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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Session Layer
1. Connection establishment
2. Data transfer
3. Connection termination
Transport Layer
Maintains flow control which prevents buffer overflow and data loss. Reliable data
transmission provides for:
Acknowledgement of received segments.
Retransmission of segments not acknowledged.
Proper re-sequencing of segments.
Flow control to manage the data so no data is lost.
In reliable communications, data is transmitted and received in the same order. If the data is
received out of order, the communication fails. Rather than transmitting a packet and having
an acknowledgement sent for each packet a window is established. A window specifies the
number of packets the transmitting device can send before an acknowledgement is received.
Then the acknowledgement is sent the number of the next packet that has not yet been
received is sent. If no acknowledgement is received by the sender in a given period of time,
the packet or packets are re-transmitted. Two main protocols:
TCP - Reliable with establishment of virtual circuit and numbering and and
acknowledgement of packets. Also establishes the connection before sending data.
UDP - Unreliable with no virtual circuit and numbering without acknowledgement of
packets.
Network Layer
The data packets are encapsulated into frames. A header with a hardware (MAC) destination
and source address are added. Parts of a data frame include:
HDLC - High Level Data Link Control - Implemented by the INternational Standards
Organization (ISO).
SDLC - Synchronous Data Link Control uses a master slave relationship between
primary and secondary devices. The master always initiates communication. This
protocol was started by IBM to communicate between offices with mainframe
computers.
LAPD - Link Access Procedure Balanced - Can detect missing or out of sequence
frames and is used with X.25.
X.25 - Defines specification between a DTE and a DCE and is a packet switching
network.
SLIP - Used to support TCP/IP communications over a slow serial interface.
PPP - Used to support several protocols over a slow serial interface with several
enhancements over SLIP.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network - Digital phone lines for voice and data
transmission.
Frame Relay - Higher speed than X.25 packet switching network.
Physical Layer
Standards:
EIA/TAI-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.24
V.35
X.21
G.703
EIA-530
HSSI - High speed serial interface
DOD Model
These are the names of the layers according to Microsoft documentation with corresponding
OSI layers: