Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering DIT GILLESANIA PDF

Fundarnentals of
Geotechnical
DIEGo INocENcIo q,orrEseNn

Civil Engineer
BSCE, LIT - Magn a Cum Laude
Sth Place, PICE National Students'Quiz, 1989
Awardee, Most Outstanding Student, 1989
3rd Place, CE BoardNovember 1 989
Review Director & Reviewer in all Subjects

Gillesania Engineering Review Center
ReviewerinMathemat*;;!rffiff;rili;:";::;:;,";ff
;:;
Author of Various Engineering Books
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The cardinal objective of this book is to facilitate preparation

lirr the Civil Engineering Licensure examination Siven- bythe
F\ndamentals of l'r'crf'essional Reluhtiontommission (FRC)' Since this book
Geotechnic al Engineering irrcludes comp6fe discussion of the principles in geoiechnical
(,n:{,ineering, ihis may also serve as a guide to the civil engineering
lilldcrgraduates.
Copyright @ Zoofi
The book is divided into 9 chapters. Each chapter presents
byDiego Inocencio Taparg Gilesania tlrc formula s and prtnciples in Geotechnical Engineering, followed
lry illustrative proLlems. Each step in the solution is carefully
//l r@hts re:;crvc,cl. ,Yo p,ttt ct'tltis book nt:tv bc
,:xplained to ensure that it will be rcadlly understood'
rcproduced, ,stored in a retrieual system, or
tru1tsferrel, in any lbrm or by any means,
Most of the materials in this book have been used in my
without the prior perntissioi of ihe author. r.cview classes. The choice of these materials was Suided by their
erl'fcctiveness as tested in my classes.
I wish to thank allmy friends andrelatles who inspired me
in writing my books, especially to my wife Imelda who is very
strpportive to me.
I will appreciate any errors pointed o1)t and will welcome
illly sugSestion for further improvement.
lsnNpTr -8614-33-8
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c-ovct' dc,.* iS n by t I tc, a u t I t or. f'{, DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANI.A
Cebu City, Philippines
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Fundamentals of Table of
Geotechnical Engineering Contents
Tomy mother lluminada,

my wife Imelda,
and oar Children Kiru Deunice,
Kc,tt Dainicl,
and Karla Denise
13 to 54
of Table of
il
Tabrle
Contents
Fundamentals [:unclamentals of
Contents
ilt
Geotechnical En gineering Geotechnical Engineering
lllustrativeProbIems'..'..'.'''......'...'
Illustrative Problems
67 to 84
Illustrative Problems ."..."''"""""1" """""176 tol90
Chapter 06 - Compressibility of Soil (191 - 2L8)

191
- Setilement from One-Diirensional Prirnary Consolidation " " " " " " " " " " "'
Basic Settlement Formula.'.,.,..'....'...,."' """" 191
Consolidation Settlement of Normally """" 192

Primary " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
Consolidated Fine-Grained Soils
193
Primary Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated """""""""""
Illustrative Problems Fine-Grained Soils
98 to 130
- Overconsotidation Ratio (OCR)
Index.'.... ...'...'."""""':' ...,.::... i;3
-Compression
Skempton........:.'......'.... """""" 193
Rendon-Herreo............'... """"' 194
Nishida """"""""194
- Swell Index........... ""194
Nagarajand Murty """""""""194
' Settlement from Secondary Consolidation""""""""""""""';"""""""""". 194
Table of
IV
Table of
Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Contents
V
contents Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
-Calculatio. of Consolidation Settlemen,,
- Time Rate of Consolidation................... ............. 196
' "': ' "'""" ''61' rto284
""""":'zor
tllustrativeProblem .. ... '.'...
Illustrative Problems Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity of Soils ('*t ]..l'nlru,

Definitions ,......'..'..'..."...".'.;:..""'1"""' """"""""r """:""' .leA
Various Types of Footing on Sr:il""""" """"""' 4uv
Bearing Capacitv Analys1s"""""':""""';"""":""""""'"':"" """' ?-87
Ultimate Soil Bearing Capacity""" """"""""':"""'""""""""'" 288
Terzaghi's Bearing iupu"ity Equations"" """"""""""""""' 289
c"Ineri Failure
Shear """""""':"""
Local ShearFailure'........'.."""""":"'r'r """"":"""""'',.:...,....;33
nol
Allowable Bearin! Capacity and Factor of Safety"""
1""""" a2L
Gross Allow"bl" B:;ti;; Capacity
"""""""'291
Net Allowable BearingCapacity""""l':" """""'"""':-'.""""""" iZ1
z2 L
Gross Allowable tsearlng capacity with
llespect to Shear ...,...............
292
Effect of Water Table on Se"aring Capacity"""""""""""""'. """""""""""'
Equation)....
li.y"*"frzuril; G";"rrt f,"rring Capacity ".................294
Hansen's Bearing Capacity Equation""" """""296
UltinrateLoadforShallowFoundationunderEccentricLoad....'.',,'.,.',..'298
n**l,';;;;;-;r.* ild"'J penetration rest (sPr) "'""""" """""""'zee
""""" 307 to 334

Illustrative Problems """""""""""
' 'opics and

Chapter 10 - Miscellaneous T
Additional Problems (335 - 406) 335
""""""""""
' " and n"ep fornautton """""""""""""""":"":':""i""
Piles
"""""""""""'
p,'" i"p".'i,y i-îintr"s outu"""""'
..,..........333
AASHTO Formula"""' aae
JrJ
NavY-McKaY Formula
"""'
Eytelwein Formula """""""""""""""""""""""""""" 335
Engineer News Record (ENR) "':""" """ 335
Modiried #;;;;N;''i' n"'o'a '"1i
11/
Danish Fofmula
vt I::'|":L Fundamentars or Fundamentals of Chapter 0l * Properties
Geotechnical Engineering of Soil
Capacity..,....._-:-
Theoretical Pile
'
ThoAl^L^^^r1.,^-, """""""3.38
Chaptef Ol
Pro erties of Soil
I.I SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
e = void ratio
n = porosity
D, = relative density
G = specific gravity of solids (usually in the range 2.67 t 0,05)
GI = group index
LI = liquidity index
LL = liquid limit
MC = moisture content
H = plasticity index
Pl = plastic limit
S = degree of saturation
Illustrative problems..... V = volume of soil mass
362to 406
Vo = volume of air
Vs = volume of solids
V, = volume of water
W = total weight of soil
W, = weight olsolids
W. = weight of water
Ia,y = dry unit weight
fn = unit weight of soil mass
ys = unit weight of solids
ysat = s&turated unit weight
fw = unit weight of water
I.2 DENSITYAND UNITWEIGHT OF WATER

\
Density of water, p, = 1000 kg/ *t
. pw = 1 kg/liter_= 1 gram/ cc
Unit weigh t f water, T. = 9.81. kN/ma

Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Furrr.lamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
2 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Grotechnical Engineering of Soil
t.3 BASTC FORMUiAS v'
n= Eq. 1.9
Eq. 1.1 V
""[:;fl:'"'lli;ru :';-=,:,'' Eq.1.2 Note:0<n<1"
Weight of substance , Ws = ls V" = G y* V" Eq. 1.3
Specific gravity of substance, G,rus = 7"uus/T* Eq. 1.4 1,4.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN eAND n
e_nand e Eq.1.10
I.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL 1,+e \*n
1,4.4 WATER CONTENTOR MOISTURE CONTENT, MC OR W

];1-{
,li+
'l'hc ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solid particles.
MCar*= wu' xlao% Eq. 1.11

ws
l-i1 Note: 0<MC<m
Figure 01.1 - Phase diagram of soil
I.4.5 DEGREE OF SATURATION, S
The following relationships can be made from the phase diagram shown: l'he ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids.
Total weight of soil, W = W, + lA1,

s= v* ,L00
Eq. 1.5
Eq. 1.12
Volume of voids, Vo = Vo + l/. Eq. 1.6 V,,
Total volume, V = Vr+ l/, Eq. 1.7
I)egree of saturation varies from S = 0 for completely dry soil and S = 100% for
ttrtally saturated soil.
r.4.t vorD RATlo, e
Void ratio is the ratio between the volumes of voids to the volume of solids of
a soil mass. It is usually expressed in percent. I.4.6 REI.ATIONSHIP BET\YEEN G, MC, S AND E
GxMC=Sxe Eq. 1.13

V",
Eq. 1.8
vs
1.4.7 UNIT WEIGHT IOR BULI( UNIT wElGHTl OF SOIL MASS, y-
Note:0<e<@
w
tnv Eq. 1.14
t.4.2 POROStfi, n G+Se

f*= -=-f
I+e *
Eq. 1.15
Porosity is the ratio between the volumes of voids to the total volume of a soil
mass. It is usually expressed in percent.
Chapter 0l * Properties '
Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
4 0f Soii Geotechnical En gineering Geotechnical Engineering of Soil 5
,-.
c\GMC , 1.4.12 OTHER FORMULAS
= tu Eq.1.16
1.+e These formulas rnay not be memorized. These can be derived from the
previous formulas.
1.4.8 DRY UNIT WEIGHT, ya
Volume of voids, V, = 1+
,
€V Eq. 1.24
e.
For dry soils, S = 0 and MC = 0
Volumeof solid, V"= Y Eq. 1.25
_w, _
-y,i-+;=-Tw G L+e
'" v 1,+e
Eq. 1.17
w,,=
Volume of water, V* = J!- V Eq. 1.26
w,= ^ Eq.1.1B
1+ MC
^f
Weightof water, W*=
. *-Vw
\+e
Eq. 1.27
'lo - l+ nt
Mrc
Eq.1.19
1
Weight of solid,
- W,= ,LV G,,^l,u Eq. 1.28
I+ e
(1 +9p
1.4.9 SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT, y5ay Weightof soil,W= #1'+ e Vy* Eq. 1.29
Iror saturated soils, S = L, Vu= V*

Dry unitweight, yr= Eq. 1.30
dfu
C+e
f,ar= Eq.1.2O
1;"tw I.5 SPECIFIC GRAVlry OF SOME MINERALS
Mineral Specific Gravity

1.4"10 SUBMERGED OR BUOYANT UMT WEtG!-tT, To OR 7'
Gvosum volcanic ash 2.32
Tb Ot y' = |sat -,|ro Eq 1.21 Orthoclase 2.56
G-1'
ylOf V = .+V-_ , Eq 1.22
Kaolinite 2.61
1.+e'* Quartz 2.67',
Calcite 2.72
Dolomite 2.87
I.4,I I CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
Magnetite 5.17
Critical hyclraulic gradient is the hydraulic gradierrt that brings a soir
(essentially, Coarse-grained soils) to static liquefaction (quick condition).
I.6 RELATIVE DENSITY OF GRANULAR SOILS
.,
lcr- -
Yb - G-1 The relative density, D. expresses the state of compactness ofa natural
Eq. 1.23
Tu
- 1,+e granular soil.
D,= 'mar ' ,rOO Eq. 1.31

€mar - €min ,
1/Yîn*1 /Ya
orD,= Eq, 1.32
1/Y-i. -1/"/.rr^
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of I'Undamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
6 of Soil Geofechnical Engineering Ccotechnical Engineering of Soll
where; 1.9 sotL tNDtcEs
e-u, = void ratio of the soil in loosest state.
€s1n = void ratio of the soil ih densest state. lndex Definition Correlation
e o void ratio of the soil deposit (in-situ state) Str-ength, conrpressibi I ity,
Plasticity PI=LL-PL
|dmar = dry unit weight in.densest state, comoactibilitv. ...
]dmin = dry unit weight in loosest state. Liquidity
MC_ PI,
Compressibility and stress rate
Ta = dry unit weight (in-situ state) DT
Shrinkage SI=PL-SL Shrinkage potential

Activity of DI
I.7 DESIGNATION OF GRANUISR SOILS clay'
nc-
- LI
Swell potential, and so forth
tvhcrc p = percent of soil finer than 0.002 mm (clay size)
Very loose 0-15

Loose 15-35 Activitu Classification
Medium dense 35 -7A
A, < 0.7 lnactivc clay
0.7<4.,<1,.2 Normal clay
Dense 70 -85
4,"> 7.2 Active clay
Very dense 85 - 100
I.I O DESCRIPTION OF SOIL EASEP QN LIOUIDIry INDFX

1.8 coNsrsTENcY
Consistency is the term used to describe the degree of firmness (e.g., soft, LI<U Semisolid state - high strength, brittle
medium, firm, or hard) of a soil. (sudden) fracture is expected
0<LL<1 Plastic state - intermediate strength, soil
The consistency of a cohesive soil is greatly affected by the water content of deforms like a plastic material
the soil. A gradual increase of the water content may transform a dry soil LI>1 Lrqutd stnte - low strength, soil deforms
from solid state to a semisolid state, to a plastic state, and, after further moisture like a viscous fluid
increase, into a liquid state, The water content at the corresponding junction
points sf these states are known as the shrinkage limit, rhe plastic limit, and, the
liqui d timi t, respectively.
I.I I DESCRIPTION OF SOIL BASED ON I'LASTICITY INDEX
Liquid state
PI Description
Uquid limit, LL
0 Nonplastic
,Plastiq statq 1(
I ,
Slightly plastic
Plastic limit, PL
Semisolidrstater
5-L0 Low plasticity
Shrinkage limit, SL
n -20 Medium plasticity
Solid state : ..
20-40 High plasticity
>44 Very hish plasticitv
Figure 01.2
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of 0l -
I of Soil
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering
Chapter Properties
of Soil 9
I. I2 FALL CONE METHOD TO DETERMINE LIOUID AND PI.ASTIC LIMITS
Fall cone test (cone penetration test) offers more accurate method of
determining both the liquid limit and the plastic limit. In this test, a cone with
apex angle of 30o and total mass of 80 grams'is suspended above, but just in
s
contact with, the soil sample. The cone is permitted to fall freely for a period
g
of 5 seconds. The water content .o.r"rpond:ing to a cone penetraiion of 20 mm o
defines the liquid limit.
B
Thc Iiquid limit is difficult to achieve in just a single test. In this regard, four
or more tests at different moisturg content is required. The results aie plotted
as water content (ordinate, arithmetic scale) versos penetration (abscissa,
logarithmic scale) and the best-fit straight line (liquid state line; linking the 20. 30 40 50 50
60
data points is drarvn (see figure below).' The liquidlimit is read irom thJplot Penetration (mm) - logarithmic scale
as the water content on the liquid state line corresponding to a penetration of

20 mm. Figure 01.4 - Typical fall cone result
The plastic limit is found by repeating the test with a cone of similar geometry, lhe plastic limit is given as:
but with a^mass af (tv/12) 240 grams. The liquid state line for this cone will be
below the liquid state line for the SO-gram cone (M1) and parallel to it.. PL=LL- 2^ry9 Eq. 1.33
, lvt)
log-
"Mt
I.I3 CUP METHOD TO DETERMINE LIOUID.LIMIT
fhe device used in this method consists of a brass cup and a hard rubber. The
brass cup is dropped onto the base by a cam operated by a crank.
Figure 0'1.3 - Fall cone apparatus
Figure 01.5 - Liquid limit device and grooving tool

o
0l - Properties Fundamentars or l-undamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
ll
t :iijl"t Geotechnical Fnoineerinn Geotechnical En gineering of Soil
The soil paste is placed in the cup. a groove is then cut at the center of the soil I.I4 ONE-POINTMETHOD TO DETERMINE LIQUID LIMIT
pat with the standard grooving tool. By the use of the crank-operated cam, the 'l'lris rnethod may be'used when only one test is run for a
cup is lifted and dropped from a height of 10 mrn. The moisture content
soil. This is
required to close a distance of 1,2.7 mm along the bottom of the groov e after 2s cstablished by the U.S, corps of Engineers in 1949 and was also adopted by
ASTM under designation D-4318
blows is defined as the liquid limit.
since it is difficult to adjust the moisture content to meet the requirbd closure ,/ rr\tanB
after.25 blows, at least ihree tests for the same soil are conducted at varying Lr = MC"l-1r l Eq.'1.35
\2si
moisture contents, with the number of blows required to achieve closure
varying between 15 and 35. The results are plotted on a graph paper, with the where:
moisture content along the vertical axis (algebraic scale) ana tne number of N = number of blows in the liquid limit device for a 0.5-in groove closure
blows, N, along the MCN = corresponding moisture content
.horizontal axis (logarithmic scale). The graph is
approximated as a straight line (called the tan p = 0.121 (but note that tan.B is not equal to 0,121 for all soils)
flow curae). The moisture content
corresponding to N = 25 is the liquid limit of the soil. The slope of the flow 'l'his method yields good results for the number of blows between 20 and 30'
line is defined as the flow index and may be written as:
MCt - MCz
FIow index, p1 = log(N2 Eq. 1.34 I.I5 SHRINKAGE LIMIT
/ N1 )
Soil shrinks as moisture is gradually lost from it. With continuing loss of
where MC1 and MCz are the'moisture contents, in percent, corresponding to rrroisture, a stage of equilibrium is reached at which more loss <lf moisture wiil
number of blows Nr, and N2, respectively. rcsult in no further volume change. The moisture content, in percent, at which
tlre volume of the soil mass ceases to change,.is defined as tl'e shrinkage liruit'
Nls20223036
MC 48 45.5 44.7 43.5 42.3 'l'lre shrinkagelimit is determined as follows. A mass of wet soil, mt, is placed
irr a porcelain dish 44.5 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm high,and then oven-
tlried. The volume of oven-dried soil is determined- by using mercury to
occupy the vacant.spaces caused by shrinkage. The mass of mercury is
rletermined and the volume decrease caused by shrinkage can be calculated
s lrom the known density of mercury, The shrinkage limit is calculated from
C
a
co
o <r=ffi1-ffiz -vl-vznru) Eq. 1.36

= m2 m2
where:
r,'rr = rnoSS of wet (saturated) soil
20 30 40 ,50 m2= mass of oven-dried soil
Number of blows, N Vr = volume of wet soil
Vz = volume of oven-dried, soil
Figure 01.6 - Flow curve p,, = density of water
Chapter 0l * Properties Fundamentals of I undamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
t2 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Gcotechnical Enginebring of Soil t3
I.I5.I SHRINKAGE RATIO
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
sR= 1 ry' Eq. 1.37
e.
r& VzI
PROBLEM OI.I
A s,rmple of saturatecl soil weighs 588 N and has a volume of 0.03 m3. If the
1.15.2 SPECTFTC GRAVTTY OF SOLTDS voids ratio of the soil is 0.75, determine the specific gravity of the solids,
^'l
r-= Eq. 1.38 5OLUTION
1SL
sR
- 100 -It*= w-
-
, I
s88
,r=b*
I.I6 LIOUIDITY INDEX & CONSISTENCY INDEX
y,, = 19,600 N/m3
Liquidity index (L/) defines the relative consistency of a cohesive soil in the
natural state.
. G+Se
[T,=
I f r
MC_PL
Liquidity index, LI = Eq. 1.39 -Y,,]
LL_PL 19,600= !o='=t) r,rro
"r*'
1. + 0.75
where NIC = in situ or natural moisture content. If MC is greater than LL, Ll > G = 2.75
7. lf MC<PL,Lt<0.
Consistency index, C, = PROBLEM OI.2

## Eq: 1.40
A clay sample has unit weight of 21,.1 kN/m: at moisture content of 9.8%.
If MC is equal to LL, CI is zero. If lvIC =PI, Cl = 1. When completely saturated with water, its unit weight is 22.58 kN/m3.
l)ctermine the porosity of the soil.
Atterberg's limits are aiso used to asses the potential swell of a given soil. SOLUTION
-L"l. = G +GMC
LL PI Potential swell classif icatibil,
I
-=.-t*)
I+ e
<50 <25 Low' G*9(o'oe8)
zr.r = 1r.sr;
50-60 25-35 Medium 1,+e
>60 >35 Hieh G=1..959+1,,959e
- G+e
= :-
[Y"ut T*1
L+e
(1..959 +1..959e)+ e
22.58 = (e.81)
1+e
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Itrrrdamentals of Chapter 0l - Propetres
l4 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering t5
2'302 + 2.302e = 7.959 + 2.959e PROBLEM 0r.5lCE MAY t9991
e = 0.5221" A sample of moist soil has water.content of 18% and moist_ unit weight of 17.3
kN/m3. The specific gravity of solids is 2.65. Compute the degree of
e I
lr= "l+e' t,rturation of the soil.
o522t
n = SOLUTION
1+0,522L
Solve for e:
n=0,343=34.3o/o
C+CMC
[y. = ---:-- y*j
I+ e
2.65 + 2.65(0.1,8)
PROBLEM Ot.3 {CE NOVEMBER t9981 17.3 = (e.81)
1.+e
A specimen of moist clay has a mass of 183.4 grarns. After oven drying, the e = 0.7732
mass is reduced to :157.7 grams. What is,the moisture content crf the sample:
lG MC= S e)
SOLUTION 2.6s(0.18) = 5(0.7732)
S = 0.617
Moisture content, ,r= 100% S = 6'1.70/o
Wx
Total weight of soil mass, W = 1,83.4grams = W, + W,
Weight of scilid (oven-dried weight), W, = 157.7 grams
PROBLEM OI.6
Weight of water, W* W, = 783.4 - 1,57.7 = i5.7 grams
7Y- !i,rturated silty clay encountered in a deep excavation is found to have a water
Moisturecontent, MC= x100% r r rrrtcnt of 28%. Determine unit weight of the clay in kN/m3. Assume G = 2.7.
#
Moisture content, MC = 16.30/o
'OLUTION
S = 1 (saturated)
PROBLEM OI.4 [GMC=Se]
A sample of moist clay is found to have moisture content of 400% and degree 2.7(0.28) = 1,(e)
of saturation of 85%, The specific gravity of the solids is2.T6. Determine-the e = 0.756
voids ratio of this soil.
G+GMC
fy* = v*1
SOLUTION 1,+ e
. IGMC=Sc]
2'76(4) = 0'85
,,, = 2!)!p-
1+ 0.756
p.at1
e
e ='1,2.99 y* = tg.3't kN/ms
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter0l * Propertrei,
l6 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Ccotechnical Engineering tl
PROBLEM OI.7 SOLUTION
A hand-carved sample of soft saturated clay weighs 350 grams and has a - G +GMC
volurne of 200 cc. After oven-drying, it weighs 240 grams. Calculate thel [y,=#y.l
I+ e
following; 2.67 +2.67(0.1.a)
a) moisture content in percent. 131.1= (62.4)
1,+e
&) specific gravity of solids. e = 0,449
c) porosity in percent.
- G+e
[Y.at = :-I+ e Y,rJ
SOLUTION
2.67 +0.449 .
IMC=
w* | '
1*t= #(62.4)
1+ 0.449
' wr' Y*r -- 134,32 pcf
MC=W#
MC = 0.45833 PROBLEM OI.9
MC = 45.830/a A soil sample has a bulk unit weight of 19 .6 kN/ m3 at a water content of 10% .
Assuming G = 2.7; determine the percentage air in the voids (air voids).
[CMC= Sc] S = 1 (saturated)
G(0.a5833) = 1 e
G = 2."182 e SOLUTION
G+G MC
l" t= Wf V = 350/20A [Y,,=#y,,]
1+e
"1,* = "1.75 gramsf cc
2,7 +2.7(0.1"0)
19.6 - (e.8i)
. C+e
= ;.---
L+e
lYoot Yu, I e = 0.4865
l+e
7.7s= -''--- -
2.182e + e .^
(1)
IG MC* S el
1.+e
2.7(0.10) * 5(0.4865)
L.75+1,.75e=3.1"82e
S = 55.5%
e = 1,,222
.e -
n= =0.55=55% ) porosity Percentage of air in the voids = 100% - S
L+e
Percentage of air in the voids = 100% - 55.5%
G=2.182(1..222)=2.6, ) specific gravity of solids
Percentage of air in the voids = 44.50/o
PROBLEM 0t.8 (CE NOVEMBER 1999'

PROBLEMOI.IO
13. Nov 99: A soil sample was compacted. The result of the stanclard proctor 'lht' moist weight of 0.2 ft3 of a soil is 23 lb. Tlre moisture content and the
test shows that at 100% compaction, the soil weighs 131.1 pcf with optimum ,.l)t't'ific gravity of soil solids are determined in the laboratory to be 11% and
moisture content of 14%. What is the saturated unit weight of the soil in pcf?
.r 7, respectively.
G = 2.67
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter 0l .- propettrei q
t8 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering I
a) What is the moist unit weight inlb/ft3? - G-1.
-:-y*)
&) What is the dry unit weight in lb/ ft3? Ltu=
L+ e
c) What is the degree of saturation in percent? 2'71-1 (9.8u
,^=
'" 1+0.8182'
soLuTtoN Y6= 9'23 kN/ms
a) Moist unit weight:
y, = W f V = 23 / 0,2 = 115 lb/ft3
PROBLEM O I.I2
b) Dry unit weight: 'l'he mass of a sample of saturated soil is 520 grams. The dry mass, after oven
- G +GMC
[y,=#y,] rlrying is 405 grams. Assuming G = 2.7, calculate the effective unit weight of
l+e the soii mass, in kN/m3?
,r, = 21 *?.7(0.71) 62.+1

1'+e
SOLUTION
e = 0.626
IMC=
w* |
.G , W,,
Lya=
=-y*l
L+e W _W,
yd = _
2.7 ws
(62.4)
1. + 0.626 520 - 405
ya = 103.521b/ft3
MC=
405
MC = 28.4%
c) Degree of saturation
lG MC= S el Se] whereS= L (saturated)
IGMC=
2.7(0,11) = 5(0'526) 21(0.284) = (1)e
s=0.4744=47.440/o e = 0.7667
. G-1
PROBLEMOI.II
lyr= #y.I
L+e
A specimen of sand has a porosity of 45o/o, and the specific gravity of its solids 2.7 . 1, (9.81)
is 2.71.. Compute the specific weight of this soil in the submerged state, in
vu
'- =1+ 0.7667 '
kN/m3. yb = 9.44 kN/m3
SOLUTION
PROBLEM OT.I3
* -n
[e= l.,rboratory tests on a soil sample yielded the following information:
L-n
--l t) = 2.71,, G,,, = 1-.72, MC = 1,3%. Determine the foilowing properties:
0.45
e= ,r) void ratio
1- 0,45
l) degree of saturation
e = 0.8182
- r) porosity
\
Chapter 0l * Properties Fundamentals of Furrdamentals of chapter 0l _ Propettrei
20 of Soil Geotechnical Engineerin g Geotechnical Engineering zt
SOLUTION C+CMC
q) Void ratio: b)
' l"l. = -----:-- l* I
L+e
ly,, = y. Grl 2'67 + 2-'67(0'7583)
. G+CMC 1..925 = ,r,
1,+e
[y,,, = ---- ],j
e*0.6066=60.6601o
".'Jio
-- "-/u'=)r'u'r'
t+c c) lG MC= S el
y1:2.7'L(0.13) 2.67 (0'1583) = S (0. 6065)
^. _ ^, ,1 n.
ffv*=v,(L.72) s=0.697=69,70/o
e = 0.78
PROBLEM Ol.r5 (CE NOVEMBER r9?91
b) lG MC= s el A soil sample was compacted. The result of the standard proctor test shows
2.71,(0.13) = 5(0,78) llr,rt at L00% compaction, the soil weighs 131.1 pcf with optimum moisture
s=a.452=45.2a/o errntcnt of 1,4%. What is the maximum dry unit weight of the soil (at zero air
vrrirls) in pcf? G = 2.67
c) [rr = ---:-
c
l*rl
1
0.78
'OLUTION
At zero air voids, Vo= Vr(S = 1)
1 _ 0.79
n=0.438=43.80/o lc MC= S el
2.67 (0.14) = 1e
,: e = 0.3738
PROBLEM OI.t4 .G=
In its natural state, a moist soil has a volume of 9350 cc and weighs 18 kg. The lya :-*
L+e
y,l
oven-dried weight of the soil is 15.54 kg. Use G = 2.67.
,,, =
2'67
a) Determine the moisture content in percent. '' L+0.3738'(62.4\
b) Determine the void ratio in percent. Ya= 121,28 Pcf.
c) Determine the degree of saturation in percent.
SOLUTION PROBLEM O I. I6
1,,=WfV="t8000/9350 A compacted clay weighing t.62 kg weighs 0.88 kg when immersed
(r'uspended) in water. Determine the bulk specific gravity of the clay.
a\ ty,tC = Yt:
SOLUTION
'w" Weightinair
1g-15.54 Bulk sp. gr.
^,n_ . Weightinair - Weightinwater
MC=0.1583=15.83%
15.54
Bulk sp. gr,
1'62
=1.52-4.88 = z.tg
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Fundamentals oF Chapter 0l - propertiei
22 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineerin g Zg
PROBLEM OI.I7 SOLUTION
A 50 cc of moist clay was obtained by pressing a sharpened hollow cylinder
IMC=
w'l
into the wall of a test pit. The extruded sample had an initial weight of 85 ' ws'
grams. After oven-drying it weighs 60 grams. If G = 2,72, determine the
degree of saturation of the saurple. MC=
w -w:
ws
SOLUTION ^,n
lvlu
_
-
17.5-1,4.2
1.4.2
Given: W=85g MC=0.2324=23.24%
V = 50 cm3; W,= 60 g
t*
trm=Wl
-
,-
ttilt =w,I vt
V
Tn, = 77,5 / 1' = 17.5kN/m3
y,, = 7.7 g/ cc
. G+GMC
[y*= #t.1
l+e
w"
'lMg= w,' , 2.7
*t9.n2a)- 0811
1+e
85-60 e = 0.865 = 86.5% ) void ratio
MC=
60
MC = 0,41"67 lG MC= S el
2.7(o.n)4)= s (0.86s)
. -C+GMC S = 0.7254
= --'l*l
L'l,n
1+e S= 72.54o/o ) degree of saturation
.,
r./ -_
2.72 +2.72(0.4167),.,
\
7+e llt /
- G+e
[y*,= ]y*J
1+e
e = 1..2667
2'7 *!!9
,,0,= _il0.g65 19.g11
fc MC= S e)
2.7 2(0.4767) = S (1, .2667) Y"ut = 18.75 kN/m3
, = O.*r, =89.5o/o
- r
, PROBLEM O r. t 9 (CE MAY 2OOO|

A soil sample has a moisture content of 30% and degree of saturation of 45%.
PROB|-EM Or.t8 I'lrc solids have specific gravity of 2.61.. Determine the dry unit weight of the
A cubic meter of soil in its natural state weighs 17.5 kN. After oven-drying, soil in kN,/m
the soil weighs 14.2 kN. Assume C = 2.7.
a) Calculate the void ratio of the soil.
SOLUTION
b) Calculate the degree of saturation of the soil.
c) Calculate the saturated density of the soil in kN/m3. 'IGMC=Sel
2.61,(w) = 0.45 e
\
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties ,E
24 of Soil Geotechnical Enqi Geotechnical Engineering of Soil zr
e = 1,.74 IOLUTION
Assumed S = l.:
.C = y,]
[y,r'y ;1
I +c
,
f sat
C+e
= -;-^l 4t
2'61 r+e
'"') =
v.,.. (g,8t)
'- '-
-' 2i7 *=0:?5
1+ 1 .74 ,,,, = 1o.st;
ya.v = 9,34 kN/m3 1 + 0.85
Y,,t = 18.82 kN/m3
PROBLEM O t.ZO Actual S = 95%:
'l^= -=-'lw G+Se

The dry clensity of a sand with a porosity of 0.387 is 1600 kg/ mr.
a) Calculate the void ratio of the soil, L+e
b) Calculate the specific gravity of the soil solids. 0.il(9.8s)
,_ = ?.7.* ,, su
c) Calculate the effective density of the soil, in kg/m3. 1 + 0.85
y,, = 18.60 kN/m3
SOLUTION
18'8:i
Given: pa = 1,600 kg/m, Percentage Error = -18'60 x 100%
18.60
n = 0.387 Percentage Error = 1,18Y0 more
.il
rt)
' (, =
1-n
-
r' = 0.631 PROBLEM 0I.22
A wet soil sample has a volume of 4.85 x LO-a m3 and weighs 8.5 N. After oven
,, LJ
0) p,t = 7- pw tlryirrg the weight reduces to 7.5 N. Use G = 2,7, Deterrnine the following:
I+C rr) unit weight,
1,600 = 9 \-""-/
r 0.63'I rrooot 1
fr) moisture content,
G= 2.6'1.
r ) degree of saturation.
.
c) G-1 IOLUTION
Pr= #p,
L+e
2.67 _ 1
a) [y* -
fft
pr
' = #(1000)
1, * 0.631 ' 8.5
lnt
. Pr, = 987.12kilm3 4.85 x 10-a
1,,-\7,526 N,/ml = 17.526 kN/mg
PROBLEM OI,ZI
b) IMC=
w*
w,.'
1
The void ratio of a soil is 0.85. What is the percentage error of the bulk unit
weight if the soil were 95% saturatecl and assumed to be totally saturated? 8.5 - 7.5
MC-
." I Smtrt JL Fqqu^r

Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals ILrndamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
26 of Soil Geotechnical 0cotechnical Engineering of Soil 27
MC = 0.1333 =13,330/o PROBLEM 0I.24
tiiruation 4 - A sample of dry sand having a unit weight of I6.50 kN/m3 and a
c) Degree of saturation: slrccific gravity of 2.70 is placed in the rain. During the rain the volume of the
Solving for e: n,rrnple remains constant but the degree of saturation increases to 40%.
- G
if n, = ---
+GMC I )r,termine the following:
-L+e Tu,l
rr) The voids ratio of the sample in percent.
_ 2.7 + 2_7(0.1333) lr) The unit weight of the sample after being in the rain.
12.526
7+e
,rsD t ) The water content of the sample after being in the rain.
e = 0.7128
SOLUTION
ICMC=Sel G = 2.70
. g = (2.2 x 0,1"333)/0.7728
S=0.505=50.5%
'*': ';skN/m3 G
a) [ya,v = ;:-y*l
'L+
e
PROBLEM 0t.23 (CE NOVEMBER 20OOl 1.6.5=

21 *9.81'
1.+ e
A clay sample has unit weight of 20.06 kN/rns with moisture content of 8.
e = 0.6053
The saturated unit weight of the sarnple is 21.58 kN/m3. Determine
e = 60,530/o
porosity of the soil.
b) After being in the rain, S = 0.40
SOLUTION - C+Se
lT^=
G +GMC =-'l*l
l+e
tl/r - ------- ltr,l
t+e. 2.70 + 0.40(0.6053)
x 9.81
l1k
c 9(o 082) 1+ 0.6053
20.06 = " 1o.ar)
I+e y,n=17.98 kN/m3
G=L.89 +1,.89e l
. G+e c) IGMC=Se]
h-, = I+e #y"J 210 MC = (0. 0)(0.6053)
1'89+1'89e+c , MC = 0,0897 = 8.97o/o
21.58 = ,r.rr',
1'+e
2.2+2.2e=1..89+2.89e
e = 0.45 PROBLEM 0I.25
lhe moist unit weights and degrees of satur;ition of soil are given in the
ln=1.+e'
' I Iollowing table:
a
0.45
1 + 0,45 v (pcf) s (%)
rr=0.31 =310/d 705.73. 50
112.67 75
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals Fttnclamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
28 of Soil Geotechnical Gcotechnical Engineering 29
of Soil
a) Determine the void ratio of the soil in percent,
lvillr water, it weighed 1.462 grams. The volume of the test hole was then
&) Determine the specific gravity of the soil solids.
trrt',rsured and found tobe792.cc. Determine the voids ratio of the soil.
c) Determine the porosity of the soil in percent
IOLUTION
SOLUTION
Given W=7346grams
. G+Se
[t' = ;;}'' Ws = 1076 grams
. L+e V = 792 cm3
First soil; '
.tos.7j G: .0.s, fu*=w114
= 1oz.+1
1+e Y* = 1346/7g2
1..694 + 1..694e = G + O,Se
T* = 1.7 grams/cc
G * t;694 +,1.194e + Eq. (1)
Second soil: tu*'=ffl

112,67=Gills, rcz.nt
'Y'*= #*
792
=1'846grams/cc
1.806+1.806e =G+0.75e
G = 1.805 + 1.056e + Eq, (2)
w,,,w'
wc=
'wrw,ry+ = l
lG=GJ
1.694 + 7.194e = 1.806 + 1,056e 1346 -1076
MC=
e = 0.8'j,2 = 81..2o/o )
void ratio 7076
MC = 0.251.
From Eq. (2)
G = 1.806 + 1.056(0.812) = Z.6O ) specific gravity of solids . G+CMC
----:--
lT* =
l+e l*l
Porosity, n * ' r.z = , (t)
"n_G+C(0.251).-.
' 1.+e 1+e
r"orosltv,
0-812 G=1,.26+1..36e + (1)
' 1+ 0.812
Porosity, n=0.448't.=44,81o/o r .
[T'at =
C+e
:-L+e Yu']
G*t (1)
1.846=
PROBLEM OI.26 1+e'
In an experiment of determining the porosity and specific gravity
of solids of a
G=L.846+0.846e )(2)
soil, a soil is dug out from the ground, t"igh"d, ihu.r oiu. dried,
and then
saturated with water. The weight of soil taken from the test hole [G=G]
is 1346
grams' lts was then oven-dried and weighed 1.026 grams. After 1.36 + 1,36e = 1,.846 + 0.846 e
saturating it
e=0.946=94.6%
t.
Chapter 0l * Properties Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
30 of Soil Geotechnical Engineerin Gcotechnical Engineering of Soil 3l
PROBLEM O1.27 ICE MAYZ00rl -[r,=fr,J
G+CM(
A clay sarnple has the following properties: L+e
PorositY = 0'35 (in situ) 2'72 + 2'72(0'43)
Maximum void ratio = 0.85
1.772 = r'r,
L+e
Minimum void ratio = 0.42 e=1.195
Specific gravity of solids = 2J2
Moisture content = 62%
i
Determine the dry unit weight of the soil in its natural state, in pcf, PROBLEM 0I.29
A sample of saturated clay was placed in a container and weighed' The
SOLUTION wcight was 6 N. The clay in its container was placed in an oven for 24 hours
rrt 105'C. The weight was reduced to a constant value of 5 N''The weight of
tu = -!-1
I - II llrc container is 1 N. G = 2.7, Determine the following:
rr) water content of the soil in percent.
(=---0.35 t) void ratio inpercent.
- 0.351
e = 0.538 c) effective unit weight of the soil in kN/m3.
,C
l1/,
I '
lor) = _
-[+c
Ilrl
I
SOLUTION
-"'
'*
2'72 Weight of moist soil (saturated),W = 6 - 1 = 5 N
Ya," = h2.4\
1 + 0.538 ' Weight of dry soil, W' = 5 - 1 = 4 N
y.1,u = LL0.36. pcf
a) Water content:
PROBLEM 0r.28 (CE NOVEMBER 2OOr) wc= ryrl

r'--- w"
A 480 cc soil sample taken from the site weighs 850.5 grams. After o
'o-o
drying, it weighed 594.4 grams. If the specific gravity of solids is 2. MC= " =0.25
4
deterrrrine thc void ratio of the soil. MC = 250/o
SOLUTION b) Void ratio;

,
1y,,, =
w,
_;_;
l
lG MC= S el
2.7(0.25) = (1)e
V
850,5 e=0.675=67.50/o
'V'r - 480
= 1J72 g/ cc c) Effective unit weight:
f u, -
.[vo= #v,]
c-l
wu' t+e
IMC
' = -" -1- (9.81)
2.7
wr'
I
v"=
' 1+0.675'
850.5-- 594.4
MC= . Yb= 9.956 kN/m3
591.4
MC= 0.43
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals Frrrrdamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
32 of Soil Geotechnical E treotechnical Engineering of Soil 33
PROBLEM 0 t.30 (CE NOVEMBER Z00 t TOLUTtON
A 480 cc soil sample taken from the site
' weighs 850.5 grams. After ove Given: W= 56.7lbs
drving, it weighed 594.4 grams. If the specific gravity of sorids is 2.7i Ws = 487lbs
determine the degree of seituration of the soil. V = 0,5 ft3
G = 2.69
SOLUTION a) Density of the in-situ soil

,
ll'' =
W,
l tnv
w
7:
850.5 56.7
,,, -4g0
lm= 05
' "{* = 1.772 glcc Y* = 113.4lbsf1s
wu' b)Porosity:
IMC = l
W,,
850.5+594.4
Moisture content, MC 'w,= W*
*r* W -Wt
594.4 XrtC =
Moisture content,'ws
MC = 0.a3
Moisture content, *, ='u1;.)" = 0.1643
.
1Y,,, =
G -CMC
__1_;;7,,,1
1_n _ _
1t.//z_ 2.72 + 2.72(0.43) ,", . G+GMC
_____ _T.l
lY=
,;l_trl L+e
c = 1.195 2.69 +2.69$.1,643)
113.4 = (62.4)
1-+ e
IGxMC=Sxel e = 0.7234
2.72(0.43) = S(1 .1es)
S = 0.979 Porositv. n = L+e
'
0.7234
l'orosrtv, = 0.4198
"l + 0.7234
PROBLEM Or.3t (CE NOVEMBER 2OO2'
Porosity, n = 41.980/o
Civen the following characteristics of a soil sample:
Volume = 0.5 cubic ft. c) Degree of saturation
. Mass = 56.7 pound mass [GMC=Se]
The solids have specific gravity of 2.69. After oven drying, the mass of the soil 2.69(0.1,643) = S (0.723a)
was 48.7 pounds. S = 0.611
a) What is the density of the in-situ soil? S = 61.10/o
b) What is the porosity of the in-situ soil?
c) What is the degree of saturation of the in,situ soil?
Chapter 0l * Properties Fundamentals f undamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
3r& of Soil Geotechnical Engineeri Gcotechnical Engineering of Soil 35
PROBLEM I.32
O a) Unit weight:
The saturatecl unit weight of a soiI is1.9.49 kN/m3, and the specific gravity o
the soil solids is 2.7.
b= +I
a) What is the void ratio clf the soil. 224
b) What is the dry unit weight of the soil in kN/m3, ' = 500 - 382
o = 1.898 e/cc
c) What is the effective unit weight of the soil in kN/mr. J*

[G"' = ]
Pw
SOLUTION c,= i'9i8 =1.8e8
Ctc
a) [1''.,'=- I",j
t+e fY*=Y*xG*l '
7g.4g=''''"g.8r, T. = 9.81 x 1.898 = 18.62 kN/ms

l*e
1 .987 + 1.987c = 2.7 + e
b) Void ratio
e = 0,7226
. G+CMC
=
[Y,, ----L+ e Yu.l
G
h) iY,r.u = -:y,,,] 18.62 =
2;6 + 2'6(0'225)
* r.r,
1'+e
w'= e*0.67g
ffi^P'8t) c) Dry unit weight
y.,y = 1,5.376 kN/mr
.G
[ra = y.]
c) [y,, = y*, - y. ] -l+e
vr=19.49-9.87
It= 9.68 kN/m3
Yr= -
Y7
,ffi"'u'
= 15.2kN/m3
PROBLEM 01.33 (CE MAY 2003'

I'he following data was obtained from laboratory tests for a iohesive PROBLEM Ot.34 (CE NOVEMBER 2OO3)
specinren: moisture content, 7r), was 22.5%; G, = 2.60; and to determine th A fully saturated clay sample has a mass of 1526 grams. After oven-drying, its
approximate unit weight, a sample having a tnass of 224.0 g was placed in a nrass was reduced to 1,053 grams. The specific gravity soil particles is 2,7.
500 cm3 container with 382 cm3 of water required to fill the container. rr) Calculate the natural water content of the sample in percent,
a) What is the total unit weight of the soil sample in kN/rn3? ll) Calculate the void ratio in percent.
b) What is the void ratio e? c) Calculate the porosity in percent.
c) What is the dry unit weight of the soil sample in kN/m3?
SOLUTION
SOLUTION Given: S=1
Civu,n: MC = 22.5"., M = 1526 grams
C = 2.60 M. = 1053 grams
Mass,M=22-lgrams G=2.7
Volun.re, y = 500 - 382 = 118 cc
\
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals fundamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties
36 of Soil GeotechnicalEng Ccotechnical Engineering of Soil 37
c) lD,= o eû"-e
Water content, MC
in ,
IMC= '"u' I
_o
" max " mln
' it lVt-
1,526 - 1,053 ^ _ 0.87
"'-
-0.759
ag7 -l,s:-
ivIL =
1,053 D,=0.308=30.8%
-=-
MC=0.4492*44.920/o
b) Void ratit-r
PROBLEM 0 r.36 (CE MAY 20001
ICMC=Scl A sample of moist sand taken from the field was found to have a moisture
2,7(0.4492) = (7)e; Lrrntent of 1,4% and a porosity of 38%. In a laboratory test that.simulates field
e*1.213=121.30/o r orlditions/ it was found that at its densest state, its void ratio is 85% and at its
Itrosest state its void ratio is 40o/.. Determine the relative of the san<i.
c) Porosity
t,,= tL
t+e ]
SOLUTION
1,.273
le= u
1+1.213 ' 1.-n' 1
t1 = 0.5481 = 54.81a/o 0.38

1 - 0.38
e = 0.613
PROBLEM 0I,35
A sandy soil has a naturai water content of 275% and bulk unit weight of 19. Emax - s
D,=
kN/m3. The void ratios corresponding to the densest and loosest state are 0.5 " max 'mtn
and 0.87" Assume G = 2.7. 0.85- 0.613
D,=
a) Which of the following gives the in situ void ratio of the soil.. 0.85 - 0.40
I.) Which of the following gives the degree of saturation of the soil in i D, = 0,527-
natural state.
c) Which of thr-, following gives the relative density of the soil.
PROBLEM O 1,37
SOLUTION A test of the density of soil in place was performed by digging a small hole in
C+C MC tlrc soil, weighing the extracted soil, and measuring the volume of the hole.
r) 17,,, = .l-C Y" j 'l'he soil (moist) weighed 895 g; the volume of the hole was 426 cm3. After
2'7
tlrying, the sample weighed 779 g. O{ the dried soil, 400 g was poured into a
7v.z= "?](0'275) 1o.st1 vcssel in a very loose state. Its volume was subsequently determined to be276
1*c cnr3. That same 400 g was then vibrated and tamped to a volume of 212 cm3.
t € = 0.759
() = 2.7L. Determine the relative density of the soil.
h) [GMC=Se]
2.7(0,275) = S(0.7se)
5 = 0.978
Chaoter 0l - Properties Fundamentals l'undamentals.of Chapter 0l - Properties
38 of Soit Geotechnical Engineeri 0cotechnical Engineering of Soil 39
SOLUTION l,irboratory moisture density test on this soil indicated a maximum dry
1/y,tî,. -1/ya rlr'rrsity of 120 pct at an optimum moisture content of 17%. What is the percent
1lyan;n*1/l'a^* rornpaction of the fill.
SOLUTION
Ya=W / V
tr = 779 / 426 = 1,8286 g,l cc density of soil
Percent compaction - - -Dry
Maximum drydensity
Y,r,,,n* = 400 / 21,2 Maximum dry density = 1,20 pcf
It,r,.tr ='l 8868 g/cc
Dry density,
Yrlni.*400/276
,rr= +
V = 0.0-169 ft3 x (123)(2J43)
]d,in = L,4493 g/ cc
V = 478.55 cc
11
i.+,1c')
^ -
"'-'-r -t.++vr
il28r,
I
Dry densiry, u = A!
478.55
= 1.91 gram/cc
I xc6s
D,=A.8946=89.460/o Dry density, y,r = 119.18 pcf
Percentcompaction = x10O%
I'ROBLEM O I.38
W
Percent compaction = 99,30/o
For a sandy soil, en,.,* = 0.86, c,,,,,,'= 0,43, and G, = 2.66 What is the requi
void ratio at D, = 56%?
PnoBLEM O r.4O (CE MAY 2OO'r I

SOLUTION A ,,oil sample in its natural state has a wet density of 155.1 pcf and a moisture
rrrrtt'nt of 36%. After compaction, its maximum dry density is 118.5 pcf.
1o = -5r-1-
|
'ntax -o "rnln
1
I )r't,'rrnine the percent compaction of the soii. G = 2.65.
0.86 * e
0.56 =
0.86 - 0.43 TOLUTION
e = A.6'].92
Percent compacrion =
#ffifi|. x 1oo?,
G +CMC-
PROBLEM 0 r.39 (CE MAY 20001 tv=
t' 1+ c-
yul
Fielci clensity test on a conipacter-1 fill of sancly clav gives the following results:
\\'t'ight of rnoist soil
om tlrt,holc = I038 grams - 2.6!.19QlA-
l5)'li =
1.8 62.a1
lr
- L+e
Oven-dried weight of tiie soil = 914 grams e = 0.45
' Volurne of test hole = 0.0169 ft-r
Chapter 0l - Properties Chapter 0l - Properties
40 of Soil
Fundamentals.
Geotechnical En
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering of Soil 4l
.G = y,l IROBLEM O 1.42
ly,,u ;l;
I --E A building requires a 10,000-m3 fill at a void ratio of 20%. Material for earth
ya,u =
2.65
(b/.4) flll was available from a borrow site at P320 per cubic meter. It was found that
1;17, thc average void ratio from the site is 807o, Estimate the total cost of fill.
f a,v = 114'04 Pcf
'OLUTION
Porosity, n=e/(1 +e)
Percentcompaction = +#
118.5
x10O%
For the required soil:
Percent compaction = 96.240/o n = o.i/ (t + o.z)
n = 0.1.667 ='16.67% (% void)
Percent solid = 1 - n =0.8333 = 83.33%
PROBLEM O I.4I Volume of solid = 10,000 x 0.8333
An embankment for a highway 30 m wide and 1.2 m in compacted thickness Volume of solid = 8,333 m3
to be constructed from a sandy soil trucked from a borrow pit. The wa
content of the sarrdy soil in the borrow pii is 157o and its void ratio is 0.75. For the borrow soil:
specification requires the embankment be compacted to a dry unit weight rz = 0.8/(1+ 0.8)
18.2 kN/m3. Length of embankment is 1.5 km. Assume G = 21. Determ .n=0.4444=44.44o/o
the volume of borrow material requirecl. Percent solid = 100 '44,44 = 55'56%
Volume of solid = Loose volume x %solid
8,333=%oo""X0.5556
SOLUTION
Vroo," = 15,000 m3
Volurne of finished embankment = (30X1.2X1500) = 54,000 m3
Dry urrit weight of borrow rnaterial: Or:
.C= [%oo"u=(1 +e)%aial
[1,, ;-y,,]
I +c Vroo," = (1 + 0.8)(8,333.33)
)7
-"
v., :
Vtoo," = 15,000 m3
' 1-0.75'(9.8i )
Y,i = 15'135 kN/rn3 Total cost = 15,000 mr x P320/m3
Total cost = P4,800,000.00
Volume of borrow rnaterial = 9+a (lf rinishe.ren,bankmer.t
(t ,t)
ri,
Volume of borrow material = (54,000) PROBLEM O I.43
+}]t
Volume of borrow material = 64,936 m3 lrollowing are the results of a shrinkage limit test:
Initial volume of soil in saturated state = 24.6 cc
Final volume of soil in a dry state = 15.9 cc
Initial mass in a saturated state = 44 g
Final mass in a dry state = 30.1 g
n) Determine the dry density of the soil in grm/cc.
b) Determine the void ratio of the soil.
L \
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 0l * Properties
42 of Soil Geotechnical Engineer Geotechnical En gineering of Soil 43
c) Determine the shrinkage limit of the soil e) tc= 1
d) Determine the shrinkage ratio r - srl

e) Determine the specific gravity of the solids sR 100
SOLUTION
c= --l-
1, _17,28
1..893 100
a) pa = M,/V
G = 2.813
P,l= 30..1/24.6
oa = 1.2236 {cc
b) p"ut = M,utf V PROBLEM O I.44
p*t = 44/24.6 = 1.7886 g/ cc 'l'he following results were obtained from a liquid limit test on a clay using the
.C= Casagrande cup device, Use the graph in Figure 01,7. The natural water
[p,r ,:-r,1
I+e content of this clay is 38% and the plastic limit is 21%.
t.2236
C "l
= 'l+e Number of blows 6 12 20 28 32
G =7.2236(1+e) Water content (%) 52.5 47.1 42.3 38,6 37.5
G+e a) What is the liquid limit of this clay?

Psat = ;-1+e pru
h) What is the plasticity index of this clay?
cL. c) What is the liquidity index of this clay?
1.7886
"1.7886(1
=
fr
+ *
trl d) What is the flow index?
e) 1.2236(1 + e) + e
0.565(1 +e)=e
0'565+0.565e=e tl
:i, il
e=1.3 il
s rii
c) sy=1",-*rl-[', -'r]"-
I lii i
ii
Note:o., =1srm/
Note:P*=1grm/cc Es0
o
I t|l';10- Itr ;ir iir iitilliirili
24'6.-1's'9
SL - 44:-39'"1
30.1 - 30.1 ft\ = 0.1728 = 77.280/o
oq5
N
B
1
:l I
ril;
d) [sR=-Lmz, irl I
ill
;tr
u2 Pu 20 30 40 50 60
r 30.1
sR= 1 _ Number of blows (logarithmic scale)
1 15'9
-r sR = 1.893 Figure 01.7
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chaprer 0l = propertrei
44 of Soil Geotechnical Engineeri Geotechnical Engineerin g
+S
SOLUTION
E;il.'imEEfrfi;,l'11;1;1ii1i11i;;l i
Test Number 9 1 2 4
illri Cone oenetration. mm 16 l8 2A JC
ili;i 45.70
weioht of wet soil + contarner. o 35.62
,
30.c1 I .ZO
iirli 33.69
weiqht ol IJrv :;0rl + uontatner, q
I
28.84 29.69 31.42
ri vverqnt o1 uontatner. q 1U.52 12.33 11.74 11,45
l, Weiqht of Water, q
lli
{l
c Weiqht of Dry Soil, s
"v
.9 Water Content, o/o
c
I I
E45 Natural vvater

E Plastic Limit Conient
B
lOo/o
l
: li ;]l
Test Number )
werqht oI wet sorl + uontatner, q 30.18
Z
31.78 27.77
25.39
2
30.04
-"j I
l
Weioht of Dry Soil + Container, g
Weiqht of Container, g
25.ltd
10.52
27.18
12.33 11.t4
1
Weioht ol Water. o
20 30 40 50 Weioht of Drv Soil. q
Cone penetration (mm) water uontent, %
Averaoe. %
Figure 01.8
The liquid limit is read from the graph as the water content on the
liquid state line corresponding to 25 blows.
rl
Thus, LL = 40%
il
li
Plasticity index, P/ * LL - PL s ii
iil ii
Plasticity index, PI = 4A - Z, = 190/o Es0
o
c
o
U
I
.;
Liquidity index, ,r- MCr-PL b4s

DI o
?Q_.)1 = il
Liqrridity index, U="" 19 " =0.895 iii
;i iii iiiilll
J!gr: r49:- 20 30 40 50
Frow indcx, 61 = Cone penetration (mm)
Figure 01.9
PROBLEM O I.45
Civen the laboratory results of the Atterberg Limits Test in Figure 01.8. Plot
the water content versus the cone penetration in Figure 01,9.
a) Determine the nearest value to the Liquid Limit of the soil.
&) Determine the nearest value to the Plastic Limit of the soil.
c) Determine the nearest value to the Liquidity Index of the soil.
t
I
Chapter 0l - Properties Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter 0l -, Propertres
46 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering 6eotechnical Engineering 4l
SOLUTION 17.60 *30
Liquidity index, LI =
42 -30
I est Number ) 2 4 Liquidity index, LI = -L,033
penetralon 16 IE 28 33
werght ol wet soil + container. o 35.62 36.91 41.26 15./u
werght of Dry soil + container, o 28.84 29.U9 31.42 33.69
Weight of Contalner, q 10.52 12,33 t.t4 1 1.45
Weight of Water, g Oi/t' 7,02
PROBLEM O1.46 ICE MAY ZOO+I
9.U4r' ,t 2.0'l
Weight of Dry Soil, S 6..1/ 17:56 1U.6tJ lZ:"24i: Given the laboratory results of the Atterberg Limits Test in Figure 01.1.0. Plot
Water Content, % 37% 4U-/o bUY/o 54e/t
the water content versus the number of blows in Figure 01,LL,
qI Ilqt[gl{nitrhnE t$elvieirWilrir qElieh!,, : i:.t i: i,,l,riilm c) Determine the nearest value to the Liquid Limit of the soil.
Plastic Limit Naturat water
Content b) Determine the nearest value to the Plastic Limit of the soiJ.
esl Number ,
I 1 2 I 2
wergnt ot wet sojl + container, q JU. l6 J1. /U /7 30.04
c) Determine the nearest value to the Liquidity Index of the soil.
vvergnl ot ury sotl + container, g 25.76 2 / .1t3 :15.39 2/.23
vverqnt or uontalner. q tu,cz 't2.33 t1 t4 11.45
vvergnr or_ vvater. q
vvergnr or ury soil, q
1.C4 4.60 2.38 2.d\ A, [idiiid timjtii ; " .;,,.;
15.t4 14.65 13.65 )./o
uonlenI, To 29% 31% 1t.40% 17.800/"
Test Number ) 2 3
Average, % 3O1o
Number of Blows 38 29 ZQ
17.600/0
vverqnt oT vvet $ott + contatner. o 22.47 21.29 21.2t 26.12
vvelgnt oI Ury SOtl + Uontatner. q 19.44 18.78 18.75 lt.1a
Weiqht of Container, q 12.74 13.24 13.20 13.27
wetght of water, q
Weiqht of Drv Soil. o
rl Water Content, %
I
liil
,]
ll lrl
ti:
iiii
B. Flastic Liinit and Natuial Watei.Content
Plastic Limit Natural water

Content
I A iiii
:iii
Test Number, 2 2
tss0 vvergnt oIwel 5oI + uonlalner. 0 23.20 22.4O 17.53 16.97
o iti werght ot Dry soil + conlainer, q I
co li Weiqht of Container. o
20.42
12 90
20.1
12.95
14.84 14.36
b45 ) liil vvergnl ot vvater, o

9.bu 9.55
o weight of Dry soil, g

LL d (2o1o ,{, iti
Water Content, %
= :,:lt"),1 iil Averaqe, 7o
llii;i
tr/, il Figure 0,1.10
t:
iillili t):
10 20 30 40 50 ..60 80 100
Cone penetration (mm)
LL is the moisture content corresponding to 20 mm cone penetration.
From the graph shown, LL x 420/o
From the table above, the Plastic Limit is the average of the MC of the
two tests, and is equal to 30%
Liquidity index, L/ =
MCn - PL
LL_PL
I
I
3r"-
Chapter 0l * Properties Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 0l * Properties
48 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering of Soil 4g
Geotechnical Engineeri
Flow Curve
3
s
o
ts
Yso
c
o o
C +_
.9 as B -n-s:35%-;-[i-------
o- o.-
B E-
50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of blows - logarithmic scale zo 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1oo
Number of blows - logarithmic scale

Figure 01.1 1
Figure 01.11 (a)
soLUfroN
Test Number ) 3 4
Number of Blows J6 29 20 14
a) From the flow curve in Figure 01'.11' (a),LL = 45.35%
Weiqht of Wet Soil + Container, q 22 47 21.29 21.27 26.12
Weioht of Drv Soil + Contarner, q 19 44 14.74 t6.I )2 1t) b) From Figure 01.10 (a)
Weioht of Container o 12.74 13.24 13.20 13.27
ut 36.97% +36.05%
Weiohi of Water. o 3.03 2.51 2.52 4.U2 -
\A/6idht Dn/ Snil 6.7 5.54 5.55 U.6J ^
^f
Water Content. % 45.22o/o 45.310 45.414/o
qo.?o PL = 36.510/o
Natural Water
Plastlc Limit
Content MCn-PL
Test Number ) 1 c)
, y1 =
Wei0ht of Wet Soil + Container. q 23.20 22.80 17 53 o.v, - LL- PL
Weiqht of Ory Soil + Contarner, q
Weiqht of Container. o
20.42
12.90
20.19
12 95
14 A4 14.36
9.55
_
^,n,,2
IYIV,
-
50.37 +54.26
Weioht of Water o 2.ttl 2.61 I 2.61
\Aiai^ht
^f
nrv Cîl I .52 7.24 5.34 4.Ui MC,= 52.32%
W6ter Content. 7o 36.970k 36.050h 50.37o/o 54.ZA"h
Averaoe. o/o
36. v" 52.32%
,,_52.32-36.51 _anoa
='1"788
45.35 - 36.51
Figure 01.10 (a)
."#fiii'i:]*rr
.*{iif iS,".1-''' '' - ','"?}nltu
ri+:r'It' ' '':'h 'w
l\ ''t ', t
i,
-
50 !if5i",.or
ProPerties Fundamentals
Geotechnical
Fundamentals of
Gcotechnical Engineering
Chapter 0l - Properties
of Soil 5t
PROBLEM 01.47 ICE NOVEMBER t9c)8,MAy 2OOt)
Liquid Limit Test
The results of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit tests are shown in Figure 01.12.
a) Determine the Liquid Limit (LL) of the soil,
b) Determine the Plasticity index
I
26
E 24
Liquid Limit Test Plastic Limit Test E
c 22
J
Weight of Weight of
.o
o
I
)A Moist Soil Oven Dried b I
a
(s) Soil (q) I
oo
20
?,
(lJ
E 24 128.6 105.4 1B
E o I
c
o
)) t
l4t.4
U
16
/ I
I
'F 116.8 o
g I
o 20 74
co o t32.6 109.6 40 45 50 55 60 65
a Moisture Content
c 1B
o r34.6 111.2
U
16
Figure 01.13
a 136.0 113.4
14
40 45 5Q 55 60 Plastic Limit Test
Moisture Content
Weight of Weight of LL
Moist Soil Oven Dried (Mc)
Figure 01.12 (o) Soil (s)
r28.6 105.4 22.01o/o

SOLUTION
747.4 116.8 2r.06o/o
a) Liquid limit:
The liquid limit of the soil is the moisture content corresponding to
t32.6 109.6 70.99o/o
mm cone penetration,
134.6 111 2 27.040/o
From Figure 01,"13, LL = 520/o
135.0 113.4 19.93%
b) Plasticity index:
Plasticity Index, PI = LL * PL
p7 = (22.01 + 21".06 + 20.99 + 21.04 + 19.93)
/ 5
From the plastic limit test, PL is the average of all the tests. PL = 21,.01.%
LL=MC=W" PI = 52o/, - 21,.01,o/" = 30.990/o

w,
,, = W,,,oi,t -W,lru
ffi
.'
wo,,
0l - l'undamentals of Chapter 0l - Properties E2
5Z
Chapter
of Soil
Properties Fundamentals
Geotechnical Engineer Gcotechnical Engineering of Soil rr
PROBLEM 0 t.48 (CE MAY 2000' PROBLEM Ol.+q $E MAY2003l
The result of a Starrdard Proctor Test is as follows: I hc following data were obtained from the Atterberg Limits test for a soil:
Water Content . Weight of moist soil in Liquid Limit = 41'.0 %

(%) Proctor mold (grams) Plastic Limit = 21'.1, %
10 1,485
1.2 1,,606
n) What is the plasticity index of the soil?
14 1,696 a) u tire in situ moisture content of the soil is 30%, what is the liquidity
1,6 1,757 index of the soil?
18 1.,741,
c) What wguld be the nature of the soil?
20 1.,651.
The volume of the mold for this test is L/30 cubic feet (946,000 SOLUTTON
millimeters). a) Plasticity Index:
Pl=LL-PL=41.-211
a) Determine the rnaximum dry unit weight of the soil in grams/cc: PI = 19.9o/o
b) Determine the optimum moisture content in percent.
b) Liquidity Index:
SOLUTION MC_PL
Ll =
W PI
tAt- 30 -21,.7
"'- l+rvIC Lt--
w, w - 19.9
lorv LI = 0.447
V (1+ MC)V
V=946cc c) Nature of soil:
, Since Ll = 0.447, i.e. 0 < LI < 1, the nature of the soil is PLASTIC
MC(%) W(grams) I '
dry =w+ MC)V
(-l See Section 1.10 in pageT:
10 7,485 1..4271.
"12 r,606 1.5158
14 1,,696 1.5726
16 1,757 1.5993
1t 1.,741 7.5596
20 1.,657 1,.4544
From the table shown, the maximum dry unit weight is 1.5993
grams/cm3 and the optimum moisture content is'I..6a/o
Chapter 0l - Properties
' -
Fundamentals of lrundamentals of Chaoter 02 Ciassification
54 of Soil Geotechnical Engi (lcotechnical Engineering of Soil 55
Chapter Oz
Classification of Soil
,. I TEXTURAL CLASSIFTCATION
lrr this classification system, the soils are named after their principal
r()nrponents, such as sandy clay,' silty clay, silty loam, and so on. There are a
rrrrrrrber of ciassification systems developed by different organizations. Shown
I'r'lorv is the one developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.(USDA).
llris method is based on the following limits of particle size;
Sand size : 2.0 to 0.05 mm in diameter

Silt size : 0.05to 0.002 mm in diameter
(ilay size : smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter
Percentage of sand'
Figure 02.1 - USDA Triangular Textural Classification Chart
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals of I Llndamentals of Chapter 02 - Classification Ea
56 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering (r('otechnical En gineering rt of Soil
.€ (, (./) i. G)
E*<--6-SX
d.6. f
v a<
Ag
;s Ee
dd
qo
a---
//- --l--T--\
v|
-\-\\
;s
s
;9
/a\ g\
oo ao oo oo
^rv
s5 ^v Atr'
l/ \,
\ ,1 \z
l\t\. -"zl \ v!/t
\ "" ,t \
\--
/t
l\nx
I \"-
A
\pfr A
s,
wn
70605040: ii.
I\- lo
IA
\;a
\i \il-t
Percentage of sand
\i\/l
I
T-
qo < qQ
=
I
oo
t--Fai=:!-i-
\il
\/t
Figure 02.2 - Example: 35% clay, 40% sand, 26% sand (clay loam.) =ss -o H -o ttt
lil s e P-o e Pb e \tt
*-r
-
< *-r
rr
=
<
- \lt = r + F- + ='
- =L ti
\/l
',',
I
lr
u
ttlt
VYYV {'l.
'1 " v I J "J Y.+
rr
I ;- =
qaa a@ao) Qaooooo @a u) !, oc

TP€€
99init
'0E () () 7
o,;664 n n < !€t
2.2 UNTFTED SOrL CLASSTFTCATTON SYSTEM (USCS'
a)
t=l ll (+
A
\/ s O <
// </1
/ /1 /A
o <6X
F
//)2 I
This system classifies soils into two broad categories: V
/l v+
IVÎVA
/l
&/{/l/{
IVA]V ]VAIV^
't{
Y1Y1
tt t/* e+ r{ r t r' /
lt /t
ll /l
r'! r'{ r'* r'v lr', tr', Eo
rV
$s$s$$ 3S-:!$$$SS Y1IY1

IV / A / / \ V A
,nooooo oo60 ^ ^ ^
,," .< ;e ;e:e aS +-:SS"<;e.Sd-ES :s ;s:s 6e s;s:ss
1. Coarse-grained soils that are gravelly .ancl sandy in nature with ,J;dSdd
Luo6o6o qqa q@ q@ q
d sqsqqq
ddad.aa EqE{Sqs{
aaaaaeaa
less than 50% passing through the No. 200 Sieve, the group .rvvv.tv vv.tv.r'1,+., .rv'r+; v'l,vvv,l, .t+v,rvvvv vvvv
a@oOa@
dFBFFFFF EdFF=q €€3e"-eE ggHdEEEE 33EF o
symbols start with prefixes of either G or S. G for gravel or < q-5.5€E ._ ;d-:-: aaaa=-== e g--*+ a
..e€€$s ,4iAQaE
o o+<9Y <<<<6@60
q.9<i-old ,A,A,ndd;dd -YE€ !E
gravelly soil, and S for sand or sandy soil. P€3EAA ESg8.
H ae q z
?'iaa<. Y - d o d o@ @ @ c d de q I
l{lEE = - j=
r?= a= ESsS!:!: E$59 dd=
-d9E
s
oo6@Jdild
EQEE66A6 E^qP?
yz9.q 6
oooo= gsqq€=€€
2. Fine-grained soil with 50% or more passing through the No. 200 E
€ E
E.==+=
= =.
=
6 d
a EE.<.r+==+ {.=
Q.q5
sieve. The groups symbol start with prefixes of M, which stands

o9
;q 35==asq
=.E q. =.+
3c kl
for inorganic silt; C for inorganic clay, and O for organic silts and
6o6@oq==
6^ r
g6
oil 5 =5S3ooo-
-oi-66E='
,^._-_-a
€<::-e^>
ft- r
=a
-q
a 9q s q 9 { sR? a€:B
clays. The symbol Pt is used for peat, muck, and other highly 5€P :eQ.
oq
ds3 -;c
' organic soils.
Y d
9.:1
oS
€
qs qq
6< 6<
<F
Other symbols used: rd F@
-e
e€
ol 6
g-a
g
W - well graded L - low plasticity (LL < 50) 65
P - poorly graded H - high plasticity (LL > 50)
Figure 02.3 - Flow chart for classification of coarse-grained soils
(<50% passing No. 200 sieve) (USCS)
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals ofl lundamentals of chaprer 0z - Crassifi:l,l}l 59
58 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering (icotechnical Engineering
Table 02.1 - UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)
s M,rlor Divisions
Group
Symbols
Typical Names Classif ication Criteria
--- =\\ ___\*

\\\- GW
Well.graded qravels and
oravefsand mi{tures, little ol Qe = (D6s/Dio) > 4 Qs= (Da)'?/(Drox Dm) Between 1 &3
tr:
--/ r ,q
6
g
o
io fines
oc ,C d :=
az Poorly graded gravels and
d o GP gravel-sand m xtures, litlle or E Nol meeting both criteria lor GW
Eo no nnes
3. 3
= 8g
IV
?6 Atterberg limits plol below "A" line ol
Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt Atterbero limits
(Jr (rl qq GM
9>o Plasticity index less than 4
O o =
mixtures
@-- vE
@ plotting in hatched
area are borderline
/t\.. G6, ;
,/\ -\ o€
I
Clayey gravels, gravel-sand. == E i;=
oo@ A[erbero lim ls Dlol above'A" in.e ot
requiring use of
dual symbols
,/\
//\ *-- vi -\ *a
;) .. a GC
clay mixlures I PLastrctiindex qreaier tnan 7
* - t-
* r EJ ,:, I Well qraded sands and _q
/\^ ' /^\

3g SW pmvely
sands, little or no Qu : (D6olDr0) > 6 Qc = (0a)'?/(Dro x Dm) Between 1& 3
/\ ,\ -- ed
//\ \
,q 9o
/\ v { / \ / \ 1,
fo I
o
Poorly graded sands and E AR
Nol me€tlnq both cfller ajor SW
? IV
! a"g,v8rv SP gravely sands, little or no
s
g oooooo fnes
ni Pe
€ ;e S:*S:"F.:oENPO E3 <R
6._zo
u4000@ E,S Allerberg limits plot below "A" line 0r
* ot SM Siliy sands, sand"sill
mixluaes Plasticiiv index less than 4
Atterberq limits
E"9 plorting ;n halched
a g3B8H8
B^r+N+N
E
B
area are horderline
classifications
/\NNANA\
requirinq use of
A AtLerbero llmrts olot above "A" l,n€ 0r

i\ N
Clayey sands, sand-clay
v\ tr\ v\
l\
J\ /\ J\ /\ J\ @
SC
mixiures Plasrciii rnder greater than 7 dual symbols
d- ;e :M +_ aQ
a- a- ?d. 3; '; :!v- ;e .< :rY
ES !* tS lnorganlc srlts, very fine
oor.:oo-.:oo€:
n rv :-E A v :X rv :X rv :; ML sands, rock flour, silly or
qS €:e
0 ili
^
frA. sl- ? Hi
E
E P tl8
ii+ nia ,E*
;E ,ao ,E: ,ao ,E*
iX
clayey flne sands
s d
6 5 aH +N PE 6o Fa E
o E
o XB
E
6 5 HB
=
E
ig lnoraanrc claYs of low to
E-5 med'um plasiicity, gr3ysly
,4 ,/t ,4
t/! t/{ t/*
I ;; r'! AI
r'* 14A-41 uAAAI A,4AI
ct
clays, sandy ciays, siltv
clays, lean clays
'
*sl
|
u ^,U lS""l , ^,u ôol

nr v u ôol ^ ôsl
.no.nGX'Xll a6ddkkl ddadkl'l ;addkkl =
fft-a*a*?F' ffa*a***I il +_"+l*3|
EE;e;e;eS5I se ;s ;e ;e organic silts and organrc
= OL
sLlty clays oI low Plastrcrlv
Eso
g !)
+i 3 i B B6laU 3'a $ $u"*l I A a B But*!
V
5x B :PPT
*-qq
li
tllt
|
ilil r r rda
I I I i 6.6 r| rI rtj_j.Et
16; I
I rI II rddl
I L I 6îl ,rli lnolgan c sllls, micaceous or
I
I i I tod I 6.Al ,E
l\,4H diatomaceous llne sands or
I v * .l v +-I t r,l J l.l'l v v,l'1, tr l J v,I"I t'i *t v*I silts, elastc silts
10
a6
c)o@ormm
r i Q I6ili; aa@@
ddgq 9E.E qqggqaq qqggaqq
s o i.r55 Q8rs5-5F
0 0 i i o o o o :'C
lnorganrc clays ol high
1
-
< -d-d999
CH
< g<
g < o o q q<-<* a.qq A6e-'=,= 6Ee."ooo A5e-'::: 9 olasticilv fal clat/S
<-a gga - a
oouD===
tro3.4==
q
::sq E.= EE:sE{ EE?€tE* EE!ggt* 2 E9 Organrc clays ol mediun to
il d< < :-: _:a €€qqi OH high plasticily
as==a! ilE =
oj 5
==, ao =3.,
3a A'r3o+;
=
5o
od = SQ sdsaoE sE llrll ly Organic
Soi s
PT
)eal, milck, and olllor hlgnly
ngan c solls
Visual-lVanual identification, See ASTIVl Designation D24BB
Figure 02.4 - Flow chart for classification of organic fine-grained soils

(>50% passing No. 200 sieve) (USCS)
Chapter 02 * Classification
6A Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Classification
of Soil Geotechnical Engineeri Grotechnical Engineering 6l
'l'lrc following example shows the calculation procedure for sieve andlysis.
LUmUlatlve
Diameter Percent
Sieve Mass Retained mass retained
No (mm) (grams) passing
above each
(percent finer)
x sleve
(J
E 4 4.76 5 5 99.370/.
8 2.38 45 5U ,3./ t70
,2.UU
,o 10 65 115 85.53%
E ZU 0.84 92 207 / 5.Yb 70
.b
d 40 0.42 1.52 359 54.84%
60 u.2b l 474 40.38%
EO U,IdU 27? bE6
'13./'l"k
100 u.149 b.-t '/49 5.79%
'1'.)
200 0.o/4 781 7.76%
PAN \4 795 0.00e/"
IOTAL ) 795
Figure 02.5 - Plasticity chart Sicve #4: Cumulative mass retained = 5 g

Percent passing = (795 - 5)/795 x 100% = 99.37%
CL Inorganic; LL < 50; PI > 7; Atterberg limits plot on or

Sicve #8: Cumulative mass retained = 5 + 45 = 50
above A-line
ML ) Inorganic; LL < 50; PI < 4 or Atterberg limits plot below A-line Percent passing = (795 - 50)/795 x"I0O% = 93.71%
OL ) Organic; (LL - ovendr ied) / (LL * not dried) <'0.75; LL < S0 Sicve #10: Cumulative mass retained = 50 + 65 = 115
CH ) Inorganic; LL>50; Atterberg limits'plot on or above A-line Percent passing = (795 - 115)/795 x 100% = 85.53%
MH ) Inorganic; Ll > 50; Atterberg Iimits plot below A-line
OH ) Organic; (Lt * ovendried)/(LL - not dried) < 0.75; LL > 50 Sieve #20: Cumulative mass retained = 115 + 92 = 207
CL-ML ) Inorganic, Atterberg limits plot in the hatched zone
Percent passing = (795 - 207)/795 x 100% = 73,96%
A particle-size distribution curve can be used to determine the following four

2,3 PARTTCLE-StZE DtSTRtBUTION CURVE (STEVE ANALYStSI
l),lrameters for a give soil:
Sieve analysis consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that
have progressively smaller openings, These sieves are generally 200 mm in
2.3.I EFFECTTVE S|ZE, Dro
diamcter.
To conduct a sieve analysis, the soil is first oven-dried and then all lumps; - 'Ihis parameter is the diameter in the curve correspondin g to 1.0% finer. The
must be broken into small particles. The soil is then shaken through a stack of r'[lcctive size of a granular soil is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic
sieves with openings of decreasing size from top to bottom. A pin is placed t'rrrrductivity and drainage through soil.
below thc stack,
ln the given example, Dro = 0.17 mm
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals Fundamentals of chapter 02 - Classifi;,lff 6g
62 of Soil GeotechnicalE Eeotechnical Engineering
Grain Size Curve
2.3,2 UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT, CU 100
Dog- 90
c,1= Eq. 2.
Dro 80
;{ zo
where Dro = diameter corresponding to 60% finer. o

.c
o
60
o
4
o- ,"
In the example, Cu = **
0.17
=a
odn
o-
I v00 0.5
0)
o30
2.3.3 COEFFICIENT OF GRADATION OR COEFFICIENT 20
ttt Dr =iq
OF CURVATURE. CC =0i 7 ?1
10
c=#* 0
0.001 0.01
|1
0.1
Particle Diameter, mm
1
where D:o = diameter corresponding to 30% finer.

Figure 02.6 - Particle distribution curve for the above example
' *?:,
In the example, C. =
0.sl(0.17)
= 0.509
I'hc particle-size distribution curve shows not only the range Of particle sizes
of various-size particles.
rrr,sent in the soil, but also the type of distribution
2,3.4 SORTING COEFFICIENT, SO Poorly graded soil is one where most of the soil grains are the same size.
welt graderl soil is one in which the particle sizes are distributed over a
Sr= tr; wide range. A well graded soil has C, greater than about 4 for gravels
1/% and 6 for sands, and C, between i. and 3 for gravels and sands.
where Cap graded soil is characterized by two ore more humps in the grading
curve.
Dzs = diameter corresponding to V5% finer
Dzs = diameter cortesponding to 25% finer l'lre average grain size of the soil is Dso.
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamenta of Chapter 02 - Classificotion
64 of Soil GeotechnicalE Engineering of Soil 65
Grain Size Curve

l'1p = percentage passing No. 200 sieve
90
Lt. = liquid limit, pI = plasticity index
80
Table 02.2 - Classification of Highway Subgrade Materials for

;{ zo
Granular Materials (MSHTO)
o,
c60
a .
Genelal :iilirrtl; rf'.i
r ir:i.,.:1:l.f :ii:ii.,::;, ",,, Qrdlularfialefl?ls' :,1, i.Ii :'
o :;lri;ia(;;rHr(r r',';,. (350/" or less of total samole oasslno No. 200)
{so 4"2
c Grouo classiflcation A-1.a A-1-h A-3 A-2.4 A-2-5 A-2.6 A-2-7
9i 40
Sieve analysis
Y
0) fncrccnlaoe nrssino)
LJU No.10 5U max.
No.40 JU max, 50 max 1 mln.
20
No. 200 15 max. 2b ma)( 10 max. 35 max. 35 max .Jh max_ Jit max.
10
Characteristics of
fraction passing
0 N0.40
Liquid limit 40 max, 41 min 40 max { I mln.
Particle Diameter, mm Plasticity index 6 max. NP 10max. | 10max, | 11 min. | 11 rn;p,
Figure 02.7 Usual types ol

- Different types of particle-size distribution curve
signiflcant constituent
Stone fragments, Fine
Silty or clayey gravel and sanQ
gravel, and sand sand
materials
General subgrade
Excellent to good
rating
2,4 AASHTO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
According
ln tlir_ systenr, soil is classified into seven major groups: A-
through A-7, soils classified under groups A-1, A-2, and A-3 ire gianula
materials of which 35% ar less of the particres pass through the No. 200 sieve Table 02.3 - Classification of Highway Subgrade Materials for
Silt-Clay Materials (AASHTO)
soils of 'which more than 35% puur throrgh the No.200"sieve are classifiec
under groups A-4, A-5, 4-6, and A-7. These soils are mostly silt and clay_ty ' Silt-clay materials
General dassif icatioil
(mors:than 35% of totdl Sample passlng No.:2Q0)
materials.
Group classiflcation A-4 A-5 A-6 A.I-5.
To classify the soil using the tables below, one must apply the test data A.7-6b
Sieve analvsis (oercentaoe oassino)
left to right. By process of elimination, the first grorp iro* the left into which N0.10
the test data fit is the correct classification. N0,40
No. 200 36 min. 36 min. 36 min 36min
Characteristics of fraction oassino No. 40
To evaluate the quality of a soir as a highway subgrade material, one must also Liouid Iimit 40 max. 41 min 40 max 41min
incorporate a number called the grouplndex with Jhe groups and subgroups of Plasticity index 10 max 10 max. '1 1 min. 1 1 min.
the soil. This index is written in parentheru, uit", g.orp o. iubgioup usual tvoes of sionificant constituent materials Siltv soils Clavev soils
General subqrade ratinq Fair to poor
designation, example, A-Z-S(35).
a For A-7-5, Pl s LL - 30
b For 4-7-6, Pl > LL - 30
GI= (Fzoo - 35X0.2 + 0.00S(LL -a0)l+ 0.0j.(Fz,o -1SXpr- 10) Eq.2.4

- ncntals of Chapter 02 - Classiflcation
-'' ""
66
Chapter 02
of Soil
Classification Funda
Geotechnical Engi hnical Engineering ;;;,,, 67
STRATIVE PROBLEMS
/
M OZ.l /
o of the sieve analysis is shown below:
tt,sr,rlt
!
s40 l) What percentage of the soil is retained in No. 200 sieve?
'o r-7-6 t) Wt.rut is the effective grain size of the soil in mm?
E
E
ts30
A-2-6
€) l)ctermine the uniformity coefficient.
A-6
Sieve Diameter Mass Retained
A-2-7 (mm)
No /orams)
A-7-5
4 4,76 25
\-2-4 \-2-5
A-4 A-5
B 2.38 BO
10 2.00 110
t0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20 0.84 160
Liquid Limit 40 0.42 180
60 0.25 220
80 0.180 380
Figure 02.8 - Range of LL and Pl for soils in groups A-2, A-4,A-5, 4-6, and A-7
100 0.1 49 590
200 0.074 110
Pan B5
The first group of F,q.2,4 is the partial group index determined from I
limit. The second term is the partial group index determined from plasti tolurtoru
index.
. lf Eq. 2.4 yields a negative value for GI, it is taken as 0. Sieve Size, Mass Cumulative Percent Finer
. G/ calculated from F'q.2.4 is rounded-off to the nearest whole number. # mm Retained Mass Retained
r There is no upper limit for GI 4 4.76 25 25 98.71Yo
r The G/ of soils belonging to groups A-l-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, and A-3 8 2.38 80 105 94.59Yo
always zero. 10 2 110 215 BB.92o/o
. When calculating the GI for soils that belong to groups 4-2-6 and A- 20 0.84 160 375 80.670/o
40 0.42 180 555 71.39Yo

use the partial CI {or PI, or
60 0.25 220 775 60.05%
BO 0.18 380 1155 40.46Yo
GI = 0.01(Fzoo - 15)(Pf - 10) 100 0.149 590 745 10.05%
200 0.074 '1'10 855 4.3A%
Pan 85 940
Total 1 940
From the table shown:

a) Percent r€tained in No. 200 sieve = 100% - 4.38%
Percent retained in No. 200 sieve = 95.620/o
\
Chapter 02 - Classification F l,ilnentals of Chapter 02 * Crassifi:?tiffi
68 of Soil GeotechnicalEng t'chnical Engineering 6q
b) Effective grain size, Dro = 0.149 mm
c) Uniformity coefficient, C, = Doo/Drc

Uniformity coefficient, C, = A.25/0.1,49 ='1.,68
/PROBLEM O2.2
A soil has the following particle-size distribution:
Cravel = 20%
Sand = 10%
Silt = 30%
ClaY = 4g"1
Classify the soii according to USDA textural classification system.
SOLUTION 90 B0 70 60 s0 40 30 20 10 0
Modified percentages of sand, silt, and clay: PercentaEe of sand

Modified %sand* " %sand
I00 -%graael The lines eorrespond to each percentages interseci on the clay rep;iotr,
= 10010
thus, the soil is clay.
= 1,2*5%
* 20
%silt
Modified % silt =
L0Q -%graael t,troBLEM 02.3/
30 1n co/ { l,rssify the following soils by the AASF{TO classification system.
- Jl J to
100 - 20
o/"cloY Description Soil A Soil B Soil C
o/o
Modified clay -
' 'l
00 -o/ograucl Percent finer than No, 10 sieve B3 100 48
Percent finer than No. 40 sieve 48 92 28
'4i
Percent finer than No. 200 sieve 2A 86 6
100 - 20 Liquid limit 20 7A
Plasticitv index q 1a Nonplastrc
SOLUTION
To classify a soil according to this table, one must applv the test data
from left to right. By process of elimination, the first group from the
left into which the test data fit is the correct classification
Soil A: Per"cent passing No. 200 = 20'/,< 35%

TIrc soil is either A-1, A-3, or A-2
\
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundament Chapter 02 - Classification
7A of Soil Geotechnical E hnical Engineering of Soil 7l
passing No. 10 = BZ'% > 50, it is not A-1-a
%
% passing No, 40 = 48 < 50
% passing No. 200 = 20 < 25
Thus, the soil is {,-1.b, with GI = 0 l0
Thus, the soil is A-1-b(0)
t/0
Soil B: Percent passing No, 200 =- SOy,, SSy"
The soil is either A-4, A-5, A-6, or A-Z '
LL = 70 > 40, it is not A-4
PI = 30 > 10, it is not A-5
f:,
tt is not A-6
#:'10:it
PI < LL .30, the soil is A-7-5
I;
Gr = (86 -3s)[0.2 + 0,005(70 _ a0)] + 0.01(86 _ 1sx32 _ 10)
GI - 33.47 use 33
Therefore the soil is ,4-7-5(33)
01
Soil C: Percent passing No. 200 = 6%< gS%, it is A-1, A-3, or A_2
0 0.1
% passing No, 200 = 6% < S0 Particle Diameter, mm

% passing No. 40 = 28% < 30 Figure 02,9 - Grain size curve
% passing No, 10 48 < 50
=
Thus, the soil is A-1:a and GI = 0
Thus, the soil is A-1-a(0)
Weight Accumulated
Size (mm) Percent Finer
Retained Weioht
lPROBLEM O2,4 0.25 18.96 18.96 92%
0.1 49 33.1 8 52.14 78o/o
The table below shows the laboratory results of the sieve analysis of a sam
Plot the grain size curve of the soil in the attached Figure 02.i0. The soll h o.074 45.03 97 17 59o/o
liquid limit of 35'/, and plasticity index of 26%. craisity the soil accordi 0.052 54.51 151 .68 36%
a) USCS, b) USDA, and c) AASHTO. 0.02 42.66 194.34 18o/o
0.01 11.85 206.1 I 13To

Weight 0.004 4.74 210.93 11Yo
Size (mm)
Retained
0.001 4.74 215.67 9o/o
0.25 18.96
0.1 49 33.1 I Pan 21.33 237
0.074 45.03 Total 237.00
0.052 54.51
0.02 42,66
0.01 1 1,85
0.004 4.74
0.001 4.74
Pan 21.33
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Classification
73
72 of Soil Geotechnical Engineering of Soil
100
b)usDA
90
D Percent sand (2.0 mm to 0.05 mm in diameter) = 100 - 33 = 677o
Percent silt (0.05 mm to 0.002 mm) = 33 - 1'0 - 23%
;s
O)
80
70 I Percent clay = 1gY
'6 60
v)
a 50
&
s /
o
o 40
L
0)
o
o- 30 6
u)
o
20 0-
Deo = 0,08
c
0)
10
o I
I
:o = 0,02
o , 33%
(,tt i 0-
0 L
0.001 Dn = 0.0022 0,01 0.1
Particle Diameter, mm .10%
05 mm
al USCS: llt
Percent passing No. 200 sieve (0.074 mm) = 59% > 50% 0.001 0.1
Therefore, the soil is FINE GRAINED. Particle Diameter, mm

0
LL = 35% < 50% (ML, CL, or OL)

From the plasticity chart, with LL * 35o1, and PI = 26%, the soil is CL
r00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 100
Percentage of sand
From the chart shown, the soil is sandy loam
I
I
I
I
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals Chapter 02 - Classification
74 of Soil Geotechnical E of Soil 75
c) ASSHTO
Percent passing No, 200 sieve (0.074 mm) = 59% > 35%
"Silt-clay materials". Use Table 02,3.
General classif ication

' ',,,, Silt"clayrnaterials
(more than35o/tof total sample pasSing No. 200)
.' :,:',. .
A-7
Group classification A-4 A.5 A-0 A:7"5"
A-7-6b
Sieve analvsrs (oercentaoe oassinol
No 10
No. 40
No. 200 36 min "/ 36 min. r' 36 mln, r' 36 min
Characlerislrcs of fraction passing No, 40
Liquid limit 40 max. r' 41 min, x 40 max. r' 41 min.
PlastioitV index 10 max r 10 max. r 11 min, { 11min.
s70
Usual types 0f sionificant constituent materials Siitv soils Clavev soils
o 60
General suborade ratino Fair to pool ,s
a
6 For A-7-5, Pl s LL - 30
b For 4-7-6, Pl > 11.30 o."Jv
U)
o-
c
The soil cannot be A-4 because its P/ = 26% > 1,0%. 840
0)
The soil cannot be A-5 because its LL = 35% > 41,y". L30
The soil is 4-6
Solving f or Cl: 10
G/ = (Izoo * 35X0.2 + 0.005(LL - 40)l + 0,01(Fzoo - 15)(P/ - 10)
0
Cr= (se - 3s)[0.2 + 0.00s(35 - a0)] + 0.01(5e - 15X26 - 10) 0.001 0.01 0.1
ct= 11.24
Thus, the soil is ,4'-6(11) Figure 02,10 - Grain size curve
/PRoBLEM Oz.5IcE MAY 2003, SOLUTION

The table below shows the laboratory results of the sieve analysis of a iimple; Percent Passing, %
' Plot the grain size curve of the soil in the attached Figure 02.1b. Determine the
Sieve No Diameter (mm) (or % Finer)
following: +.76 90
2.38 64
a) Determine the nearest value to the effective size.
B
10 2.00 58
&) Determine the nearest value to the coefficient, of uniformity, C,. 20 0.84 35
c) Classify the soil according to the Unified Classification System, using 40 0.42 22
Table 02.1. 60 0.25 15
100 :t:il,r$ttg ilrr:i 10::
200 4.074 4
_ Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals damentals
I".r."iiritrgineering
of Chapter 02 -
- ' Classification
soir 77
76 of Soil Geotechnical Engineeri, oi
'rarrrtr'
a) Effective Size: (Dro )'
The Effectiuc Size, Dro, is the diameter of the particles of whi ^- Dro Doo
10% of the soil is finer. D16 is an important value in regulatir
From the graph, Dao = 0,63 mm
flow through soils and can significantly influence the mechani<
behavior of soils, ^ :)-:::1 :::
C.=
(0,63)2
=1.21 (Betweenl&3)
0.1.4e(2.2)
For this problem, Dro = 0.149 mm
Since C, > 6, C, is between 1 & 3, the soil is SW (WelI graded sand)
Th,e Aaersge Grain Size diameter of the soil is Dso,
Group
Hrlr[ 0rvisrons Typical Names Cla6silication Criteria
bI Coefficienl of rrniformitv: Symbols
Well-qraded gravels and

I GW gravel-sand mixtur6s, lrttle or Cu
"(DodDrc)
>4 CC= {Dm)2/(OroxDm) Between 1 & 3
no fines
(,
,'ll-llll{ az
bE
rE
o
I
85 o GP
Poorly graded gravels and
grave[sand mixtures, little
no fines
or
:E
s
Nol meeting both criteria for GW
hp a6
s70 oo Gl\,4 Silly gravels, gravel-sand-sill
mixlures
frE Alterberg limits plot bel0w'A'line 0r
Plaslicily index less than 4
Atterberg iimits
E plottinq in hatched
o)
c60
,6 I 5S ==.ig
qo:€ area are borderline
fl 9O 6= classifications
oo6 i
a>E
ta :n I= roquirirg use of
3 Clayey Oravels, gravel-sand- Atlerberg limits plol above "A" line or
Arn p dual symbols
o- "" lt 0 clay mixtures cq = Plaslicily index greater than 7
c
9? 40 '6
o II
&go IH
'9.4
.9o
e
! Co
uz I Poorly graded sands and
3
E
2A 't o co
Fffily
sands, liltle or no d2
1sH
> Not meeiing both criteria for SW
a q9
oi\
10 *&
b-z o Atterberg lrmits plot below "A'line or
,e SM Silly sands, sand-sill
Plaslicilyindex less lhan 4 Atlerberg limits
0 E"E mixtures =89 plotling in hatched
3gi
u.ul u.r \o.r+s \,, )zz
E
8
5 Br€a ar6 borderline
classiflcalions
' '10 63
=
SC Clayey sands, sand-clay
mixtures
Alterberg limits plol above "A" line ot
Plaslicily index grealer than 7
requiring lse of
dual symbols
D,ro
- '-
Dro
Dn= 0.149
From the grain size curve shown , Dsa = 2.2 mm

))
C,.= ''' =14.8
0,1,49
Pait 3 Classification of soil:

Percent gravel (retained in # 4 sieve) = 700% - 90'/o
Percent gravel (retained in # 4 sieve) * 10%
Chapter 02 -.Classification Fundamentals tdamentals of Chapter 02 - Classification
78 of Soil Geotechnical Engineer Eeotcchnical Engineering of Soil 79
Using Figure 02.3 PRoBLEM 02.6lCE NOVEMBER 20031
llrt,grain-size curves for soils A and B is shown in Figure 02.11. lt is required
f$..--*-ff--.-$9
oo * ?6
tr e lassify the soils according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
,* q<
rt) Determine the value of the coefficient of uniformity of soil A,
AB fr1 What is the classification of soil A?
__,---i----_
'!--\-'"+ __----l----- r ) What is the classification of soil B?
Ia:th a
-s;*ps
EfiEI Grain Size Curve
3s[3 EE a
100
90
,t\ A ll
eppp/l\ps,
a"r\ x pp 80
at/11/l\\/ x a^\ x /l\ q :ll Alr

I
." 70
l\, ,.{ \ /{
\t
/l\ \ ", v \/{
ri.
o^^ t
\rn , \en /l\ l\=": c0u
l\i.
l\- i: \:n
\:s ll/l\ \ l\ii H
\{h
6
o
o." /
PP
<qq
F 3P
Wn \+l pI PJfF lP
i. e=:p
io e= \/
i/ii II < 9 s Po e Po
'r
lF
l,Wn
FiF
ir E=r
a
e
=
!o
lol
l,l
ttt
I/t
l,l
l
o"
E
$+o
0)
I I
lr- F-- 1F+; 3 \/l troo ,,1c.
lrL
VV'lr
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Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals of chapter 02 - Ctassifi:T,i.J g
80 of Soil
Fundamentals
Geotechnical Engineeri Geotechnical Engineering
l
Uniformity coefficient, C,= = S.Z
ffi
D.il.'
Coefficient of curvature, C. =
Dro Doo
0.172
Coefficient of curvature, C. = = 0.903
0.10(0.32)
Classification:
Retained on No. 200 sieve = 1.00% (more than 50%)
Coarse-Grained Soil
SOLUTION Passing No. 4 sieve - 100% (more than 50%)

Ssnds
Grain Size Curve
100 C, = 3.2 < 6; C. = 0.903 (not between 1 and 3)
90 is SP
Since the soil does not meet both criteria for SW,
80
Soil B:
* 70
Dro = 0.15; Dso = 0.66; Dr,o = 2.1'
oi 60
'6 ?.1.
o Uniformity coefficient, C,,=
o
L 50 # 0,15
Uniformity coefficient, C, = 14
o 40
o
o
0 30 Coefficient of curvature, r,= =
2p
m ffi
Coefficient of curvature, C, = 1.38
10
Classification:
0 Retained on No. 200 sieve = 96% (more than 50%)
0.1 Coarse-Grained Soil
Passing No. 4 sieve = 90% (more than 50%)
Sands
Soil A: The soil is either SW, SP, SM, or SC

Prs = 0.10; Dn = A.77
D,,,, = 0.32 C,,=14>6
C. = 1.38 (between 1 and 3)
Uniformity coefficient, C = :!q

Dro
Therefore, the soil is SW
Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals of Fundamentals of chapter 0z - classifi:?rff g3
82 of Soil Geotechn ical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering
Using Figure 02.3 for SoilA; Using Figure 02.3 for Soil B;
s(, ut
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Chapter 02 - Classification Fundamentals Ftrrrclamentals of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
84 or 50il Geotechnical Engineeri t,r'otechnical Engineering through Soil 85
Chapter 03
Flow of Water
throu h Soils
,.I DARCY'S LAW
Section a-a
Outflow
\
Figure 03. 1 - Flow of water through soil
l),rrcy's law governs the flow of water through soils. Darcy (1856) proposed
llr,rt the average flow velocity through soils is proportional to the gradient of
llrt' total head. The velocity of flow is:
u=ki Eq.3.1
\
\\ Seepage velocity, a, = uf n Eq. 3.2
\
\
tv l r,'rt' I
I
HI
"-
t= =,,hvdraulic sradient
L,/
./
/, - c6efficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity, m/s or m/ day
rr - porosity
Chapter 03 _ Fl.*
86
Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
through soil
Fundamentals of'
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering "r#ltfi gl
The flow of water is:
3,2.2 FALLING.HEAD TEST
'lhe falling head test is used for fine-grained soils because the flow of water
through these soils is too slow to get reasonable measurement from the
Q=kiA Eq. 3,3
constant-head test
3.2 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF PERMSABILITY

3,2. I CONSTANT.HEAD TEST
The constant-head test is used to determine the coefficient of perr":
coarse-grained soils.
Porous stone
Soil specimen
Porous stone
q\
\t
V
E Graduated
Figure 03.3 - Falling-head permeability test
flask .
tb€l
H-{= I
aL /r- \
t-_
ft_-_-_.-. lnllr- I Eq. 3.5
Figure 03,2 - Constant head permeability test A(t) - t1) \hz )
where: \
VL
' k= :: Eq.3.4
d = cross-sectional area of the siqndpipe
. tAlt /rr = head at time fr \
/r2 = head at time fz
where: \ I
V = volume o[ water collected in time f

/l = constant head )
A = cross-sr.ctional area of the soil 3.2.2 EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERIITURE Ory 6
L : length of soil sample 'I'lre hydraul'ic concluctivitV of solL4s a function
of unrt weight of water, and
/ = duration of water collection tlrrrs, it is affected by r,vater;*<rr1f,erature. The relationship is given by:
\
\
\
Fundamentals of chapter o: - rowoYltji gq
Ground surface
@
Direction of
seepage
Impervious layer
.
Figure 03.5 * Flow through permeable layer
With reference to Figure 03.5, the hydraulic gradient is:
Hydraulic gradient, i = sin ct Eq. 3.8
3.4 EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC CONDI.'CTIVITY
3.4.1 HAZEN FORMUIIA (for fairly uniform sand):
k(cm/sec)=c(Dro)2 Eq. 3.9
where c = a constant that varies from 1 to1.5

Dro = effective size, rhm ....
3.4.2 CASAGRANDE (FOR FINE TO UM CLEAN SAND}:
k=L.4e2 Eq.3.10
t. tio
where hydraulic conductivity at void
- e
ko.as = k at void ratio of 0,85

Chapter 03 - Fldw of Water Fundamentals
through Soil Geotechnical Engineeri
kT, - vT, lu,T,
kT, |rr, f u,Tz
where:
kT.,,krr= hydraulic conductivities at temperatures Tr andT2, respectively
V"r,,Vr, = viscosity of water at temperatures Tr and T2l respectively

T w'f, rT a,7, - unit weight of water at temperatures Tl and Tz, respectively
3.3 FLOW THROUGH PERMEABLE LAYERS
I
h
rkl..J..
t,
H ,l;
Permeable layer
F(--- L ' >l
li r1
I
Figure 03.4 - Flow through permeable layer
4
,l
i.
With reference to Figure 03.4, the hydraulic gradient is:
I
t,l
i
I
Hydraulic gradient, I = Eq 3.71

L
cos 0.
!
90
Chapter 03
through Soil
- Flow of Water Fundamentals l'undamentals of
Chapter o, - t,*",i#lH g l
3,4.3 I(OZENY-CARMAN EOUATION 'l'he equivalent permeability in the
z-direction is (normal flow):
.3 H = -z
)_
"lr=C.'
"'r.+e Eq. 3.11
(kr)rq " k"
Eq. 3.15
HZtzo z-
Eq.3.16
where k is the hydraulic conductivity at a void ratio of e anci Cr is a constant, (k"),q-_T-Tk,t k"z t.
Azn
3,4.4 SAMARASINHE. HUANG, AND DRNEVICH

3.6 FLOW THROUGH I.AYERS OF AOUIFERS
i( = Lt-
c'
Eq.3.12
1,+ e
where C: and rc are constants to be determined experimentally.
3.5 EOUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN STRATIFIED SOIL Impervious layer
Figure 03.7 * Aquifers in horizontal layers
' kee (LD = k., Ht + kz Hz
Flow per unit width, q = k,ri a
i= Dt-Dz
L
n= _,
D. +D"
_z
(1)
2
Figure 03.6 - Equivalent hydraulic conductivity in stratified soil
'The equivalent pcrmeability in the:r-direction is (parallel flow):
(k)*H=Zk,z Eq 3.1 3
(k').q H = k,t 4 * k^zzz* ... * k,,,2,, L \,I 3.14
Figure 03.8 - Non-

q2 Chapter 03 - Flow of Water Fundamen Fundamentals of chapter 03 - FrowJJ#lf; q)3
through Soil Geotechnical Engineer[ hnical Engineering
LL"L" For the entire system:
k"- k" k" Total head = hr
Total length of soil = Hl + H,
Flow per unit width, 4 = k"qia i=ht/(fu+Hr1
. D.,' -D,' Equivalent k:
l-:
L ,H _-h, H1+H2 _ H.
+f-
H"
'kea k' kq 4k2
D. +D. .-.
U- L Totalflow, q=k,riA
2 " I
At point A:
-l Head, H = h2
Length, L = yr
3,7 CONTINUITY EOUATION FOR SIMPLE FLOW PROBLEMS
h=hz/yr
Permeability = k1
Flow, qa = kt ia A
Continuity Equation; qt = q
At point B:
Head, h = ht
Length, L=H1 +y2
is = h/ (H1 + y2)
Permeability, k"q a:
\*Yz H-t .,, lz

krqB = k.t k2
Flow, qs =k,, e ia A
Continuity Equation; qB= qA= q
3.8 HYDRAULIC OF UTELLS

Urrderground water constitutes an i-po)'ispource of water supply, The
$tratum of soil in which this water is present is \own as an aquifer. On the
Figure 03.9 lrirsis of their hydraulic characteristics, wells are d\ided into two categories;
graoity or water-table utells, and qrtesian or pressu\e wells.If the pressure at
Consider the one-dimensional the surface of the surrounding underground water i{ atmospheric, the well is
flow problem shown, The followi
calculations rnay br.' applied: of the grauity typr; if this pressure is above atmospheric because an impervious
soil stratum overlies the aquifer, the well is artesian.
f
/
Assume that the water surrounding a well ha/a horizontal surface under
:;t;.rtic conditions. The lateral flow of watey.4oward the well requires the
Chapter 03 - Flow of Water Fundamentals FUndamentals of Chapter O: - FlowoofYlte.f gS
94 through Soil Geotechnical Engi Gt:otechnical Engineering
existence of a hydraulic gradient, this gradient being caused by a difference ARTESSIAN UTELL
pressure. To create this difference in pressure, the surface of the surroundi
',8.2
water assumes the shape of an inverted ,'coneu during pumping of the well, R2
shown in profile in the figure. This cone is known as the corc of depression, t
iR, i
cross section of the cone at the water surface is called the circle of irtJluence, i<--)i
i
i
the distance through which the water surface is lowered at the well is
the dra7.L)clo7,Jr. The discharge corresponding to a drawdown of 1 m is cal .;
specific capacity of the well.
;&*
1 ..l
3.8.I GRAVITY WELL
Rz'
R,
Bottom of well
Figure 03.1 1 - Artesian well
Drawdown 2xkt(h7 -h1)

1', < ln(R2
Eq.3.18
.tt / R, )
Cone of l' /
u
0epressron
I
Iv lrr.'rc:
Itt.lb, Rr, Rz are in meters
( = coefficient of permeability in m/hr
Q = discharge in m3/hr.
Figure 03.10 - Gravity well
I., TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS

^ nk(h"2 * luz\
r rLow Ners
Eq 3.1V
In(R2 / R1 ) f ,q. -1.----
/
Firt'prage losses through the ground or through ealdh darns and levees and the
rrl,rtod flow pattern and rate of energy loss, or y'l'ssipation of hydrostatic head,
nr(' lrequently estimated by means of a grap-fcal technique known as flow net.
I'hrw net is a graphical representation of a flow field that satisfies Laplace's

e'lr,rtion and comprises a family of flow lines and equipotential lines.
Chapter 03 - Flow of Water Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water oa
q6 through Soil Geotechnical Engi 6cotechnical Engineering through soil ' '
where:
k = coefficient of permeability
H = head
N/= number of flow channels = Number of flow lines minus one
Na = number of equipotential (pressure) drops
Na = Number of equipotential lines minus one
N.
is called the shape factor
=*
Nd
s*idP lf the soil is anisotropic:
q='H
,
N,
r
"lk"k.
V ^
Eq. 3.20
NI
L\d
Figure 03.12 - Flow nets
A flow net must meet the following criteria:

1, The boundary conditions must be satisfied.
2. Flow lines must intersect equipotential lines at right angles.
3. 'Ihe area between flow lines and equipotential lines must be curvili
squares. A curvilinear square has the properry that an inscribed
can drawn to touch each side of the square and continuous bisecti
results, in the limit, in a point,
4. The quantity of flow through each flow channel id constant.
5. The head loss between each consecutive equipotential line is constant.
5. A flow line canrrot intersect another flow line.
7. An equipotentiaI line cannot intcrsect another equipotential line.
Flout line is the path followed by a particle of water as it moves t
saturated soil mass.
Equipotential line is a line connecting points of equal potential energy.
The flow of water through isotropic soil is:
Nr
q=kH
, '
N.,
g8 Chapter 03 - Flow of Water Fundamentals of Chapter 03 * Flow of Water
through Soil 99
$cotechnical Engineering through Soil
- ,,,)'
k, ( 1'* e,
rr= l,r) *A-
PROBLEM 03. I 0.302x t0-7 _ft.r)r t+o.o
For a normally consolidated clay soil, the following values are given: ni;nj- - [o.e] 1.1i1
(1"2222)'= 2.781579
Void ratio k (cm/sec) n log (7.2222) = log 2.787579
1.1 0302x707 n=5.1
0.9 0.12 x'L1r
b) Value of G:
The hydraulic conductivity for normally consolidated clay is given by on
following equation: [k = f3-:- ]
L+e
^
0.302xtOr=Crfr11
1.1s
1
en
K = L] _
1+c Cs=0.39x10-7
where e is the void ratio, Cr and n are constants to be dctermi c) Value of k when e = 0.75
experimentally.
k= ase *n, !75=t)=
a) Determine the value of n.
b) Determine the value of C:. k= A.5'14- rO"';#;::
c) Estimate the lrydraulic conductivity of the clay at a void ratio of 0.2s.
SOLUTION
paoBLEM 03.2 solve this !
a) lrrrr,r constant head laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following
Value of n:
given:'(Refer to Figure Figure 03,13)
Vrrlues are
oll
- Length of specimery L = L0 inches
1.+e Diameter of specimen = 2.5 inches -.'
Head difference, lz = 22 inches
C, €7" /
kt _ '1.+e1 Water collected in 2 min = 0.044 in3 ,/
llrc void ratio of the specimen is 0.34.
G- *_!_ /
rr) Determine the conductivity, k, of the soil in in/m/n.
" l+c2
lr) Determine the discharge velocity through the soifl in in/min.
, ) Determine the seepage velocity in in/min.
. cr" - I
kl
k.L
= 7*rl,-
o-n \\
"2
1- '''
oo il:ffil?3,, t'"* orwater -
f undamentals of Chapter 03 Flow of Water
r
Fundamentals
Geotechnical Enqi Gcotechnical En gineering through Soil rot
a
Seepage velocity, u, =
n
n=e/(1+e)
n = 03a/ (, + 0.34)
n = 0.2537
o'448x10-z
seeoase velocitv. u.-
0.2537
Seepage velocity, a, = 1.765x 10-2 iny'min
PROBLEM 03.3
A soil sample 10 cm in diameter is placed in a tube 1 m long. A constant
supply of water is allowed to flow into one end of the soil at A and the outflow
.rt B is collected by a beaker, as shown in Figure 03,14. The average amount of
water collected is 1 cc for every 1.0 seconds. The tube is inclined as shown,
a) Determine the average velocity of flow through the soil in cm/s,
b) Determine the seepage velocity (velocity through the void spaces) in
Figure 03.13 cmf s.
c) Determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil in cm/s.
SOLUTION solve this !
Discharge, Q = 0.022 in3/min
lQ= kiA)
0.022=r2+rz.st,
10 +'
k = 0.2037 x 10-2 iry'min
Dischargevelocity, u=ki = I
{).022
Disclrarge velocity,, = r,,;€
J)
4\1
Discharge velocity, u = 0.448 x 10-2 iry'min
Figure 03.14
orwater
t az ,.,l:ffi13i,;''"*
Fundamentals
GeotechnicalE
lundamentals of
Ceotechnical Engineering
through Soil I03
SOLUTION
a) Average velocity w.s. El. 140 m
Q=Volume/time=1/10
Q = 0,1 cc/s
Averagevelocitv, ,= Q
A
0'1
Average velocity, ,= -
+(10).
Average velocity, a = A,$LLZZ cm/s
b) Seepage velocity:
U
Seepage velocity, u..
n
e Figure 03.15
1,+e
n= ___
0.6
SOLUTION
"I+ 4.6
tt = 0.375 Q= kiA
0.au27 k = 3.5 m/ day
Seepage velocity, zr.. = i=h/L=20/110
0.375
Seepage velocity, rr. = 0.00339 cm/s A = 1.5(350) * 525 m2
Q = 3,5(20/110)(52s)
c) Coefficient of permeability: Q = 334.t m3/day x 1000 Lit/ms xl day/24 hrs x t hr/60 min
IQ=kiA) Q= 232 Litlrnin
'I ,_ h _. (2-0.8)
L1, solve this !
i* 1,.2 PROBLEM 03.5
0.'l = /r (1.2) + (10), A falling-head permeability test was run on a soil sample 9.6 cm in diameter
arrtl 10 cm long. The head at the start of the test was 90
cm. The coefficient of
k = 0.001061. = 10.G1x 10a cmls
1r'rmeability of the soil was found to be 5 x 10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the
el,rrrd pipe was 1 cm.
,r) Deiermine the flow at the start of the test, in cm3/hr.
PROBTEM 03.4 (CE MAY t9c)91 f,) Determine how much head was lost during the first 30 min
r ) Determine the flow after 30 minutes, in cm3/hr.
A sand layer having the cross-section area as shown in Figure 03.15 has been
determined to exist for a 350-meter length of the levee. The coefficient of,
permeability of the sand layer is 3.5 m/day. Determine the flow of water into
the ditch in Lit/min?
t a4 :,.}ffi133,;''"*orwater GeotechnicalE alEngineering through Soil r05
hz= 82.84 cm
Lost of head = 90 - 82.84
Lost of head = 7.76 cm
Using the formula:
k=A(t2o!- hf&-'l
- t1) lnz )
5xL0-6= + (1)2 (10) .90

ln_
* b2
f, (e.6)2 (1800 0)
t.'29 = o11zs
h2
99
Figure 03.16 - r0.0,,,
h2
h2= 82.84 cm
SOLUTION Lostofhead=h-hz
Part a:
Lost of head = 7.1.6 cm
h=90cm
Part
Q = kia * S x 10-6(90/
c:
10) * (9.6),
Head,h = 90 -7.16 = 82.84
Q = 0.003257 cm3/sec
Q = 11.72 cm3/hr lQ = hAl
a = 5 x 10-6(82.84/ 10) * (9.6),
Part b:
Q = 0.002998 cm3/sec
, 1t', A, dlr
r- - | Q = 10.79 cm3/hr
Jtt, a
A -X
A,= i()2=n/q
LEM 03.6
Q = k iA = 5 x 1,06(h/1"0) t e.6),
A l,t'rmeable soil is underlain by an impervious layer, as shown in Figure
Q= i1o.ooo04608h) 1 17. For the permeable layer, k = 0.0048 cm/sec. H= 3 m and cr = 5o.
/rr = 90 cm rr) Calculate the hydraulic gradient?
hz= ? l,) Calculate for the flow of water per meter width in m3/hr.
t=30min=1800s r ) Calculate the total amount of water percolated per day per meter width,
in cubic meter.
/ a)dh
1800 =
I:
n, (n
@
/ 4)(0.00004608h)
oo82s44=
frlr, l]'= ," (eo) - tn (/r,)
L J/tr
ln (h2) = 4.41686
of warer
iir
t 06 f^?3lH ?i,; '''* GeotechnicalEn of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
&i
ical'Engineering through Soil t07
Ground surface
ffi q = 0.000048(0,087 16) (2,99)
H.
q = 0.0000125L m3/ s per meter
ffi q = 0.045 m3/hr per meter
Hi
EI
E,
F1 c) Volume percolated per day:
h Volume = 4f
iii
ii
Volume =0.045x24
Volume = 1.08 m3
03.7
Figure 03,17
tcr flows through the permeable layer as shown in Figure 03.18. Given H =
ft, h = 4.6 ft, L = 120 fl, s. = '1.4o, and, k = 0.0016 ft/,sec. Consider 1 ft width
SOLUTION prpendicular to the figure,
rr) Calculate the hydraulic gradient in percent?
lr) Calculate for the flow of water per ft width in fl3 /hr.
e) Calculate the total amsunt of water percolated per day per ft width, in
cubic ft.
a) Hydraulic gradient:
I = Head loss/Length
i=Ltanu/ (L/cosa)
l=sincr
i = sin 5o = 0.087L6
b) Flow per meter width:

fq = kiAl
A=3cosg,xL
A=3cos50
A = 2.99 m2 Figure 03.'t8
k = 0.0048 cmlsec
k = 0.000048 m/sec
rt
lii
tos f#:ffi ?3,;''o*orwiter Fun of chaprer 03 _ Frowooj*tr:l
Geotechnical nical Engineering lOg
tr SOLUTION
m,
tr) If i = 0.70, determine the total flow 4'in cme/sec.
&. a) Hydraulic gradient:
fi .h
il,
iit
,=
,L
$ -cos 0
.
,= 4.6
' 120
--
cos L4o
i = 0,03719
i* 3,7N/o
b) Flow per unit width

[q * kiAj
A=Hcoscrxl
A=3.5cos14ox1
A = 3.396 tt2 Figure 03.19
q = 0.0016(0.0 37'tg) (3.396)
q = 2.02078 x 10+ ft:/sec
q = Q.tuft ftt/hr SOLUTION
Pafi a:
c) Volume percolated per day: q = azt = k i a
Volume = 0.72T5(24) Considering l unit width perpendicular to the figure:
Volume = 17.46its . q= (1xFI)(k,*)i = (1xH)(kut)l+ (1x Hz)(kni)i +(l xHsxkrd,
+ ,,, + (1, H,)(kir.),
1
k,* = (km Hr + kuz Hz + kffi Hs+ ... +.kan H^)
PROBLEM O3.8 {CE MAY 2OO3l solve this ! i
Consider the stratified soil deposit shown in Figure 03.19.
where;
v.
'
1. hydraulic gradient is equal; Lq = ir = iz= ... = in
2. quantity of flow in each layer is added to make the total flow q L
Note:.Darcy's equation a = ki and, 4 = aA; kpy ks2, ks,... kar are the
of permeability of the individual layers in the horizontal direction. Consider
unit width.
a) Derive the expression for the equivalent coefficient of permeability in
horizontal direction.
b) Iftherearefour layers,3 mthick each, and km=2x1A3,kuz= L x 106,
km - 2 x 10-a, kHe = 1 x 10-3 in cm/sec, determine the equivalent coeffici
of permeability in the horizontal direction.
I trndamentals of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
I ro
Chapter 03
through Soil
- Flow of Water Fundamentals
(icotechr:ical Engineering through Soil llt
Part &
Hr= Hz= Hs= He = 3 m
km=2 x 10-3cm/sec
knz=1x 1O-scm/sec
km= 2 x1,0a cm/sec
kns=7x10:scm/sec
.
k,* =
1. .. -.
(kmHr+kuzHz+kuoHs + ... + knn Hn)
i
t="1-
?7[66[2 x 10-s(300) 1x 10-5(300)+ 2 104
+ x (300)
^req
(3oo)l
k,uo =o.ooo8o2u;'/;10-3
k,q = 8.025 x 104 cm/s
Part III:
i = 0.70
q=k'*iA
Considering 1 cm width:
H=3m x4=12m Figure 03.20
H = 1200 cm
A=Hx1=(1200X1)
A=L2AA cm2
q = (8.025 x 104 )(0.70)(1,200) Equivalent k:
q = 0.674 cm3/s Per cm width UIJ
l7l = r't @arallel flow)
Krq ,K
PROBLEM 03.9 solve this ! 500_ 159 * 150 n_:00_
k,, L0-2 3x 10-3 4.9 xL0'a
Figure 03.20 shows layers of soil in a tube that is 100 mm x 100 mm in c
section. Water is supplied to maintain a constant head difference of 400 lc"o = 0.001057 cmf sec
across the sample. The hydraulic conductivities of the soils in the direction k", = 1.057x10^-3
0.1057 m/secm/s
flow through them are as follows:
Flow rate:
Soil k (cm/sec) Porosity, tt lQ= kiAj
A L x 10-2 25o/. i = h/r-
B 3 x 10'3 g2% l=400/500=0.80
C 4.9 x10a 22%
Q = 0.001052(0.80)(10 x 10)
g = 9.63456 srnt/g
a) Calculate the equivalent k in m/sec. e = 904.4 cm3/hr
D) Calculate the rate of water supply in cm3/hr.
c) Calculate the seepage velocity through soil C in m/sec.
Chapter 03 - Flow of Water lrundamentals of -
tl2 through Soil
Funclamen
Geotechnical Enqi (lcotechnical Engineering
Chapter 03 FIow of VTater
through Soil lt3
c) Seepage velocity through soil C;
fa, = oû.f nf @
l)ave = Q/ A !
u,u"=0.08456/(10x10) (,tt
uave = 0.0008456 cm/sec
u,u" = 0.08456 m/sec
vs t-
t,avel tL
u"= 0.08456/0.22
u, = 0.384 m/s
PROBLEM 03. IO solve this !

Given the stratified soil shown in Figure 03.21. The properties of each soil
as follows:
Coefficient of permeability:
Figure 03.2'l
kn = 6.25 cmf hr, ks = 8.15 crtf hr, ko = 3.60 cm/hr
Thickness: ": SOLUTION

H =1..20 m, H: = 0.30 m
FIa = 0.50 m, Hs = 0.40 m
0.31
v
Length: 0.s
t
I .... v ,....
s: i'ii!,,k,.
Lr = 0.8 m, L2= Q.7 -+ ::' :':-:
Lt = L.5 m, Lo = 0.9 ^
o o.[
Head,ft=1.8m
m,
' o.Bm ' o.7m '

+ l.5m ' o.9m I
H"=0.8+0.7+1.5+0.9
a) Determine the total flow per meter Ho=3.9m
b) Determine the equivalent coefficient of permeability
-. h.
t,= 7l
L=Lr+Lz+Ls
L=0.8+0.7+1.5+0.9
L=3.9m
.
l=
1.8
-3.9
i = 4.461.5
Chapter 03 * Flow of Water Fundamen Fundamentals of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
lt4 through Soil Geoteclrnical Engineer Er,otechnical Engineering through Soil I t5
lIo _. H Total flow, q = qi + q2+ ry
k^^ k Total flow, q = 0.00648 + 0.01217 + 0.010529
Total flow, q = 0.029179 m3/hr
.H^
b=u
"ee L@/k) b) Equivalent coefficient of permeability for all layers:
lq = k"ri al
a) Total flow: 4.029179 * k"r(0.4615)(7.2 x 1)
Solving for 4r: k"r= 0.05269 m/hr
[q = h"ri a1l k"r= 5.269 cm/hr
,
k- e9
3.9
" t
o.8o o.7o L5 , 0.9
(rzs- L75 - 4s - 36
k1 uq= 4,68:l cm/hr PROBLEM 03. I I solve this !
k1"o = 0.04681" m/hr
A canal is cut into a soil with a stratigraphy shou,n in Figure 03.22. Assume
a = 0.3 x.1 = 0.3 m2
lkrw takes place laterally and vertically through the sides of the canal and
g * 0.04681 (0.4615X0.3) vr'r'tically below the canal. The values of k = k, = k. in each layer are given.
q1 = 0.00648 m3/hr rr) What is the equivalent permeability in the horizontal direction through
the sides of the canal, in cm/day.
Solving for qz: /r) What is the equivalent permeability in the vertical directions through the
fqz= kz"ri a2l sides of the canal, in cm/day.
. 3.9 t) Determine the equivalent permeability in the vertical directions below
"z eq
k'
o.8o o.7o 1.5 0.9 the bottom of the canal, in cm/day.
r-25- r75*-eN- to
k2.q= 5.272 cm/hr
k2.r= 0.A5272m/hr 1.0 m
42 = 0.5(1) = 0.5 m2 /n
1.5 m
J
= 4.0527 2(0.4615X0.5) iiirirlii:;ii'llrrii,!ei ir: .l.lr; 'i' :,r ,';'
Qz
qz= 0.01217 m3/hr 2.0 m T- :Ii:ifr{li,l:tiit,.rl",,'.il:,ii
a, l':i:' r:, :'i :,rairi:'
/t\
1.2 m k=0.3x10{cm/s
Solving for qs: 0
lqt = kt "o i a3l
t.
-
3.9 3.0 m t k=0.8x10'rcm/s
eq
, 0.70 1.5 0.9
^3 0.80
6.25i rn r sl5 r57 I
k3"q =,5.7035 cm/hr
k3"q = 0.057035 m/hr Figure 03.22
ar = 0.4(1) = 0.4 m2
qt = 0.057 035(0.4615X0.4)
ry= 0.010529 m3lhr
t t 6 f,.}:ifi ?i,; '''*
or water F
GeotechnicalE
mentals of
echnical Engineering
through Soil lt7
SOLUTION
Ho
k, ("q)
Z1 Zt
i+3+...+r Z"
1.0 m
krt krz kr,,
5./
1.5 m k,@q)
1.5 1.2 3
2.0 m
2"1,0-6 0.3 x 10-a 0.8 x 10-3
k,@q)= 7.18 x 10-6 cm/ s
1.2 m k,Gqt= A.620352 cm/day
3.0 m
FROBLEM 03. r 2 (NOVEMBER 2OO3)
solve this !
A lt'st is set-up as shown in Figure 03.23. A c1rlindrical motrd 4" in diameter is
frllt'd with silt to height fi = 0.2 ft, whose coefficient of permeability k1 = 3.6 x
a) Equivalent permeability in horizontal direction though the
l{}rfrlmin.
of the canal (H, = 3 m)
.7t.
k,(.q) = *11o (rrkr, + z2k*2 + "' + znk*r)
1
k,r"d =
i tttZ.a * 10-s) + 1.5(5.2 x L0-6) + 0.5(2 x 10+)l
k,r"ql = 10.6 x 10-6 cm/s

k* ("q) = 0.91584 cm/day
b) Equivalent permeability in vertical direction though the

the canal (H, = 3 m)
t--Ho: -:-------:------
nz (eg.)
aat La Ln
L-a..-a_
kzt krz krn
,3
k.(uq) = ---l-=f5 t--l_
-*--6:5*
2.3 x 10-s 5.2 x 10-5 Zx70-6
k.("q) = 5.16 x L0-5 cm/b
k. ("q) = 0.445824 cm/day
c) Equivalent permeability in vertical direction though the igure 03.23

of the canal
A second coaxial mold is placed on top of, the first mold whose inside
H"= 1.5 + 1..2+ 3 = 5.7 m
rlr,rrneter is d = L.5" and whose height is Hz = 0.30 ft. Its thickness is negligibte.
llr.'insi\e of this second mold is filted with the same silt, but the annulairing
\
\ \,
Chaoter 03 - Flow of Water Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
I l8 rhrouqh Soit
F
GeotechnicalEn hnical Engineering through Soil llq
outside the small tube and outer tube is filled with sand whose coeffici i=h/L
permeability is k2 = 2,7 x 10 3 ftlmin . '
i=1".25/0.5=2.5
The test set-up is a permeameter of constant'head. Water is placed in the A= td2
and maintained at a level h = 1.25 ft. above the level of the outlet. It ma
considered that,the system consists of a fictitious soil of thickness.H = Hr
.1= to,s/12)2
and coefficient of permeabitity kf.
. A=0.012271t2
Q, = 3.6 x 1 0a (2.5)(0. 01.227)

The following general equations may be useful:
Q, = L.1045 * 16-s f1slmin
kuuq= H / | (ru/ k"i + (Hz/ k,z) + ... + (H,/ k,,)l
kt, (1 / LI)lknt Hr i knz Hz + ... + kn H,l
"q= Path b:
Q6= k.eiA
a) What is the total flow of water in ftr/min? t. 0'5
b) What is the equivalent coefficient of permeability, k1, in ft/min? ' n"q -
c) What is the total amount of water that percolated after 55 minutes.

-Ti-----12-- I-
2.7 x7O-3 3.6 x 10-a
.l
k"o= 7 '5 x 10-a ft/min
SOLUTION
i=h/L
i= 1..25/ 0.5 = 2.5
A= t(D2 _ d2)
. A= tU#Y-(f )?l
A = 0"075 ft2
Qb= (7.s x 10a)(2.5)(0.075)

Sand,k=2.7x10'3ft/min eu_1.40625 x 10-+ ft3/min
Q= Q,+ Qo
Q = 1.1045 x 10-s + 1.40625 x10'a
Q = 1,.5167 * 16-+ f1lmin
Silt,k=3.6x10''ft/min Part b:
e=k!il._
i=h/L
i=1..25/0.5=2.5
A= tD'
A= t(+)'
A = 0.08727 f0
Pafta: Q r 1,.51.67 x 104 ft3lmin
Path a:
1..51.67x L0-a = kf (2.5)(0.08727)
Qo=kiA
k = 3.6 x 104 ft/min 4= 6.9518 x 104 fVmin .
t'o* or water
t zo ,t,lffil?3,, Geotechnical
through soit l2t
part c:
V = Q x t = 1.5167 x 10-4 ft3/min x 55 min
V = 0.00834185 ft3 x (100 cml3.28 ft)r
V = 236.4 cml
PROBLEM 03.I3
Refer to Figure 03.24. Given that Hr = 300 mm, Hz = 500 mm, and h= 600
and ttrat at z = 200 mm, /.t = 500 mm. [t is required to determine h at z -
, The following general equations may be useful:

k,uq= H / | (fu/k,) + (H2/ k,z) + ... + (H,/k*))
kn = (1' / H)[ kn Ht + knz Hz + ... + knn H, I
"q
a) What is the ratio k1/ k2?

b) What is the value of h atz = 600 mm?
c) If k1 = 5 x 10-6 cm/s, what is the equivalent k of soils 1 and 2?
Part a:
For the entire system of soil:
lq=k,qiAl
rl, H =vh't
Krq K
0.9 0.3 * !g
kq = kt k2
0.8 _ 0.3k2 +0.5kr
kq k$z
t_ _ 0.8k1k2
'' 0.3k2 + 0.5k1
,H
Figure 03.24 L
. 0.6
= 0,75
0.8
Chaoter 03 - Flow of Water Fundamentals of Chapter 03 - Flow of Water
123
122 through soit 6cotechnical Engineering through Soil
a = * 0.8k:l2 t(
t0.75)A
0.7143k{H/A.q A = 0.5 kl A
H = 0.42
' 0.3k1_ + 0.5k1
o.6k,k"
0.6-h*0.42
' 0'3kz + 0'5kt
h=0.18m
h=180mm
At point A:
Head, H = 0.1 Part c:
Length of soil, L = 0.2 kr=5x10-6cm/s
i=a/z 1rr= la: /1.8
ir = 0.1/0.2 kz= 2.778 x 10-6 cm/s.
11 = 0.5 .
D=E
0.9k, k,
fi = kt (0.5)A "el 0.3k2 + 0.5k,
Qt = 0.5ktA
t- 0.8(5 x 10*6 )Q.778 x to 6 )
Kcq -
But 4r = q (continuity equation) 0.3(2178 xt0-5 ) + 0.5(5 x 10-6 )
o'6k$2
"
o.Sk,A = 0.3k2 + 0.5k1 A k", = 3'33 x 10-6 cm/s
0.3k2+0.5kr=L.2k2
0'5 kt = g'9 L' solve this !
PROBLEM 03.14 IMAY ZOO4I
kr = 1.8 kz
kr/ kz = '1"8 A confined aquifer underlies an unconfined aquifer as shown in Figure 03.25.
( liven the following: Dt = 59 m, Dz = 41 m, Hr = 45 m, Hz = 33 m, Kr = 35 m/ day,
Part b:
l:=27mfday,L=2km.
At point B:
ri) Calculate the equivalent coefficient of permeability in horizontal
dircction.
Head, H = ?
L=0.3+0.3 l,) Calculate the hydraulic gradient,
L=0.6 r) Calculate the flow of water from one stream to another per meter width.
Solve for k'"0:
q.6=0.3+0.3
llte. kl kz
0.6_ 0.3 +0.3
k'", 1,.8k2 k2
0,6 _ 0.4667
ftiei k2
k"s = 1'2857k2
k'"s = 0'7143kt
Figure 03.25
qz=k',qiL
q= k"qi L
Flow of Water Frrrrlamentals of -
t24 ,tl3i,,lil?3,;
Fundamentals
Geotechnical En gineer:i (*,otechnical Engineering
Chapter 03 Flow of Vfater
throuqh Soil l2s
SOLUTION
El 38m w.s.
-,ffk
El 28m
Part a:
K,, H = ZKlt
K*(33 + 4s) = 35(4s) + 27(33)
K,q = 37.6'1.5 rr{d.ay lmpervious
Part &: Figure 03,26

- n/l= 78/2000 = 0.00e
Part c: IOLUTION
Q = K*iA
A=ho,ux1= \tr (1)=56*z
Q = 31.615(0.009X50) = 14.227 m3/day
PROBLEM 03. t s (NoVEMBER 2OOt)

The section of a cofferdam is as shorvn in Figure 03.26. If the coefficient
permeability of the soil is k = 5 x 10-3 m/s, determine the seepage into
ditches per meter length of the cofferdam.
El 0
Impervious
t- N,
a=kH
, N,.
H=38-18
H=20m
I N7= number of flow channels
I
Chaoter 03 - Flow of Water Fun rrlamentals of chapter 03 _ Frow#sYl:; 127
126 through Soit GeotechnicalE cal Engineering
N.r= 3
Na = number of pressure drops
Na=7
'?
q = (5 10 3)(20):
" /
q * 0.043 m3/s per rneter
Since there are two identical sides:
4=0.043x2
q = 0.086 m3/s per meter
PROBLEM 03.I6
The section of a sheet pile is shown in Figure 03.27. The coefficient
permeability of the soil is k = 4.2 x 10-3 m/s. Determine the seepage into
downstream side per meter length of the sheet pile.
N.
1q=kH *
/vd
I
k=4.2x103m/s
Nr= +
Na=8
H=7 -2=5m
q = 4.2x 103(5)f
4 = 0.0105 m3/s Per meter

4 =fi.S as
PROBLEM 03. I 7
masonry dam shown in Figure 03.28, k = 5 m/ day'
Irrrr the
Figure 03.27 n) Determin" th" ru"puge flow per meter width of dam in liters per minute,.
&) Determine the uplift pressure at A and B in kPa'
cj Determine the upliff force per meter of dam. Assume that the uplift
presspre under the dam varies uniformly'
I
\
\
\\
t zs :,l3L1!3,; '''* or water Fundamentals
Geotechnical Engi
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical En gineering
throuqh Soil t29
*+_'
Seepage flow,q=kH:
,Nd t.
Seepage flow, q= S1f S11
9
18m Seepage flow, q - 40 m3 f day per meter
=40x$x$x1000
I * 27.78 Litlmin
1m
I {,' .," I b) Pressure at A and B:
Pressurehead drop = A
Nd
Pressurehead drop =
f;
Pressure head drop = 2 m per drop
Figure 03.28 Pressure head, ht= 18 - 2(1) = 16 m

Pressure head, hs = 18 - 2(8) = 2 m
SOLUTION Pt=l*h=9.8L(1.6)
pa = 156.95kPa
30 m ------ri
ll
PB = nl, hs = 9.81(2)
pa = 19.62kPa
c) Uplift pressure per unit length of dam:
I
1m
t- t' >z---r' ! \ '. )./ 'r
u= Pe!!.!_(30)x 1
L56.99:79,62
u= eg1
a) Flow per unit width: U = 2,548.7 kN
Number of pressure drops, Na = 9
Number of flow channels, N7 = 4
Chaoter 03 - Flow of Water Funda Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
130 throush Soil GeotechnicalEn err,otechnical Engineering in soil l3l
Chapter 04
Stresses in Soil
4.1 INTERGRANULAR STRESS, p6 (EFFECTIVE STRESSI
lll('rgranular or effective stress is the stress resulting from particle-to-particlc

r r)ntact of soil.
pr.=pr-p", Eq.41
4.2 PORE WATER PRESSURE, p* {NEUTRAL STRESSI

l\rre water pressure or neutral stress is the stress induced by water-pressLlres,
pru = lru hru Eq.4.2
Nrrte: For soils above water table, p* = 0.
4,3 TOTAL STRESS, PT
l'he sum of the effective and neutral stresses.
Pr=PttP,u Eq. 4.3
4.4 STRESS IN SOIL WITHOUT SEEPAGE

(lonsider the soil layer shown in Figure 04.1.
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Fundamentals of chapter 04 - sti;T;fr
132 in soil Geotechnical Engineering I SS
Surcharge, q (kPa)
4.5 STRESS lN SATURATED SOIL wlTH SEEPAGE
4.5.I UPWARD SEEPAGE
Figure 04.1 - Soil layers with surcharge and without seepage
Total stress, pr i y* hn + q
Neutral stress, p, = 0
Effective stress, p6 = p"r - p*
Figure 04.2 - Soil with upward seepage
Total stress, pr = Tsaa h5 + y^ h1 + q Hydraulic gradient, i = hlHz

ht=ixs1=i(h/Hz)
Effective stress, pE = pr - p,
O.r Pr*Yar.hs+Y*h1 + q At point A:
i pr= l*Ht Pr= Pr'Pu = 0
At point C:
Pw=f*Ht
Total shess, pr = lxtthx * lsatlh2+ y^h1 + Q
Neuhal stress, p, = fwho At point B:
Effective stress, pE = pr - ?* Pr = lsat z1 * Yp Ht Pr=Pr-P*=fuzt-\r,ht
' otPt=*Tuzhz+^lnhz+\^ht+ 4 P,-f*(4+Hr+hi
At point C;
Pr = lut Hz + Y*.Ht Pe=Pr'9,r=yoHz-I*h
P*=T,(Hz+fu+h)
The seepage force per unit volume of soil is:
F = iY'u Eq. 4.4

Chapter 04 - Stresses ntals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
t34 in Soil GeotechnicalEng technical Engineering in Soir 135
4.5,2 DOWN\T/ARD SEEPAGE EFFECT OF CAPILLARY RISE TO SOIL STRESS
Eapillary rise in soil is demonstrated on the following figure. A sandy soil is

plrrccd in contact with water. After a certain period, water rises and the
Yariation of the degree of saturation with the height of the soil column caused
by capillary rise is approximately given in the figure.
:wT 1000/o
Degree of
saturation (o/o)
Variation of degree of
saturation with heiqht
Figure 04.3 - Soil with downward seepage Figure 04.4 - Capillary rise in soil
Hydraulic gradient, i = h/ Hz i i: ,
'l'ltc degree of saturation is about 100% up to a height ft1. Beyond the height &1,
hr= i x a= i(h/Hz) water can occupy only the smaller voids, hence the degree bf saturation is less
tlran 100%.
At pointA:
'l'hc approximate height of capillary rise is given by Hazen as:
Pr=l,Ht
P*=I*Hr
Pt= Pr-P*=0 C
. hr=
,z: Eq. 4.5
,pl
At point B:
P'r=lxt4+lpHt where D16 = effective grain size, e = void ratio, and C = a constant that varies
Pw=T,(4+Hr-hr) flom L0 to 50 mm2.
pE*pr-P**lozr+l,kr
'l'he pore water pressu re, pw, ata point in the layer of soil fully saturated by
At point C: r',rpillary rise is:
pr = lsarH2 + Y* Ht
?.=|,(Hz+H1 -h) P*= -Y*h Eq. a.6
PE=Pr-Pt=YuHz+Y*h
where h is the height of the point under consideration measured from the
glound wa{er table.
I
\
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Fundam Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
136 in soit GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering in Soil 137
Ifa partial saturation is caused by capillary action, the pore water ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
can be approximated as:
P* = 'S Yrh PROBLEM O4.1 ICE NOVEMBER r998)

20. Nov 98: A clay layer 4m thick rests beneath a deposit of submerged sand 8
where S is the degree of saturation at the point under consideration.
rn thick. The top of the sand is located 3 m below the surface of a lake. The
rraturated unit weight of sand is 25 kN/cu. m and of clay 20 kN/cu. m.
[)ctermine the total vertical pressure (P) at mid-height of the clay layer:
Consider the soil layer shown in Figure 04.5:
-r SOLUTION
i'
+ h
I Bm
Sand, 25 KN/m3
Figure 04.5
lpr = Ly r*h + y. h*)

At pointA: pr720(2) + 25(8)+ e.81(3)
Total stress, pr = yr hr + yzhz p7 = 269.43kPa
Pore water stress, pu = -51 Y6 h3
At point B:
' PROBLEM O4.2 (CENOVEMBER 2OOOI
Totalstress, Pr=yht,+yzh ,
Pore water stress, pw = 0 A clay layer 25 feet thick is overlain with 50 feet thick of sand (G = 2.71). The
water table is 20 feet below the sand (ground) surface. The saturated unit
At point C: wcight of clay is 141 pcf. The sand below the water table has a unit weight of
Tothl stress, pr = y ht + Y2h + Wh4 l2li pcf. The sand above the water table has average moisture content of 20%.
Aftcr drying, the sand was found to have a dry unit weight of 92 pcf.
Dctcrmine the effective stress at the mid-height of the clay layer.
TOLUTION
For the sand above the water table
C
= --f. I
l+c
, Fundamentals of Chapter 04 _ Stresses
-
, Geotechnical Enqineerinq ih s.,it l3e
i PROBLEM O4.4 ICE MAY 2OO2)
I rhe soil shown in Figure 04.5 has a void ratio of 0.50 and G = 2.70. ht = 1 .5 m,
[ /rz=3m.
I a)e)
What is the effective unit weight of sand in kN/mr.
I c) What is the effective stress at point A in kpa. .
wnat is the critical hydrautic gradient rr:l (for quick condition).

"t
I .
solve this !
t
;Yu*i11'ti,,"',;'Uffi
I
I
l'"'r, Errec,ive uni, weigh, :::::, uni, weish,, yr)
I "'=,!fi'o,
I b).,,":::::::]-
II '-^r1.,!,'r?riJ;!,iL,+
Ptor^r = 77.499 kPa
e81(15)
I P, = 9.81(3 + 1.5)
II p*= 44.1,45kPa
fp.tt =-p.,t,t.- pu,l

I p-* = 77.499 - 44.145
,.
I P*r=33'354kPa
(
I
i
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Fundamentals

138 in Soit Geotechnical Engineeri
s2= lL 62.+1
' l+e
e = 0.838
-
lYsana =
G +GMC
--17-'{* I
r+e
2.7L + 2.71.(0.2),Ur.n,
lsano
"-^-, - 1+0.g3g
\--'-l
T*na = 110'4 Pcf
Yr = |a h)b"to, *ut", tuo," + (I' Yi' h)above watet table

(I
yr = (141 - 62.4\(12.s) + (128 - 62'4X30) + 110'4(20)
Ye = 5158.5 Psf
PROBLEM O4.3 (CE NOVEMBER 2OOll

A !;round profile consists of '2 m of -silty sand underlain by 3 m of -clay:
grJund water table is 3 m below the ground t"t'llu.'-The sqnd has a
i,eight of 1.4 kN/m:. The clay has a unit weight of 16 kN/m3 above the w
tabl; and 20 kN/m? below the water table. Determine the total stress at
bottom of the clay laYer.
solufloN
,i
pT = |csat he1 * |c h, + Y"h,

pr= +
QQ(2) 16(1)
+M(2)
pr = 84kPa
Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 04 -
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Stresses
l40 in Soit Geotechnical Engineeri Geotechnical En gineering in soit l4l
SOLUTION
c) Critical hYdraulic gradient:
-. G-1
ll.= - ^l
a) Vertical effective pressure at A before lowering of the water table:
-
L+e lpo=Zyr,hl
. 21'1. pa = (1.20 - 62.4)(12.s) + (135 - 62.4)(50)
'
L, -
1+0.5 pa = 4,350 psf
i, = 1,133
-
b) After lowering of the water table:
Ground surface
solve this !
PROBLEM 04.5 (CE MAY 2002l,
]-T-
I zsrt
to20%.
tr_
s0ft
a) what is the vertical e{fective pressure at the midheight of the clay

before lowering of the water table, in psf'
b) What is the veitical effective pressure_at the midheight of the clay la
after lowering of the water table, in psf'
4 \4r1i;;,i.;r3-"i*r1rr".t**
layer, in psf.
pr"rs,r." when there is nr: water in the
T- I
25ft
J
Water table Ground surface
Solving for y* (20% saturated)

y,,= 116 + 0.2(135 - 116)
y- = 119.8 pcf
50ft pa = (120 - 62.4) (12.s) + (135 - 62.4)(25) + 119.8(25)

Pa = 5530 Psf
I
c) Vertical effective pressure at A when there is no water

T_
25ft
in the sand layer:
pa = (120 - 62-.4)(12.5) +119,8(50)
Pa = 6,710 Psf
]-
Figqre 04.7 FROBLEM 0+.6 ICEMAY 2OO3l
Tlrc ground water li:vel in a thick, very fine sand deposit is located 2.0 m
bekrw the ground surface. Above the free ground water line, the sand is
Chaoter 04 - Stresses F mentals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
142 in soit GeotechnicalE technical Engineering in soil 143
a) What is the total stress in kPa on a horizontal plane A located 4.5 Find the height of c4pillary rise the silt. Capillary.rise is give n as h c
below the ground surface? (e x d16)
= f
b) What is the pore water pressure in kPa'at this plane? |,) Find the vertical effective stress in kpa at 5 m depth. Assume unit weight
c) What is the effective vertical stress in kPa in plane A? of solids = 26.5 kN/m3 and that the soil aboue the capillary action rise
l
and ground surface is partialty saturated at5Oo/o.
SOLUTION
r) Find the vertical effeciive stress at 10 m depth. Assume unit weight of
solids = 26.5 kN/mr and that the soil above the capillary action rise and
ground surface is partially saturated at5A%.
'OLUTION
a) Capillary rise:
t--
ex dn
C = 0.20 cm2
dio = 10 Fm
drc=10x10-6m
dn = 10 x 10-a cm
e=0.4
, 0.20
a) Total stress in A: 0.4(10 x 10-4 )

pr=20.3(2.5)+20.3(2) h=500cm
pr=91.35kPa ft=5m
y'
r
Ground surface
Pore water pressure in A: r'
p* = 9.8L(2.5) '
: .
p,, = 24.525 kPa S=50%;e=0.4
Yr = 25.1 kN/m:
c) Effective stress in A:
lpr= pr+ p*)
' pr. = pr -- pu' \,l ,st Y$i *.26.5 kN/m3
pr*91.35-24,525
pr* 66.825 kPa
solve this !
\$1
\i.
Aii
PROBLEM O4.7 ICE MAY 2O03l
A dense silt layer has the following properties: void ratio = 0.40, el
diameter dto = 1,0 pm, capillary constant C = 0.20 cm2. Free ground water
is 8.0 m below the $round surface,
*,." *."f* diskibution
Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
ChaDter 04 - Stresses
144 in soit Geotechnical Engineeri Geotechnical Engineering in soit 145
a) Determine the density of the clay in kg/m3.
b) Vertical effective stress at 5 m depth
b) Determine the total vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer, in kpa.
Solving for yr and y.,,:
First we solve G:
c) Determine the effective vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer, in
kPa.
[y, - y, G]
26.5=9.81xG
G = 2.701 SOLUTION
Given: MC=0.57 S=1(saturated)
. = G'Sc G = 2.84
lYr
,*;Y" I
'' z'zotir(3?(o'a) .''sr

[GMC = S e]
2.8aQ.57) = 1(e)
"=
y1= 20.33 kN/m'
e = 1.61,88
. G+Se
C re
[y,,= #y,,]
I+e
lyrut=.r_rV"l *'(''u'8t)
2'Zoi ' = ''to1 + 1.6188 ,r.rr',
.r,,,
.r.,,
"= 1+0.4
l9'4 , 9.s1 y* = 16.7026 kN/m: (saturated unit weight)
= 21'73 kN/m3
Yunt
a) Density, p = y/ g= 16,702.6 /9,8L
Density, p = 1702.6 kglm3
Vertical effective stress at A:
Total stress at A: b) Total stress, pr = T,,, h
py= 21.73(2) + 20.33(3) Total stress, pr = 16.7026(20)
pr = 104.45 kPa Total stress, pr = 334 kPa
Pore water stress at A (within capillary rise):

c) Effective stress = pr - p,,
Effective stress = 334 - 9.81(20)
P* = '9'8L(3) Effec_tive stress = 137.85 kPa
p*= -29.43kPa
l\r=Pr+P*l
tO4.4S=p6+\-29.43)
PROBLEM 04.9 solve this !
pr = 133.88 kPa
A borehole at a site reveals the soil profile shown in Figure 04.8. Assume G -
2.7 for allsoil types.
c) Vertical effective stress at B:
p r = (21.73 - 9.81X2) + 21'73(5) t 20'33(3) a) What is the unit weight of the soil in layer 1 in kN/ms?
pe = 193.48 kPa b) What is the effective stress at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface, in
kPa?
c) What is the effective stress at a depth of 20.6 m below the ground surface,
in kPa?
PROBLEM O4.8 {CE NOVEMBER 2003)
A 20-rn thick submerged saturated clay layer has Water content of 57%.
specific gravity of the iolid particles is 2'84.
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Fundamentals Chapter 04 - Stresses
146 in soit Geotechnical Engir icalEngineering in Soil 147
Properties of each layer:
Elevation (m)
Layer (1):
0
* Verv.fine wet sand with silt "
Layer 1 uy = 5o1o,g = 4Oo/o 1C'tttC=Sel
2.0 Fine sand saturated bY
2,7(0.05) = Q.4s
Layer 2 capillary action e = 0.3375
3.0 -
<* Fine sand, w = 120lo . G+CMC
lf* = ---:--l*l
Layer 3
5,4 I+e
2.7 * 2.7(0.05)
' =
,*
+0.3375
1
tg.g'
y,n = 20.7gkN/ms ) Part a
Soft blue clay, w - 280/o Layers (2) and (3):

IGMC=Sel
2.7(0.12) = 1(e)
e = 0.324
. =
G+e
-:-- ^l*l
LT'ut
L+e
2.7 +032a
Figure 04.8
Y-,=frffi(e.81)
y"u1= 22.405kN/ms
SOLUTION Layer (4):

Elevation (m) MC= S el
lG
0 - Verv fine wet sand with silt
*_1L7= 2.7(0.281 = t1s1
5o/o,S=4Oo/o e = 0.756
2.0
- Fine sand saturated by
3.0 -
capillary action . =
G+e
[Y'ut r,1
<* Finb sand, w
L+e
= 12%
- 2.7 * 0.7s9
5.4 t Dc'[
,.., = 19.g11
1, + o.T56
Tsat =19.307 kN/rf
b) Stress at 2 m depth:
Soft blue clay, w = 280/o Paar = 20.79(2)

- Pwtat =.41.58 kPa
p* = -9.87(1)
p* = -9.81"
/
/
I
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
148 in soit Geotechnical Engi Geotechnical Engineering in soil l49
= Ptotat'Pw SOLUTION
Peft
P"tt= 41.58 - (-9'81)
' Pert
* 51.39 kPa
petr = (1g ,gO7 * 9.81) (20'6 - 5'4) + (22'405 - 9'81X5'4 - 3)

+ 22.405(1) + 20.7e(2)
Pefr = 238.567 kPa
PROBLEM 04.IO solve this !

Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand in a tank shr
Figure 0a.9. Foi the sand, the following properties are given: e = 0'40' G
a) . Calculate the effective stress at point A
b) Calculate the effective stress at point B
c) Calcutate the upward seepage force per unit volume of soil
2.67 +0.4 .^ .
y*,=
' #(9.81)
1+ 0.4
!'* = 21.51 kN/m:
,,h
lr = --l
172
. 1.5
l= 4
2
i = 0.75
l\Ote:r=
,h'h = :: =Constant
-zHz
a) Effective stress at point A:
pr- (21.51)(1) + 9.81(0.7)
pr = 28.177.kPa
Figure 04.9
p* = 9.81. hA
' h,q,=1+0,7 +h'
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Funda tals of Chapter 04 - Stresses
l50 in soit Geotechnical icalEngineering in soit l5l
ll' _ nn_
-,
-=t=u./5
z
h'=0,75(D=4.75
fua=1./ +Q./$
ha = 2'45 m
p. = 9.81.(2.45)
p, = 24.0345kPa
[pt=pr-p.)
ps= 28.377 - 24.0345
pr = 4.343kPa
b) Effective stress at point B:

py = 21.51(2) + 9.81(0.7)
pr = 49.887 kPa
pa=9.81,(2+0.7+1.5)
p. = 41..202kPa
[pt=Pr'P,] Figure 04.10
pr= 49.887 - 41..202

pr = 8.685 kPa
c) Seepage Force per unit volume of soil = i 1*

i=h/L=1..s/2=0.7s
Seepage Force per unit volume of soil = (0.75)(9.81)
Seepage Force per unit volume of soil = 7.3575 kN/ma
PROBLEM 04. I I solve this !

Consider the downward flow of water through a layer of sand in a
shown in Figure 04.10. For the sand, the following properties are give4:
0.48, G = 2.7
a) Determine the saturated unit weight of sand in kN/m3
b) Determine the effective stress at point A in kPa
c) Determine the effective stress at point B in kPa
. Chaoter 04 - Stresses
Chapter 04 'Stresses
152 in soil Geotechnical Engineering in Soir t 53
h1 [w=pr-p*l
LI pr = 58.581 -18.639
,- h, 1,.2
Pr = 39.942kPa
L1 2.s
I = 0.48
LEM O4.t2
solve this !
Saturated unit weight
soil profile consists of a clay layer underlain by a sand layers as shown
- G+e
lure 38. A tube is inserted into the bottom sand layer ani the water level
in
llsat = :-l+c Y,j
rs to 1.2 m above the ground surface.
n) Determine the effective stress at point A
r,",=
ffi{e.ar) lr) Determine the effective stress at point B.
yr,1 = 21..078 kN/mr r') Determine the effective stress at point C.
0) Effective stress at A:
lhz= i Lzl
hz = 0.48(0,8)
hz = 0.384 m
Y*t' 18.5 kN/m3
lz= 0.6 + 0.8 - 0.384
lz = 1.016 m Y*t = 19 kN/m3
p7 = 21,078(0.8) + 9.81(0.6)
pr = 22.748kPa
lp, = l* yzl |ot = 17 kN/m3

p* = 9.81,(1,.0L6)
p* = 9.967 kPa
lft= pr - p,1
pe=22.748-9.967 Figure 04.11
pr. = 12.78kPa
Effective stress at point B: TION

g=0.5+2.5-1'.2 Hydraulic gradient (based at point C)
U
lt =1.9 m
li = lLt
p y' *
21.078(2.5) +' 9.81 (0.6)
' L'
pr = 58.581 kPa . 2.2
[p* = y* yzl i=0.4

p* = 9.81'(1.9)
p. = 18.639 kPa
o4 * stresses Chapter 04 -
154 ffffi" F
GeotechnicalE Gcotechnical Fn gineering
Stresses
in Soil 155
Effective stress, pE = 33.931 kPa
H .2.2
c) At point C:
?.* - 18.5 kN/m3 Total stress, p r = 17(3.5) + 19(2)+ 18.5(1)

Total stress, pr ='1"16 kPa
fet = 19 kN/m3 Pore water stress, pr, = 9.81(5.5 + 2.2)

Pore water stress, p,, = 75.537 kPa
1.5 m Effective stress, pE = pr - pta

Effective stress, p6 = 116 -75.537
|*t = 17 kN/m3 Effective stress, p6 = 40.463 kPa
PROBLEM 04. I 3 solve this !

a) At pointA: A cut is made in a stifl saturated clay that is underlain by a layer of sand as
rltown in Figure 04.12.
'li=Hnl
LA',
0.4=Ho
2
rr) Calculate the total stress at point A as a function of /r.
&) Calculate the neutral stress at point A.
Ha=0.8m
c) Calculate the height of water h, in the cut so that the stability of the
Total stress, pr = 1.9(2) + 18.5(1) saturated clay is not lost.
To_tal stress,pr - 56.5 kPa
Pore water stress, pa = 9.81(2 + 0.8)
Pore water stress, p@ = 27.468 kPa i Saturated clay
it*t = 19 kN/m3
Effective stress, p5 = pr - p,u
Effective stress, p6 = 56.5 - 27.468
Effective stress, ps = 29.032kPa
b) At point B:
Hs
ti=I!-t
' LB 0.4=
2+7.5
Ha= 1.4m
Total stress, pr = 17(1.s) + 19(2) + 18.5(1)
Figure 04.12
Total stress, pr = 82kPa
Pbre water stress, p, = 9.81(3.5 + 1.4)
Pore water stress, pe = 48.069 kPa IOLUTION
Effective stress, p6 = pr - p* a) Total stress at point A:
Effective stress, ps = 82 - 48.069 Pr=)9(7-5)*s.erH
pr /38 + 9.8'th
I
I
I
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Chapter 04 - Stresses
156 in soit in Soil 157
b) Neutral stress at A:
P*=9.81(4.5)
p*= 44.145kPa
c) For lods of stability, pr * 0

pr= pr - Pw
0=38+981h-44.1,45
h = 0.626 m
PROBLEM 04.I4
solve this !
For the system shown in Figure 04.13, L = 1.2 m, h = 2'3 m, and y = 1,9'
What is the effective stress at point A where z - 0.7 m. '
_t- l
f-
llVn
Y*t = 19.5 kN/m3
Porous stone
I Energy grad'ient, i =
h =h,
Lz
l- T 2.3
1,2
hl
0.7
'1 h=1.3417 m
he=0.7+1..9-1.3417
ha = 1..2583 m
= 19.5 kN/m3
Total stress at A, pr = -tg.5(0.7) + 9.S1(1.9)

Porous stone Total stress at A,.pr = 32.289 kPa
Pore water stress, p, = f*ht
Pore water stress, pro = 9.81(1.2583)
Figure 04.13 Por! water stress, p. ='l2.3MkPa
Chaoter 04 - Stresses Funda tals of Chapter 04 - Stresset
158 in soir Geotechnical Engi nical Engineering in Soil | 5g
' Effective stress, pr = pr * pu o, -120 kPa :.
=
Effective stress, pr = 32.289 - 12.344 t,o= 40 kPa (-120,40)
Effective stress, p6 = 19.945 kPa
ov = -300 kPa
ro,= -40 kPa (-300, -40)
.l
PROBLEM 04. I 5
Sign: Tensile normal stresses are taken as positive. .Shear stresses are
A soil element shown in Figure 04.14 is subjected to the following s
considered positive if they act on opposite faces of the element in such
o, = 120 kPa ov = 300 kPa
a way that tend to produce clockwise rotation
r=40kPa 0=20o !
Calculate the normal and shear stress on plane AB in kPa.
-t-
lo,
t
Flgure 04.14 From the Mohr's circle:

Jl=
SOLUTION
I 300
tancr = 40/90
oo *{- a*23.96
O=180o-40o:c[
0 = 116.04"
-r I
40
120
t,
j""*..--'.
= -(?tO - R cos $)
,-,o..4!
oar = -253.23 kPa
l
iAB = -R sin $
tes = -88.49 kPa
mentals of Chapter 04 -
l60
Chaoter 04
in soit
- Stresses
GeotechnicalEng hnical Engineering
' Stresses
in soit 16l
PROBLEM 04. I 6
For the stressed soil element shown in Figure 04,15:
b) Calculate the minor piincipal stress.

c) Calculate the normai and shear stress on the plane AE.
150 psi
6oesi i I
'
r I so ost
60 psi
From the Mohr's circle:
Figure 04.15
p= .ffi1J6 =62.082
Major principal stress = 120 + R
Major principal stress = 187.08 psi
SOLUTION
Minor principal stress = 120 - R
Minor principal stress = 52.92 psi
tan cr = 60/30
a = 53.4349'
0 = 180o- 90' - 63.4349o ,
0 = 26.565'
c) Norrnal and shear stress on the plane AE:

Normal stress:
oa6 = -(120 - 67.082 cos 26.565')
o' = -90 psi ' oAE = -60 psi
t*, = 60 psi (-90,60)
Shearing stress:
rar = -67.082 sin 25.565
o, = -L50 psi
t,qs = -30 psi
ryx* -60 psi (-150, -60)
Chaoter 04 - Stresses F of Chapter 04 - Stresset 163
162 in Soil GeotechnicalE calEngineering in Soil
PROBLEM 04. I 7
For the soil element shown in Figure 04.16, determine the following:
a) Maximum and minimum principal stresses
b) Normal and shear stresses on plane CD
Figure 04.16
SOLUTION a) Major and minoi principal stresses:
Minor principal stress = 100 - R

Minor principal stress = 55.279 kPa
Major principal stress = 100 + R
Major principal stress = 144.721kPa
b) Normal and shear stress.on the plane CD:
lan a = 40f20
a= 63.435
0 = 180' -70 '63.435"
o, = -80 kPa B = 46,565"
qr* -40 kPa (-8P,40)
Norrnal stress, oco = 100 : R cos P
oy = kPa Normal stress, o66r = i0fl- 44.72X. cos 46.565'

'L20 Normal stress, oco = 59.253 kPa
:"y*=40kPa (-120,40)
Chaoter 04 - of Chapter 05 - Stress ,,r,r,1:,1"J
164 in soil
Stresses
Geotechnical Engi E ngineering l65
Shearing stress, tco = R sin P
Shearing stress, rco = 44'72L sin 46.565"
Slrearing stress, t6p = 32,474kPa
Stress Distribution
in Soil
I STRESS CAUSED BYA POINT LOAD
Point Load
a Ground surface
,z 5,
, Figure 05.1'- Point load on ground surface
Boussinesq equations for the stresses due to concentrated load are:
.*3Q23-Q*, Eq 5.1
'
Jr--....:-.:/VR
2rR5 22
" - T; 3Q lxzz t-zvl 1 (2R+z)x2 , ll

"'' tot-, LntR.,)-nT(R;}"-^tjl
Eq 5.2
q = !y2, *t-zv[
3Q _(2R+z)y2 _ ll I ,
"'-G lRrl 3 Lrr(R.r-RrC;;f-^tll
Eq 5.3
,/
R=
Fl7* Eq 6.4
Chapter 05 * Stress Distribution of Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution
166 in Soil hnical Engineering l6T
VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BYA FLEXIBLE STRIP LOAD
where Q = load (FrNrTE WrDTH AND tNFtNTTE LENGTHI
F = Poisson's ratio
Table 05.1 - Values of Boussinesq's Vertical Stress Coefficient, Ne
tlz Ne tlz Ns rlz Ns

I
0.c 0:47746 2.50 0. 5.00 0.00014 i

0.2 0.41032 2.75 223 5.25 0.00011 zi
0.27332 3.00 1151 s.50 0.00009
r+
' lop
o.75 0.15645 0.00105 5.75 bi0-667
:.- -.-,- 6
1.00 0.08440 0:00075 6.00 06 x
't5 0.00054 6.25 005
1.25 0.04543
1.50 0 4.00 0.00040 0,o0004
1.75 1436 4.25 0.00030 6:.75 0.00003 Figure 05.3 - Flexible strip load
2.00 00854 4.50 0,00023 0.00003
z,t5 0.00528 4.75 0.00018 7.25 0.00002
m=LI,u.r"[ ' l-,un-'[

' nI lx'B/2) ' l- B'{x2 - 22 -(82 / 4)l
lx+B/2) lxz + z2 - pz 1 +11+ n2 zz ) =ouu
5.2 VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BYA LINE LOAD
When a line load of infinite length having an intensity of 4 ftN/m) acts

surface of a soil mass, the vertical stress, Ap, inside the soil mass is given I.+ vTRTICNL STRESS CAUSED BYA RECTANGULARLY LOADED AREA
t ,,4.I INCREASE IN PRESSURE BELOW THE CORNER

2az3 OF RECTANGUI.ARAREA
- a 1.)
filx' + z- )-
Tlrc increase in vertical stress below the "corner" of a rectangular area of
width B and length L is given as:
Lp=q,xI, Eq 5.7
wltere m = Bf z, n = Lf z, and z = depth of the point
,Ap Thc value of I, can be obtained flom Figure 05.4, or from Table 05.2. It can also
'- x I
he computed from the following equation:
'---._oY
-.
Figure 05.2 - Line load on ground surface
Eq.5.8
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fun Fundamentals of chapter 05 - Stress D,r,r,l;,i.Jl
168 in soit Geotechnical 6eotechnical Engineering l69
Table 05.2. Variation.of l. wrth m and n to be used in Eq S.7
1.5 n1 ll
l0 to infinlty 0.1 0,2 .:0;L,I 0,4 - -a0T' Ub
m
0.7 : 10
q,q047 0.00s2 0.0132 o.oroa - o-0198----d6rr-- o.ozss ---o-ozzo----I h
mz 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.10
L--/ *
0.2a 0.00e2 0.0179 0.049. 0.0328 0.0387 0.0435 O.Oqffi
0.8 0.30 0.0132 0,0259 0.0374 0.0474 0.0ss9 0n620-- 006s6 o.oz:r---oo%o -l6i d
0,20
{, /< 0.6
040
0.50
0.80
o.oroe o.o:zg o.oaz+ o.oooe
0.01e8 0.0387 0.0ss9 0.0i11 0 0840 0 0947 o.roil -o.fios -0115[---T
0.0222 0.0435 0.0629 0.0801 0 oetr
I, o' 15 0.70 0.0242 0,a473 0.0686 0.0873
0.4 0.80 q!4! 0.0504 0.0731 00931 0.1103 0.1247 O.IOOS. 0.1461 0J537*--Tl1e8-
4 0.90 0.0270 0,0528 0.0766 00911 o.rrseffi
t 0.0279 0.0s47 0,0794 o.rors - -l2oZ----dJI6d---

0.10
1.00
oi59s . 01684--- 0r?s2
0.2 120 !!?93 0.0573 0.0832 0.1063 0.1263 O.urr 0.ffi
0.05
, 140 o.olot o.osag o.oaso 0.rogl. o.r3
'4. U.I r.60 u.0J06 0.0s99 0.0871 0.1114 0.1324 0.1s03 016s2 afi74 il474 olsss
1.80 0 030e 0.0606 0.0a80 0 1126 0 1339 0 1521 o.i67z 0i797----0is9t---
0
0.00 2.0Q 0.03'11 0.0610 00887 0.1134 0.1350 offi
0.1 1 2.50 0.0314 0.0615 0.0895 0.1145 _OI:OOffi
3.00 o.osrs
m
400 9.01t6 0.0619 0.0901 0.1153 0.1372 OtSOOffi
5.00 0.0316 0.0620 0,0901 0,11,54 o.tzlffi
Fisure 05.4 - lnfluence stress increase under 6.00 qql! 0.0620 0.0002 orrs+
"1"J ffi:,ftli,l"n [:r[-,.a|
m
To solve the stress at a point using Eq 5.7, divide the area into rectangles .6 1.8 2 1 5 5
that the point is at the corners of each rectangle. 0.10 0.0293 0.0301 0 0.0309 0.0311 00314 0.0316 0 0316 0.0316
0.20 0.0573_, 0.0589 0.059S 0.0606 o.ooi ffi
0.30. 0,0832 0.08s6 0.087i _ ooee-- -ooee7---lod-- 0.a9a1 0n901 01662
0t 0.1063 0.1094 0.1114 1126 0,1134 0.1145 0.1 1153 0,1154 0.11s4
050 0.1263 0. 1363 0.1368 0.1372 0.1374 0,1374
0.60 0.143i 0.1475 0.1503 o.rSi
0.i 0.15/ 0162 0 1652 0.1672 0.1686 0 17a4 4.1717 01718 A17
0.80 1714 0.1797 o,terz ous2 01si 4.1847 0.1849 0,185
0.90 0.1 836 1874 0.1899 0.1915 0.1937 0 194 0.1954 0.1956 0.1957
100 0.1851 0.1914 0 1981 0.1999 0.20 0 4 0.2442 0.2044 0
1.24 0 1958 0.2A28 0.2073 0 2103 oz
1.40 0.2028 0.2102 0.2151 o.Ztat
160 0,2073 0.2151 0.2202 ?237 0.2261 0.2294 02i 4.232 4.2324 0.232s
180 0.2103 0.2184 0.2237 0.22?4 02299 m
2.00 0.2124 - 0.2206 0.2261 O.leg!
2 151 0.2236 0.2294 0 ]4 0.2361 4.2401 0.242 0.2434 02430 O.zlt1
3.00 0.2163 0.225 309 0.235 0.2378 0.242 0 0 2455 0.246
4.00 0.2172 _9,2?6 0.232 A.Xg?
lncrease in stress under point A

5.00 175 0.2263 0.2324 6 0.2395 0.2439 0.2461 0.2479 0.2486
Figure 05.5 - 6,00 0.2176 0.2264 1325 0.2367 4.n97 0.2441 0.2463 A.2482 0.2489
0.2489
o ztc2
Suppose that it is required to solve the increase in pressure below point

the 4 m by 6 m footing shown in Figure 05.5. The area can be divided into
5.4.2 INCREASE IN PRESSURE BELOW THE CENTER OF
areas (Ar, Az, Ay and Aa). The values of Ap in the corner of each area is
RECTANGUI.AR AREA
computed. The increase in pressure is the sum of Lp's of each area.
'l'lrc increase in vertical stress below the "center" of a rectangular area
of width
Il arrd lqngth L is given as:
\
\
\
ChaDter 05 - Stress Distribution F Fundamentals of chapter 05 - Stress o,r",T,1"":l
l7O in Soit Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering ll I
Lp = q,x It 5.5 VERTICAL STRESS CAUSEP BYA SOUAREAND CONTINUOUS
FOOTING
L>B
L
-T--
I
lt t)
__1_
rt \ ,,
\- ; ,,2
Sqrare
footinE
6t2
-:r* 3t2
-i
-|
lncrease in stress below the center of a rectangular area
2D th
Figure 05.6 -
The value of /a can be obtained using Eq 5.10 or Table 05'3'
/ll1
ll Eq
tr;fi5;1 ))
where mt=L/b, h=zfb,and b*B/2
Table 05.3 - Variation of la with filr ahd or to be used in Eq 5.9
Figure 05.7- Pressure isobars based on Boussinesq equation for square

and continuous footings used to find the pressures along line 1-1
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fun mentals of Chapter 05 - Stress ro,r,Tri""il
172 in soil Geotechnical calEngineering ll3
5.6 APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR RECTANGUI.AR LOADS
or=
t
r\, t _i Eq512
ttu*;rlaf
Lp=qx15 Eq 5.13
Table 05.4. Variation of ls with z/R be used in Eq 5.'13
zlR ls zlR. lc zlR ls zlR ls
0 1.00000 2.6 0.1 8693 5.6 0.04599 8.6 .

0.01994
0.02 0.99999 2.7 0.17537 5.7 0.04445 8.7 0.01950
0.04 0.99994 2,8 0.1 6479 5.8 0.042s9 8.8 0.0'1906
0.06 0.9997S 2.9 0.1 5509 5.9 0.04159 8.9 0.01864
0.08 0.99S49 3 0.14619 6 0.04027 s 0.41824
0.s9901 a1 0.1 3793
0.1 6.1 0.03900 9.1 0.01784
0.2 0.99246 3.2 0.13044 6.2 0.03779 s.2 o.01746
Figure 05.8 - Dispersion of load for approximate increase in vertical 0.3 0.97627 3.3 o.12347 6.3 0.03664 o2 0.01710
stress under a rectangle 0.4 o.94877 3.4 0.11702 6.4 0.03553 9.4 4.u674
0.5 0.91056 3.5 0,11104 6.5 0.03448 9.5 0 01639
0.6 0.86381 3.6 0.1 0550 6.6 0.03347 9.6 0.01606
The approximate increase in vertical stress is:
0.7 0.81141 3,7 0.1 0035 6.7 0.03251 9.7 0.01573
0.8 o.75622 3.8 0.09556 6.8 0.03158 9.8 0.01542
Lp= O 0.9 0.70063 3.9 0.09109 6.9 0.03070 v.v 0.0151 1
(B+z)(L+z) 1 0.64645 q 0.08692 7 0.02985 10 0.01481
0.59487 4.',| 0.08303 7.1 0.02903 10.1 0.01453
2 0.54662 4.2 0.07938 7.2 0.02825 10.2 0.01425
3 0.50203 4.3 0.07597 7.3 0.02750 '10.3 0.01397
5.7 VERTICAL STRESS BELO\Y THE CENTER OF A UNIFORMLY L ,4 0.46118 44 o.ov276 7.4 0.02678 10.4 0.0 371
CIRCULAR AREA .5 0.42397 4.5 0.06975 7.5 0 02609 10.5 0.0 345
.6 0.39020 4.6 0.06692 7.6 0.02542 10.6 0.0 320
7 0.35964 4.7 0.06425 7.7 0.02478 10.7 0.0 256
Load per unit area = q
.8 0.3320"1 4.8 0 061 74 7.8 o 02416 10.8 0.0 272
I 0.30704 4.9 0.05937 7,9 0.02356 10.9 0,0 249
2 0.28446 5 0.05713 I 0.02299 11 00 227
2.1 0.26403 5.'1 0.05502 8.1 0.02243 11.1 0.0 205
2.2 0.24552 5.2 0.05302 8.2 0.02190 11.2 0.0 184
2.3 0.22873 5.3 0.051 12 8.3 0.02139 1'1.3 0.0 163
2.4 0.21347 5.4 0.04932 8.4 0.02089 11 .4 0.01 143
;
I 2.5 0.1 995S 5.5 0 04761 8. o.02041 1'1.5 o 01124
!
I
*'lAo
6
Figure 05.9 * lncrease in stress below the center of a circular area

Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fundamentals Frrndamentals of Chapter 05 - Stress ,lsrr,?;,1:ll
174 in soil Geotechnica I Engineeri 6r,otechnical Engineering l7S
'l'hc procedure for obtaining the yalue of N to be used in Eq 5.14:
S.A INTLUTNCE CHART FOR VERTICAL PRESSURE
Newmark (1942) presented an inJluence chart based on Boussinesq's theQ 1. Determine the depth z below the loadecl area where the stress
that can be used to determine the vert'ical liressure at any point below increase is desired.
uniformly loaded flexible area of any shape. This chart is based on Eq 5. 2. Plot the plan of the loaded area with a scale of z equal to tlre unit
The influence value of the chart is 1/N, where N is equal to the
number length AB of the chart. (i.e. if depth z = 4m, then AB = 4 m)
is I =
elements. The figure shows 200 elements; thus, the influence value
0
3. Place the plan on the influence chart in a manner such that the point
below which the stress is required is located at the center of the chart.
Lp = iqN Eq 5.
4. Count the number of elements (M of the chart euclosed by the plan of
the ioaded area. If certain segments are noi fully covered, you can
and N is estimate what fraction is covered.
vrhdre i is the influence value, q is the pressure on the loaded area,
nrrmber of elements of the chart enclosed by the plan of the loaded area.
I element
I element
Figure 05.10 - Newmark's influence chart for vertiqal pressure based on Boussineq's
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fundamentals of Chapter 05 - Stress ,,rrr,?;ri"J
l7 6 in Soit GeotechnicalEn Geotechnical Engineering lll
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 3(1500) 2.53
2n 2.q55
AP = 53.17 kN
PROBLEM 05, I
Part c:
A concentrated load of 1,500 kN is applied at the ground surface at po
whose coordinate is (0, 0, 0).
x=1,.5; y=l; z=2.5
a) Determine the vertical stress, in kN, at a point 2.5 m directly below A. n= Jt.i'if ii?
b) Determine the vertical stress, in kN, at a point whose coordinate R = 3.5355
is (1.5,0,2.s). .,
A-n =
3(1s00) 2.s3
c) Determine the vertical stress, in kN, at a point whose coordinate -i-_
2n 3.53S5s
is (1.5,2,2.5).
AP = 20.26 kN
SOLUTION
Point Load PROBLEM 05.2
Q = 1500 kN
A- line load and a point load acting on the ground surface is shown in Figure
05,11. Determine the increase in vertical stress at point A.
il ;'*tir
,,rl*q*
r.'f:'-.i ,:,
tP
tii
ia
Part a:
v=0; !=0; z=2.5m loo
oo
R = Jo2 +02 +2.52
.R = 2.5 Figure 0S.i 1
3(1500) 2.53
"r
An = ---I---------/-
21 -*
2.5s
AP = 11+.e kN SOLUTION
Using Eq 5.1 for point load and Eq 5.5:
Part b: Lp* (Lp)rin"r;ua + (Ap)pointroaa
x=1.5; y=0; z=2.5
tr=
' n(xz?4"== *3Q
+ zz12 2n
R = Jt.52 +02 +2.52 I "=
R5
R = 2.915 m
{
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fundamentals Fundarnentals of Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution
178 in soit Geotechnical Enoi Geotechnical Engineering llq
q = 150 kN/m
x=3m
z=l-.5m
0=650kN
r---;-
n= ,lt.zz az *Y5z
R = 2.1656 m B
2(1so)(1.s)3 3(6so) 1.s3

r(32 +t.52)z 2n 2.1.6565
Lp=2.5465+21..991,
LP = 24'537 kPa
L__ 3r, ___,1

PROBLEM 05.3
A reetangular concrete slab, 3 m x 4.5 m shown in Figure 05.12, rests on the
surface o"i a soil mass. The load on the slab is 1620 kN'
a) Determine the soil stress below the slab using Eq 5'7
bi Determine the vertical stress increase at point A using Eq 5'7
iiiii iii'i:ii;ii
1j J m
.; .'+:ir,ri.',,''frtlir,ii;itii:#iiii:#ii;i:i#
ji:,;I*Eililiigi .diiiiir#;irir:.:
''.i.,,-i,...1..,.1..,r.i,..r
"-
.1 r
j..1,j.1,
.1_ ..
.jr'..1.,11:1.jt]1.ji.ji1ir.'r,.,.,;.: :r.,.,:
.- ....:....:,,.r,1,..
.1 i
: r
:, I .1 . .1 i ;. . .1
j.1r:ri.!.,tlit
1:,.,.
.. .
. i .1 I
1r,1...:..,..r
r'1.,.,i]
;. i .
. i . . i .1 i . . .,
ijr';:j.,.,.
r.,.11,,::.,,,.,.i,
.1-
j.,.i,.
i
I I
I
I
Ii
,,.' +.s,.
4,5 m
1..!,...4i,,,1,::riii;riiii6riii:i;:;i:.di r
.ll1:i1ri:ri',ir+ i i 1!r.rr i.r'
ffiiiiii;rii :ilrii:' I
I
iiiii:ili:iili:i:.:.:'.;.':.;.;,.:, :ti;ii',,,,.'' I
I
'-1, r,1.ti.i.J.Jj:'r.J::: ::: ::: ::: ::
,:lr1lr:irji,jir:'.,. ....:.....r,,:l :#i I
Figure 05.7 '..l.r;',r".r.'.:.'.:...
::...::r..::i..::r..'.tr.trl j,tr:
.:.: :i: jj,l
at point A using Newma iiiiriiiiiiiiiii j..f j.
rii. 1ij....ii1.:tr.
Determine the vertical stress increase
8)
influence chart.
!- 2.1 n --4
h) Determine the vertical stress increase at point B using Newma
Figure 05.12
influence chart.
SOLUTION
1.620
a) Q"=
3(4.s)
= 120 kPa
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fun Fundamentals of Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution
180 in soit Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering tgt
b) Divide the area into small rectangles such that A is at the co c) Lp =q,lt
of each rectangle. b=B/2
b=3/2
b=L.5
m1 =Lfb
mt = 4.5/1.5
mr=3
nt = z/b
nt = 3/1..5
--
nl -a
-/
From Table A5.3,Ir = 0.5254
Lp=120x0.5254
AP = 63.048 kPa
B = 2.25 d) Divide the area into small rectangles such that point B is at the
t = 1,5 corner of each rectangle.
z=3m
n=B/z=0.75
n=L/z=0.5
From Table 05.2: rl

.!
N
For m =0.7 and n = 0.5,1. = 0.1034
For m = 0.8 and n = 0.5, /, = 0.1 103
-'2 0.1034 + 0.1103
| = llilli----Jlji.Jl =n.1t\'7
B
Lp=q,I,x4
Lp=t20x0.1,07 x4
Ap = 51.36 kPa
Note: Using Eq 5.8 for m = 0.75 and n = 0.5, I, = 0.1071

+3,-;
B=3m
L = 2.5m
z=3m
m=B/z=1,
n-L/z=A.75
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fundamentals of Chapter 0s - stress D,rrr,?;tJ
182 in Soit Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering tg3
From Table 05.2:
For m = 1 and n = 0,7, I, = 0.1"491,
For m = 1. and n = 0.8, I, = 0.1598 t; ff- -*1
'2= :::::::::::::
l_
O.1491+ 0.1598
= 0.1545 -t-- i----. -
I
IJ
,I
q,l"x 2
Lp = I
t
Lp=120x0.1545x2
ap = 37.08kPa
.i
* l3l2*i cont'nou*
j ' i- t'/2 'l
I
Note: Using Eq 5.8 for m * L and n = 0'75, L' A.1547
o
e) t:U = '-----i :---=
' (B + z)(L+ z)
\- _ 1.620
(3+3)(a.s+3)
AP = 36 kPa
At point B:
x=1",5/3=0.58
z=3/3=78
At point C:
/3 = 0.98
x = 21
z=4.5/3=1.58
From the figure shown below:

At point B:
LP = o'4q
LP = 0.4(120)
AP = 48 kPa
Atpoint C:
LP = 0.25q
tp = 0.25(1'20)
AP = 30 kPa
- stress Distribution Funda Fundamentals of Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution
l 84 ffffi"l.05 GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering in Soil r85
8) Vertical stress at'A using Newmark's influence chart. h) Vertical stress at B using Newmark's influence chart.
z=3m z=3m
From the chart, the number of elements N is about21..6 x 4 = 86.4 From the chart, the number of elements N is about 3L x 2 = 62
LP = iqv Lp = iqN
Ap = 0.005(1.20)(86.4) Ap = 0.00s(120)(6,2)
Ap = 51.84 kPa (very much close to the answer in part b) Lp = 37.ZkPa (very much close to the answer in part d)
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution F of Chapter 05 - Stress Distribution t oa
186 in soil Geotechnical Engineering inSoit ,Ot
PROBLEM 05.4
A square footing is loaded as shown in Figure 05.13. The center of the
| ',t I
footing is at cooidinate (0, 0, 0). Deterrfline the increabe in vertical stress -1*
I
point whose coordinate is (3, 0, 4) using pressure isobars based on Boussi R

equation for square footings shown in Figure 05.7.
I
-J-
" \-.o,u,u l-'o
*i
tooting
P=900kN
Figure 05.13
SOLUTION
'q=P/A
q=e00/(2x2)
4 = 225kPa
At point (3,0,4):
x=3m=1.58
z= 4m=28
From the pressure isobars shown below;
Lp = 0.045q
Lp = 0.045(225)
Ap = 10.125 kPa
Chaoter 05 - Stress Distribution Fundamentals of Chapter 05 - Stress D
l88 in soil Geotechnical 6cotechnical Engineering '",T'iil t89
PROBLEM 05.5
Determine the increase in vertical pressure at point 2 meters below point
the loaded area shown in Figure 05.L4. The fOundation applies a vertical
of 250 kPa on the soil surfaci.
SOLUTION
N=34.91 x3
N = 104.73
Lp = iqN
Ap = 0.005(25q$04.73)
AP = 130'9L kPa
lqO
ChaDter 05 - Stress Distribution F Fundamentals of chapter 06 _ compr"':iiy
in soit Geotechnical hnical Engineering lg l
Using Eq 5.2 divide the area into three rectangles 2 m x 2 m,
Compressibility
of Soil
increase in stress caused by foundation and other loads compresses a soil
laycr. This compression is caused by (t) deformation of soil particles, (2)
z=2m relocations of soil particles, and (3) expulsion of water or air from the void
m=Bfz lpaces.
m = 2/2=1
u =f lz ril settlement may bedivided into three categories:
ati.-4
--. z/
rL- z- L 1. Immediate settlement - caused by the elastic deformation of d{)'moist,
and saturated soils, without any change in moisttire contenf.
From Table 05.2: 2. Primary consolidation settlement - caused by a volume change in
I, * 0.1752
. saturated cohesive soils due to expulsion of water that occupies thJvoid
spaces.
Lp=qxI,x3 3. Secondary consolidation settlement - caused by plastic adjustment of
Lp a 250(0.1752)(3) soil fabrics. It is an additional form of compression thai occurs at
LP = 731.4kPa constant effective stress.
i
I SETTLEMENT FROM ONE DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
I.I BASIC SETTLEMENT FORMULA
€Ht qJ
*"^j-ffi];,ti
I
lI +
<\
ol
I .l,
+
I I
ffiI1
Hs
I :E
fl
I
I
Original State Compressed State
Figure 06.1
(
Chapter 06 - ComPressibilitY Fundamen Fundamentals of chapter o6 _ compr*:lgX
tq2 of Soil Geotechnical Enqi Gcotechnical Engineering lg3
P = lf,(l+ e) 6.I.3 PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SEfiLEMENT OF
rt - H OVERCONSOLIDATED FINE.GRAINED SOILS
- 1+e
H' = H,(1+ e')
W|tenp1< p,: I
H'= It
TJ
(1 +e'\
1.+e
AH=H C' lorL!-
u Eq. 6.3
nH=H-H' 1+ e,, p,,
H fi+e'\
LH=H-1+e ' Vlhenpl> p
on= 11+e:J'l-+e) =r# *H c' 6nU Eq. 6.4
^H=H#,.sh \+eo " p,
H(e^ - e'\= H-
Le
where:
^LI= ---:-ll-----1
1+en 1+eo
C. = swell index
pc = pr€consolidation pressure
where:
H = thickness of stratum
eo = void ratio before the vertical load is applied 6,2 OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO, OCR
e' = void ratio after the vertical load is applied
ocR= h Eq. 6.5

Po
6. I,2 PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEM IENT OF NORMALLY
CONSOLIDATED FINE.GRAINED SOILS
pc = pr€scohsolidation stress (past maximum vertical effective stress)
p, = overburden effective stress (current vertical effective stress)
(_
N7 = H:-' log Pt lf OCR = 1., the soil normally consolidated soil.
' L+eo -Po
where: 6,3 COMPRESSION INDEX, CC:

H = thickness of stratum
C. = compression index
6,3.I SI(EMPTON:
' eo = initial void ratio
p, = initial vertical effective soil stress For remolded clav:
py = finalvertical effbctive'soil stress
W= P,+ LP C,=0.007(LL-77,) Eq. 6.6

lg4 - comPressibiritY ntals of chapter 06 _ compr*:li[X
:ifj,l"'06 hnical Engineering l95
For undisturbed clay:
-,_co
u"- ll-- Eq.6.13
t-tp
C. = 0.009(tL ,- 10%)
Âc
* _-
L^= 8q,6.14
log t2 -Lop,t1
6,3.2 RENDON-HERREOI
c.=0.141 G12(1+e0\238
\G) Co = secondary compression index
Ae = change in void ratio
6.3.3 NISHIDA: h = time for completion of primary settlement
fz = time after completion of primary settlement, where settlement
All clays is required
eo = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
C. = 1.15(e, -0.27) er=eo-Le
H = thickness of clay layer
6.4 SWELL INDEX, C5:

6.6 CALCULATION OF CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT UNDER A
The swell index is smaller in magnitude than the compression index. In FOUNDATION
caseS,
hr Chapter 05, we have seen that the increase in vertical stress caused by a
load applied over a limited area decreases by depth. To estimate the one-
C,=+C.tofrC. dirnensional settlement of a foundation, we can use the equqtions of this
lt,ction. However, the increase in of str6ss Ap should be the average increase
ln pressure below the cent€r of the foundation.
6.4.I NAGARAJ AND MURTY:
Assuming the pressure increase varies parabolica{ly, the average pressure may
q*6.6463!!t *6 Eq 6.
k'estimated as: .
rt
I
a-^ * Lp, + 4Lpn,

L9ou, =
+ Lp6
Eq;6.15
'6
r
6.5 SETTLEMENT FROM SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION
$
Secondary consolidation can be calculated as: whereApr = increase in pressure at the top of the layer
Lp^ = increase in pressure at the middle of the layer
Apo = increase in pressure at the bottom of the layer
AH, = (lo
"rrr(?)
196 :i;51"'06 - chapter 06 _ compr"r:iiH
comPressibiritY Fundamenta Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engi Geotechnical Engineering lgl
6,7 TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION lhe approximate values of time factor T, are:
The time / required to achieve a certain degree of consolidation U is evalua
as a function of the shortest drainage path within the compressible zone /ttot\2
coefficient of consolidation C,,, and the dimensionless time factor 7,. For U= 0to60%, Tu='"1 "'" I Eq.6.17
4\100/
For lL > 60%, To = 1..781, - 0.933 Iog (100 - U%) Eq.6.18
,- *
l-t-.+
(Ha,)2
L
"Cu
'l'he time factor ?, provides
I' a useful expression to estimate the settlement in
lhe field from the results of a Iaboratory consolidation.
where
H7, = one-half the thickness of the drainage layer if drainage occurs at
top and bottom of the layer (two-way drainage) .. t
Tnta _ (H a, faa)2
i
Ha, = thickness of the drainage layer if drainage occurs at the top or 1; $r;,,f Eq.6,19
only (one-utay layer)

' I ' tr 2
I
Also, 'l = -1 Eq. 6.20
t
Table 06.1: Variation of T" with U t^ tt-2 u1

I
.:1.l% T" UVo rTt UYo. I, A%,1 .,!i

I
i,
1 26 0,0531 51 0.204 76 0.493
where h = time to reach a consolidati on of Llr%
2 0.00008 27 0.0s72 0.212 77 0.511
li 3 0.00030 28 0.0615 53 0.221 78 0,529 fz = time to reach a consolidation of Uz%

i
1
lI 4 0.00071 29 0,0660 54 0.230 79 0.547
ti
iri 5 0.00 126 30 0,0707 0.239 80 0.567
{
ill 6 0.00196 31 0.0754 s6 0.248', 81 0.588
'l'lre degree of consolidation at a distance z
t 7 0.00283 32 0.0803 57 0.257 82 0.610 at any tinle is:
I
: 8 0.00502 33 0,0855 58 0.267 83 0.633
I
I 0,00636 34 0,0907 59 0.276 84 0.658
i 10 0.00785 35 0.0962 60 0,286 8s 0.684 Llr=1' Pwz
Eq. 6.21
11 0,0095 36 0.102 61 0.297 86 0.712 n'
ruo
12 0.01 13 37 0,107 62 0.307 87 0.742
IJ 0.0133 38 0.113 0.318 88 4.774
14 0.0154 39 0.119 64 0.329 89 0.809
15 0.0177 40 0j26 65 0.304 90 0.848 'l he average degree of consolidation for the entire depth of layer at any time is:
I
16 0.020'l 41 0.132 66 0.352 91 0,891
i
I
17 0.a227 42 0.138 . 67 0.364 92 0.938
AU
18 0.0254 43 0.145 68 0.377 93 0.993
lJ.- = ?i,
44 Eq,6.22
i
19 0.0283 0.152 40 0.390 94 1.055
20 0.0314 ] 45 0.159 70 0.403 95 1.129
^frmal
t 2t 0 0346 46 0.417 71 0.417 96 1.219
47
I
22 o o38o I 0.173 72 0,43'1 97 1.336

ZJ 0.0415 I 48 0.181 73 0.446 98 1.500 where p*, = excess pore pressure at time I
24 0 0452 I 49 0.188 74 0.461 99 1.781
p,, o = initial excess pore rtrrater pressure
25 0 0491 I 50 0.'197 l5 0.477 100 infinitv
AHr = settlement of the layer at time /
primary consolidation
.-..;;-..-;. .. *
Fundamentals of chaptero6-compr*:il$
198
Chapter 06
ofsoit
- ComPressibilitY Fundarnentals
Geotechnical En gineering lgg
6.8 COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION lmmediate settlement of foundations resting on the ground surface of an
clastic material of finite thickness is given by:
Root time method, 'Cr"*

"'" -" rH,-
0.848 t" ar )2
t
'
tgo
LH; = oB1- P2 L Eq. 6.28
t^^-"' '?
*#?O E)
Log time method, ,r=
where:
where /e6 = time tor consolidation (r,[ curve)
90% p = net pressure applied in kPa or psf
f56 = time for 50% consolidation (1og f curve) B = width or diamgter of foundation in m or feet
U = Poisson's ratio
E = modulus of elasticity of soil in kPa or psf
/J = influence factor (dimensionless)
6.9 COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME COMPRESSIBILIW, M,
au (en-e)/ LP l-lre influence factor for the corner ofa flexible rectangular footing given as:
"
tlii,=
1-+err, 1,+eo*
r,=Ll*,r,1'.Wl*,,[,,
_.1
iri
-
o -, = ----!-
Lau(
P+e^
2
,,L t' ''
r
* Jr * ,a,2
,I) |
,i
Eq. 6.2e
rii
fi
The hydraulic conductivity of the layer for the loading range isr
Itll
Table 06.2: lnfluence Factors for Foundations
rlll
tI k - Crmry* itjhd06.i ""i r
dfiiArt:l!: l'
Circle 1.00 u_64 0.79
1 4.12 0.56 0.88
where e, = initial void ratio 1.5 1.36 0.68 1.07
' e = final void ratio 2 '1 .53 0.77 1.21
' Lp = rise in Pressure 3 1.78 0.89 1.42
Rectangle 5 2,10 1.05 1.70
10 2.54 1.27 2.10
20 2.99 1.49 2.46
50 3.57 1.8 3.00
6.t-0 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT 100 4.01 2,0 3.43
fl
Imrnediate or elastic settlement of foundations occurs directly after applica
of a load, without change in moisture content. This depends on the flexibi where rer = length of foundation / width of foundation.
of the foundation and the type of material on which it is resting,
q
Chapter 06 - ComPressibility Fundamentals of I-undamentals of Chapter o(: _ compr*:il:X
2OO of Soit Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering 20l
Table 06.3: Values of Modulus of Elasticity
fr
psi I ':rkPa, r
Soft clav .250 - 500 1,725 - 3,450 PROBLEM 06. I

Hard clav 850 - 2000 5,865 - 13,800
'fhe soil profile shown in
Loose sand 1,500 - 4,000 10,350 - 27,600 Figure 06.2 is to carry a surcharge of 60 kpa applied
Densa sand .5.000 *,10,000 34.500 - 69,000 nt the ground surface The result of laboratory consolidation test eonducted on
a specimen collected from the middle of the clay layer is also shown.
calculate the settlement in the field caused by primary consolidation due to
Table 06.4: Values of Poisson's Ratio
surcharge.
Tvpe of $oit, 'PoisBon's Ratlo :. 60 kN/m2

Loose sand 02-0.4
Medium sand 0.25 - 0.4
Dense sand 0.3 * 0.45
Siltv sand 0.2 - 0.4
Soft clav 0.15 - 0,25 Clay
Medium clav 0.2 - 0.5 Y*t = 18.2 kN/m3
€o = 1'1
6.I I TOTAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION

The total settlement of a foundation is the sum of the primary, secondary, and
immediate settlement.
1.12
AHr = AH+ AH,+ AHr Eq. 6.30 l..t 0
0 .t.og
d
E
o
u 1,06
\
1.04
\
\
,.;I 60 ao {oo
Pressure, p (kN/m?)
Figure 06.2
Chapter 06 - Compressibility Fundamentals Fundamentals of chapter 06 - compr*:il$ ZAI
2OZ ofSoit GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineerih$
SOLUTION PROBLEM 06.2 (CEMAY t99ql
A 2-m clay layer (e = 0.92, G = 2.72, C, = 1/3) is overlain
with 3 m thick of sand
Settlement,6ll=g?P-e )
iuy". 1" ='0.5, G 2.a2.,.t4C = O1 tne *ater table is 1'5 m below the ground
1,+e, over the
H= 6m (sand) surface. a 3-m thick land fill (Y = 17.3 kN/m3) is placed
If
,*irtl"g ground surface, compute the consolidation settlement of the clay
e, = 1.1,
layer.
Solving for e corresponding to p7
Initial effective stress at midheight of clay
SOLUTION
P" = Yb(3)
p,= (18.2 - 9.81X3)
p, = 25.17 kPa
W= P"+ LP
pf =25.U + 60
Pr= 85.17 kPa
,1.12
,l.10
,,itt
,iiii 4., l'oB

I-
I
AC
lllli
lll ll
jj
I r.oo
I \
itllrl p I
e - 1.047- ii
iliI
1.44
Unit weight of soil:

F. Sand above water table:
ui
@ -[Y' = -_;-
G +GMC
Y,.l
{.00 ,l t+e
2.4 40
Pressure, p (kNim'z) v.= -:"-'" (9.81)
2.()2+0 ..
'' 1+0.5'
y"=77.13 kN/m3
From the graph, e = 1.047
Sand below water table (submerged):
_ 1..1-1.047
-Lla' = G-1
aH-6--
1+ 1.1
=-Trl
L+e
tbs=. -.-- - (9.91)
2.62 -1.
AH = 0.1514 m ^,,
1+0.5'
AH = 151.4 mm Yo, = 10.59 kN/m3
- comPressibiritY Fundamentals tundamentals of chapter o6 - compr*:pl[{
204 :lfji:'ot Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineerin g ZOS
Clay: (submerged)
. G-7 BH 15
IIa,
= =-T*.1
L+e
w.= 4 m Yt = 17.5 kN/ml
ffiQ'81)
yu, = 8.79 kN/m:
1'
(- oo
0r t1.2 m 0
aH=H:". 1og2- u
L+eo " po 10.4 kN/ml
H =2m
eo = 0.92
P,
* 8'79(1) + 10.59(1.5) + 17.13(1.5)
Po = 50.37 kPa
w = 40o/o
" pf= P"+ aP
.g
U LL = 400/o
LP = Yth' 8.2 m y, = 27,3 kN/m3
Lp = 17.3(3) 6
o
LP = 519kPa
where 1, = unit weight of soil particles
p1= 50.37 + 51.9

pf - 1.02.27 kPa
Figure 06.3
ty=2 1/3 ,,a1'0227

1+0.92 " 50.32
SOLUTION
AH = 0.1068 m
AH = 106.7 mm Part a:
G-1,
Io =
=-
L+e
l*
PROBLEM 06.3 ICE MAy 2OO4, NOVEMBER 2OO3l n - Ts
Given in Figure 06.3 is the borehole log in a project site. The l*

building will exert a net stress of 12 Newtons per square centimeter. 27'3
u=
a) Determine the buoyant unit weight of the clay 9.81
-
b) Determine the effective vertical stress at the mid-height of the clay layer G = 2.783
c) Determine the average settlernent of the normally consolidaied -cla1 G MC= S e, whereS = 1
layer. Use compression index C. = 0.009(tt - 10) 2'783(0'40\ = rs '|
e = 1.113
2.783,1' (9.81)
vu = ' '
1+ 1.113
y6= 8.27.8 kN/m3
zo6 firTl", 06 - compressibirity
Fundamentals chapter 06 - compr"':pl$
Geotechnical hnicil Engineering ZOI
r
p" = (8 + (10.4)(7.2) + 17 s(4)
?7.8)14!)
p, = 1g0.42kpa
part c:
ap = s -.=r_bsT_
l+eo " po
+-
C.=0.009(40_10) I
C' = 0'27
en = 1..1I3
p" = Lg0.42
Pf= Po + LP
p _1?!1: 2 x (100 cm/m)2
Ap = 720,A00 pa
Ap = 120kpa
L-
I
pf=L80.42+120
i,, pf= 300.42 kpa
iii At-1= g.2 0.27 t^-300.42
llrll r +i.113'"6l8olt
rrii AH = 0.232 m
,,lir
i,ttll AH = 23.2 cm
ill ri
i rrf
Part a: (Norrnally consolidated clay)
.
ii i,," '
D'f
i illll PROBLEM 06.4 ' logl---
LH=H:"'
i L+eo Po
A soil profile is shown in Figure
I 06.4. Auniformly distributed C.=0.009(Lt-10)
load, Ap -
I
Xl:::::::::"1T"
ground"surra.u
Determine the settrement
G = *A,;;
c. C.*0.009(50'10)=6.36
of the cray layer
clay is nor.mally.onrollJlr"f,"'
.;;;
'"" ort ;;r'consoridation Compute the initial and final effective stresses at
fJ ll"
&) The preconsolidatio
if:
the midheight of clay:
.j rn" ;;;;;;;iiililXi,#:i:[ il8li:, ?o = (Ta)auy h.try
+ (14)r".u ftsand sat + (|a.y)."na hsand dry
po= (19 - 9.81X4) + (18.5 - 9.81X6) + 16(3)
Po- 136'9 kPa
P7*Po+ LP
W= \36.9 + 5A
Pt'186.9 kPa
AH=8x 0'36 los186'9

1+0.95 " 136.9
6p1=,0.2m
AHf 200 mm
/
Chapter 06 - Compressibility Fund Fundamentals of chapter o6 _ compr*:il$
208 of Soil Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering ZOq
Part b: (Overconsoli dated clay, p. = 210 kPa)
p1* 786.9kPa < p,
( 0r
LH = H:"' Iog!
"
1,+eo po
C,= 0.36/5
C,= 0.072
AH = tJ-
0.072loq-1.86.9
1+0.95 " 136.9
AH = 0.04 m
AH=40mm
rl
Part c (Overconsolidated clay, p, - 150 kPa)
'll
rll P7='186'9 kPa> P,
:I
,'l AH = H:C, bglt * uJ,
\+eo "po
bgL!-
1"+eo "p,
i,t
aH = ^ 0.072los-150
E- + E- 0.36Ioe-185.9
;l
1+0.95 "136.9 1+0.95 " 150
LH= A.01172 + 0.141L
$
rfil AH = 0.1528 m
ffi AH = 152.8 mm
ilr
ild
fi
PROBLEM 06.5
Figure 06.5
It is desired to calculate the consolidation settlement of the 4-m thick clay
a\
'",
'a \
shown in Figure 05.5 that will result from the load carried by the .\
\'r
measuring 3 m x 1,5 m in plan. Assume the clay to be normally consoli SOLUTION
and the load of footing results to an increase of pressure of 23.2kPa,12.22 uur,
and 6.1 kPa at the top, midheight, and bottom portiory respectively, oI the
i,= ro,
layer. q = 14.8(1..5)
4 = 22.2kPa
Assume the pressure increase varies parabolically and use Simpson's ru
solve for the average pressure increase. Part &:
Lprop*4Lpîa+LPaot p, = initial effective stress at midheight of the clay layer

Lp= p"= (19 - 9.81X3 + 2) + (18.5 - 9.81X1.5) + 14.8(3 + 1.5)
po= 93.42kPa
a) Calculate the overburden pressure at the base of the footing, in kPa.
b) Calculate the initial effective stress at the midheight of the clay layer.
4 Calculate the consolidation settlement of the clay layer.
Chapter 06 - Compressibility F ls of chapter 06 - compr*:iig
2lO ofsoir Geotechnical Engi nical Engineering 2tt
Part c:
For normally consolidated clay: Total consolidation settlement, AH = AHprima.y + AH,".on6,r,
rt
-c nrl!_
AH_H"l+eo
" po
C. = 0.009(LL: L0) Cc
C.=0.009(50-10) L,Ho=
' 111,+ eolon\L H Le
" pn = 1,+ eo
C'= 0'36
Or
H=3m
€o r 1'A
Le = ' "pn/
C,los'
+ a'p Po= 125kPa

fi= po
. Lpw +4Lpî6 +Lpuot W= Po+ LP

[i uy= pt= 125 + 45
6
itt
p1= 170 kPa
rI 23,2+4(12,22)+6,1
tI
ap= Le = 0.251on170
'L25
,il AP = 13'03 kPa Ae = 0.0334
lil
py= 93;.42+ 13.03 0'0334
AH, = 3
rllil , py* LA6.45kPa ' 1+ 0.8
-
illtl 0.36 1"06.45 AH, = 0;05564 m
aa =a lds
lffi 1+1 " 93.42 AHp = 55.54 mm
itfll
l|4
AH = 0.0306 m
AH = 30.6 mm Secondary consolidation settlement , Eq. 6.12:
fiil
' AH, = C,H,"r[9]
i \11 ,
PROBLEM 06.6
-,-Co
A normally consolidated clay layer, 3 m thick, has the following properties; l+ep
Initial void ratio, e, = 0.8 eo= eo - Le
Compression index, C. = 0.25 er=0.8-0.0334
Average effective pressure, po = 125 kPa eo = 0,7666
Expected pressure increase, Ap = 45 kPa
' '-
0.02
Secondary compression index, C. = 0,02
Time for completion of primary settlement = 1.5 years
"= T;oiG
C'" = 0.01132
What is the total settlement of the clay layer five years after the completion
primary consolidation settlement? AH' = (0.01!32)(3) log j=
5
Nf,= 0.01776 m
LH,=17.76mm
2lz :i;ji"'o6 - ComPressibiritY Fundamen
Geotechnical Engineer
Fundamentals of Chapter 06 - CompressibilitY
of Soil 2t3
Total consolidation settlement, LH = 55.64 + 17,76 /\
Total consolidation settlement, AH = 73,4 mm b\
' u, = [r _!-a.zlrcs"/"
l. p*o)
p,, = initial exaess pore water pressure
PROBLEM 06.7 Pw= f*h
A surcharge of 120 kpa is applied on the ground surface on n P*,= (9'81)(12'232)
the soil pro
shown in Figure 06.6. P,o = 120 kPa
a) How high will th.e water rise in the piezometer immediately P*, = 9.81(6)
after
application of the load? P*, = 58'86 kPa
b) What is the degree of consolidation at point D when h = 6 m?
c) Find /z when the degree of consolid.ation at D is g0% u,- = (t_ !!.891 roozo
' ilrrl
\ 120)
l)o = 50'950/o
llii
ii't
lrll 120 kPa c) u,=(t-'" ltoo%
itrll \ P"'" )
, ,11,
"
lh\
8o%=lL-r*'lToo%
I ln,tl
iilll,irt \ 120i
liirll
P*, = 24 kPa
Pw'
lllflll 11=
lw
litiiiliii ,24
9.87
h = 2.446 m
PROBLEM 06.8
Under a given surcharge, a 5:m thick clay layer has a consolidation settlement
of 305 mm, Assume C, = 0.003 cm2/sec.
a) what is the average degree of consolidation for the clay layer when the
settlement is 75 mm?
SOLUTION b) How long will it take for 50o/o consolidation to occur if the layer is
drained at the top only?
a) n=M c) How long will it-take for 50% consolidation to occur if the layer is
lut drained on both.ends?
,n= _120
9.81
h = 1,2.232 m
o6 * comPressibiritY Fun Fundamentals of chapter 06 - Compr.r:il$
214 :lfj,i"o Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering ZIS
SOLUTION IOLUTION
a) FromEq.6.22: (Har)'
,-
. -_o
tt- AH,
Cu
AH."" T, = 0.848 (from Table 06.1)
. U= -'" Ha, = 1/z(3.2) = 1.5 m
30s Ha' = '160 cm
U=0.2459=24.5go/o t = 80 days x24 x3600
:
t = 6,9L2,000 sec
Frorn Eq. 6.16: ".^?
tbu
6.912.000 = 0.848
-'" --
, - *-co (Hrr)? cu
lll ' C, = 0.00314 crn/sec
il From Table 06.1, for lJ = 50o/o, Tu = 0.197
,il
With single drainage, Ha,= 5 m * 500 cm b) From Eq. 6.19:
I 5uu (Ha,fa)z
.i||
t = 0.197 !t!- -
0.003 ttob (H a,nt)z
il[
| ='1,6,41,6,667 sec x.ffi x $ 6,912.000 1602
t = 190 days -
rll!| tha 0o /42
,1ffi
IU ',
.
. frub = 6,750 sec

il$ c) 1= 7--\Ha')' fr"r = 1..875 hours
tlrI C,
N
From Table 06.1,, f or L) = S0%, T, = 0.1,92
frf With single drainage, Ha,*1/z(5) = 2.5 m
PROBLEM 06. I O
With single drainage, Ha, = 250 cm
Urrder a given load (surcharge), a 3-m thick clay layer undergoes a 180-mm of
2502
t = o.1g\ total primary consolidation settlement. If it took 80 days for the first L00-mm
0.003
trf settlement to occur, what is the estimated time for the first 50-mm of
,,:liyi::"secxffixg
: rcttlement?
SOLUTION
L rr 2
PROBLEM 06.9 From Eq. 6.20, = u7
thick layer of saturated clay under a surcharge loading*
'-tz Ur'
I907o-?.2-*
in 80 days with double drainage.
primary consolidation
,
Degree oi consolidation @ fr = 80 davs. ll" = Mt
a) Determine the coefficient of consolidation for the preisrre .ange AH-r"
&) For a 10"cm thick specimen of the said clay, how long wilt it take
Degree of consolidation, Ur = *180
undergo 90% consolidation in the laboratory for a similar
range? Degree of consolidation, Ur = 0.5556 = 55.56%
* comPressibiritY
2lb Fundamentals of chapter 06 - compr*:il$
:ifi,i"'06
F
GeotechnicalE Gcotechnical Engineering zl7
'50
Degree of consolidation @ tz, l)2= .JJ- ( '' = ------------
6.1x 10-s
180
0.000601s(9.81)
. Degree of consolidatio n, l-12 = 0,2778 = 27.78%
nf/day ) Coeff. of consolidation
C,, = 0.01034 (&)
80 55.562
= (0.286)-13:6f
4- r?w roo
' 0.01034
f6e = 358.5 days ) Time for 60% consolidation (c)
PROBLEM 06. I T PROBLEM 06. I 2

Under normal loading condition, a 3.6-m thick clay (normally consolida 'l'he following data were obtained from h laboratory consolidation test on a 30
ll has po = 190 kPa and eu ='1.22. A surcharge of 190 kia reduceslts void rati rrrnr thick clay specimen drained on both sides:
d
0.98. The hydraulic conductiviry of the clay for the loading range is 6.1 x Fressure (kPa) Void ratio (%)
ll
il
m/day. .60 87
a; What is the coefficient of volume compressibility of the clay? 150 72
,ll b) What is the coefficient of consolidation of the cliy?
'tr| c) How long will it take for this clay layer to reach 60zo consolidation if Time tor 60% consolidation = 3.2 min
drained on one side only? a) Determine the coefficient of volume cornpressibility in m2/kN
'tu
b) Determine the hydraulic concluctivity of the clay for the Ioading range.
ilflt
SOLUTION
ffi
illl SOLUTION
,trd
(Ho')'
,-, .C, k = Cu muy*
ill L - lt)-
rl
-t
C'= 7'(H a')z Gq' 6'27\
Ha, = 3.6 m (single drainage)
From Table 06.1-, T, = 0.2{6 , To =0,236 (Table 06.1)
C,=ffiofR (Eq.6.zT)
Ha, * 0.03/2 = 0.015 m (double drain)
f = 3.2 min
-
*,= @o_-4/ Lp co= 0.286
(o'9T)1
@q.6.25)
L+eaoe
C, = 0.00002011 mz/min
eo = 1..22
. r,
e=0.98
m,,- \"o_e)/ M
- L+ero, '
,2 0av" =
*"tu-_ (0.87 -0.72)/(1s0-60)
< , rtaiiiiz
eur" = 1.1 . L+'*tt-
(1.22-0.98\ /190 m" = O.OOOI285 m2/l$tr
IilD-a
' -1.+7.1
lr = 0.0000201 1 (0.00092S5) (9.81)
m, = 0.0006015 mrlkN ) Coeff. of compressibility (a) 1 k=1.83xl0rm/min
\
\
- comPressibiritY Fundamentals tals of chapter 07 - shear t.ilS|fi 219
218 :iii,i",.06 Geotechnical Enoi echnical Engineering
PROBLEM 06. I 3
A rigid column footing 1.2-m in diameter is constructed on unsaturated
layer. The load on the footing is 170 kN. "Estimate the immediate
Assume the clay has E = 6900 kPa and ir - 0.2.
Chapter 07
SOLUTION
.:
Using Eq. 6.28:
1)
Shear Strength
L,Hi = pB{t-
Q
E
7,
of Soil
i o=
l]lh A
lrtlll ' 170 I'hc shear strength of soil may be attributed to three basic components:
ru '
y =
t0.2)'
-_------;
1. Frictional resistance to sliding between solid particles
irfli 2. Cohesion and adhesion between particles
i lrm
P = 150'31 kPa
B ='i,.2m
3. tnterlocking and bridging of solid particles to resist deformation
i',ttH
rl From Table 06.2,4= 9.79
i ur'u 7.I MOHR - COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
:,1 iilffi
AHr = 150.31( 1.2\1-0'22 (0'79) A material fails because of a critical combination of normal stress and shearing
iilt$fl 6,s00-
I tll urtl rtress, and not from either maximum normal or shear stress alone. This theory
rl rlt ruil AHr = 0.0198 m was presented by Mohr. Thus, a failure plane can be expressed as a function
AHi = 19.8 mm of normal and shearing stress as follows:
lilfin
Eq. 7.1
v= f@)
lior most soil mechanics problem, Coulomb suggested that the shear stress on
the failure pla4e can,be expressed as a linear function of normal stress. This
re lationship is'known as Mohr-Coulumb failure critetia and can be
written as:
rl=c+otan$ Eq.7.2
where c= cohesion
$ = angle of internal friction
'l'hese functions are ihown in Figure 7.1. The significance of the failure
cnvelope is as follows, If the normal and shearing stress on a plane in a soil
n,oss ui" suchTthat they plot as point X, shear failure will not occur along that
plane. If it plpts at Y, shear failure will occur along that plane because it plots
t
\
\
Fundamentals of Chapter 07 * Shear t,t:??fi
- shear strensth Fundamen 221
22a :lf5l""' GeotechnicalE Eeotechnical Engineering
along that plane. Point Z cannot exist because it plots above the
envelope and shear failure would have occurred already.
Figure 7.2 - Applied stresses on soil
(a)
Normal stress
o
Figure 7.3 - Mohr's circle
(,l
c
6
o
3
tn
Eq. 7.3
.i I Eq. 7.4
L
Normal Stress
(b)
Figure 7.1 - Mohr's failure envelope and Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria

,\.
r_r Chapter 07 - Shear Strength Funda ls of Chapter 07 - sheartrt:??S ZZg

ll.Z of Soil Geotechnical EnEi hnical Engineering
following equations can be delived from Figure 7.5:
Air release
r=otan0=Rsin20 Eq.7.5
valve
R=th(q-<r:) =r,u, Eq. 7,6
Water
or
SlnQ= #
-ol €q.7.7
pressure, 03
01 +O3
Platen
flil9
6*4go+g/2 Eq. 7.8
cylinder
Radial grooyes
h for drainage ,2.2 COHESIVE SOIL
#
T Water supDly water
I To pore t.
pressure transducer
I volume chanqe
device
il
of ,a Plane of'failure
1,F Figure 7.4 - Schematic triaxial cell
itil
Mohr's Strength
ill Envelope
tr 7.2 TRLN<tAL SHEAR TEST {S|NGLE TEST'
$
il 7.2.1 COHESTONLESS SOIL
Figure 7.6 - Single test on cohesive soil
r=c+otan{=Rsin20 Eq. 7.9
where:
.ii -1..- " or = Major principal stress at failure
l*',_ o, .-..>i<* Deviator stress ,i oz = Minor principal stress at failure
t! r = Shear stress
I' c = Cohesion of soil
Figure 7.5 - Single test on cohesionless soil $ = Anglg of internal friction
e= an[f{ that the failure plane makes with the major principal plane.
\
\\
224 :lfflt,.07 - shear strensth F tdamentals of Chapter 07 - Shear trr:?g:l
Geotechnical Engin echnical Engineering 225
7.3 DRA'NEDANDUr,rffi
or-oq
For drained triaxial test o,r and o,3
For undrained triaxial test, o1 and
are taken as the effective principal "' = --f- Eq,7,10
o.3 a.re taken as the total principal

str o1-o3
- -_ _I__
,.,
-t -l
Eq.7.l1
- - 01+(Ia
u1_-- Eq l.r2
_ o'1*o'3
- -2 Eq. 7.13
sln0= Eq,7.l4
' Cz'Ct
ilnfri
iilut' c=x'tan0
- rq. z.tS
. pore Water pressure
rliffi Figu rel.7 -Drained and undrained condition

x'=x-Cr and-=;il
R1
Eq.7.16
, itlrrilil
where: c- R1 cos d - (C, - Rr sin $) tan $ Eq.7.l7
ililrffil
{o = drained friction angle c = R2cos S - (C, - Rz sin {) tan $ Eq.7,18
0u = undrained friction angle l
ffi 7.4 TRLA)<LAL TEST

?,5 UNcoNFINED coMPREssIoN TEST (UNIAXIAL,
{SEi?tEs,
o:=0
03=0
Figure 7.9 - Unconfined compression test
oi
'=R=+ Fq.7.19
The following equations can be qu=2C'

derived from Figure 7.g: Eq,7,2o
tvlrt,re 4, = unconfined compression strerrgth
\
2zo :i;51" 07 - shear strensth Fundamen Fundamentals of Chapter 07 - Shear t.:?3|[ 227
GeotechnicalE 6eotechnical Engineering
7.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST
Direct shear test is the,simplest for of shear test. The test equipment cor ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
of a metal shear box (see Figure 7.10) in which the soil ru*pt"i, placed.
sizes of the sample used are usually 50 mm x 50 mm or tbO mm x 100
across and about 25 mm high. The box is split horizontally into halves. PROBLEM 07. I
l)irect shear tests were performed on a dry, sandy soil. The sPecirnen
is 50
normal force is applied from the top of the shear box. sheai force is appl
by moving half of the box relative to the other to cause failure in the rrrm in diameter and 25 mrn in height. Test results were as
follows;
sample.
Test No. Normal Force, N Shear Force, N
1 243 124
2 268 137
3 352 179
4 412 210
Determine the cohesion and angle of internal friction'
SOLUTION
Cross-sectional area of specimenl
A= f (oos),
A = 0.001963 m2
Figure 7.10 - Direct shear test arrangement
Tesl Normal Normal Shear Shearing
Force. N Stress. kPa Force: N Stress. kPa
No.
1 243 123.8 124 63.1
2 268 136.5 137 69.8

Normal force 3 352 179.3 175 s1.2
Normal stress,6 =
412 209.8 210 106.9
Cross - sectional area of specimen 4
Resisting shear force

shear stress, , = Cross 120
a Test 4
- sectional area of specimen 100
'":'1.
o 80 testz
st 1
ai ^.."t'
o 60
a
0 40
o
a
20
Io
o so 1oo 150 2oo 250
Normal Stress, kPa
* shear strensth * Shear Strength
22!B 5ii5f,.o7 F Fundamentals of Chapter 07
GeotechnicalEng Gcotechnical Engineering of Soil 229
The graph shows a straight line that purrur tn*rgt tf,Iffi
cohesion c = 0.
MA
Solving for S using the results of Test 1; 120
{
tan6= r rn'i ii .i,,,p rt line -/t
o flx 100
tan6= _ 63.1 ui 80 o
' 123.8
a
0)
N
a,60
,0=27" Eao
a Aa
r' +
+
20
PROBLEM O7.2 j. . zo kn, 168
of four drained direct shear tests on an over consolidated 50 100 150

iiffit 3:^f::.1:
as follows:
clay
itnru Normal Stress, kPa
Test No. Normal Force, N Shear Force, N

jiffi
1 120 114 From the graph, we draw the best fit straight line.
2 220 179
3 320
Cohesion,c=20kPa
239
4 420 286 Angle of internal friction:
Using the result of Test 4 and the Y-intercept:
Size of specimen = 50 mm x 50 mm xL4:4':20
Height of specimen = 25 mm tan $ r
168
Determine the cohesion and angle of internal friction. O *29,38o
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 07.3
Cross-sectional area'of specimen, A = 0.0S(0.05)
A direct shear test is performed on a specimen of dry sand. The shear box is
Cross-sectional area of specimen, A = 0.0025 m2
circular in cross-section with a diameter of 50 mm. The normal force imposed
on the specimen is 250 N. The shears when the shear force is 150 N.
Determine the angle of internal friction of this sand.
SOLUTION
From Eq. 7.2:
q= c+ o tan $
c= 0' (dry sand is cohesionless)
- shear strensth
zilo :i;51"'07 F
Geotechnical Engi
Fundamentals of
6eotechnical Engineering
Chapter 07 - Shear Strength
of Soil 231
v 07.5 {CE NOVEMBER 19981
,A _
Tf=
in a triaxial test, a specimen of saturated (normally consolidated) clay was
1s0
Consolidated under a chamber confining pressure of 80 KiloPascals. The axial
i1o.os;2 Itrcss on the specimen was then increased through the allowing the drainage
ry= 76,394Pa from the ,p".i*".r. The specimen fails when the 1.20 KiloPascals, The pore.
Wirter pressure (tI) at that time was 50 KiloPascals. What is the consolidated
=i=# runr.lrained friction angle (Phi):
. o = 127,324pa
For undrained condition, we use the total principal stresses
'OLUTION
76,394 = 0 + (127,224) tan g
tan 6 = 6'6
0 = 30'9e'
PROBLEM 07.4 r-:1!.----

A7-m thick soil has water table 3 m berow the.ground surface. The boil abc
i.- roo r-----i40 ------l
._+1-- I
l.-- ", = 80
ll" *?l:r table has degree of saturation of 4s%, void,ratio of the

the solids have specific gravity o{ 2.20, Tests show'th;ith"
soil is 0.4 a l_- +: = t2o
internal friction of 32o and cohesion of 1-4.6 kpa. what

;;i
tlu" u.,gru
is the potentiar shr 20
strength on a horizontar prane at a depth of 2 m below SlnQ=
the groriJr;.ru."z -
0 = 11'54o
SOLUTION
Potential shear strength, r = c + o tan
0
c = 14,6 PROBLEM 07.6ICE NOVEMBER z00tl
6 =32 Irr a triaxial test, a specimen of saturated (normally consolidated) clay was
o = vertical effective stress consolidated under a chamber confining pressure of 90 KiloPascals. The axial
" c = lt,h stress on the specimen was then increased allowing the drainage from the
specimen. The ipecimen fails when the deviator stress is 60 KiloPascals. The
Y*= *&Y*
t+e pore water pressure (p*) at that time was 40 KiloPascals. What the
consolidated drained friction angle (phi):
7'=--ffi(9.81)
0.45fi.40\
2.20 +
Y*= 20'18 kN/ms SOLUTION

o = 20.18(2) Total principal stress, o: = 90 kPa
o = 40.36 kpa Effective principal stress, o': = c't' Pw
Potential shear strength, r = 1.4.6 + 4}.36tan 32o Effective principal stress, o'r = 90 - 40
Potential shear strength, r = 39.g2 kpa fffective principal stress, o'3 = 50 kPa
stress = 60 kPa
Qeviator
\
\\
Chaoter 07 - Shear Strength Fundamen Fundamentals of chapter 07 - shear r.:i?$ Zgg
232 ofSoit GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering
1 n,_n,
LJ
r60r
'80_
30
stno=
6 = 22'024'
From the figure:
PROBLEM 07.7 ICE NOVEMBER t9991 & = 119/2
Rr = 59.5
A triaxial test on a saturated soil has the following results:
Rz="143/2
Cell pressure Deviator stress Pore pressure Rz= 77.5
, (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
cr=57.5+59.5
2oo 119 142.5 Cr ='117
400 143 275.5
(2= !)\.$ + /t.$
600 178 396
Cz= 195
a) Determine the drained angle of internal friction of the soil.'
b) Determine the cohesion of the soil in drained condition. fr) Drained angle of friction
sin0=(Rr-R)/(Ce-G)
SOLUTION sin$= (71.5-59.5) / (196-717)
For drained condition: 6 = 8,737o
Effective stress, o'3 Deviator stress b) Cohesion in drained condition:

b=Ct-a
200 =L42.5 = 57.5 119 b = 1.17 - 59.5 sin 8.737"
4OO-275.5=t2q5 143 b = 107.96
c=R1 cos$-d
caRlcos$-btanQ
c = 59.5 cos 8.737o - 107 .96 tan 8:737o
c = 42.22kPa
- shear strensth Fundamentalsl tundamentals of chapter 07 - shear t,r:i?S Zgs
234 :if$it'07 Geotechnical Ehgi GeotechnicalEn gineering
PROBLEM 07.8lCE NOVEMBER t9e9' PROBLEM 07.9 ICE NOVEMBER 20021

A sample of moist sand,was subjected to a series of triaxial tests. The soil A triaxial shear test was performed on a well-drained sand sample. The
rrormaI stress on tlre failure plane and the shear stress on the failure plane, at
f,rilure were determined to b; 6,300 psf and 4,200 pst, respectively.
Cell pressure, o3 Plunger stress, 01
n) Determine the angle of internal friction of the sand?
&) Determine the angle of the failure plane?
Sample 1. 14 kpa 34 kpa
c) Determine the maximum principal stress?
Sample 2 25 kpa 56 kpa
What is the angle of internal friction of the soil in degrees. SOLUTION
ll'$, SOLUTION
r#
t$
ilni
ffi ,.:, ,Rir:)
ilffi Cz
In triangle 1:
34-14 4200
Rr= f2p$=
6300
R1=10 -
0 = 33.69o
Cr*14+10 o =,lq+,zoo12 + (6,300)2
Cr- 24 a = 7,571,.66
^Xr= 56-2s In triangle 2:

-T a=90o-0
Ra = 15.5 cr = 90o -33.69'
Cz=25+15.5 a = 56.31o
Cz= 40,5 R=atan0
R - 7,577.66 tan 33.59'
Rz *Rr R = 5,047.76
sin$= C=asec0
Cz -Cr C = 7 ,571..66 sec 33,69o
15.5- 10
sinQ= C = 9,100
44.5-24
O = 19,47o
- shear strensth Fundamentals of Chapter 07 - Shear Strength
236 [ifj,i"'07 F
GeotechnicalE Geotechnical En gineering of Soil 237
Angle of failure plane, 0: b) Shear stress on the failure plane
q,+20=180o t=Rsin(90_S)
56.31o*20=180o r ='175 sin (90 - 24.3'16)
0 = 51.84o t = 159.5 kPa
.:.-
Maximum principal stress, 01 =C+R c) Effective normal stress at the point of maximum shear
Maximum principal stress, ol * 9,100 + 5,047.76 o=C
Maximum principal stiess, o1 = 14,'1.47.75 psf , o=425kPa
rrRoBLEM 07.10 (cE MAY 2OO4t

PROBLEM 07. I I
The results of, a consolidated-drained triaxial test conducted on on
s, consolidated clay, are as follows:
A consolidated undrained (CU) compression test was conducted a
lt*
saturated clay soil by isotropically consolidating the soil using a cell pressure
Cha.mber confiniprg stress = 250 kPa
Deviator stress at fiilu." = 350 kpa
of 150 kPa and then incrementally applying loads on the plunger while
a) Calculate the angle of friction of the soil sample.
kceping the cell pressurd'constant. Failure was observed when the stress
b). Calculate the shear stress on.the failure flane. cxerted by the plunger (deviator stress) was 160 kPa and the pore water
pressure recorded was 54 kPa.
lil c) calculate the effective normal stress on the plane of maximum sheai,
a) Determine the undrained shear strength of the clay
&) Determine the undrained friction angle
c) Determine the drained friction angle
SOLUTION
a) Undrained friction angle:
Cell pressure, os = 150 kPa
Principal stress, or = 03 + plunger stress
Principal stress, or = 150 + 160 = 310 kPa
a) Angle of internal friction

n = 35012
R=175
C* 250 + 175
C=425 .
159$lO = cen
sin Q = ,1176 R/nA
sin $ =
sinQ-175/425
q = 24.316'
R=230-150
R=80kPa
(
23g :i;51"'07
- shea' strensth Fundamen ls of chapter 07 * Shear r,':ig$ ZEg
Geotechnical hnical Engineering
sin $,= 367230 UTION
+, ='i0.35'4'
b) Undrained shear strength:

tr=R \,r R:= 11S
t, = 80 kPa
\a,"
\€-r 20 =. 1360
a tC 440,. \ "'
c) Drained friction angle: '6 ,i-. -.--.-.--o-Y- -+ oi
o':=150-54
o's = 96 kPa
40 -rl
* 155
l'
o'r=310-54 270
o'r = 256 kPa

0=68o
1i
In right triangle APC:

0=90o-44o
0 '46o
.R
,AC
SlnO=
-
115'
s6+2s6
*-T- = t/o
256 sin 46o - :
AC
AC * 1.59.87
R =176 -96
R=BO
In right triangle AOQ:
sin $,i = 80/176 0A=AC-155
0o = 27.03o OA = 4.869
.c
tand-
'oA-
c = 4,869 tan 45o
PROBLEM 07.12
c = 5.04 kPa
In a triaxial test for a soil sample, when the principal stresses are 270 kpa e
40 kPa, the soil fails along a plane making an angle of 6!o with the horizon
What is the cohesion of the soil in kPa?
IRoBLEM 07.13'
A cohesionless soil sample is subjected to a triaxial test. The critical state
friction angle of the soil is 28o and the normal effective stress at failure is 200
kl'a.
n) Determine the critical state shear stress
t ) Determine the plunger stress
d) Determine thg cell pressure
I
I
I
/I
Chapter 07 - Shear Strength Funda Fundaqentals of chapter 07 - shear t.:ig:? Z4l
24O of Soit Geotechnical Engineering
SOLUTION c) Cell pressure, o: = C - R
Cell pressure, oz = 256.54 - 120.44
Cell pressure, o: = L36.1 kPa
PROBLEM 07. I 4
An unconfined compression test was carried out on a saturated clay sample,
Thc maximum load the clay sustained was 127 N and the vertical
displacement is 0.8 mm. The siee of the sample was 38 mm diameter x 76 mm
lqrrlg.
o) Calculate the axial strain of the soil sample
*# tl) Calculate the major principal stress at failure
i
I a) Critical state shear stress, ta = o4 tan Q
c) Calculate the undrained shear strength of the soil sample
Critical state shear stress, ta = 200 tan 28o !OLUTION

Critical state shear stress, ta = 106.34 kPa
a\ .AH
Axial strain.s=
H
b) Plunger stress -0'8
cosd- oA -76
Axialstrain.e=
'oA Axial strain, s = 0,010525 mm/rnm
oA _ 200
cos 28o
OA = 226.514
b) Sample area (initial), A, = t (0.0e4;r
R xA Saniple area (initial), A, = [.QQ]1J{ 6z

tan6=
,OA = da A
Sample area at failure, A
' =
R 1,4634
1':€--..-.
="o
o
226.51"4 200 Sample area at failure, o = r 9or'r1'*,
L - 0.010526
R = 120.44 kPa
Sar-nple area at failure, A = 0,001146 *'
ôA - ^-
cosg
226.514 0.001146
L=
cos 28o Major principal stress at faiJure, or = 110,814 Pa
C = 256.54kPa Major principal stress at failure, {or)u = 110.814 kPa
-
Plungerstress,or=C+R
Plunger stress, or = 256.54 +'120.44
Plunger stress, or = 375.98 kPa
Chapter 07 - Shear Strength F mentals of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
243
242 of soil Geotechnical icalEngineering Pressure
Note: og :0
ax
Lateral Earth
Pressure
h Chapter 04 was focused on the vertical stress caused by the weight of soil and
*
It From the Mohr's circle shown, tlr = 55.4 kPa ttructures above the soil surface. This chapter will focus on the lateral stress
excrted by the soil mass on a structure, such as retaining walls, basement
wrrlls, and bulkheads.
Active. earth pressgre coefficient, Ko - the ratio between the lateral and
vertical principal effective strebses when an earth retaining structure moves
away (by a small amount) from a retained soil.
Passive earth pressure coefficient, Kp - the ratio between the lateral and
vertical principal effective stresses, when an earth retaining structure is
forced against a soil mass.
Figure 08.1
iDS "*j
, tals of Chapter 08 * Lateral Earth
Chaoter 08 - Lateral Earth F
. 245
244 pressure GeotechnicalE technical Engineering Pressure
8,I EARTH PRESSUREATREST th reference to Figure 08.1:
If a retaining structure does not move either to the right or to the pn= KoY H Eq, 8,6
initial position, the soil mass will be in a state of elastic equilibrium,
the horizontal strain is zero. The ratio of the horizontal stress to the
F -lzK"y H2 Eq, 8.7
stress is called the cofficient of earth pressure at rest, K*
llr RANKINES THEORY

k=:_A_=1_sin0
where $ is the drained friction angle.
For dense sand backfill:
K"=(1-sinQ).
[#-r)rt
where Active case Passive case
yd = actual compacted dry nit weight of the sand behind the wall Ftgure 08.2 - Vertical face and inclined backfill
|dmrn = dry nit weight of the sand in the loosest state
Coefficient of activepressure: ,
For fine-grained normally consolidated soils:
K,=
.o,i-..f,of,lIJo" Eq. 8.8
Ko= 4.44 + 0.42(pI%/tA}) .or,*fiJi-*J4
.
For overconsolidated clays: Coefficient of passive pressure:
.ori*.',f,oJ ,-.*t[-
& loverconsolidi ted) = Ke1no.-ullyconsolidated) m Kr= COS T Eq. 8.9
.ori - 16Jll.oJ 6
Preconsolidation pressure
OCR =c
Presenteffectlve overburden pressure
Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth Fundamentals f rrrrdamentals of Chapter 0B - Laterai Earth
246 Pressure GeotechnicalEn (ir:r:technical Engineering Pressure 247
4.2.1 RAN|(NE',S THEORY (FOR HORTZONTAL BACKFILLI 8.3 COULOMB'S THEORY
Normal to
tr
tl{
il
ri Figure 08.3 - Vertical face and horizontal backfill
T Figure 08.4 - Wall sloping face (active case)
Coefficient of active pressure:
,il,:
i,13 When i = 0, Eq. 8.8 yields
,&
n Kr- 1-sing
ft 1+sin$
t
r4
Coefficient of passive pressure:

.
When i = Q, Eq. 8.9 yields
1+ sin$
Kp= Eq.8,1
1. - sin0
Figure 08.5 - Wall sloping face (passive case)
llecause of frictional iesistance to sliding at the face of the wall, F, and Fn is

irrclined at an angle of 6 with the normal to the wall, where 6 is the angle of
ruall friction
\
Chaoter 08 - Lateral Earth Fundamentals of chapter oB - LatTire:il::
248 pressure GeotechnicalEng 6eotechnical Engineering
z+9
8.3.I ACTIVE PRESS URE COEFFICIENT 3.3.2 PASSIVE PRESSURE COEFF.ICIENT
cos2 (O - p) cor2 14 + p;
Ko* Kr= Eq..8.17
The inclination of the slip plane to the horizontal is:

T'hc inclination of the slip plane to the horizontal is:
tan 0o = + tan,o
tan6,=
'_ _:.6i" d."r s -tand Eq. B.18
,ft cosS./sin($+6)
tt,* The effect of wall friction on & is small, and is usually neglected.. For 6 =
llor frictionless wall with vertical back face supporting granulal soil backfill
with horizontal surface (i.e. $ = 0o, i = Qe and p = 0'), Eq. 8.17 yields
K,- 16 - p;
"or2
.. 1+sin0
- 1-sin0
k=_ Eq.8.19
Wheni=0and6=0: Note that this is the same with Rankine's value given by Eq. 8.11.
cor2 16 - B; 'l'he critical value of 0 is:

K,=
.or'ofr.H)' 0=0.r=45r+O/2 Eq. 8.20
For wall with vertical back face supporting granulal soil

horizontal surface (i.e. i = 0o.and 0 = 0"), Eq. 8.14 yields
8,4 RETAINING WALLS
-.- 1-sin 0 A retaining wall may be defined as a structure whose primary purpose is to
K,= prevent lat"eral morement of earth or some other mateiial. Fo. some special
1+sin0
cases, as in basement walls or bridge abutments, a retaining wall may also
have a function of supporting vertica loads. :
-
Note that this is the same with Rankine's value given by Eq. 8.10.
Chaoter 0B - Lateral Earth F
ls of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
251
25O pressure GeotechnicalE hnical Engineering Pressure
8.4.I ryPES OF RETAINING WALLS G*"tty t"trining wall, shown in Figure 08'6 (a), is usually built of-plain
conciete. Thislype of wall depends only on its own weight for stability,
and hence, its height is subject to some definite practical limits'
Semi-gravity wall is in essence a gravity wall that has been given a wider
base"(a toe or heel or both) to increase its stability. some reinforcement
is usually necessary for this type of wall'
T-shaped wall as shown in Figure 08'6 (b) is perhaps the most cgmlol
.ur-,iilu,r", wEll. For this type. of wall, the weight of the earth in the back
of,the stem (the backfiil) contributes to its stability'
L-shaped wall as shown in Figure 08'6 (c) is frequently used^when

property line restrictions forbid the use of a T-shaped wall' On the
(a) Gravity retaining wall (b) T-shaped retaining wall
oitr". t-ra"a, when it is not feasibie (due to construction limitation) to

excavate for a heel, a rettersed L-shape may serve the need'
Counterfort retaining wall, as shown in Figure 08'6 (d) consists of three

main components: base, stem, and intermittent vertical ribes called
counterforis, which tie the base and the stem together. These ribs,
which acts as tension ties, transform the stem and heel into continuous
slabs supported on three sides - at two adjacent counterforts
and at the
base of t-hl stem.
Buttressed wall is constructed by placing the ribs on the front face

of the
(c) L-shaped retaining wall (d) Counterfort retaining wall stem where they act in compression.
Deck BridgeabutmentasshowninFigure0s.6(e)isaretainingwall,generally
shirt and typically accompanied by wing walls'
(e) Counterfort retaining wall
Figure 08.6 - Types,of retaining walls

_tr_r Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth tals of Chapter 0B - Lateral Earth
2s3
z>z Pressure GeotechnicalE nical Engineering Pressure
8.5 ACTIVE PRESSURE ON WALL Soil:

pt= KotfiHr
Surcharge, q (kPa)
Ft=lzptHt
P+ = K,zfi Ht
Fn= ptHz
ps = Knzf azHz
F5 = 1/z ps Hz
Water:
fu= !'' Hz
Fo=1/zftHz
Total active force, F, - \ + Fs+ FriFr+Fs+Fo-Fcr-Fcz

Total active moment, Mo* Ft Yt + FzÂz+ Ft W+ Fa yt+ Fs ls+ Fr lr
9q Fs - t ct J/,r' t cz !,2
Cohesion Surcharge Soil
Figure 08.7 - Commonly assumed active pressure on retaining walls 8,6 PASSIVE PRESSURE ON WALL
With reference to Figure 08.7:
*, = 1-tll1 t (Rankine or Coulomb)

1+sing
Cohesion:
Pd = 2q lKal
Fa=PaxHt
^ ---n"{"-
2c2r$j ,, /1 ,,,,/f r, I ll
p,z=
Fs2= p4x H2 ',Til!{n
P: 9z
I{L]J'
Pr
Water Soil Cohesion

Surcharge:
Pr*kaq Figure 08.8 * Commonly assumed passive pressure on retaining walls
F1 = p1x H1
pz= K,zQ
Ft=DtxHt With reference to Figure 08'8:
KP
_ 1+sin$ (Rankine or Coulomb)
1*cos$
Chapter 0B * Lateral Earth F Fundamentals of Chapter 0B - Lateral Earth
255
254 Pressure Geotechnical 6eotechnical Engineering
Pressure
Cohesion: Factor of safety against sliding:
h=2c,[$
Ft=fiH Resistine forces
Eq, 8.21
rrs - Active forces
' Soil:
P2= KpYbH For granular backfill, FS' > 1.5
Ft=1/zatH
For cohesive backfill, FS' > 2.0
Water:
Factor of safety against overturning about the toe:
ft=Y,'H
F, = 1/2p3 H
Stabilizine moments Eq. 8.22
Total passive resistance, Fp= Fr + Fz + Fs
rro - Overturning moments
Total passive moment, Mp = Ft !t + Fzlz+ hlt

For granular backfill, FS' > 1.5
For cohesive backfill, FS. > 2.0
8.7 FACTORS OF SAFETY
The structural elements of the wall should be so proportioned that 'rhe horizontal components of the lateral forces tends to force the wall to slide
following safety factors are realized: .r""g iir b*", Tie resisting force is povided by, fhe horizontal forces
co*iosed of friction and adhlsion, and by passive resistance of soil in- front
*"ir, The passive resistance is not to be counted on if there is a chance
"r,f,'a
that the soil in front of the wall may be eroded or excavated during,
the life of
the wall.
The force F at the base of the wall consist of the frictio-n and cohesion.
It is
given by:
F = pN + c1B Eq' B'23
where N is the normal reactiohi p is the coefficient' bf friction, cr, is-the

base
values of p
"'1.'T cohesion, and B is the base width of wall. Commonly assumed
Figure 08.9 -
l
Forces acting on wall
and ca are as follows:
,
tanQ>p> (213)tan0
0.5c S cu 30.75c
Eq'8'24
Eq' 8'?5'
2s6 oC[]?J::"
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals of chapter ot ' *"n!:lJ[ 257
GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering
8.8 pREssuRE DrsrRrBUTroN AT snsr oi wALL Whene> 8/6
The actual bearing pressure on the base of the wall is a cornbination
of no
forces and the effects of moments.
Ro = LFo Eq.
RrV=RM_Olvl Eq.
B-
e= -2 - x Eq.
where:
I e>B/6 Bl2
RM = righting or stabilizing moments
OM = overturning moments
Figure 08.11 - Stress distribution at base of wall when e > 8/6
Note that in computing RM and Rr, the passive resistance is not to
be cou
orr if there,is.a chance that_the soil in front of the wall may be
erode Considering L m length of wall:
excavated during the life of the wall.
2R,,
Whene38/6 ' q*t* = -;f Eq. 8.30
8.9 IjTERAL PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS DUE TO POINT.LOAD

SURCHARGE
Figure 08.10 - Stress distribution at base of wall when e < 8/6
Considering I,m length of wall:
R,
4û* = -
(', *6'\
min s l'- s )
Flgure 08.12 - Stress on wall caused by a point load
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals of chapter o, - t"i1i,;:lJi:
258 F[l?j::rr Geotechnical
F
6eotechnical Engineering
ZSq
The lateral stress on the wall induced by a point-load surcharge is given
ffiil induced by a line-load surcharge is given by:
For m > 0.4

For m> 0.4
- 7.77Q m'n' 4a *2n Eq.8.33

Or 6,' = -J- ---------;---.
H2 (m2 +n21? nH (m'+n')"
For m < 0.4 Fol m 30.4

0.28Q n2 0.2a3q Eq. 8.34
= ----;- 6r=
ox.
H' (0.16 + n')' H a,1rtw
-.--.-;-;.
whgre Q is the point load (kN or lbs), H is the height of wall (m or feet), where 4 is the line load (kN/m,or lbs/ft), H is the height of wall (m or feet),
is the stress (kPa or psf)
The force F per unit length of wall caused by the point load can be obtained 'Ihe force F per unit length of wal1 gau,sef by the strip load can be obtained bY
traPezoidal rule or
approximating the area of the shaded portion using trapezoidal .rule approximating the area of the shaded portion using
Simpson's one-third rule. Simpson's one-third rule.
8.IO LATERAL PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS DUE TO LINE-LOAD 8.1 l LATERAL PREssUftE oN RETAINING wALLs DUE To STRIP:LoAD
SURCHARGE SURCHARGE
Figure 08,13 Figure 08.14 - Stress on'wall caused by a strip load

- Stress on wall caused by a line load
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals - Earth
260 F[:,Pff:08 Geotechnical Engineeri Ceotechnical Engineering
Chapter 08 Lateral
26l
The lateral stress on the wall induced by a strip-road surcharge is given by:
2a
or = --r (B - sin B cos 2cr) Eq. 8.3
PROBLEM 08. I
A 5-m tall cantilever retaining wall retains soil having the following
The force F per unit length of wall caused by the strip load can be obtained properties:
approximating the area of the shaded portion using trapezoidal rule Cohesion, c = 0
Simpson's one-third rule, or by integration of o, with iimits from 0 to H.
Unit weight = 19.8 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction, 0 = 30o
The ground surface behind the walt is inclined at a slope of 3 horizontal to 1

vertical, and the wall has moved sufficiently to develop the active condition,
Use Rankine's Theory and consider 1 m length of wall.
a) Determine the coefficient of active pressure
b) Determine the total active force
c) Determine the overturning mornent on the wall
SOLUTION
a) Coefficient of active pressure

Inclined Backfill (Rankine Theory)
co.2 i -.os2 4
Ko- cos I
cosi+J.or2i*.or24
tani = 1/3
i= 1.8,43,5o
.. = cos18.435'-
,( Jcos2 18.435" -.or2 30o
rnq18.435o
cos 1 8.435' + Jcos2 1 8.435" - .or2 30o
K,= A,42
- LaterarEarth Fundamen Fundamentals of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
263
262 F[l!ff:" Geotechnical Enoi Geotechniqal Eng ineering Pressure
b) Active pre$sure b&c)

Fo = t/2y lQ ll2
F, = lz(19.8) (0.42) (5),
F, = 103.95 kN
' c) Overturning moment

OM,= F, cos I (5/3)
OM = 1"03.95 cos 18.435" (5/3)
OM = 164.36 kN-m
PROBLEM 08.2
A 3 m high vertical retaining wall is shown in Figure 08.15
F*Pr---r i .t i !pr-l
a) What is the effective vertical stress at the base of the wall? l+-pz --+leP t+l
b) What is the total active force acting on the wall? 3.-*p:*-.--+i
c) What is the total active moment on the wall? Soil
,, -- :-----;---:
nal
1-sin$
l+slnQ
,, - 7-sin3Oo
ôr
- lliil36i
K,t*1f3
,, * 1- sin 26o
1 + sin 26o
Koz= 0,39
pr* Kar! Hr
n= $/3)(15.\(2)
pt - 1A.467 kPa
Ft * 1/2fu Ht
Figure 08.15 \=lt$l'a6h?)
Fr * 10.467 kN
y+ 1. + 2/3
soLUTtoi{ h*5/3
a) Effective vertical stress at the bottom o.f wall:
pz- Kaz'T Ht :
pe =(18.9 -9.81X1) +15.7(2)

p, = (0.39)(15.7)(2)
Pt = 4A.49 kPa pz-12.26kPa
Fz= pzHz
Fz* 12.26(1)
Fu = 12.26 kN
az= 0.5
Laterar Earth
264 i[:!j::08 Fundamentals
GeotechnicalE
Fundamentals of Chapter 0B _ LateratEarl
ZOS
p'z= Ko2y62H2
p'z* (0.39)(18.9 - 9.81)(1)
a) Calculate the total active pressure acting on the wall in pounds per foot
width.
p'z = 3.545 kPa
b) Determine the location of the resultant pressure from the ground surface
Ft = 1/z p'z Hz
Fz=rze.Saile)
c) Determine the overturning moment caused by the active pressure acting
on the wall per foot width.
Fs = 1.773 kN .
!/t = 1/3
SOLUTION
Pt = -2c
$)
P+='2Q)J6.u ,: To a:,1{0-.p61r. l'l
1tt= -2.498kPa '' | :. :t', ,.t1.. : 1
I lr"ili :r irllir:' r::..1

r rr
-- r12
14 -- p4
Fs = -2.498(1)
Fa - -2.498 kN y*,a,l2Qpcf Hz
Yq = 0.5
Ps=f,Hz
Ps = 9.81(1) Effectlve stress Pore water Resultant
ps = 9.81, kPa
,
dlagram stress diagram force
Fs = 1/z ps
Hz ^la= Tsat'nlw
Fs - 1/z(9.81)(1) ybe 720 - 62.4
Fs = 4.905 kN ya - 57.6 pcf
Ys=1/3
1-sinQ
Total active pfessure, F, =Fr + Fz+ Fs+ Fa + Fs
&= 1+sin$
Total active pressure, F, = 10.467 + 12.26 + 1,77 _2.49g +
4.905
Total active pressure, F, = 26.904 kN u _ 7-
K'=
sin3So
TllliF
Total active moment: Ko= 0.271
M, = F1 fi + F2lz+ fi fi + FaAq + Fs ys
M,= 10.467(5/3) + 12.26(0.5) + 1.7fi0/q Part a:
_2,4s8(O.s) + 4,905(1/g)
,:= 24.552 kN-m Considering 1-foot length of wall:
Pressure:
PROBLEM 08.3 (CE MAY 2OO2) 9't= T hHr

p1= 710$.271)(70)
A vertical retaining warl retains 26-ft deep of soil. The soir has Pt = 298.1' Psf
a dry unit
weight of 110 pcf above water table uni tzo p.r ueto*
ground water table is 10 feet berow the ground surface.
*ui". The ,rur". P2=ftKoHz
rr-r"
- --: u.rgl"'oi
-^'o'- ' internal P2= 57.6(0.271)(1'6)
friction of the soil is 35o.
Pz= 249.75 psf
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals of Chapter 0B - Lateral Earth
zbb F[]!f:" Geotecfrnical En gineering
26l
GeotechnicalE
- l'u Hz PRoBLEM 08.4 {CE NOVEMBER 2003, MAY 2OA4l '
Ps
pt = 62.aQ.6) soil
,having a dry density of
A retaining wall B m high supports a cohesionless
1600 kg/ri3, angle ,of shearing resistance is 33o and void ratio of 0,68.
Pt = 998,4 psf The
surface of the soil ir ftoriro"iuftnd level with the top of the:wall. Neglect wall
Total pressure:
friction and use Rankine's formula for active pressure of a cohesionless soil'
Fr = 1/z pt Ht
a) Determine the total earth thrust on the wall in kN per Jinear meter if the
!, = lz(298.1)(1,0)
soil is dry.
Fr = 1490.5 lbs
&) Determine the thrust on the wall in kN per lineal meter if owing to
Fz=hHz inadequate drainage, it is waterlogged to a 1evel 3.5 m below the surface.
"b-ase
. F: * 298.1(16) .1 n"t".ri i.e ttre nefftrt above fhe of th" wall ,where the thrust acts
Fz= 4769.6\bs during the waterlogged condition.
Ft=VzpzHz
Ft = 1/z(249.75)(16)
SOLUTION
F3 = 1998 lbs
1-sin$
Fs=1/zptHz a) Kr= 7----
1+sin$
F4 - y2(ss8.4)(16)
Fs = 7987,21bs
,, - 1- sin33o
' j_:r-nin rr"
33o
_r
Total force, F= Fr + Fz+ Ft+ Ft K,= A'2948
F = 1490.5 + 4769.6 + 1998 + Tg87.z
Fo- 1/zK,Y H2
F = 1,6,245,?lbs
y=pg
Location of .F: y = 1600(9'81)
y = (2/3)(1.0) Y = 15,696 Nlm3
yt = 20/3 ft, o 15.696o*/:l
' Y
lz='10+16/2 F, = /z(0.2948)
| (1 5.696) (8)'?
yz= 18 ft. F, = 148'1kN
lt = As = 10 + (2/ 3)(1.6) b&c)

lt = !+ = 20.667 ft. Solving for G and yr,:
Taking moment of forces about the top: G

ya7;-T"'
'
fI= \Y+Fzaz+Fsas+Fatu l+e
1.6,24s.3 y 14e_0:l(29
= /?) | !76e 6(18) + ress12s.6.r,
.
Y = 18.6 ft
+ 7987.2(20.664 1.5.6e6=
G = 2.688
ff* tr.rrl
G*7
Part c :' lo= a-1"'
1,+e'
z=26-18.6 2.688 - 1 (9.81)
z=7.4ft Yb= 1+ 0.58
Overturning moment = F z = 16,245,3 (7.4) y6= 9.857 kN/m3
Overturni ng momen t = 120,2'15,22 ft-lb
268 F[:iff:" - LaterarEarth
Fundamentals of chapter ot - ,r,1i,":lJi: 269
GeotechnicalEng 6eotechrrical En gineering
Total thrust, Fr = Ft + F2 + F3 + F4
Total thrust, Fr = 28.34 + 72.88 + 29.421+ 99.33
Total thrust, Fr = 229,97 kN
t
Location:
F7x ! =ZFy
+ 7 2.88 (2.25) + .421 (1 .5) + 99. 33 (1 s)
22s.s7 i = 28,34(5.667) 29 .
i =2'251m
PROBLEM 08.5
A frictionless retaining wall is shown in Figure 08.16. Consider 1 rn length of
wall.
a) .Determine the total horizontal passive Pressure on the backfilt at the
bottom of the wall
b) Determine the passive resistance on the backfill
o cj Determine thelocation of the resultant passive force from the bottom of
Soil Water the wall
pr=KryH
p t = 0.2948 (15.696X3.5)
Pt = 16.195 kPa Q = 10 kN/m2

F r = 1/z(16.1.95X3.5X1)
Fr = 28.34 kN
lt=4.5+3.5/,3
lt = 5.667 m
Fr= 1.6.1.95(4.5)(1)
Fz = 72.88 kN
y2 = 1/z(4:5)
yz= 2.25 m
Pz= KnytH
pz = 0.2948(9.857) (4.5)
Pz= 13,076kPa
F3 = i/z(13.076X4.5X1)
FE = 29.421 kN
lz = 4.5/3
/:=1:5m
F+ = Vzy* H2
h = lz(9.81)(4.5)z Figure 08.16
Fa = 99.33 kN
' la= 4.5/3

!a*1.5m
27a Ffffff:" - LaterarEarth
Fundamentals of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
F
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering , Pressure 271
SOLUTION
Location of F:
F *y=h(2)+Fr(4/3)
512y = 20a.8Q) + 307.2(4 / 3)
y =7.6m
PROBLEM 08.6
a) Deterr,nine the total active pressure before tensile crack occurs:

&) Determine the total active pressure after tensile crack occurS:
q r 15 kN/m2
Pressure diagram
,,
l\-=
].+sin25
' -7
-sin26o
Kp - 2.5e
The passive pressure at any point is p KryH +

= Ko q + 2c
{G
AtH = O:
fi=2.56(70)+2(B).m
Pr - 51.2 kPa
@H=4m
pz= 2.56('LS)(4) + 2.s6(10) + 2@) JTR
pz= 204.8kPa
Figure 08.17
Pz ^ Pt = 153.6 kPa
h = s1.2(4)(1)
Fr = 204.8 kN soruTloN
,, - 1-sin$
o'-
Fz = 1/z(L33.6)(4)(1)
Fz = 307.2 kN
l;ffi
k* 0.39
F=F,+p,
F=512kN p,=KoyHaKo4-2rJ\
Fundamentals of Chapter 08 - Later:al Earth
273
Pressure
-^'
orl
lz(6'64x1'03x1)
r,
='t Qt.gn(q.97\(t)'
F,=76kN
Active pressure after tensile crack occurs:

F, = 1/z(31.97)(4'97X1)
F, = 79'45 kN
PROBLEM 08.7
in Figure 08'18'
Analyze the stability of the frictionless wall shown
Q. = 20 kPa
Figure 08.18
SOLUTION
,' With reference to Figure 08'19:-
wall'
. Note:9 = distanJe oFitt" fott" from the bottom of
Active Pressure
Pr=QsxKa
, Kt, =
1 - sin 25o
;;;29
K'r = 0'40586
ztz F[13i::"
- LaterarEarth
GeotechnicalEng
At H = 0 (at the ground surface)
po = 0 + 0.3e(1s) - Z(10t JdB
p, = -6.64 kN/r11z
AtH = 6:
p, = 0.3e(1 6.5)(6) * o.:s(rs) - 2(10) .fi3e
P,= 31.97 kNy'pz ,
y=6
6.64 6.64 + 3't.97
y= 1..03 m
5-Y=4.97m
Depth of tensile crack = 1.03 m
Active pressure before tensile crack:

Fo = l/zK^yLp + K,qH - Zc,tQ ru
F, = Yz(0.3e)(16.s)(6)r+ 0.3e(1s)(6) - 2(10) Jo39 101
F,=76kN
Chapter 08 * Lateral Earth
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals Fundamentals of 275
274 F[:rj::" Geotechnical Engi Geotechnical Engineerin g
Pressure
g = 20(0.40586) Pz= 201

p = 8.L2kPa pz= 6.67 kPa
\*p1(2)(1) Fr= 6.67(4)(1)
rr = 8.12(2X1) Fz = 26.68 kN
Fr = 16.24 kN !z=2m
th=4+1=5m
P+ = \sutt Kaz Ht
p4 = 1e(+)(2)
pn= 12.67 kPa
Ft= 12.67(4)(1\
Fa = 50'68 kN
lt=2m
: = 1tz Koz Ht
Ps
ps= (20,9.81X+X4)
Ps = 13'59 kPa
Fs = %(13.sex4x1)
Fs = 27'18 kN
ys=tm
$'ater ' fdir 'Pz P,
pore SoiPr Fe
stress stress
Surcharge stress pore water
Passlve Pressure stress Active Presaurestress
Pt=!,Hz
po = 9.81.(4)
po= 39.24kPa
Figure.08.19 - Forces acting on the wall
* lz(39.2a)$)(1)
Ft
Fe=7848kN
Ps = Y*t1K;nt Hl yu=tm
pt = 1,9(0.40586)(2)
p3 = 15.42 kN
Total active force:
h=vz(1s.a2)Q)$) Fo=Ft+Fz+F:+Fa+Fs+Fo
F: = 15.42 kN i,= t6,zq1 %.Ae + 15.42+ 50"68 + 27.18 + 78.48
h=4+2/3 F, = 214.68 kN
/e= tm
Active morrient
Frlr + FzAt + FsW + FtY
pz= QsKoz
lvfo= ! l?y'* -pûV'
,, 1, - sin 30o M, - 16-.24(5) + 2.6.68(2) + 15.42(
+ 50'68(2)
+)
K,r=
1+ sin 30' + 27.18(\) + 78.a8({ )
K"= t M, = 448.76 kN-m
-
- LaterarEarth Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
277
276 F[l?j::'n GeotechnicalEn Geotechnical Engineering
Pressure
Passive Pressure PROBLEM 08.8ICE MAY 2OO2l

The fill behind the
pt = "y62 Kp2 H2 A solid concrete retaining wall is shown in Figure 08.20.
pressure may be assumed
..
x ^= _
L+sin30o ;rll;;;;it *uight of"110 pcf whoseperactivJsoil The passive pressure. may b1
1 - sin 30o ;;;;il i"-, n.,ii pressure ft eo ptf foot.
Kpz=3 ;1il; ;;;;;1";i'to a fluid p'"i"'" ofto300an-additionat,?t
psf per foot' rhq live load
feet of fill.
Pz=(20-9.81X3X4) ffih;;;";"r.,i"a ir,..*rll is equivalent length
?
of wall. "
pz = 122.28kPa ;;ff;*
'- *.igr.i"r.oi..",u =isp p.f. consider 1 ft.
wall in lbs,
Fr = 1/z(122.2$$)(1) oi- Ou,"r-ine ihe total active p."rtui" acting on the
Determine the overturning moment about the toe in ft-lb'
Fz = 244.56 kN bj
az= * m cj Dete.mine the factor of safety against overturning'
Surcharge
Pe=Po=39,24kPa
I---
Fe = Fo = 78.48 kN
ye= t m
I
Total passive force: I
I
Fp*F7+fs
Fp = 323.0+ ktl I
20ft
Passive momeflts
Mp=Ftyz+Fels
Mp = 430.72 kN-m
tP
Ratio of fo..". -
Fa
l(atro ott,torces =
323.04
214.68
Ratio of forces = 1.5 > 1 (OK)
Ratio of moments = YL SOLUTION

Md
7 = 30(2)
Ratio of momente . 430.72
Pr = 60 Psf
448.76
Ratio of moments = 0.96 ( 1 (unstable) pz= 30(20)
p2= 500 pst
Active Pressure:
\= Pr(20)
Fl = (60)(20)
Fr = 1200 lbs
j LaterarEarth Fundamentals mentals of chapter ot - *",,i!::J,,: Zlc)
278 Flliff:" Geotechnical Enqineeri nical Engineertng
LVj = Ysoit Vs.il
ttl3=110(20*6*1)
W: * 13200lbs
x1 =!+1 =5ft
=6ft'
x2=1/2(72)
xt=L2-'h(6)=9fr'
RM =Wt xt + Wzxt* Wt
RM = s400(5) + 3600(6) + 13200(e)
RM = 167,4,00 ft-lb
ItM
Factor of safety against overturning =
W ^^^
Factor of safety against overturning =
ffi
Pr Oz
Factor of safety against overturning = 3'22
Active pressure
2ft diagram,
PROBLEM 08.9 (CE MAY 2O0ll

Fz = 1/z
pz (20) ,
,l,he
ties for the anchored bulkhead shown in Figure 08.21 are
located 1.2 m
Fz= Vz(600)(20) 5 m on center'. The end of the
iro- an" top of the sheet piling and are spaced'
The, active earth
Fz = 6000 lbs
;i;; ; ;.;ed to two ancho"red piles iakecl as shown.
* meter
to a fluid pressure of 5 kN./m2 per
Total active pressure, F = h + Fz fr.rru." may be assumed equivalent m?y assumed equivalenl to a fluid
Total active pressure, F = 7200lbs .rrrd the maximum passive p."r,,to .be
Oi f.Nl*z per ineter. Caiculate the compressive force in the
Overturning moment:
;;;r*. "i
anchor pile.
y=20/2
Yr = 10 ft.
lz * 20/3 ft,
OM = Fr yt + Fzlz
OM = 1200(10) + 6000(2013)
OM = 52,000 ft-lb
Righting moment:
' W1*yrV1
, Wt=150(18x2x1)
Anchor piles
Wr = 5400 tbs
Wz='., Vz
Wz=150(72x2x1)
Wz= 3600lbs
Figure 08.21
Chapter 08 * Lateral Earth
28o' F[:!ff:o' -
Laterar Earth F Fundamentals of
Pressure 281
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering
SOLUTION From the diagram shown:.
0r = tan'' (4/i)
T.--r
1.2m
_ il= 75.96o
= tan.l (5/1)
,to
*T-----T--
0z
0z= 78.69"
tt
.it lIF, = o1
rml Fr sin 0r = Fz sin 0z
Fz = 0.989 Fr
lIFs = 0l
Ftcos0r+Fzcos0:=T
Fr cos75.96'+ 0.989 Fr cos 78'69o = 134'3
Fr = 307.6 kN (comPression)
F, = 112(27)g.a)g) PROBLEM 08. I O

f, = 364.5 kN ; r;"";i"*"11 is a shown in
depth d for stability' in
lIMe = 61 a) Determine the minimum ,"rlrre of embedment
FP(3.8) = 364.27(2.4) meters.
tension in the tie rod Per
Fp = 230.2 kN b) Using the minimum value of d, determine the
meter length of Pile.
Check for p,:
vz(p,) (1,.2) (s) = 230.2
Po = 76.73kPa
,, Maximum p,= 65(1..2) = > 76.72 kpa (OK)
[IFa = 0]
T+Fr=Fo
T=364.5-230.2
T = 134.3 kN
*
zaz F[:!ff:" LaterarEarth
Fundamen
GeotechnicalEn
ndamentals of Chapter 08 - Lateral Earth
Pressure 283
6eotechnical Engi6eering
SOLU,TION
Passive pressures:
fi= KpybH3
m
p = 3(9.68)(d)
lb
vo ,'',L,", pt=29.04 dkPa
m T l:.-\ Fp = 1/z(29.04 d)(d) = 14'52 O'
a=7 +2d/3
,,..iP'r ',,
m a
Fel
\i f
Fra*Fo'r6-Po2c+Frtf l
2d/3) + 47.O8B(1./3) * 23.544(6 + d)$ + d/21

,
<<;-. L4.52 d2 (7 +
i .:
+,,1452(36 + 12d r d1)(5't 2d/3)
d j,0fl.64 d2 + 9:68 d3 + 15.696 * 23.544(24 + 7d + 0.5d2)
7l ,, *1.452(130 +24d+ 6Od+8d2+5dt +0.67 dt)
F: pr ez g.n Au + 7A.99 d2 - 28678d - 810.72 * q
Note:,The water pressrire may not be included

in the analysis. It , By trial and'error: d = 4.34? m
cancel out because it appeari at the same
level on Uott, sia", of. ,j
wall.
IIFH = 0l
l=Fot+Fnz+F6-Fp
Active pressures: ). r * s; .aaa * zl.ia+$ + 4.347) + 1.452136 + 12(4.347) + (4 3a7J2)
h=K'YHt 14.52(4,54712
pt = 0.3(1e.62)(4) kN
T = 771,77
pt = 23.544 kPa
Fa=lz(23,54a)gx1)
Fn = 4Z.0gg kN
b=4/3_7 PROBLEM 08. I I
the back face of a 6-
b = 1./3 A line load of 75 kN/m is located ata distance of 4 m from
on the wall due to the line
F,z= 23.544(6 + d) x nigr,.*rining wall. Determine the lateral force
c=1.*1/z(6+A1
L
^load alone.
c=4+d/2
pz= Koy6H2 SOLUTION
pz=0.3(9.68)(6+d) rn- 4/6
Pz = 2,9A4$ + d) kPa m = 0.667 > 0.4 Use Eq. 8.33
Fa3 = lz[2.!}ag + d)i$ + d) x 1 4o m2n
F,s = 1".452(36 + 12d + d2) Stress, o, = *
nH 1m2 +n212
f =1+ (2/s)(6+ d)
. f=5+2d/3
*
zs4 F[:ff:" - Lateral Earth F
GeotechnicalEng
Fundamentals of
Chapter 09 Bearing CaPacitY
of Soils 285
Chapter Oq
Bearing CapacitY
of Solls
3.3903
9.I DEFINITIONS
Foundation is that part of a structure which transmits the building
load
Depth, 2 n=zlH ',(Ir directly into the underlying soil. If the soil conditions at the site are
0 0 0 sufficientiyStronsanacap"auteofsupportingtherequired.load,tlren
1 0.1667 5.2868 shallow spreud fo6tings or mats can be used to transmit the load'
2 0.3333 7.6394 structure
e
0.5000 7.3339 Footing is a foundation consisting of a small slab for transmitting the
4 load-to the underlying soil. Footings can be individual slabs supporting
0.6667 5.9683
or be a long
5 0.8333 4.5446 single column, o, oo*li.,ed to support two or more columns '
6 1 0000 3 3S03 ,t.l"p of concrete slab (width B to lengtir L ratio i$ small' i'e'' it approaches
,".o; trpporting a load bearing wall, or a mat'
F = Area of stress diagram (using trapezoidal rule) depth to the
d shallow foundation is one in which the ratio of the embec'lment
F=
i[oo
+2ot+2o2+... +2os+oe], minimum plan dimension, which is usually the width' isD/ts <2'5'
where d = L m (interval of computed stress) Embedmentdepth(D/isthedepthbelowthegroundsurfacewherethebase
of the foundation rests.
soil can
=
1
Ultimate bearing caPacitY (4,) is the maximum pressure that the
F t0 + 2(5.2868) + Z(7.6394) + 2(7.333e) + 2(s.9683)
; support.
the soil can
+ 2(4.s446) + 3.39031 Ultimate net bearing capacity (4,n) is the maximum pressure that
F = 32.458 kN support above its current overburden pressure'
is.the working
Or: ";;"r;;;; bearing capacity or,safe bearilgsafety
Allowable capacity
-(q'\ collapse of the
inut *i"ti un*ru a margin of against
F = !:$8@1r) + ry-$e1 $) + z@a{e (1) Itructtre from shear failure. The all,owable bearing capacity is usually a
I 7.333et5.e683
(f) + rgle$ero (r) * Asefe (f) fraction of the uitimate net bearing capacity'
removed to
F = 32.468 kN overburden Pressure 4, is the pressure (effective stress) of the soil
place the footing.
Note: The using d = 0.1. m, F = 33.049 kN Factorof safety or safety factor (FS) is the ratio of the ultimate lret bearing
capacity to the allowable bearing capacity or to the aPPlied
maximum
28b :i;ji:,. oe' BearinscaPacitY Fundamentals of chaprer 0e - Bearins .#i:iil Zgl
GeotechnicalEng Geotechnical Engineering
ver1r5{ stress. In geotechnical. engineering, rr"t* ,
and 5 is used to calculate the allowiblu beaiing
orIffiilu""r, 9.3 BEARTNG CAPACITY ANALYSIS
capacity.
Bearing capacity analysis is the method used to determine the ability of the
soil to-support the required load in a safe manner without gross distortion
9.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF FOOTING ON SOIL
resulting from objectionable settlement. The ultimate bearing capacity (4,) is
defined as that pressure causing a shear failure of the supporting soil lying
immediately below and adjacent to the footing. Generally three modes of
F: ez
failure have been identified:
1.. General Shear Failure: {continuous failure surface develops between the edge
of the footing and the ground surface, This type of failure is characterized
|M L-r,J
by heaving at'the ground surface accompanied by tiltirig of the footing, It
occurs in soil of low compressibility such as dense sand or stiff clay.
ffi ffi
L* , __J
Isolated footing
[*'-J
Wall footing
L-s,J
Combined footing
Figure 09.2 - General shear failure
2.Local Shear Failure: a condition where significant compression of the soil

occurs but only slight heave occurs at the ground surfate. Tilting of the
foundation is not expected. This type of failure occurs in highly
compressible soil and the ultimate bearlng capacity is not well defined.
Flgure 09.1 - Types of footing

Figure 09.3 - Local shear failure
Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity Fun Fundamentals of Chapter 09 - Bearing CaPacitY
28q
288 ofsoils GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering of Soils
3, Punching Shear Failure: a condition that occurs where there is relatively 9.5 TERZAGHI'S BEARING CAPACITY EOUATIONS
compression of the soil underlying the footing with neither heaving at
Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations are based on the following assumptions:
ground surface nor tilting of the foundation. Large settlement is ex .Depthoffoundationislessthanorequa1toitswidth
without a clearly defined ultimate bearing capacity. Punching will . No sliding occurs between foundation and soil (rough Ioundation)
low compressible soil if the foundation is located at a considerable
below ground surface.
r Soil beneath foundation is homogeneous sqmi-infinite mass
. Mohr- Coulomb model for soil
t . General shear failure mode is the governing mode (but not the only
, mode)
. No soil consolidation occurs
r Foundation is very rigid relative to the soil
r Soil above bottom of foundation has no shear stength; is only a
surcharge load qgainst the overturning load
r Applied load is compressivb and applied vertically to the centroid of the
Figure 09.4 * Punching shear failure foundation
. No applied moments Present
9.4 ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACIry I
In general, the ultimate bearing capacity of soil is given by: 9.5.I GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE:
Qu= K,cN,+ Krq N, + &Y, B N,,

s.S.t.l LoNG FOOTINGS
where:
Qu=,cNc+4Nq+ lzYrBN, Eq. 9.2
4, = ultimate bearing capacity
ye = unit weight of soil in kPa or pcf
B = width of footing in meter or feet
' c * cohesion of soil in kPa or psf 9.s.t.2 5oUARE FOOTINGS
. N, = factor for unit weight of soil
N. = factor of soil cohesion *
4, 1.3 c N, + qN{ + 0.4 Y. B lV, Eq. 9.3
N, = factor of overburden pressure
' q = overburden pressure (effective stress)
K,, K;, & K, = constant
9.5. r.3 CTRCUI.AR FOOTINGS
q, = 1.3 c N, + qN4 + 0.3 Y, B Ny Eq, 9.4

290
Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity Fundamentals of chapter oe - Bearins.#i:iil Zgl
of Soils Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering
where: The modified bearing capacity factors N'., N'4, and N'y are calculated using the
y, = unit weight of soil at base of footing in kpa or pcf for N., Na, and N, but by substituting 6 = tan't
same general equations at that
B = width of footing in meter or feet
(2/3 tan$) for $, and using Table 09.1 or Figure 09.10,
c = cohesibn of soil in kPa or psf
N, = factor for unit weight of soil in
The values of bearing capacity factors for a local shear failure are given
N. = factor of soil cohesion
Table 09.2 and Figure 09.11.
N, = factor of overburden pressure
4 = overbrrrden pressure (effective stress) at base of footing
D;= depth of footing in meter or feet
9.6 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACIWAND FACTOR OF SAFETY
See Table 09.1 or Figure OS.fO for the values of N,, Ny, and N,
The allowable bearing capacity, 4,, is calculated by dividing the ultimate
bearing capacity, q,,by a Factor of safety, FS. The factor of safety is intended
to compensate for the assumptions made in developing the bearing capacity
9.5.2 LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE equations, soil variability, inaccurate soil data, and uncertainties of loads,
For local shear failure, it may be assumed that:
9.6.I GROSSALLOWABLE BEARTNG CAPACITY:
r^-z-- 5" Eq.
P 4u Eq. 9.10
Qall
FS
tan [ = ftanQ Eq.9:
9.6.2 NET ALLO\T/ABIE BEARING CAPACIW:

9,5.2.1 LONG FOOTTNGS (STRtp FOOTTNG)
4 unet
qu= iN',+ qN'q+ lzy,BN', {all(neu
? Eq. 9.11
J3:
4u nete Qu -4 Eq. 9.12
9,5.2,2 SOUARE FOOTTNGS
. q, = 1,3aN'. + q N'q + 0.4 y. B N'r 9.6.3 GROSSALLOWABLS BEARTNG CAPACITYWTTH FS WITH RESPECT
TO SHEAR
The gross allowable bearing capacity using a factor of safety on shear strength
of soll may be computed using the developed cohesion cl and values of N" Na,
9,5.2.3 CIRCULAR FOOTINGS and N,,, derived using.the developed angle of friction $a.
'f'
q, = 1.3e N', + q N'q + 0.3 y" B N'y F,q.9.9 Developed cohesion, ca= c/ F$r Eq. 9.13
oe - BearinscaPacitY of chapter 0e - Bearine.*i:il Zg3
292 :|[jf' GeotechnicalE
ls
Engineering
q * y(Dl- d*) + ya d* .
Unit weight, yr*'fb
For example, on strip footing, = ca N, + qNtt + li y,BN,

Qu
7.2 GROUNPWATEN LEVELATTHE EASE OF FOOTING'

Alternatively, if the maximum applied foundation stress, (f).u,,
-by is
factor of safety can be computed replacing q,by ffi)^*',
6=_J_u__;
(f,)û*-q' a < ffi)^* 1
9.7 EFFECT OF UTATER TABLE ON BEARING CAPACITY
The unit weight of soil used in the equations for bearing

capacity are.effec
unit weights. With the rising water iable, the subsoil U".o."r
the unit weight.of submerge? soil is greatly reduced. rn"
;ri;;;;
,"ar.tio,r*"oi
unit weight results in a decrease in the;rtim;te bearing capacity
ortn" ,oir.
Figure 09.6 - Groundwater at the base of footing
9.7.I GROUNDWATER LEVELABOVE BASE OF FOOTING.

Overburden Pressure, q * Y Dl
Unit weight, y. = Yu
OF FOOTING'
9.7.2 GROUNDU/ATER LEVEL BELOWTHE BASE
Oveiburden Pressure, 4 = \ Dr
':l
,
,.
When d, < B ,:,.

y, = yr, (1 + d,/B) = aPProx.
Figure 09.5 - Groundwater above When d. ) B

base of footing
^lral
294 :ifji:'oe - Bearins caPacitY Fundamen Fundamentals of chapter oe - Bearins.#i:iil Zqs
Geotethnical Engineer Geotechnical Engineering
9.8.3 BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS:
Nq = etrtan0 *rr'tz (45o + O/ 2) Eq.9,18
N.=(Nr-1)cot$ Eq. 9.19
N, = (N, - 1) tan (1.4 $) Eq. 9.20
9.8.4 MEYERHOF',S FACTORS (shape s, depth d, and inclination i factorsf
9.8.+,1 SHAPE AND DEPTH FACTORS

For$=go
.:.,
s,= 1+ g.2L Eq. 9.21
,It,l;r.;!.
Figure 09.7 - Groundwater at the base of footing sr=s'r=1'0 Eq. 9.22
D,
d,=l + O.r; Eq. 9.23
Note: If the problem does not provide or mention about the position of
water table, use q a yDf afid qe = y. dr= dr=7.A Eq. 9,24
For g > 10"

9.8 MEYERHOF'S EOUATTON (General Bearing Capacity equation,
s.af + ozKp:L Eq. 9.25
9.8.I VERTICAL LOAD: s4 = sr = 1+ OJKef' Eq, 9.26
flu = c Nc s, d, + q Nr s, dn+ 0.5 y B Nr s, d, ;D'

d,=l+0.2r|K, t
Eq,9,27
_Dr
9.8.2 INCLINED LOAD: dq= dr= 1 + 0.i Eq, 9,29
l-
JI(e
Qu = c Nc s, d, i, + q Nr su drh + 05 y B Nr s, d.,r,
296
Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity Fundamentals of chapter oe _ Bearins.*i:l{
of Soils Geotechnical Engineering Z9l
9.8.4.2 LOAD INCLINATION FACTORS 9.8.I HANSEN'S FACTORS
9.8.I.I SHAPE FACTORS:
, s,=O.Zi,eBfL Eq. 9.33
sr=1+sin$Biqt/L Eq. 9,3a
r ir ..:,.ir.d
sr = 1 -0.4 (B rrB) / (Lirt) Eq, 9.35
,,..*,.'d,*
For failure along base length L:

Eq. 9.29
s, = 0.2 i,e I./ B Eq. 9.36
. r/ 12
i,= [r_9] sr=1+sin$Lirt/B Eq.9.37
' \ 6)
Eq, 9.30,
sr = 1 - 0.4 ('l- irt) / (B i.,s) Eq. 9.38
-t/ d\
where: K, = tan2 I 45"++
\, 2)
I
cr = angle of resultant measured from vertical axis.

9.8.1.2 BASE AND GROUND INCLINATION FACTORS:
2v vo
o'= = Eq. 9.39
9.9 HANSEN',S BEARTNG CApACtTy EOUATTON (VES|C'S FACTORS'

ii 147"
h = .-2vtano Eq. 9.40
y- ,-Z.7vtan$
2P Bo
6' r+2 1.47"
Eq. 9.41
Bq = 8r = [1 - 0.5 tan P]s Eq.9.42
wnere:
v = base (of footing) inclination
B = ground inclination
In the special case of a horizontal ground surface,
qu = -c cot 0 + (4 + c cot S) N, s, d, irb, + g.5yg7'tr, s, drrrb, Eq. 9.32

Fundamentals Fundamentals of chapter 0e - Bearins.17i:;il Zqg
ChaPter 09 - Bearing CaPacitY
zq$ ofSoits Geotechnical Engi
9.8.I.3 DEPTH FACTORS:
. For DytB
d, = 0.4 (Dt/B) Eq:
dq =7 *2 tan $ (1 - sin $)2 D7/ B Eq. 9.

Center of shaded
area
For D1> B
d, = 0,4 arctan (Dt/B) Eq. 9:

Figure 09.9 - load (one-way eccentricity)
Footinq under eccentric lo
Footing
d.r= | + 2 tan $ (1 - sin $)2 arctan (4/B) Eq. 9

the latger value is
Eq. 9. The smaller value of x and y is the effective width (B') and
dr=1
the effective length (L'), ani the effective area 'is B' x L"
Using the effective
width, F:q.9.1.6 maY be rewritten as:
Load inclination factors:
Forv=0o = c Nc s, d, + q Nr s, dr-r 0.5 T B' N, q d,
Eq. 9.51
Qu
i. = 0.5 -o.s JT-n 1 a Eq. 9.

