 16  (3  1010 )  6  10 6 erg. 23. (b) E  h  100  1.6  10 19  6.6  10 34 
c
4. (a)    2.42  1016 Hz .

6 .6  10 34 h 6.6  10 34

5. (a) p
h
  1.3  10  27 kg - m / s 24. (a) p   1.5  10  27 kg .m / s
 (5000  10 10 )  4400  10 10
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1429

p 1 .5  10 27 hc 6.4  10 34  3  10 8

and mass m    5  10  36 kg 47. (c) Kmax   W0   1 .6  10 19
c 3  10 8  6400  10 10
25. (a)  1.4  10 19 J
26. (a)
48. (b) Kmax (eV )  E (eV )  W0 (eV )  6.2  4.2  2 eV
hc hc
27. (a) E  
 E  K max (Joules)  2  1.6  10 19 J  3.2  10 19 J
28. (c) hc (W0 )T 
49. (c) Since W0  ;  Na or
h  6 .0  10 34  1012  10 6 0 (W0 )Na T
29. (d) E(eV )    4.14  10 3 eV .
e 1.6  10 19  Na  (W0 ) Na 5460  2 .3
T    2791 Å
1 n  (W0 )T 4.5
30. (c) E  nh     1  2 .
n n2  1
50. (a) K max  (E  W0 )  (3.4  2) eV  1.4 eV
31. (c) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation.
32. (a) Kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on the frequency of 12375
51. (a) Energy of incident light E   6 .18 eV
incident radiations and is independent of the intensity of 2000
illumination.
According to relation E  W0  eV0
33. (e) In this case, for photoelectric emission the wavelength of
incident radiations must be less then 5200 Å . Wavelength of (E  W0 ) (6.18 eV  5.01 eV )
 V0    1.17 V  1.2 V
ultraviolet radiations is less then this value (5200 Å) but e e
wavelength of infrared radiations is higher than this value.
12375
52. (b) W0   1.87 eV .
34. (a) Frequency of light of wavelength (  4000 Å) is 6600
c 3  10 8 53. (d)
    0.75  10 15 which is less than
 4000  10 10 54. (b) E  h  6.64  10 34  1.0  10 14  6.62  10 20 J
the given threshold frequency. Hence no photoelectric 55. (a) Number of photons emitted per second
emisssion takes place. p 10  10 3
n   1.72  10 31
35. (d) Refer to the application of photo-cell. h 6 .6  10  34  880  10 3
36. (c) Albert Einstein was awarded Nobel Prize in 1921 for discovering 1
the photoelectric effect. 56. (d) Number of ejected electrons  (Intensity) 
(Distance)2
37. (d) Therefore an increment of distance two times will reduce the
12375 1
38. (c) Energy of incident light E (eV )   3.72 eV number of ejected electrons to th of the previous one.
3320 4
(332 nm  3320 Å) 57. (d) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation
According to the relation E  W0  eV0 hc 1 1 
E  W0  Kmax  V0    
(E  W0 ) 3.72 eV  1.07 eV
e   0 
 V0    2.65 Volt.
e e Hence if  decreases V0 increases.
39. (d) 12375 12375
58. (b) W0    2 .28 eV
40. (b) Kmax  (h  W0 );   frequency of incident light. 0 ( Å) 5420
41. (a) Refer to threshold frequency. 59. (b) Number of electrons can be measured which are directly
12375 12375 proportional to the intensity of radiation.
42. (c) W0 (eV )   0   2955 Å
0 4 .2
60. (a) Kmax  h  W0  6.6  10 34  8  1014  3.2  10 19
43. (d) Intensity  (No. of photons)  (No. of photoelectrons)
12375  2.1  10 19 J
44. (d) E  W0  K max ; E   4.125 eV 61. (c)
3000
 K max  E  W0  4.125 eV  1 eV  3.125 eV  1 1 
62. (b) Kmax (eV )  12375   
1   ( Å)  
0 ( Å) 
 2
mv max  3.125  1.6  10 19 J
2
 1 1 
 12375     6.2 eV
2  3.125  1.6  10 19  1000 2000 
 v max   1  10 6 m / s
9 .1  10  31 63. (b) Stopping potential does not depend on the relative distance
between the source and the cell.
h
45. (d) Retarding potential V0  (   0 ) 64. (c)
e
46. (c)
 1430 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
12375 12375
65. (a) Energy of incident light E (eV )   3.09 eV 82. (d) Threshold wavelength 0   5892.8 Å
4000 2.1
Stopping potential is – 2V so Kmax  2 eV nhc n P. 100  5000  10 10
83. (c) P   
Hence by using E  W0  Kmax ; W  1.09 eV  1.1 eV t t hc 6.6  10 34  3  10 8
0

hc 1  2.50  10 20
66. (d)  W0  mv max
2
84. (c) E  W0  Kmax  Kmax  E  W0  h  W0
 2
 K1  h  W0 and K2  2h  W0  K2  2K1
hc
Assuming W0 to be negligible in comparison to
hc
 85. (b) Work function  ; where  0 is threshold wavelength.
0
1 1
2
i.e. v max   v max  .
  W01 0 2 2
  
(On increasing wavelength  to 4, v becomes half). W0 2 0 1 1
max

W0 2.51  1 .6  10 19 hc 6.625  10 34  3  10 8

67. (d) W0  h  0   0   86. (c) W0   J  4  10 19 J
h 6.6  10  34 0 5000  10 10
 6.08  1014 Cycle / sec . 87. (a) The work function has no effect on current so long as
h  W0 . The photoelectric current is proportional to the
68. (c)
intensity of light. Since there is no change in the intensity of
69. (b)
70. (a) By changing distance of source, photoelectric current changes. light, therefore I1  I2 .
But there is no change in stopping potential. 88. (b) Number of photons emitted is proportional to the intensity.
19 hc
W0 3.3  1.6  10 Also  W0  E .
71. (d)  0    8  10 14 Hz 
h 6.6  10 34
72. (a) For no emission of photoelectron, energy of incident light < 89. (c) Photoelectric current  Intensity of light
 (E  W0 ) (2eV  0.6 eV )
Work function  h       90. (d) V0    1 .4 V
h e e
73. (c) Number of electrons emitted  intensity 
1 91. (a) r   y   g . Here threshold wavelength   y .
(distance)2
92. (a) For electron emission incident  0
2
n d  2 n
 1   2      4  n2  1 93. (a) K max  (| V0 | ) eV  2eV .
n2  d1   
1 4
12375
hc hc 94. (b) Threshold wavelength for Na,  Na   6187.5 Å
74. (c) E  W0 and 2 E   W0 2
 '
12375
' E  W0  1  W0 / E  Also  Cu   3093.75
    '    
 4
 2 E  W0  2  W0 / E 
Since Na  4000 Å ; So Na is suitable.
(1  W0 / E) 1 
Since  so  ' 
(2  W0 / E) 2 2 95. (c) By using E  W0  K max

hc  1 1  E
12375
 2 .475 eV and K max  eV0  1.36 eV
75. (b) Stopping potential V0     . As  decreases so
e   0  5000
V0 increases. So 2.475  W0  1.36  W0  1.1 eV .
12375 12375 96. (b) For emission of electrons incident energy of each photon must
76. (c) W . (eV )   0   3000 Å be greater than work function (threshold energy).
0 ( Å) 4 .125
77. (a) Intensity increases means more photons of same energy will 97. (d) K max of photoelectrons doesn’t depends upon intensity of
emit more electrons of same energy, hence only photoelectric incident light.
current increases. 1 12375
12375 98. (a) By using E  W0  2
mv max where E   6.18 eV
78. (a) E  W0  Kmax ; E   2.475 eV 2 2000
5000
1 1
 Kmax  E  W0  2.475  1.9  0.57 eV  6.18 eV  4.2 eV  2
mv max  1.98 eV  mv max
2
2 2
79. (b)
1
hc 12400  1.98  1.6  10 19   9.1  10 31  v max
2
80. (c) 0    3100 Å  310 nm 2
W0 4
 v max  8.4  10 5 m / s
81. (b) Kmax  | Vs |  eV | Vs |  4 V
1 12375
99. (b) By using E  W0  2
mv max ; where E   2.71 eV
2 4558
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1431

1 Hence, K1  1  0.5  0.5

 2.71 eV  2.5 eV   9.1  10 31  v max
2
2 K1 1
1 and K 2  2 .5  0 .5  2   .
19
 0.21  1.6  10   9.1  10 31  v max
2 K2 4
2
1 1 (W0 )2 4.5 2
 v max  2.65  10 5 m / s 117. (c) W0      .
  2 (W0 )1 2.3 1
100. (b) E  W0  Kmax …..(i)
118. (d) Kmax  eV0  eV0  4 eV  V0  4 V
 hf  WA  K A …..(ii)
119. (a) Number of photo electrons
 WA 1 
 
and 2hf  WB  K B  2WA  K B  W  2
2
1 N d 
 B  (N)  Intensity   1   2 
d2 N 2  d1 
Dividing equation (i) by (ii)
1 W  KA K 1 N 1  100  4
2
N
 A  A       N2  1 .
2 2WA  K B KB 2 N 2  50  1 4
101. (a)
W nhc n  6 .6  10 34  3  10 8
102. (d) Stopping potential depends upon the energy of photon 120. (c) P   10 3 
t t 198.6  1
12375 12375
103. (a) 0    4125 Å  n  10 30 .
W0 (eV ) 3
nhc n  6  10 34  3  10 8
104. (b) With decrease in wavelength of incident photons, energy of 121. (c) p  100   n  3  10 20
photoelectrons increases. t 540  10 9  1
105. (b) 1 e
122. (c) 2
mv max  eV 0  v max  2 V0
hc 1 2 m 
106. (a) By using  W0  mv 2
 2
 2  1.8  10 11  9  1.8  10 6 m / s.
hc 1
  W0  mv 2 …..(i) hc hc
400  10 9 2 123. (b)  W0  K max   W0  K A ...(i)
 A
hc 1
and  W0  m(2v) 2 …..(ii) hc
250  10 9 2 and  W0  K B ...(ii)
On solving (i) and (ii) B
1 hc  1 1   1 1 
mv 2   …..(iii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), hc     KB  KA
2 3  250  10 9 400  10 9    B  A 

From equation (i) and (iii) W0  2hc  10 6 J .  1 1  hc

 hc     KB  KA   K B  K A ...(iii)
107. (a) E  W0  eV0  4 eV  2eV  eV0  V0  2 volt   B 2  B  2 B
108. (b) From (ii) and (iii), 2 K B  2 K A  W0  K B
12375  K B  2 K A  W0
109. (a) W0   1 .8 eV
6800
K B W0 K
110. (b) With the increase in intensity of light photoelectric current  KA   which gives K A  B .
increases, but Kinetic energy of ejected electron, stopping 2 2 2
potential and work function remains unchanged. 12375
124. (a) 0   1 .9 eV  2eV .
34 18
111. (c) E  h  6.6  10  8  10  5.28  10
15
J  33eV By 6500
using E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0 125. (a)  X ray  UV ray
 33  6.125  27eV 126. (a) E  h 0  K max  h(4 0 )  h 0  K max  Kmax  3 h 0 .
12375 12375 127. (a)
112. (b)     6187.5 Å  620 nm
W0 2 12375
128. (c) W0   5380 Å .
113. (a) Minimum kinetic energy is always zero. 2 .3
129. (d)
114. (c) Speed of photon is 3  10 8 m / s in vacuum.
130. (b) Using Einstein photoelectric equation E  W0  K max
115. (c) Minimum frequency : W0  h 0
1
hf1  W0  mv 12 …..(i)
19
W 1.65  1 .6  10 2
 0  0   4  10 Hz
14
h 6 .6  10  34 1
hf2  W0  mv 22 …..(ii)
116. (b) By using E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0 2
 1432 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
1 2h E
 h( f1  f2 )  m(v12  v 22 )  (v12  v 22 )  ( f1  f2 ) 148. (a) Momentum p   E 2  p 2c 2
2 m c
131. (d) 12375
149. (c) Energy of incident radiations (in eV)   3 .01 eV
hc 1 1  4100
132. (b) By using     V0
  
e  0  Work function of metal A and B are less then 3.01eV , so A
and B will emit photo electrons.
hc  1 1 
     4 .8 …..(i)
e   0  150. (d) From E  W0 
1 2
mv max
2
hc  1 1 
and     1 .6 …..(ii)
e  2 0 
1 1
 2h  0  h  0  mv 12  h  0  mv 12 .....(i)
2 2
1 1 
   and 5 h  0  h  0 
1 1
mv 22  4 h  0  mv 22
   .....(ii)
From equation (i) by (ii),  0  4 .8 2 2
  0  4  .
 1 1  1 .6
   v
2

 2   Dividing equation (ii) by (i)  2  
4
 0  
 v1  1
133. (c)
 v 2  2v1  2  4  10 6  8  10 6 m/s
134. (d) E  W0  K max . From the given data E is 6.78 eV (for =
1
1824 Å ) or 10.17 eV (for   1216 Å ) 151. (d) Number of photoelectrons  .
(Distance)2
 W0  E  Kmax  6.78  5.3  1.48 eV 152. (b) The value of saturation current depends on intensity. It is
independent of stopping potential
or
153. (a) In tungsten, photoemission take place with a light of
W0  10.17  8.7  1.47 eV . wavelength 2300 Å. As emission of electron is inversely
proportional to wavelength, all the wavelengths smaller then
hc E1 1 3.32  10 19 4000 2300 Å will cause emission of electrons.
135. (c) E    
 E2 2 E2 6000 154. (c) Stopping potential = 1.8 eV  1.2 eV  0.6 eV .
19
 E2  4.98  10 J  3.1 eV . 155. (a)

10 3  6  10 34  1 .6  10 15 
136. (c) Number of waves   0 .25  10 4 156. (a) K. E.  h  h 0  8 eV   19
eV 
4000  10 10  1 . 6  10 
137. (d) Velocity of photon c   = 8 eV  6 eV  2 eV
12375
138. (b) 0   1813 Å  1800 Å X-Rays
6.825
139. (c) Work function W0  h 0  6.6  10 34  1.6  10 15 12375
1. (c) min  Å  0.247  0.25 Å .
 1.056  10 18
J  6.6 eV 50  10 3
2. (c) X-rays are electromagnetic waves of wavelength ranging from
From E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0  1.4 eV 0.1 to 100 Å.
h hc 3. (a) Penetrating power is greater for lower wavelength.
140. (c) P ,E  E  Pc. 4. (a)
 
5. (d) From the formula
hc E1 300 2
141. (a) E    12375 12375
 E2 150 1 V   39.99 kV  40 kV
min 0 .3094
142. (d) 6. (b) Refer to the application of X-rays.
143. (b) If frequency of incident light increases, kinetic energy of 7. (a)
photoelectron also increases. 8. (b)
144. (d) Photoelectric effect can be explained on the basis of spectrum 9. (c)
of an atom. 10. (c) The voltage applied across the X-ray tube is of the range of 10
12375 12375
kV – 80 kV.
145. (b) W0    2 .28 eV 11. (c)
0 5420
12. (b) In X-ray tube, target must be heavy element with high melting
146. (c) point.
12375 12375 13. (c)   (Z  b)2   a (Z  b)2
147. (a) E   2.47 eV  2 .5 eV
 5000 Z = atomic number of element (a, b are constant).
14. (c)
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1433
15. (b) X-rays and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. 1
40. (c)  max  Hard X-rays have high frequency and low
16. (c) Since  min 
12375
Å 
12375
Å  0.123 Å  min
V 10 5 wavelength.
hc 41. (d) X-rays are electromagnetic in nature so they remains unaffected
E max  ;
 min in electric and magnetic field.
On putting the values. E max  10 1 MeV . 42. (b)
43. (c)
hc
17. (b)  min  . where h, c and e are constants. Hence 44. (b) X-rays have high energy. They penetrate into the solid crystal
eV and used to find out the internal structure.
1
 min  45. (a) By changing the filament current with the help of rheostat,
V thermionic emission intensity of X-rays can be changed.
18. (c) Range of X-rays is 0.1Å to 100 Å. 46. (c) Applied voltage must be greater than binding energy.
19. (d) The production of X-rays is an atomic property whereas the 47. (a)
production of  -rays is a nuclear property.
12375
12375 48. (d)    0.309 Å  0.31 Å
20. (a)  min   0 .30 Å Hence wavelength less than 0.30 (40  10 3 )
40,000
49. (c)
Å is not possible.
hc 12375
hc 50. (b) min   Å  0.495 Å  0.5 Å
21. (a)  min  eV V
eV
hc 12375 12375
h 6 .6  10 34 22
51. (c) min   Å;  V   124 kV
22. (b) p   6.6  10 kg - m / sec . eV V  in Å
 0 .01  10 10
23. (a) X-rays are absorbed by the target; they are not reflected by the 52. (a) Mosley's law is f  a (Z  b) 2
target. 53. (b) The potential difference across the filament and target
24. (c) determines the energy and thence the penetrating power of X-
25. (d) rays.
26. (a) 54. (d) The energy of X-ray photon obtained from a coolidge tube by
27. (d) an electronic transition of target atom such as K  line is
28. (c) obtained from transition from L orbit in K orbit.
29. (b) Continuous spectrum of X-rays consists of radiations of all
12375 12375
possible wavelength range having a definite short wavelength 55. (b) min    0.4 Å
limit. V 30  10 3
E h 12375
30. (b) P 56. (d) min  Å  0.124 Å
t t 100  10 3
i.e. Penetrating power  energy  Frequency 12375
31. (c) In general X-rays have larger wavelength than that of gamma 57. (d) min   0 .025 nm
50000
rays.
1 58. (c)
32. (c) According to Mosley's law   a (Z  b) 2 and   59. (a) Refer theory

33. (b) E  h  eV   V 60. (a) With the increase in potential difference between anode and
cathode energy of striking electrons increases which in turn
eV increases the energy (penetration power) of X-rays.
34. (c) E  eV  h max  max 
h 61. (a)
hc hc
35. (c) E  eV  h  max   min  62. (b)
min eV
63. (b) The wavelength range of X-ray is 0.1 Å – 100 Å.
hc 1
36. (d)  min  or  min  On increasing potential,  min c E1 2 5000
eV V 64. (b) Energy E  h   h   
 E2 1 1
decreases.
eV 1.6  10 19  42000 65. (b)
37. (a) h o  eV   o    1019 Hz
h 6.63  10  34 66. (a) Interatomic spacing in a crystal acts as a diffraction grating.
38. (d) Nucleus of heavy atom captures electron of k-orbit. This is a 67. (b) The wavelength of the -rays is shorter. However the main
radioactive process, so vacancy of this electron is filled by an distinguishing feature is the nature of emission.
outer electron and x-rays are produces.
39. (d) Because they are electromagnetic waves. hc 1
68. (d) h max  eV   eV   min 
min V
 1434 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
69. (d) Hard X-rays are of higher energy and the energy of X-rays 96. (d) According to Mosley’s law   (Z  b )2
depends on the potential difference between the cathode and
the target. For k  line, b  1, and it has maximum frequency so
70. (d) Penetration is directly proportional to the energy of radiations.  max  (Z  1)2
71. (d) Greater the number of electrons striking the anode, larger is 97. (b) The velocity of X-rays is always equal to that of light.
the number of X-ray photons emitted. 98. (b)
12375 12375
72. (a) min 
12375
Å V 
12375
 12375 V 99. (d) min  Å V  = 4950 V ≃ 5 kV.
V 1 V 2.5
 12.375 kV  12.42 kV 100. (c) min 
hc
; when KE (or eV ) increases, 
eV (energy)
73. (c)
decreases.
74. (c) 101. (c)
12375 102. (b) When a high energy electron incident on heavy metal, it
75. (c) E(eV )   7500eV  7.5 keV . produces X-rays.
1.65
76. (d) c 3  10 8
103. (b)     3  10 18 Hz
77. (b) 
1  10 10
1 c 1
12375 104. (b)   2   2    Z 2
78. (a) min  Å  3.09  10 8 m Z  Z
40
105. (d)
79. (d) Target should be of high atomic number and high melting
point hc 6 .63  10 34  3  10 8
106. (a) eV  
80. (a) Intensity of X-rays depends upon the number of electron  1 .5  10 10
striking the target. 6 .63  10 34  3  10 8
V  =8280 Volt.
hc 6.6  10 34  3  10 8 1 .6  10 19  1 .5  10 10
81. (b) E(eV )    12375 eV 107. (d)
e  1.6  10 19  1  10 10
108. (d)
82. (c) When applied voltage is greater then energy of K-electron, 109. (b) Required ionisation energy
continuous and all characterstic X-rays are emitted.
hc 6 .6  10 34  3  10 8
83. (c) n=4   J  12.9  10 16 J
 1 .54  10 10
n=3 2
1   Z 1 
110. (c)   2   1 
n=2
(Z  1)2 1  Z 2  1 
k k k
n=1 2 2
2  43  1   42  9
84. (d) When current through the filament increases, number of       2   .
  29  1   28  4
emitted electrons also increases. Hence intensity of X-ray
increases but no effect on penetration power. 111. (a)

Ne N i 3.2  10 3 Critical Thinking Questions

85. (a) i     2  10 16 / sec
t t e 1 .6  10 19
86. (d) 1. (b) For one second, distance = Velocity = 3  10 4 m / sec and
(a) Because X-rays are electromagnetic (Neutral) in nature. Charge
87. Q  i  1  10 6 C . Charge density 
Volume
hc 6 .6 34 3  10 8 12375 12400
88. (d) min     Å 10 6
eV 1 .6  10 19 V V V   6 .6  10  5 C / m 3 .
89. (c) Frequency of hard X-rays is greater than that of soft X-rays. 3  10 4  0.5  10  6
2. (c) By law of conservation of momentum
90. (b)
12375 12375 0  m 1 v1  m 2 v 2  m 1 v1  m 2 v 2
91. (a) min  ÅV   30 kV
V 0.4125 – ve sign indicates that both he particles are moving in
opposite direction. Now de-Broglie wavelengths
92. (b)
93. (d) h h  m v
1  and 2  ;  1  2 2 1
12375 m1v1 m 2v 2  2 m 1v1
94. (a)  min   0.309 Å  0.31 Å
40  10 3 hc h
3. (b) photon  and proton 
hc 6.6  10 34  3  10 8 E 2 mE
95. (d) min    0.123 Å
eV 1.6  10 19  100  10 3
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1435

 photon 2m  photon 1 4

1/2
[0  (3  / 4 )] 4
1/2
 c   v'  v  i.e. v '  v  
 electron E  electron E 3 0   3
4. (a,b,c) K = E – W
max 0
11. (c) Intensity of light
 T = 4.25 – (W ) ...(i) W att nhc IA
I   Number of photon n 
A
A 0 A

T =(T – 1.5)= 4.70 – (W ) ...(ii) Area hc

B A 0 B

Equation (i) and (ii) gives (W ) – (W ) = 1.95 eV 1 IA

0 B 0 A  Number of photo electron = 
100 hc
h 1
De Broglie wave length   
1 1  10 4  300  10 9
2mK K   1.5  10 12
100 6 .6  10 34  3  10 8
B KA TA (b) By using h  h 0  K max
  2  T = 2eV 12.
A TA  1 . 5
A

KB
 h( 1   0 )  K1 ….(i)
From equation (i) and (iii)
And h( 2   0 )  K 2 ….(ii)
W = 2.25 eV and W = 4.20 eV.
1  0 K 1   2
A B

K 1
5. (d)   1  , Hence  0  .
 2  0 K2 K K 1
6. (b) In the presence of inert gas photoelectrons emitted by cathode
ionise the gas by collision and hence the current increases. 13. (b) E  W0  eV0
7. (b) For electron and positron pair production, minimum energy is For hydrogen atom, E  13.6 eV
1.02 MeV.
 + 13.6 = 4.2 + eV
1 .7  10 13
0

Energy of photon is given 1.7  10 J  -3

(13.6  4.2) eV
1 .6  10 19  V0   9 .4 V
e
= 1.06 MeV. Potential at anode = – 9.4 V
Since energy of photon is greater than 1.02 MeV, 12375
So electron, positron pair will be created. 14. (a) From 0 
W0
8. (c) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation The maximum wavelength of light required for the
1/2
hc 1  2(hc   )  photoelectron emission, (0 )Li 
12375
 5380 Å .
   mv 2  v   
 2  m  2 .3
9. (b) Cut off voltage is independent of intensity and hence remains 12375
Similarly (0 )Cu  = 3094 Å.
the same. Since distance becomes 3 times, so intensity (I) 4
I Since the wavelength 3094 Å does not in the visible region, but
becomes . Hence photo current also decreases by this factor
9 it is in the ultraviolet region. Hence to work with visible light,
18 lithium metal will be used for photoelectric cell.
i.e. becomes  2 mA .
9 m e c
15. (a) Direction of scattered photon cos   1 
1 hc hc 1 h
10. (d) h  W0  mv max
2
   mv max
2
2  0 2 Here   0.011 Å

  1 2hc   0    0 .011  10 10  9.1  10 31  3  10 8

 hc 0   mv max
2
 v max     cos   1 
  2 m   0  6.624  10  34
 0 
 1  0.453  0.547
When wavelength is  and velocity is v, then
   cos 1 (0.547)
2hc   0   
v   …. (i) 2d sin
m   0  16. (d) Bragg's law, 2d sin  n or  
n
3 For maximum wavelength, n min  1, (sin )max  1
When wavelength is and velocity is v’ then
4
 max  2d or  max  2  10 7 cm  20 Å
2hc  0  (3  / 4 ) 
v'    ….(ii) 17. (a,c,d) P  VI  50  10 3  20  10 3  1000 W
m  (3  / 4 )  0 
Power converted into heat = 990 W
Divide equation (ii) by (i), we get
msT  990  T  2 o C / sec
v' [0  (3  / 4 )]  0
  Now
hc
 eV   min 
hc
 0.248  10 10 m
v 3
 0 0    min eV
4
18. (c) The wavelength of X-ray lines is given by Rydberg
 1436 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays

1  1 1  2  6.6  10 34 2h
Formula  RZ 2  2  2 

 p  2 p  = 2  10 kg-m/sec.
 –27

  n1 n2   6630  10 10
For K  line, n1  1 and n 2  2 26. (c) When a charged particle (charge q, mass m) enters
perpendicularly in a magnetic field (B) than, radius of the path
1/2
1 3  4  described by it r 
mv
 mv  qBr .
  RZ 2    Z   
 4  3 R  qB
1/2 h
 4  Also de-Broglie wavelength  
 7 1 10  = 39.99  40 mv
 3 (1 . 097  10 m ) (0 . 76  10 m ) 
h  q p rp 1
19. (b) If intensity of X-ray is decreased by dI, when it passes through      
a length dx of absorbing material then, the amount of observed qBr  p q r 2
intensity is I dx.
 a11  1 and  a Z  1 
v v
27. (a) f1  f2 
Thus, – dI = I dx or
dI 1 2
 I  0
dx
2 10 4 10
On solving this equation I = I e  =I e  (x =d) By dividing,    Z=6
1
– x – d

0 0
Z 1 1 Z 1
hc (6 .6  10 34 ) (3  10 8 )
20. (c) EK  EL   eV =59keV h
 (0 .021  10  9 ) (1.6  10 19 ) 28. (c) K.E.= 2 E – E = E (for 0  x  1)  1 
0 0 0

2m E0
21. (d) Minimum wavelength of continuous X-ray spectrum is given by
h 1
min (in Å) 
12375

12375
 0 .155 K.E. = 2 E (for x > 1)  2    2.
E( eV) 80  10 3
0

4 m E0 2

Also the energy of the incident electrons (80 KeV) is more than 29. (b) Given m c = 0.51 MeV and v = 0.8 c
0
2

the ionization energy of the K-shell electrons (i.e. 72.5 KeV). K.E. of the electron = mc – m c 2

0
2

Therefore characteristic X-ray spectrum will also be obtained m0 m0 m0 m0

because energy of incident electron is enough to knock out the But m    
2 2 0 .36 0 .6
electron from K or L shells.
1 2
v  0 . 8 c 
1 
22. (a) The wave length of L line is given by c  c 
1  1 1  1
Now, mc 2 
0 .51
 R (z  7.4 )2  2  2     MeV = 0.85 MeV
 2 3  (Z  7 .4 )2 0 .6

1 (z 2  7 .4 )2 1 .30 (42  7 .4 )2  K.E. = (0.85 – 0.51)MeV = 0.34 MeV.

     2  5.41 Å 30. (a) The deflection suffered by charged particle in an electric field is
2 (z1  7 .4 ) 2
2 (78  7 .4 )2
q ELD q ELD
h y  2 (p =mu)
23. (c) de-Broglie wavelength   , rms velocity of a gas m u2 p /m
mv rms
qm q p m p qd m d q m
particle at the given temperature (T) is given as  y  y : y : y  : :
2
p p2 pd2 p2
p d

p
1 3 3 kT
2
mv rms  kT  v rms   mv rms  3 mk T Since p = p = p (given)
2 2 m d p

m : m : m = 1 : 2 : 4 and q : q : q = 1 : 1 : 2
h h p d p d

    y : y : y = 1 1 : 1  2 : 2  4 = 1 : 2 : 8
mv rms 3 mkT
p d

q B 2 LD
31. (c) Using Z 2  k  y ; where k  . For parabolas to
H m He THe 4 (273  127) 8 m  E
   
He m H TH 2 (273  27) 3 kq
coincide in the two photographs, the should be same for
E 1  10 7  200  10 9 m
24. (c) n   1  1011 B12 LDe B22 LD (2e )
hc 6.6  10  34  3  10 8 the two cases. Thus, 
E1m1 E2 m 2
1011
Number of electrons ejected   10 8 2
10 3 m1  B1   E2  1 9 2 1 9
        
q (10 8  1 .6  10 19 )  9  10 9 m 2  B2   E1  2 4 1 2 4
 V  3V
4 0 r 4.8  10  2 32. (c) According to the energy diagram of X-ray spectra
h hc 1
25. (b) The momentum of the incident radiation is given as p  .  E  
  E
When the light is totally reflected normal to the surface the
(E = Energy radiated when e jumps from, higher energy orbit –

direction of the ray is reversed. That means it reverses the to lower energy orbit)
direction of it’s momentum without changing it’s magnitude
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1437

 (E)k   (E)k  (E)L        D 2 yd

Here   2y  2 y   
d D
Also (E)k   (E)k  (E)L
2  1  10 3  0.24  10 3
hc hc 1 hc
1 1    4  10 7 m  4000 Å
      1 .2
     
Energy of light incident on photo plate
P
33. (c) By using I  ; where P = radiation power 12375
A E (eV )   3 .1 eV
4000
nh c n IA
 P  I A   IA   According to Eienstein photoelectric equation
t t hc
Hence number of photons entering per sec the eye (E  W0 ) (3  2.2)
E = W + eV  V0 
0 0
 eV  0 .9 V
10 6 7 e e
 n  10  10  5.6  10
  = 300.
t 6 .6  10  34  3  10 8 38. (a) E
12375
 2.475 eV  4  10 19 J
5000
34. (d)   K  min When V is halved min becomes two times
So the minimum intensity to which the eye can respond
but  K remains the same.
IEye  (Photon flux)  (Energy of a photon)
  '  K  2min  2()   Ka
 IEye  (5  10 4 )  (4  10 19 ) ~– 2  10 14 (W / m 2 )
  '  2 ()
Now as lesser the intensity required by a detector for detection,
35. (b) Energy of photons corresponding to light of wave length  = 1
more sensitive it will be
12375
2475 Å is E1   5 eV . S Eye IEar 10 13
2475    5 i.e. as intensity (power)
S Ear IEye 2  10 14
and that corresponding to  = 6000 Å is 2
detector, the eye is five times more sensitive than ear.
12375 39. (c) Due to 10.2 eV photon one photon of energy 10.2 eV will be
E2   2 .06 eV
6000 detected.
As E < W and E > W Due to 15 eV photon the electron will come out of the atom
with energy (15 - 13.6) = 1.4 eV.
2 0 1 0

Photoelectric emission is possible with  only. Maximum 1

kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons K = E – W = 5 – 4.8 =

Graphical Questions
0

0.2 eV.
Photo electrons experiences magnetic force and move along a 1. (a) Velocity of photon (i.e. light) does not depend upon frequency.
circular path of radius Hence the graph between velocity of photon and frequency will
be as follows
2 mk 2  9  10 31  0 .2  1 .6  10 19
r 
QB 1 .6  10 19  3  10 5 Velocity of photon (c)

= 0.05 m = 5 cm.
36. (a) Number of photoelectrons emitted up to t = 10 sec are
(Number of photons per unit area
Frequency ()
per unit time)  (Area  Time) h 1
n 2. (d) De-Broglie wavelength    
10 6 p p
1 i.e. graph will be a rectangular hyperbola.
 [(10)16  (5  10  4 )  (10)]  5  107
10 6 3. (a) The stopping potential for curves a and b is same.
At time t = 10 sec
 fa  fb
Charge on plate A ; q = +ne = 5  10  1.6  10
A
7 –19

= 8  10 C = 8 pC –12
Also saturation current is proportional to intensity
and charge on plate B ; q = 33.7 – 8 = 25.7 pc
B
 I a  Ib
Electric field between the plates 4. (d) According to Einstein equation
12
(q B  q A ) (25.7  8 )  10 N h  h 0  Kmax  Kmax  h  h 0 on comparing it
E   2  10 3 .
2 0 A 2  8.85  10 12  5  10  4 C with y  mx  c, it is clear to say that,
37. (a) As we know in Young's double slit experiment fringe width = This is the equation of straight line having positive slope (h)
separation between two consecutive fringe or dark fringes and negative intercept (h  0 ) on KE axis.
D
  5. (c) Comparing Einstein’s equation
d
Kmax  h  h 0 , with y  mx  c, we get slope, m  h
 1438 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
h h c 3  10 8
6. (b) Kmax  h  h 0  eV0  h  h 0  V0   0 19. (b) 0    6  10 7 m  6000 Å
e e 0 5  1014
Comparing this equation with y  mx  c , we get slope
20. (c) Work function is the intercept on K.E. axis i.e. 2eV.
h
m  h  m e . 21. (b) From the graph stopping potential |V |= –V s

e
Also k = (|V |eV = 4eV.
max 0

h W
7. (a) Using Einstein’s equation, V0      0 22. (c) By Moseley’s law,   a(Z  b) or,   a2 (Z  b)2
 
e e
Comparing this equation with y  mx  c Comparing with the equation of a parabola, y 2  4 ax it
W0 conforms to graph c.
We get intercept on – V axis 
0

e hc 1
23. (a) min   
W0 eV V
 OB   W0  OB  e  2  1 (see graph)  V1  V2
e
8. (b) From the given graph it is clear that if we extend the given   a(Z  b) Moseley’s law
graph for A and B, intercept of the line A on V axis will be
smaller as compared to line B means work function of A is 1  1
  (Z  1)2      
smaller than that of B. (Z  1)2   
9. (a) Wavelength k is independent of the accelerating voltage (V), 1  2 (see graph for characteristic lines)  Z 2  Z1 .
while the minimum wavelength c is inversely proportional to hc hc
24. (a) Kmax  h   h  0   i.e. graph between Kmax and
V. Therefore as V increases, k remains unchanged whereas  0
c decreases or k  c will increase. 1 hc
will be straight line having slope (hc) and intercept on
10. (c) In X-ray spectra, depending on the accelerating voltage and the  0
target element, we may find sharp peaks super imposed on – KE axis.
continuous spectrum. These are at different wavelengths for 25. (a)  varies from 0 to  max .
different elements. They form characteristic X-ray spectrum.
(b) Photo current (i) directly proportional to light intensity (I) hc hc
11. 26. (a) min   log.min  log  log V
falling on a photosensitive plate.  i  I eV e
12. (d) According to Einstein’s equation hc
 log min   log V  log
e
h W0 This is the equation of straight line having slope (–1) and
h = W + K  V0     
e
0 max

e hc
intercept log on  loge min axis.
This is the equation of straight line having positive slope (h/e) e
W 1
and intercept on V0 axis, equals to 0 27. (c) For K line   (Z  1)2   
e (Z  1)2
13. (d) In photocell, at a particular negative potential (stopping i.e. the graph between  and z will be (c).
potential V ) of anode, photoelectric current is zero,
0

h
At the potential difference between cathode and anode 28. (b) Slope of V0   curve 
increases current through the circuit increases but after some e
time constant current (saturation current) flows through the  h = Slope  e = 1.6  10  4.12  10 –19 –15

circuit even if potential difference still increasing. 34

 6.6  10 J-sec .
14. (b) Stopping potential does not depend upon intensity of incident
light (I). 29. (b) I1  I2 (given) i >i 1 2
(i  I)
15. (a) Stopping potential is that negative potential for which photo and stopping potential does not depend upon intensity. So its
electric current is zero. value will be same (V0 ) .
h W 
16. (d)  V0      0  . From the graph V2  V1 h
e   e  30. (c) Slope of V –  curve for all metals be same   i.e. curves
e
0

