Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019

Engineering Department

Concrete Design
Chapter Three
Shear Analysis and Design of Beams

Tishk International University

Civil Engineering Department Bedar R.Hassan

• 1. Introduction:
• Beams must also have an adequate safety margin against Shear failure (diagonal
tension failure) may dangerous than flexural failure.
• Shear failure is difficult to predict accurately.
• Shear collapse is likely to occur suddenly without warning.
• Preferable ensure that flexural failure would occur before shear failure if the
member were severely overloaded.

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 1

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• 2. Theory:
• A. Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement:
• Shear stress in a homogeneous elastic beam discussed in (Strength of Material).
• Reinforced Concrete has Tension steel reinforcement.
• Concrete is not homogeneous material.

• B. Reinforced Concrete Beams with Shear Reinforcement:

• Web reinforcement has no noticeable effect prior to the formation of cracks.
• Web reinforcement augments the shear resistance of a beam in four ways:
• 1. Part of the shear force is resisted by the bars that traverse a particular crack.
• 2. Restricts the growth of diagonal cracks and reduces their penetration into the
compression zone. This leaves more un-cracked concrete available
• 3. The stirrups also counteract the widening of the cracks.
• 4. They tie the longitudinal reinforcement, increases the share of the shear force
resisted by dowel action.

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 2

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• 3. General Design Procedure:

• The design of beams for shear based on:
• 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 +𝑉𝑠 )
• 1. Find Applied shear (Vu): Location of
critical section for shear design Section
9.4.3 in ACI 318-19:
• a. Simply supported beam.
• b. Monolithic Beam-Column.
• c. Concentrated load within d of the face of
the support.
• d. Member loaded near the bottom (Inverted
T-beams).
• e. Beam supported by girder of similar
depth.
• f . Beam supported by monolithic vertical
element.

• 2. Calculate Shear Strength Provided by the Concrete (Vc):

• The nominal shear strength contribution of the concrete (including the contributions
from aggregate interlock, dowel action of the main reinforcing bars, and that of the un-
cracked concrete).Practical equation as follow:
• ∅ 𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑤 𝑉𝑢 𝑑
• For more detailed: 𝑉𝑐 = ∅ 0.16𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ + 17 𝑏𝑑 ≤ ∅0.29𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑢
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅2𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 (For US-unit)
• 𝜆 = 1 for normal Concrete, (0.75) for Sand-Light weight concrete, and (0.85) for all-
light weight concrete.
• Notes:
• 1. If 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 8.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 you can use above equation, else 𝑓𝑐′ > 8.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 use above
equation but a minimum amount of web reinforcement is used.
• 2. For T beams with a tapered web width, the average web width is used. unless the
narrowest part of the web is in compression, in which case b w is taken as the
minimum width.
• 3. For circular member beam (d) is 0.8 diameter.

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 3

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• 3. Design of Web Reinforcement (Vs):

• If ∅𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 : Don’t need web design
reinforcement, direct proceed to 4th step.
• If ∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 : Then should be design for shear
reinforcement as follows:
• 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
• ∅𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 ≤ ∅0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
• For vertical stirrups:
∅𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
•𝑠=
𝑉𝑢 −∅𝑉𝑐
• For inclined bars:
∅𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑(sin 𝛼+cos 𝛼)
•𝑠=
𝑉𝑢 −∅𝑉𝑐
• Where: 𝐴𝑣(𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1) = 2𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
• 𝐴𝑣(𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2) = 4𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑣(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟) = 2𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟

• 4. Minimum Web Reinforcement (Maximum spacing (s)):

• Least value of the following:
• 1. Based on (𝐴𝑣(𝑚𝑖𝑛.) ):
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = ≤
0.062 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.35𝑏
𝑑
• 2. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
2
• 3. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 600𝑚𝑚
• 5. Make Detail for shear Reinforcement.
• Notes:
• 1. For Shear design (∅ = 0.75)
• 2. Standard stirrup sizes usually in the range from No. 3 to 5
(No. 10 to 16) for stirrups.
• 3. It is undesirable to space vertical stirrups closer than about
100mm; the size of the stirrups should be chosen to avoid a
closer spacing.

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 4

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• Notes:
• 4. The first stirrups placed at a distance s/2.
• 5. Design stirrups used from support to limit of (∅𝑉𝑐 ).
• 6. Zone of Stirrups:
• From face of support to ∅𝑉𝑐 used (Design Space).
• From (∅𝑉𝑐 ) to (∅𝑉𝑐 /2) used (Maximum Space limit).
• From (∅𝑉𝑐 /2) to Center line of the beam stirrups
eliminated.
• 7. For shear design (𝑓𝑦𝑡 ≤ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎).
• 8. For longitudinal bars bent at 45 degree, second
3𝑑
equation is replaced by (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = ).
4
• 9. If (𝑉𝑠 > 0.33 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑),
Those maximum spacing are to
be reduced by one-half, but change the dimensions of
the section is preferable.

• 4. General Analysis Procedure:

• 1. Check the size of bars and limit of (fyt) (Notes No.2 and 7).
• 2.Check for (Smax.) as previous design procedure.
• 3. Calculate (∅Vs ) (based on Design zone), then check with (∅0.33λ fc′ bd)
Av fyt d
• ∅Vs = ∅ (Vertical stirrups)
S
Av fyt d sin α+cos α
• ∅Vs = ∅ (Inclined stirrups)
S
• 4. Calculate (∅Vc ):
• Vc = ∅0.17λ fc′ bd
• 5. Calculate (∅Vn ):
• Vu ≤ ∅Vc + ∅Vs

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 5

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• Example (1): A rectangular beam that must carry a service live

load of 36kN/m and a calculated dead load including self
weight of 15.3kN/m on an 5.5m simple span is limited in cross
section as shown. If f y =420 MPa and fc ′ = 28 MPa, Design
the shear reinforcement for the beam? Used (No.10mm for
stirrups).
• Example (2): Design for shear reinforcement in a simply
supported rectangular beam as shown in the Figure below.
Material strengths are f c′ = 28MPa and f y = 420 MPa. Use
(Ø=10mm for stirrups).

• Example (3): A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a shear force Vu of

120 kN. No web reinforcement is to be used, and fc’ is 28 MPa. What is the
minimum cross section if controlled by shear? (Ø20 as Flexural steel is used)
• Example (4): A simply supported rectangular beam 500mm wide having an
depth of 600mm carries a total factored load of 300 kN/m on a 7m clear span. If
fc’=21 MPa and fyt=420 MPa, Check the adequacy of the section for applied
shear? If two legs stirrups used is (∅10𝑚𝑚 @ 250𝑚𝑚 C/C) and (4∅20𝑚𝑚 ) as
flexural reinforcement.

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 6

Tishk International University-Civil 11/4/2019
Engineering Department

• Problems:
• Problem (1): A simply supported rectangular beam 400mm wide having an
effective depth of 550mm carries a total factored load of 137 kN/m on a 6m clear
span. If fc’=28 MPa and fyt=420 MPa, design for shear reinforcement?
• Ans.: (#10mm@140mmC/C for 1.92m from each side) (#10mm@275mmC/C for
0.54m).
• Problem (2): Determine required spacing of #10
U-vertical stirrups at the left end of the beam
shown in Figure below, if fc’ = 21 MPa, normal
weight, and fyt = 420 MPa.
Ans.: (#10mm@370mmC/C for 3m from each side)

Lecturer: Bedar Rauf Hassan 7