h 2 W0 h 1 W0 should be parallel.
      2  1
e e e e h h 1
31. (c)     . Taking log of both sides
1 2mE 2m E
 1  2 (as   )
 h 1 h 1
log   log  log  log   log  log E
1 1 2m E 2m 2
17. (d) I and photo current i  I  i  2
d2 d 1 h
 log    log E  log
18. (a) h  h 0  KEmax  KEmax  h  h 0 2 2m
On comparing this equation with y  mx  c we get This is the equation of straight line having slope (–1/2) and
positive intercept on log  axis.
m  h  Universal constant
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1439
long distance under the electric field and soon get recombined
32. (b)   ( Z  b) i.e., flow of ions in the gas does not take place.
33. (b) Peak of K is greater than peak of K line. 13. (d) Light is produced in gases in the process of electric discharge
34. (a) |– 4V|> |– 2 V| at low pressure. When accelerated electrons collide with atoms
1 of the gas, atoms get excited. The excited atoms return to their
35. (a)  x  2 . The ion whose deflection is less, its velocity will be normal state and in this process light radiations are emitted.
v
more. From the curve x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 , therefore 14. (d) The discharge depends on both pressure of discharge tube and
ionisation potential of gas. Since the ionisation potential of
v1  v2  v3  v4 . different gases are different, hence the discharge in different
36. (a) All the positive ions of same specific charge moving with gases takes place at different potential.
different velocity lie on the same parabola. 15. (d) If electric field is used for detecting the electron beam, then
very high voltage will have to be applied or very long tube will
h h 0
37. (b) The equation of curve between V and  is
0
  V0 . have to be taken.
e e
16. (b) Specific charge of a positive ion corresponding to one gas is
h fixed but it is different for different gases.
This is equation of a straight line with slope  .
e 17. (e) In Millikan’s experiment oil drops should be of microscopic
38. (b) Stopping potential equals to maximum kinetic energy. sizes. If much bigger oil drops are used, then a very high
Since stopping potential is varying linearly with the frequency. electric field will be required to balance it which is not possible
There fore max. KE for both the metals also vary linearly with to achieve practically.
frequency. 4 3
Further, the apparent weight of the liquid a g
3
Assertion and Reason
(liquid   air )  6av.
h
1. (a) Momentum of a photon is given by p  If a is large, v will be large and the experimental errors will be
 high.
Also the photon is a form of energy packets behaves as a
hc E 18. (e) Only the photoelectrons emitted from the surface of the metal
particle having energy E  . So p  have maximum kinetic energy. Those emitted from inside the
 c metal loses part of their energy in collision with the other
2. (d) Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. atoms inside the metal.
Number of emitted photoelectrons depends upon the intensity
of light. 19. (d) On increasing the intensity of incident light, the current in
3. (b) Charge does not change with speed but mass varies with the photoelectric cell will increase. The energy of the photons
m0 (h  ) will, however not increase with increase in intensity, and
speed as per relation m  . Hence specific charge hence the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will not
v2 increase.
1 2
c 20. (a) When a light of single frequency falls on the electron of inner
e/m decreases with increase in speed. layer of metal, then this electron comes out of the metal
4. (a) X-rays lies in electromagnetic spectrum. surface after a large number of collisions with atoms of its
upper layer.
h h
5. (b) Mass of moving photon m  and E  mc 2 . 21. (b) There is no emission of photoelectrons till the frequency of
c 2
c incident light is less than a minimum frequency, however
6. (d) According Einstein equation KE  h  h 0 ; i.e., KE intense light it may be. In photoelectric effect, it is a single
depends upon the frequency. Photoelectron emitted only if particle collision. Intensity is h  N , where h  is the
incident frequency more than threshold frequency. individual energy of the photon and N is the total number of
photon. In the wave theory, the intensity is proportional, not
7. (e) The atomic number (number of electrons or protons) remains
same in isotope. Isotope of an element can be separated on only to  2 but also to the amplitude squared. For the same
account of their different atomic weight by using mass frequency, increase in intensity only increase the number of
spectrograph. photons (in the quantum theory of Einstein).
8. (b) The specific charge (e / m ) of the positive rays is not universal 22. (a) The photoemissive cell may be evacuated contain an inert gas
constant because these rays may consists of ions of different at low pressure. An inert gas in the cell gives greater current
element. but causes a time lag in the response of the cell to very rapid
changes of radiation which may make it unsuitable for some
9. (b) Less work function means less energy is required for ejecting purpose.
out the electrons.
10. (a) de-Broglie wavelength associated with gas molecules varies as 23. (c) Wavelength of X-rays is very small ( Å) . Hence they are not
1 diffracted by means of ordinary grating. X-rays follows the
 Bragg’s law.
T 24. (b) The penetrating power of X-rays depends upon the voltage
11. (e) If electron is moving parallel to the magnetic field, then the applied across the tube producing X-rays. X-rays can pass
electron is not deflected i.e., if electron is not deflected we through matter of lighter elements such as flesh (which is
cannot be sure that there is no magnetic field in that region. composed of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon) but cannot pass
12. (d) At normal pressure positive ions and electrons liberated by through substances made of heavier elements like bones (which
ionisation of gas atoms, due to cosmic rays are very small in are made of phosphorus and calcium).
number and they collide constantly with the gas atoms which 25. (c) Intensity of X-rays (I) is proportional to the filament current
are present in large numbers, and hence are unable to move a and also to the square of the voltage. It is well known that
 1440 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
intensity of X-rays depends on the number of photons emitted
per second from target.
26. (b) When fast moving electrons strike the atoms of the target, then
most of their kinetic energy is used in increasing the thermal
agitation of the atoms of the target and only a small part is
radiated in the form of X-rays. So the temperature of the target
rises.
27. (e) Higher is the wavelength of X-ray, lesser is the frequency and
penetration power.
28. (a) The distance between the atoms of crystals is of the order of
wavelength of X-rays. When they fall on a crystal, they are
diffracted. The diffraction pattern is helpful in the study of
crystal structure.
29. (b) In photoelectric effect, the photon falling on some matter is
absorbed by the matter and its energy is transferred to an
electron of the matter. In X-ray production, photons are
produced which get energy from energetic electrons ionising
the inner shells of the target which in turn cause a cascade of
emission lines.
30. (e) Soft and hard X-rays differ only in frequency. But both types of
X-ray travel with speed of light.
 1442 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-rays

1
1. Which of the following will have the least value of
q density  10  5 Tesla. Work function of the barium is (Given
m 17
(a) Electron (b) Proton e
 1 .7  1011 )
m
(c) -particle (d) -particle
(a) 1.8 eV 
2. When green light is incident on the surface of metal, it emits photo- B
electrons but there is no such emission with yellow colour light. (b) 2.1 eV e–
Which one of the colour can produce emission of photo-electrons (c) 4.5 eV
(a) Orange (b) Red (d) 3.3 eV Barium
(c) Indigo (d) None of the above
8. Five elements A, B, C, D and E have work functions 1.2 eV, 2.4 eV,
3. An electron is moving through a field. It is moving (i) opposite an 3.6 eV, 4.8 eV and 6 eV respectively. If light of wavelength 4000 Å
electric field (ii) perpendicular to a magnetic field as shown. For is allowed to fall on these elements, then photoelectrons are emitted
each situation the de-Broglie wave length of electron by
(a) A, B and C (b) A, B, C, D and E
 (c) A and B (d) Only E
 v
v e–
e– 9. If light of wavelength 1 is allowed to fall on a metal, then kinetic
energy of photoelectrons emitted is E1 . If wavelength of light
 

(a) Increasing, increasing

E B
(b) Increasing, decreasing changes to 2 then kinetic energy of electrons changes to E2 .
(i) (ii) Then work function of the metal is
(c) Decreasing, same (d) Same, Same
E1 E2 (1  2 ) E11  E2 2
4. The figure shows different graphs between stopping potential (V0 ) (a) (b)
12 (1  2 )
and frequency () for photosensitive surface of cesium, potassium,
sodium and lithium. The plots are parallel. Correct ranking of the E1 1  E 2  2 12 E1 E2
(c) (d)
targets according to their work function greatest first will be ( 2  1 ) (2  1 )
V0 10. If maximum velocity with which an electron can be emitted from a
photo cell is 4  10 8 cm / sec , the stopping potential is (mass of
electron = 9  10 kg)
–31

(a) 30 volt (b) 45 volt

(c) 59 volt (d) Information is insufficient
11. Three particles having their charges in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5 produce
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 
14
the same spot on the screen in Thomson’s experiment. Their masses
(10 Hz)
(a) (i) > (ii) > (iii) > (iv) (b) (i) > (iii) > (ii) > (iv) are in the ratio of
(c) (iv) > (iii) > (ii) < (i) (d) (i) = (iii) > (ii) = (iv) (a) 5 : 3 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 : 5
5. The K X-rays arising from a cobalt (z = 27) target have a (c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 1 : 3
wavelength of 179 pm. The K X-rays arising from a nickel target 12. If the momentum of an electron is changed by p, then the de-
(z = 28) is Broglie wavelength associated with it changes by 0.50%. The initial
momentum of the electron will be
(a) > 179 pm (b) < 179 pm
p p
(c) = 179 pm (d) None of these (a) (b)
200 199
6. If a voltage applied to an X-ray tube is increased to 1.5 times the
minimum wavelength (min ) of an X-ray continuous spectrum shifts (c) 199 p (d) 400 p
by   26 pm . The initial voltage applied to the tube is 13. If 10000 V is applied across an X-ray tube, what will be the ratio of
de-Broglie wavelength of the incident electrons to the shortest
(a)  10 kV (b)  16 kV
e
(c)  50 kV (d)  75 kV wavelength of X-ray produced ( for electron is
m
7. Light of wavelength 2475 Å is incident on barium. Photoelectrons 1.8  1011 c kg 1 )
emitted describe a circle of radius 100 cm by a magnetic field of flux
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 1443
(a) 1 (b) 0.1 18. The maximum velocity of electrons emitted from a metal surface is
(c) 0.2 (d) 0.3 V. When frequency of light falling on it is f. The maximum velocity
when frequency becomes 4f is
14. Two large parallel plates are connected with the terminal of 100 V
power supply. These plates have a fine hole at the centre. An (a) 2 V (b) > 2 V
electron having energy 200 eV is so directed that it passes through (c) < 2 V (d) Between 2 V and 4 V
the holes. When it comes out it's de-Broglie wavelength is 19. If the potential difference between the anode and cathode of the X-
ray tube is increases

(a) 1.22 Å
e– I S
(b) 1.75 Å R
200 eV
(c) 2 Å Q
(d) None of these
15. According to Bohr's theory, the electron+ in – orbits have definite
energy values, then according to uncertainty
100 principle,
V the life time
of an excited state will be P 
(a) Zero (b) Finite (a) The peaks at R and S would move to shorter wavelength
(c) 10 sec
–8
(d) Infinite (b) The peaks at R and S would remain at the same wavelength
16. Monochromatic light of wavelength 3000 Å is incident on a surface (c) The cut off wavelength at P would decrease
area 4cm . If intensity of light is 150 mW/m , then rate at which
2 2

(d) (b) and (c) both are correct

photons strike the target is
20. The collector plate in an experiment on photoelectric effect is kept
(a) 3  10 /sec 10
(b) 9  10 /sec
13

vertically above the emitter plate. Light source is put on and a

(c) 7  10 /sec 15
(d) 6  10 /sec
19
saturation photo current is recorded. An electric field is switched on
which has a vertically downward direction
17. For characteristic X-ray of some material
(a) The photo current will increase
(a) E(K )  E(K  )  E(K ) (b) E(K )  E(L )  E(M )
(b) The kinetic energy of the electrons will increase
(c) (K )  (K )  (K ) (d) (M )  (L )  (K ) (c) The stopping potential will decrease
(d) The threshold wavelength will increase

(SET -25)

q 
h
1. (c) Mass of -particle is maximum so   is least. 3. (c) . Since v is increasing in case (i), but it is not
 m  mv
2. (c) Wave length of green light is threshold wave length. changing in case (ii). Hence, in the first case de-Broglie
wavelength will change, but it second case, it remain the same
Hence for emission of electron, wave length of incident light <
wavelength of green light. 4. (c) The graph between V and  cut the -axis at  .
0 0

For the given graphs ( 0 )(iv)  ( 0 )(iii)  ( 0 )(ii)  ( 0 )(i)

 (W ) > (W ) > (W ) > (W ) .
0 (iv) 0 (iii) 0 (ii) 0 (i)
 1444 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-rays
2
  Z 1
2
1  27  1  10 4
5. (b) k    Ni   Co     1 .8  10 11
(Z  1)2
Co  Z Ni  1   28  1  1 1  V  e  2
      = 0.1
2 2 2 c  2 m  3  10 8
 26   26 
 Ni     Co    179  165.9 pm  179 pm . 14. (a) Energy of the electron, when it comes out from the second
 27   27  plate = 200 eV – 100 eV = 100 eV
hc hc hc Hence accelerating potential difference = 100 V
6. (b) min   1  and 2 
eV eV1 eV 2 12.27 12.27
Electron    1 .23 Å
1 1 hc V 100
   2  1     . Given V = 1.5 V 15. (d) According to Bohr's theory E = 0, since E t  h
 2
V V 1 e
2 1

on solving we get V = 16000 volt = 16 kV.  t  

1

7. (c) Radius of circular path described by a charged particle in a n IA 150  10 3  4  10 4  3  10 7 1

16. (b)    9  1013
2mK t hc 6.6  10  34  3  10 8 sec
magnetic field is given by r  ; where K = Kinetic
qB 17. (c)  E(K )  E(K  )  E(K )  (K )  (K )  (K )
2
q B r  e  eB r
2 2 2 2
2(hf  W0 )
energy of electron  K    18. (b)  E  W0 
1 2
mv max  vmax 
2m m  2 2 m
1  1 
2 If frequency becomes 4f then
  1 .7  1011  1 .6  10 19    10  5   (1)2
2  17   W 
2  hf  0 
20 2(h  4 f  W0 )  4 
 8  10 J  0.5 eV V'  2  V '  2V
m m
By using E = W + K 0 max
19. (d) Peaks on the graph represent characteristic X-ray spectrum.
 12375  Every peak has a certain wavelength, which depends upon the
 W0  E  Kmax    eV  0.5 eV  4.5 eV
 2475  transition of electron inside the atom of the target. While
min depends upon the accelerating voltage (As. min  1/V ).
12375
8. (c) E  3 .09 eV Photoelectrons emits if energy of 20. (b) In electric field photoelectron will
4000
incident light > work function. experience force and accelerate opposite
to the field so it’s K.E. increases (i.e.
hc hc 
9. (c) E = W + K   W0  E1 and  W0  E 2 stopping potential will increase), no E e–
0 max

1 2 change in photoelectric current, and

 hc  W0 1  E11 and hc  W0 2  E2 2 threshold wavelength.

E1 1  E2 2
 W0 1  E11  W0 2  E2 2  W0  .
(2  1 )
10. (b) v = 4  10 cm/sec = 4  10 m/sec.
max
8 6

 K max  1 mv max 2 1
  9  10  31  (4  10 6 )2
2 2
= 7.2  10 J = 45 eV.
***
–18

K 45 eV
Hence, stopping potential  V0  max   45 volt .
e e
e
11. (c) Since spot is same, hence should be same i.e.,
m
As q : q : q = 1 : 3 : 5. Hence m : m : m = 1 : 3 : 5
1 2 3 1 2 3

h 0 .5 h 199 h 199 h
12. (c)         
p 100 p  p 200 p  p 200 p
200
 p  p  p  p = 199 p
199
1
13. (b) For the incident electron mv 2  eV or p 2  2m eV
2
h h
 de-Broglie wavelength 1  
p 2m eV
hc
Shortest X-ray wavelength 2 
eV