Ultimate load = qt, (B' t) Eq. 9.52
Eq. 9.49
,q,= [1 - 0.5H / (V + Ac cot $)]5
The values of the shape and depth factors are computed
by substituting B', for
B andL'f'br L. '
Forv>0o
Eq. 9.50
i, = [1 - (0.7 - vo / 450")H / (V + Ac cot $)]5
g.ItBEARINGCAPACITYFRoMSTANDARDPENETRATIoNTEST|sPTl
where:
Allowable bearing caPacitY:
| =* foundalion load normal to the base
H load parallel to the base of footing q,= 0.41N.o, p, (kPa) Eq, 9.53
N.o, = Ctrt cwN Eq. 9.54
9.IO UL1IMATE LOAD FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION UNDER 't"N:

where:
to drive
ECCENTRIC LOAD (ONE-UUAY ECCENTI?|CITYI standard penetration number (the number of blows required
the rrrnPl"t an additional300 mm)
to calculate the bearing '
Meyerhqf introduced the following procedures cN = correction factor for overburden
pressure
capacity of footings under eccentric load'
= f*l'
urY '' , r* 12 (Liao and whitman, 1985)
The load is assumed to act at the center of the footing whose effective ^ Io".J
dimension is x by y, as shown in Figure 09'9'
chapter 0e - Bearins.*i:il 301
3oo :iij,i:'oe -
Bearins caPacitY Fundamentals Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering
cN = 0.77,"t,, ] cN l-2,6',,) 24kPa (Peck, 1e74) Shear Failure

[#) Table 09.1 . Terzaghi's Bearing'Capacity Factors for General
o'ro = effective overburden pressure, kPa
i."SP*+
cw = corr€ction factor if the groundwater level is within a depth B be 9.84
1.00 0.00 ',26 27.05 14.21
the base of the footing 0 5.70
27 29.24 15.90 11.60
1,2 _- t 6.00 1.10 0,01 ,
Ct"+=
-2 + 2(D1+B) 't,,2, 6.30 1.22 0.04 28 31.61 17.81 13.70
29 34.24 19.98 16.18
3 6.62 1.35 0.06
z = depth of the ground water table 19.13
37.16 22.46
= depth of footing * 4 6.97 1.49 0.10 30
D7
0.14 31 40.41 25.28 22.65
B = width of footing 5 7.34 1.64
32 44.04 28.52 26,87
cw = 1, it the depth Jf th" grorrldwater level if beyond B from the footing 6 7.73 1.81 0.20
base. 33 48.09 32.23 31'.94
7 8.15 2.04 0.27
p, = allowable settlement in mm 0.35 34 52.64 36.50 38.04
8 8.60 2.21
35 57.75 41.44 45.41
9 9.09 2.44 0.44
0.56 36 63.53 47.16 54.36
10 9.61 2.69
0.69 t7 70.01 53.80 65.27
:17 10.16 2.98
l'a2 77.50 61.55 78.61
10.76 3.29 0.85 38. .
39 85.97 70.6tr 95.03

13 11.41 3.63 1.04
1.26 40 95.66 81.27 1 15.31
14 12.11 4.02
,r til:S, 12.86 4,45 1.52 41 I | 106.81 93.85 140.51
42 119.67 '108.75 171.99
,,16 13.68 4.92 1.82
2.18 43 134.58 126.50 211.56
,)t7 14.60 5.45
2.59 44, 151.95 147.74 261.60
i','t 8i 15,12 6.04
45 172.28 173.28 325.34
tg 16.56 6.70 3.07
3.64 46: 196.22 204.19 407.11
.ri 20 17.69 7.44
4.31 47 224.55 241.80 512.84
21 18.92 8.26
o 40 48 258.28 287.85 650.67
2L' 20,27 5.09
831.99
10.23 6.00 49 298.71 344.63
23 21.75
7.08 50 347.50 415.14 1072.80
24 23.36 11.40
25 25.13 12.72 8.34
Bearing Capacity Fundamentals of Chapter 09 - Bearing CaPacitY
303
302 :l;5f',,' GeotechnicalEn Geotechnical Engineering of Soils
looo900
aoo Table 09.2 - Terzaghi's Modified Bearing Capacity Factors N'", N'0, and N',
700 for Local Shear Failure
ooo
' 5oo
400 iiiii,Nr,ii;i,, .ilri;Niu.lti,: ';.,:,l,fh9:: ,,:l\lli,:;, r,Nlai, :N',
300
5.74 1.00 0 26 15.53 6.05 2.59
'Q:.',
200 ,
,1 f., 5.90 1.07 0.01 ,27 16.30 6.54 2.88
:,,,:2";; : 6.10 1.14 0.02 28 17.13 7.47 3.29
.t oo90 6.30 1.22 0.04 25 18.03 7.66 3.76
r,:3i'rlll
80
70
60
iri.4:iii:: 6.51 1.30 0.06 30 18.99 8.31 4.39
50 20.03 9.03 4.83
ao
:l5iil:i 6.74 1.39 0.07 , .3i!
l :;:lilrLri:
30 trii"6-":i:li 6.97 1.49 0.10 32 21.16 9.82 5.51
',:1;il
7.22 1.59 0.'13 33 22.39 '10.69 6.32
ii
20
ii8. 7.47 1.70 0.16 34 23.72 11.67 7.22
7.74 1,82 0.20 35 25.18 12.75 8.35
7 {o g ,..stl
;6 .,10 8.02 1.94 4.24 36 26.77 13.97 9.41
;z
.6 ':,t,1 8.32 2.08 0.30 37 28.51 15.32 10.90
5
z4 ' ':12:,' 8.63 2.22 0.35 38 30.43 16.85 12.75
u3
o .' ,ll,Oll.1 8.96 2.38 0.42 ag 32.53 18.56 14.71
9z
(u
::,.t.1i/"t::ii,,,
9.31 2.55 0.48 40 34.87 20.50 17.22
lJ- 37.45 22.70 19.75
9.67 2.73 0.57 41
'6{ l,,irlfllli;
10.06 2.92 0.67 .42 40.33 25.21 22.50
o ,l,l,liF-l*i
r,4q
o_
rriiiilftiir;l 10.47 3.1p 0.76 43.54 28.06 26.25
oG o.s i,lit;i;dlri: 10.90 3.36 0.88 .',,44 47.13 31.34 30.40
C,)
c
.C ,,,;1,9,1:l 11.36 3.61 1.03 45 51.17 3s.11 36.00
0) ':;,, 0,'.,' 11.85 3.88 1.12 ao 55.73 39.48 41.70
co
r,.|2:l'r'' 12.37 4.17 1.35 47 60.91 44.54 49:30
"""2i'' 12.52 4.48 1.55 48 66,80 50.46 59,25
, r2$.:,,,, 13.51 4.82 1.74 49 73.55 57.41 71.45
14.14 5.20 1.97 50 81.31 65.60 85.75
i,'.,|"4.,'r':,
,,:rl;?$ii;i 14.80 5.60 2,25
Fisure 0e.10 - rerzashi ,",J::::Ii""]. t",-;",erar shear Fairure

\
- Bearins CaPacitY Fundamentals of Fundamentals of chapter oe _ Bearins.#i:iil
3o4 ,tlijf'oe Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering 3O5
.too
9(, .
ao Table 09.3 Meyerhof & Hansen Bearing-Capacity Coefficients
70
6(, i.l$iliii,lriili!
5(, iii,Nl;)irir., lNr;: :,Nn,,,
40 :'g:,, 5.10 1.00 0.00 5.10 1.00 0:00
3(, .2 5.63 1.20 0.01 5.63 1.20 0.01
4 6.19 1.43 0.04 6.19 1.43 0.05
2,O ,0. 6.81 1.72 0.11 6.81 1.72 . 0.11
,8 7.53 2.06 o.21 7.53 2.06 0.22
rQr.: 8.34 2.47 0.37 8.34 2.47 0.39
{o :::ijl': 9.28 2.57 0.60 9.28 2.97 0.63
CD
a i:il14::, 10.37 3.59 0.92 10.37 '3"59 0.97
z 7 11.63 4.34 1.37 '11.63 4.34 1.43
-& 6
Z 5 'r3,10 5.26 2.00 13.10 5.26 2.08
-6
z 4 :il20-:l! 14.33 6.40 2.37 14.83 6.40 2.95
a
L 16.88 7.82 4.07 16.88 7.82 4.13
o 3
o
(0
:,t24'; 19.32 9.60 5.72 19.32 9.60 5.75
tr ,26 22.25 11.85 8.00 22.25 11.85 7.94
'6 2
o ,iif88, 25.80 14.72 11.19 25.80 14.72 10.94
o.
o iiEo 30.14 18.40 15.67 30.14 18.40 15.07
o
o) 32... 35.49 23.18 22,02 35.49 23.18 20.79
.E ,t.o
o il$i.*:;i:; 42.16 29.44 31.15 42.16 29.44 28,77
o o.8 ##i!!*it+
co 50,59 37.75 44.43 50.59 37.75 40.05
o.6 61.35 48.S3 64.08 61.35 48.93 56.18
ffiffi
li#,fir 75.32 64.20 93.69 75.32 64.20 79.54
li1itiffi
93.71 85.38 139.32 93.71 85.38 113.96
t;:{4: 118.37 1 15.31 211.41 118.37 115.31 165.58
ii46:,r 152.14 158.51 329.74 152.10 158.51 244.65
t4B 199.27 222.31 526.47 199.27 222.31 368.68
,ri50r 266.89 319.07 873.89 266.89 319.07 568.59
Soit friction angte, g (deg)
Figure 09.11 - Terzaghi Bearing capacity factors for Local Shear Failure
Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity Funda Fundamentals of Chapter 09 * Bearing CaPacitY
306 of Soils Geotechnical Engineer Geotechnical Engineering of Soils 307
For intermediate values of $, the value of bearing coefficients may
computed by iinear interpolation. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
lJ," - l'/,, PROBLEM 09.1 (CE MAY 20031

No=N4r + #(Nor-No,)* (0-dr)
Qz -Qr A footing 6 m square carries a total load, including its own weight, of 10,000
kN. The Lase of the footing is at a depth of 3 m below the ground surface. The
soil strata at the site consist of a layer of stiff saturated clay 27.5 m thick
overlying dense sand. The average bulk density of the clay isl,920 kg/m3 and
For example, to find the value of N, for 4 - )?.32, using Table 09.1:
its average shear strength determined from undrained triaxial test is 130
kN/m2 and $ = 0.. Given is Tgrzaghi,s ultimate bearing capacity for square
For $t = 22:
footings:
Nrr = 9.19
For q,= 1.3 c N. + y DrNq + 0.40 yB Nr

$2 = 23o:
ru* = ro'ze
q) Determine the grosp foundation pressure in kPa.
b) Determine the net foundation pressure.
Thus, N, =9.19 + 1t-J'4-2:19 e232-Zz) Calculate the factor of safety of the foundation against complete shear
22-21 c)
Nq= 9'5228 failure under the undrained condition (both gross and net). side
cohesion on the foundation may be neglected'
SOLUTION
p = 1920 kg/m3
T_
Dr=3m
c = 130 kPa
d=0'
Q, = 1.3 c N. + 1 Ds No + 0.4y B N,
Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity Fundamentals of chaprer 0e _ Bearins.Hi:i{
308 of Soils Geotechnical Engineering
3Og
Geotechnical En
Parl a'. Net:
Gross foundation pressure,4s,= Y
10.000
Fsnu, - 4'n"'
b(b) n"t
4
Gross foundation pressurE, 4s = 277,8 kP a
Q,i'nut= Qu-fD1
Qun t=1,019.8 - 18.835(3)
Qunet* 963.295kPa
Part. b:
Net foundation pressure , Qn = tls - y DS ff _
IJnor
-
963.295
y=pg=1920(9.81) 221.3
= 18,835.2 N/m3 FS.* = 4.35
y = 18.835 kN/ms ,
Net foundation pressure , qn = 277 .8 - (18.835X3)

Net fourrdation pressure , q, = 22L.3 kPa
PROBLEM 09.2
A continuous footing is shown in Figure 09.12. Use the Terzaghi's bearing
Part c:
capacity equation.
q, = 1.3c N. + y D1N, + 0.a0 yB N,
c=130 ulVen:
y=p8 Y = 115 Pcf Dt'2ft
c* 500 psf B=2.5ft
y -= 1e20(9.81)
0=25o Factor of safety = 2
= 18,835.2 N/ma
18.835 kN/m3 '
a) Determine the gross allowable load per unit area that the footing can
D1=3m
carry, in psf.
B=6
b) Determine the net allowable bearing capacity with a factor of safety of 2,
From Table 09.1, for Q = Q'
in psf, ,i
N. = S.Z
c) Deiermine the gross ailowable bearing capacity with a factor of safety of
Nq = 1'0 {
2 with respect to shear failure, in psf. u
NY=0 til
4, = 1.3(130)(5.7) + 13.335(3)(x) + 0.40(18.835X6X0)

q"=1,019.8kPa
' Factor of safety:

Cross:
, Fsrror"= U
' qB
' FSgror" =
ffi
FSrror, = 3.G7
0e' .*i:iI 3t t
3I o :i;if,. oe - Bearins caPacitY Fundamentals of
chapter Bearins
(g,)n"t = 1,6,434 Psl .
,- \ *-
\{all/net
(lu)ner
fS
16,434
({all)net =
y = 115 pcf
2
c = 500 psf ({,rr)n", = 8,217 Psf
0=2s"
Part c:
Calculate the develoPed cohesion:
c
"FS
cd=
-
500
")
cr=
-
ca = 250 psf
Figure 09.12 Calculate the developed angle of friction of soil:

tanO/=
. tand
FS
SOLUTION
-tan 25o
tan$a=:
Part a: /.
qu=cN,+4Ns+0.5yBNl tan = 0.23315
$a
For O = 25o
From the diagram shown below:
N- = 25.1 From the diagram:
Nq = 127 N. = 11.4
' Nr=8'3 N, = 3'7
q=yDt Nx = 1'05
q = 1'"15(2)
-
q 230 psf
qu|t=c4 N. + { Nq + 0.5 y B Nr
q, = 500(25.1) + 230(12.7) + 0.5(115X2.5) (8.3) + +
{"u = (250)(11 .4) 230(3.7) 0,5(11s)(2.5X1.05)
q, = 16,664 ps( 4,u = 3,852 Psf
4..
tlal _
- _jl
lu
t5
-t6,664
Qull = ---:-
2
qar= 8,332Psf
Part b:
(q,)^*=q"-q
(q,)n"t=1.6,664-230
* Bearing Capacity
3t2 :i;si:,,o' Fundamen Fundamentals of chapter oe - Bearins.17i:;il 313
GeotechnicalEn Geotechnical Engineering
PROBLEM 09.3
I
A footing 1. m square carries a total load, including its.own weight, of 59,130
OOO
900
aoo
?oo
000 kg. The base of the footing is at a depth of 1 m below the grotnd-surface. The
500
400
s&l strata at the site consist of a layer of stiff saturated clay 27.5 m thick
too overlying dense sand. The average density of the clay is'l',846k8/ mt' Civen
is Terzaghi's ultimate bearing capacity for square footings: q, = 1'3 c N. + yD1
200
Ns + 0.40 yB Nr. See figure 09.13.
a) Determine the gross foundation pressure.
loo 90
ao b) Determine the overburden pressure.
?o
60
' c) Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil,
30
d) As-suming local shear failure, determine the ultimate bearing capacity of
ao
30
the soil.
20
Qar = 59,130 kg
Z to.
;a
27
6
6s
z1 p = 1846 kg/m3
o3
o
c = 1605 kg/m2
S=30o
IH2
'oa
o
o-
(U
O o.s
O)
,.trG * 1965 kg/m3
o P*t
m
Qu = 1.3cNc + yD6Nq + 0.4 18N,},
Figure 09.13
SOLUTION
a) Gross foundation pressure:
Load
'" Area
0 {3.{ 25 59130x 9.81x ffi
Angle of Friction, g
'"
4e=
1(1)
q, = 580 kN/.m2
314 :iiiJ:l.
oe - Bearins caPacitY Fundamentals Fundamentals of chapter oe * Bearins .#i:il 3l 5
Geotechnical Engi Geotechnical Engineering
b) OverburdenPressure:
Or, y* tt uy use Table 09.1 or Figure 09.10 using the modified value
4=lDt of g as follows:
y=pg
y = 1.846(9.81)
y = 181"09.26 N/ms
tan$={tang
Y = 18.11 kN/ms tan $ = $tan30"; 6 *21.05"
q = 18.1"t(1)
i = ra.rri'N7-2 By interpolation between 0 = 21o and $ = 22" in Table 09'1:
For $ = 21t, N, = L8.92, N, = 8.26, Nr = 4.3t
c) Ultimate bearing capacity: For $ = 22o,N,= Ny * 5,09
4, ='1.3 c N. + yD1 Ne r O.+O y.B Nr. .20.27,Nr=9.19,
c - L,605k9/mz
c = 15.745 kNTmz N. = 18.92 . 4# e.L.os -21) =tl.rrrc
B=1m
. - 21) = 8.gouu
From Table 09.1, 4 = 3g'.
Nq = 8.26
W(21.05
N, = 37 '1-5
Nq = 22'4('
N, = 4 31 . 'i\:li' (21 0s - 21) = 43!P
N, =19.73
Note: This is case 2, the water table is at the base of footir"rg.
For the third term, we will use ye = yb. PROBLEM O9.4 ICE MAY 2OO4l
Tt=fsat-^lw A soil has the following properties:

yb= (1965 x 9.81) - 9810 Unit weight, Y = 19.2 kN/mr
|a - 9466.65 N/ms Cohesion-,c=50kPa
= 9,467 kN/ma Angle of friction = 10o
Yr,
Assume local shear failure and use Figure 09.14 to get the bearing capacity
q, = 1 .3 (1 5 .7 4 5) (37 .1 6) + 8.71 (1) (22.a 6) +
"1
s. 4 1s . a6n(1) (1s .7 3) factors.
Qu = 1,242 kN/mz a) Calculate the net bearing capacity for a strip footing of width 1.25 m dt a
' depth of 4.5 m. The Terzighi's ultimate bearing capacity equation is
d) Local shear failure: given by:
-1
I LF
=
J
c =t1ts.zts!=10.497 Qu=cNc+YDrNq+7:18N,
From Table 09.2, for 0 = 30o
b) shear failure only, calculate- the safe Ue111S pr€ssure on a
N'. = 18.99 ' Considering
footing 6 mlong by 1..25 m wide, using a load factor of 2'5' Given:
N'q = 8'3t
N'Y = 4'39
qu * c N,lL + 0.3(B / L)l + vD:.,^.
Nq + 1/z v B Ny[1 - 0'2(B/ L)]
q, = "1.37 N', + q N'q + 0.4 y" B N't ' 4'=q'"*fFS+YD1
q,, = 13Qs.7 4sX1B. 99) + 18.1 1 (1) (8.3 1) + 0.5(S.SO7X1X4.39)
4, = 555.81 kPa c) What is the safe total load of the footing?

- Bearins caPacitY -
3t b :iij,i:'oe Fundamen
Geotechnical
Fundamentals of
Chapter 09 Bearing CaPacitY
of Soils 317
,loo SOLUTION
9(,
Ito Part a:
?o Qu=cN.*yDrNs +lzYBN.t
6(,
5l, For local shear failure: '
4(, qr= e N',+ yDyN'q + lzYB N't
3l, e= t,
e= 3(so)=33.33
D1= 4.5 m
Y = 19'2 kN/m3
B=1.25m
,to From the figure, for O = 10o
I
al N'.=8
z 7 N,r=!.?!
6 GI
2 Mr = 0'25
o
5
4 q, = 33.33 (8) + 19.2(4.5) (1. 94) + r1r119.21(1.2sx0'2s)
6
o q,* 437.256kPa
o
o
lr- Part b:
'6 qu= e N',11+ 0.3(B/L)l +yD1N'r!lhI-.l-ryltl .0.2(B/L)l
o
o-
o q, = 33.33(8X1, + 0.3(1.25/ 6)l + 19:2(4.5Jq:?4)
o + 1/z(19.2) (7.2sx0.2s) [1 + 0.2(1.25 / 6\l
o)
c 4, = 454.05 kPa
o
o '!D7
o Qu net = Qu
Qunet= 454.05 - 79.2(4'5)

Q,n*= 367'65kPa
q"=
'" W
2.5
+ D.z(A.s)
q"=233.46kPa
Part c
Q= q,x Afts
Q= 233.46(7.25 x 6)
Q = 1750.95 kFll
Soilfriction angte, g (deg)
Figure 09.14
Fundamentals of Chapter 0e' Bearing .#i:il 3tg
3 r I :ifs',;,o'
- Bearing Capacity Fundamentals
Geotechnical Enoi
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 09.5
General shear failure for'circular footing;
A circular footing 2.5 m in diameter is shown in Figure 09.15. Assume
4u = !.3c N. + f w, + 0,3 Y. B N,
shear failure and use a factor of safety of 3. Determine the folrowing:
l) ft" gross allowable bearing capacity From Table 09.1, fot 0 = 25o:
&) the net allowable bearing capacity N' = 25'13
' c) the safe load that the fogii.,g ca., car.y Nq=12'72
Nr = 8'ga
c=80kPa
{ = effective vertical stress at base of footing
q = (19.2- 9.81X1.8 - 1.1) + 18.s(1.1)
q = 26'923kPa
Ground surface ' y, = lb - Ig.2 - 9.81
rI
Dr=1.8m
y = 18;5
c=80kPa
0=2s"
kN/m3
7,= 9.39 kN/m3
B=2,5nr
q, = 1.3(80X25.x3) + 26.923(12.7 2) + 0'3 (9'39) (2.s)

q, = 3,074.72kPa
(8' 34)
7*t = 19.2 kN/m3

a) Gross allowable bearing caPacitY:
o
(quttor)gror, = {}
f)
3,014.72
({rtto*)g'or"
(gutto*)s.or, = 1,004'9 kPa
b) Net allowable bearing caPacitY:

Qunet= Q"- Q
4u,"t = 3 ,014 .72 - 26 '923

q, net = 2',987 '8 kPa
4 uiut
({uttow)nrt =
r9
2,987.8
(iiuuo*)net =
({uuo*)n", = 995.9 kPa
Safe load:
Figure 09.'15
Qartow = ({ulto*).* x Area of footing
Qalow=995.9xtQ5)'z
Qauow = 4,888.8 kN
zzo :l;ii:'o'- Bearing Capacity Fundamentals
Geotechnical
Fundamentals of chapter 0e - Bearins.Hi:il 32t
PROBLEM 09.6
A sguare footing is shown in Figure 09.16. The footing will 14u Q
carry a gross load, t 3 = Bzt 1
of 700 kN, Using a factor of safety of 3, determine the required

value of B. 984.7 +378.38 700
Assume general shear failure -
382
378.383+984.782=2100
-1.2A7
By trial and error, B m
=
PROBLEM 09.7
Meyerhof
A rectangular footing 5 ft x 2'5 ft is shown in-Figure 09'17' Use the
under eccentric load
equation"for the ulti-mate load for shallow foundation
value of the ultimate load Q, in pounds.
1on"-*ay eccentricity). calculate the
Figure 09.16
SOLUTION
^' -ttu-
4all -
Q
- 3
- An.
"Ir8
Assuming general shear failure:

q, = 1.3cN. + 4& + 0.4T.BNy (Eq. 9.3) I Location of
t-r
. From Table 09.1:

,/"
load
N. = 63.53 -,- -.- x
' N''= 47'76

N, = 54.36
q = 17.4(1.2)
q = 20.88 kpa
T,=T=17.4kN/ma
q,, ='1.3(0))63-.53) + 2s.s1a7.16) + 0.4(17.4)B(s4.s6)
q',=984.7 +378.38
Figure 09.17
* Bearins caPacitY Fundamentals Fundamentals of chapter 0e - Bearins.*i:il 325
324 :iijf'oe GeotechnicalEn Geotechnical Engineering
For this problem: PROBLEM 09.9

each 72" x 12" and
N=18 A rectangular footing is to support two'square columns kips and the other
curii*' a load of'40
cN = 0.62 spaced 12 feeton centers' One column
crv = 1 (the depth of groundwatrlr table was not specified) carriesaloadofs0tips;Thefootingis2ftthickandits.lengthshouldextend
load' rhe base of
N,,,, = 0.62(1)(18) ;.;'ilil; ;h";;;i-; of the colu;n carrying the 40-kip gravity.of concrete
specific
N.", = 1L.'16 i*i*g it S ft below tn" gto""a su^rface' .i;t*u
\.7g, respectively. Determine the
p, = 2 inches and soil above the rr"iiig t"'t. z.+ and psf.
is 2000
p., = 50.8 mm ;&il;i;h; footing tf the lllowabte soil bearing capacity
q, = 0.41(L1J.6X50.8)
SOLUTION
* 11'7Pti
a,
' = 232.44t pu,
101.325 kPa
q, = 33.72 psi
q, = 33.72 psi x 144
q, = 4,855.96 psf
q, = 4,855.96 psf + 2,000
q, = 2.43 tons/sq" ft.
Factor of safety:
.F.S. = Qa
6n _"lDi
o, = maximum applied foundation stress the resultant footing load
For the pressure in the soil to be uniform'
5,200
' should coinclde with the centroid of the footing'
100(32)
about the 40-kip load:
o, = 1.625 tons/sq. ft. Locate the resultant load by taking moment
y Dr= 120(8) 90x=40(0)+s0(12)
YDy-960psf+2000 x = 6'67 feet
y D1= A.49.tons/sq. ft,
2.43 Frorn the figure
r.J. -
L/2=2.5 + 6.67
1,.625
-_ - 0.48
F.S. = 2.12 L = 18.34 feet
To compute the width of footing:

Effective soil Pressure
q, = 2OO0 - (62,4 x 2'$(2) - (62.4x 1.78)(5 - 2)
q, = 1367.254 Pst
.
Total load = 40 + 50
Total load = 90 kiPs
chapter 0e - Bearins.*i:il 327
3zo fifi,i:'oe' Bearins capacit, Fundamentals
GeotechnicalE
Fundamentals of
Total Ioad = 90,000 lbs SOLUTION
A _ 90'000
nfootins q'= q'-27h
" 1367.264 q, = 250 - 23'5(0'72) - 17 'S(1'2 - 0;72)
Arootins = 65.82ftz Qe= 224.536kPa
L xW = 1,8.34xW
18.34xW=65.82 Pr = 560 + 850 = 1410 kN
W = 3,59 feet Pz=720+ 880 = 1600 kN
P =L410 + 1600 = 3010 kN
PROBLEM 09. IO Arts = P / q' = 3010 / 224'536

A trapezoidal combined_ footing is shown in Figure 09.1g. The base of the Arte = 13:405 mz
footing is 1.20 m below the ground and the allowable soil bearing pressure at
that point is 250 kPa. Solving for s and b:
a) Determine the effective allowable bearing pressure. a+h
A*e=
b) Determine the required area of the footing in square meter, ff(4.S;=13.nou
c) Determine the vaiue of a and b. a'*b=5,958m )Eq.(1)
I
The centroid of the footing must coincide
with the resultant load:
t-4,tm
I
4.5 m
.J-
l_
3010x 1410(0) + 1600(4.1)
=
x = 2.-179 m
Figure 09.18
x5=Q)+ x
xc = 2.379 m
chapter 0e - Bearrns.Ti:|il 3Zq
g28 :i;i,i:'oe - Bearins capacitv Fundamentals
GeotechnicalEn
Fundarnentals of
Ar$ Xc = A1x1 + 1.27, SOLUTION
13. 405 (2.37 9) = l/z(a) (4.5) (1.s) + % (bX4. 5X3) Part a: E
a ! 2b = 9.45 ) Eq. (2) ='\soilhsoil - Yconc hto"t - Surcharge
Qe Qa
q,= zsa - 18(0.6) - 24('2) - 4'B
From Eq. (1): q, = 245.6 kPa
b=5.958*a
a+2(5,958-a)=9.45 Part b; See Figure 09'20
a=2.45m
tr=J.5m Value of a:
-
Pr:
Solve for X by taking moment of force about
Pr=760+580 :
Pr = 1,340 kN
PROBLEM 09. r I (CE MAY 2OO3l P2=1,100+890
An exterior column with service dead load = 760 kN and service live load + P: = 1,990 kN
580 kN, and an interior column with service dead load = 1,100 kN and service
live load = 890 kN are to be supported on a combined rectangular footing p=p",+p2
whose outer end cannot protrude beyond the outer face of the exterior r=i":+o it,ggo
column, as shown in Figure 09.19. The allowable bearing pressure of the soii is. P = 3,330 kN
290 kPa. The bottom of the footing is 1.80 m below grade and a surcharge of
4.8 kPa is specified on the surface. The footing thickness is 1.20 m. The uni [PX = P1 Y1+ P2x2l
3,330X=1,340(0)+ 1,990(5.5) l
weight of concrete is 24 kN per cubic meter and the unit weight of soil is 18 kN
X = 3.317 m
per cubic meter. The footing is to be designed such that the resulting pressure
under service Ioads is uniform. a=X+0.225
' a) Determine the effective allowable bearing pressure (allowable bearing a=3.377+0.225
pressure minus the weights of concrete, soil and surcharge). a = 3.542m
b) Determine the minimum dimensions of the combined footing.
load.is,uf fo1m.,.the
Such that the resulting pressure under the service
of the footinS'
resultant service load? must coincide with the centroid
Thus, a = L/2
3.542= L/2
L=7.084m
P
Areaof footing, At=
n
Area of footing, O,=
#
Area of footing. A/ = 13.559 mz
Figure 09.19
3Bo :i;if'oe - Bearins CaPacitY Fundamentals of Fundamentals of chapter oe _ Bearins.Hi:il
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering 331
[Ar= L xltrl PROBLEM OqJZ FE NOVEMBER 20OZl
13.559 = 7,084 x W
A line of four piles supporting a pier is shown in Figure 09.21. The vertical
W = 7.97 m
Ioad of 200 kips includes the weight of the rigid pile cap. The piles may be
assumed to be fixed at the depth Hr = 3 ft below the bottom of sea. The height
Therefore, the footing dimension is 2m x 7m
Hz from the sea bead to the bottom of the pile cap is 17 feet.
a) Determine the axial force on pile D?
b) Determine the shear force on each pile?
c) Detgrmine the maximum moment in pile D, assuming point of
contraflexure at a depth of 10 feet below the pile cap?
u2
0,225 m *----.._i H
Po= 760 kN
Pi= 5BO KN
-l I
lPo = 1,100 kN
= 890 kN
Pr
It ,1,::
Y
Surcharge = 4.8 kpa
1,8 m
Pt-
t
--]
Figure 09.21
Figure 09.20
chapter 0e - Bearins .#i:iil
332 :i;si:'"oe - Bearins CaPacitY Fundarnenta,s of
Geotechnical Engineering'
Fundamentals of
333
SOLUTION [IFrr = 0l
F, = 200 kips
4H=20
Fn = 20 kips H = 5 kips (shear force in each Pile)
Maximum moment at D:
Mo= H x70
MD = s(10)
Mo = 50 kiP-ft
Point of
inflection Axial force at D;
. 20'
n-
F
'
Tr
' N.- i
F* 200 kips
I
N=4
T = 20(10)
l T = 200 kip-ft
r=18ft
I=Zxz
l=(62+182)x2
I = 720 ftz
200 200(18)
-Pn=-+> r
4 720
Po = 55 kiPs
To solve for the other axial force:

200 200(6)
'L 4 720
Pc = 51.67 kips
^ 200 200(6)
4 720
Ps = 48.33 kips
^
trt =
200 200(18)
-
4 720
P,r = 45 kips
Check: '
LFv --.0
Pa+Ps+Pc+Pp-200=0
- 200 = 0 (oK)
45 + 48.33 + 51.67 + 55
334 :iijf,-oe - Bearins caPacitv Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter l0- Miscellaneous 22E
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Topics & AdditionalProblems rrr
Chapter l0
I O.I PILES AND DEEP FOUNDATION

I O. I.I PILE CAPACTTY FROM DRIVING DATA
(DYNAMIC PILE FORMULASI
,,.,.,,I AASHTO FORMULA
g,= Zh(W, ! A,P) lo.i

s+0.1
,16, Eq.
Recommended factor of safetY = 6
lO.l.l .Z Navy-McKay Formula

, 'rE, ..1b, Eq. 10.2
,[r*o.rlLl
I w,)
Recommended factor of sa fety = 6
10.Lt.3 Eytelwein Formula

^r
Q.=;0ffi7_,ta, Eq. 10.3
Recommended factor of safetY = 6

n_, Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous Fundafnentals of Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous r'
??7
55O Topics & Additionalprobtems
F
Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems '
Where; Driven weight > striking weight
ea = Efficiency of hammer
Recommended values: Eq. 10.8
Single-acting, €r, = 0.8

Double-acting, el = 0.g5
Drop, en = 0,85
Ar = tdfrt cross-sectiory inz Where:
p = pressure, psi Q, = ultimate Pile caPacitY, lbs
Er, = rated hammer energy, in.lb Wr, = weight of hammer in lbs
s = average penetration of pile during the last few h = height of fall, ft
blows, inches
W,, = Total weight of pile, pounds , = urr*irg" penetration during the last five blows
Wr = Weight of ram, pounds E=energytransferredtothepileoneachstroke'ft-lb
lO.l.l.4 Engineer News Recbrd {ENR or Engineering News) I O. I . 1.5 Modified Engineer News Record
Drop hammer
1.25e1,Ey Eq. 10.9
Qu=
s -r- 0.1
Where:
' eh= Efficiency of hammer
Single-acting steam hammer
Recommended values:
Driven weight < strit(ing weight Single-acting, an = 0,8
Double-actih g, en = 0'85
Q,=
ffi,ro, DroP, er, = 0'85
n = Coefficient of restitution
Driven weight > striking weight Recommended values:
WoodPiles, n=0'25
\
2wt, h Wood cushion on steel' n = 0'32
Qu= Ibs Eq. 10,5
Steel-on-steel anvil, n = 0'5
,*o.r(wo,u',,\'
lw,, ) Err = rated hammer energY, in-lb
s = average penetration ii pile during
the last five blows, inches
Wp = Total weight of Pile, Pounds
Double-acting steam hammer = Weight of rar4, Pounds
Driyen weight < striking weight
^2E--1 lO.l.l.6 Danish Formula

Q, = ;;- , Ibs Eq.10.7
a reasonable precision, based on a
one of the few formulae consiclered to have
be used
,trtirti.ut study of pile load tests, is the Danish formuli, which should
with a factor oi safetY of 3,
338 fi#:1 l%;,ffiT",il?",;;, F Fundamentals of sEs
GeotechnicatE Geotechnical Engineering ,jJ:ifili;,YI?ffHi
s.W"H Table 10.1 - Values of N, for driven piles
. Vr, = ;---*
S+ 0.5S.
LIB. N.
6.3
c EffirHL
-- v--7F-
0
"" 1. 7,8
2 8.5
Where
>3 9
Q, = u.ltimate dy.namic bearing capacity of driven pile
l:WH pit" driving,hammer efficiency (normally 1)
values of the adhesion factor
= weight of hammer Table 10.2 - Typical cr
,H = ham,mer drop (note that

Wi H = Hammer energy) cl
S = Inelastic set of pile, in distance per Cohesion c Average
hammer blow (GPa) Range of values
S. - Elastic set of pile, in clistance plr
hammer blow 1.0
L = Pile length 24
48 0.s6 - 0,96 0.83
A = Pile end area
E = Modulus of elasticity of pile material 96 0.34 - 0,83 0.56
144 0.26 - 0.78 0.43
IO.I.2 THEORETTCAL PILE CAPACITY

Tl: tlltlTale load capacity e, consists of two parrs. One part is due to fric
called skin friction or shait friction or side 1o.1.2.2 THE BETA B METHOD
shear ei, and the other is due to
bearing at the base or tip of the pile In B-method, the friction caPacity is estimeited as a fraction of the averagE
e1,.
pile).
effective vertical stress (as evaluated halfway dorvn the
Q,,= Q1 + Qn Eq. 10. Eq, 10.16
Where: Qt=FP'u PL
Q1= skin/shaft friction or side shear (ultimate) = N,1 (P*t)u Aa Eq. 10.U
Qb
Qr, = end bearing or point resistance (ultimatej
Table 10.3 - Meyerhof values of No foi driven and drilled piles
t0.l.2.l THEALPHA q. METHOD 320 34', 360 380 40' 42 450

o 20' 250 28 300
The cr-method determines the adhesion factor,
fliction factor, f,, to the undrainecl shear strength
o,, as the ratio"" of
" the s Driven I t2 20 25 35 45 60 80 120 160 230
(coi.rior,y, ,,. Drilled 4 5 8 t2 17 22 30 40 60 80 115
Qf=ac,PL Eq. 10,13
Qt, = fi'Ar, = N, (c,,)r At, Eq. 10.t4 Table10.4-Typicalvaluesofpfordrivenpilesinsofttomediumclaywithc<96GPa
c,, = !J!- os
s,, Pile length, L (m) ?
)') Eq,10.15
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous
3 40 fi;,?l1 f,;,IXi,T"i,[T,1,i.,
Fundamentals Fundarnentals of
Topics&Additional Problems
r?d,l
''
Geotechnical Engi Geotechnical Engineering
Table 10.5 - Recommended values of adhesion & cohesion for piles in clay r O.I.A CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP
Cohesion, c Adhesion, c,q Some piles are installed in groups, spaced
approximately 4 to 3'5 times the pile
Pile type Consistency of clay a concrete
(GPa) (GPa) aiu*",", apart. The pilestfunition as a group due to the use- of
The weight of the cap
Timber or Very soft 0 -12 0 -12 load-transfer cap encasing all of the. piie heads'
due to the pile qap
concrete Soft 1.2- 24 12 -23 ,rbnru.r, from ihe grom g"totlp capacity' The capacity
Medium stiff 24-48 23 -36 ;;;il;"',1* d;#.(us ip'eud footing) is disregarded'
stiff 48-96 36 :45 bi3sr+D
Verv stiff 96 - 192 45-62
Steel Very soft 0 -12 0 -12

Soft 12 -24 1.2- 22
Medium stiff 28-48 22 -34 w=2s:+D
stiff 48 -96 34 - 34.5
Verv stiff 96 - 192 34.5 - 36
Burland Formula (for clayf

I
0 = (1 - sin g) tan O JdCR Eq, 10.18,
Where:
I = diameter of width of pile
P = perimeter of cross-scction of pile
L = length of pile, m
c,, = undrained shear strength (cohesion)
(c,,)r = undrained shear strength of soil at base of pile
46 = cross-sectional area of pile base
f, = base resistance
N,. = capacity factor
s11 ot
Qu = unconfined compressive strength
perr = average effective vertical stress at midheight of pile in a layer
N,, = capacity factor
Figure 10.1 . Pile GrouP
Note: The actual valucs of cr, p, and N,, are uncertain.
For cohesionless (granular) soils, the capacity of a

pile group is taken as the
will be, greater.
sum of the indiviJual capacities, although the actual capacity
In-situ tests should be used to justify any increase
ChaPter l0 - Miscellaneous il?4?
r
z 42 fi;,?l1 l'.;,Hlij"F,?,iiii, Fundamentals
Geotechnical
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems
Forcohesivesoils,thegroupcaPacltyi't,["@ be negligible' Below the (2/3)L
the. individual capacitie-s u.,a
1r1'tn" capacity-assuming block action. The blc aistrid'tio'' .sPleads. o.ut,lt a verlicil:horizontql rate of 2:1'
depth, the pressure Figure 10'2'
action capacity is calcurated assuming *rui *,e piles
iorm a t"rj" pier wl The presence of tne rower t'ii i'tilength is disregarded' See
dimensions are-the group's perimeter.*The broc[ depth,
r, is the"diJtar,ce f,
the surface to the depth of the pile points. fhe widih,
pier are the length and width of the pile gfoup as
;,'";Ji;;;;; ;,;;
measured fronithe outsi
(not centers) of the outermost piles.
Perimeter, p=2(b+sl1 Eq.10.19

Area, A, = (b + 7p1z Eq. 10,20
The average undrained shear strength, c,,, along

the depth of the piles is used
to calculate the skin friction capacity. The averJge
undrained shear
- '--' strength at
the pile tips, c,,i,, is used to calculate the end-beaiing
capacity.
The g.r1up capacity can be more or less than the sum

of the individual pile
capacities pile capacities. The pile group effciency,
nc, is:
Figure 10.2 - Pile Graup
Group capacity, e,*

.^ =
I individual capacities, e, Eq. 10.21
IO.Z BRACED CUTS

for( water' sanitarY' and other
lines
Bracing is used when temporary trenches the active earth
in which
IO.I.4 TENSTLE CAPACIry OF PILES are opened in soil. Abriced cut is an excavation
is used to support the facing bulkhead' The box'
pressure from one bulkhead
Tension piles are intended to resist or suppoit are shown in Fisure 10'3'
below water level may require.
upward forces. Basement and buried tanks
tension piles to prevent .O"rti"g-
ffi-il;;;;;;;;;;;;i;ethods
active
!3wev.T, tall buildings subjected to overturning moments arso need to"rffi resist The loacl is transferred to the struts at various
points'
:"
th"
|']i:gular
pile pull-out. Unlike pires roaded in compressioir, the puil-out capacity of piles pressure distribution
iat*t develop'- Since struts are installed as the
-
does not include the tip capacity. The puirout capacity incrudes tn" ir"igi-,i .? "ot
excavation go", do*r,,i;;-"Pp;. t"rt oithe
wall deflects very little due to the
the pile and the shaft resistance'(skin frictlon). part of the wall is considerably
strut restraint. The p'*"t"*'on the uPper
equations'
;,gh";;-h;;;s predicted by the active earth pressure
IO.I.5 SETTLEMENT OF PILE GROUP Thesoilremovedfromtheexcavationisknownasthespolls'-spoilsshouldbe
placed far enough fro*'tf'"tuage of the
cut so that they do not produce a
Piles bearing on rock essentiaily'do not settre. piles
in sand experience surcharge lateral loading'
minimal settlement. piles in. clay may experience significant
settiing. The
settlement of a pile group can be estimaiecr by ussumi.j as the of the cut, mudline:, tlredge
The bottom of the excavation is referred to
base
that the support block
(used to calculate the group capacity) extends
to a deptir of onry 2/i ofthe pile line, and toe of the excat:ation'
Fundamentals Fundamentals of
s44 fl;[:1 l%;,Hii5"3,i,ii5,i,, Geotechnical Enoi Geotechnical Engineering ,fJ:i$t?;,Y5?ffi#i s+s
Excavations below the water table should be dewatered prior to cutting. IO.2.I BRACED CUTS IN SAND
The analysis of braced cuts is approximate due to the extensive bending of.the
sheeting. For drained. sana, ine pressure distribution is approximately
uniform with depth.
Fma, = 0.65 KaYH
(a) Pecks pressure diagram (b) Tschebotarioff
Figure 10.4 * Pressure diagram for design of bracing system

(a) Box Shoring
IO.Z,Z BRACED CUTS IN STIFF CLAY

For undrained clay, $ = 0', In this case, the lateral pressure- distribution
depends on the a*rug* undrainqd shear strength (cohesion) of .the clay' If
yi/ c <4, the clay is stiff and the pressure distribution is given in Figure L0'5'
Figure '10.5 - Peck's pressure diagram for stiff clay

(b) Close Sheeting
Figure 10.3 - Shoring of Braced Cuts to 0.4YH Eq. 10.22

Pû,= 0.Z:YH
z+ o fl;[l1 f,;,Hl,T"F,[1,1X,i,, Fundamentals
Geotechnical Engin
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering ,ff:if;t:;,Y#1ffi:#i t+t
Except when the cut is underlain by deep, soft, normaily consolidated clay, If 6 s yH / c < 8, the bearing capacity of the soil is probably sufficient to prevent
maximum pressure can beapproximated as: shearing and upward heive.- Simple braced cuts should not be attempted is
yH/c>8.
prtar = lr-illrru
( yH,l '
Eq, 10,2
10.2,4 BRACED CUTS IN MEDIUM CLAY

lf 4 < yH/c < 6, the soft and stiff clay cases should both be evaluated, the case
that resuits in greater pressure shouild be used when designing the bracing.
10.2.3 BRACED CUTS tN SOFT CLAY
lf yHlc ) 6, the clay is soft and the lateral pressure distribution
shown in Figure 10.6. 1O.2.5 ANALYSIS OF STRUT REACTION
Since braced excavations with more than one strut are statically indeterminate,
sirut forces and sheet piling moments may be evaluated by assuming hinged
pmax =
(r-!t\,, beam action
I rH]'
The strut load may be determined by assuming that the vertical members are
hinged at each strut level except the topmost and the bottommost ones.
-!tN
,-'-lb)
figure 10.6 - peck's pressure diagram for sofi clay
R:r+R
;ffi
For cuis underlain by deep, soft, normally consolidated clays, the maximum
pressu re is:
Pnax=\H-4c Eq. 10.25 Figure 10,7 -

W
D'etermination of strut loads
ChaPterl0 * Miscellaneous ?dO
348 fiff:1f,;,Hffi"Fffi1fi Fundamentals Fundamentals of
J''
GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineerin g
IO.3 SLOPE STABILITY otan$
FS,= a- #
c+
+otafi$6
Eq, 10.29
The maximum slope for cuts in cohesionless (drained) sand is the angle oj c7
internal friction or angle of repose, $. In cohesive soils such as clay howevei, the
maximum slope for cuts is more difficult to deteimine.
Factor of safety witt-r resPect to cohesion:
The soil or rock in a slope exist in a state of equilibrium between gravity forces,
tending to move the material down the slope and the internal shearing
FS'= *c'tr Eq, 10,30
resistance of the material. A slope failure occurs when the force tending toi
cause rupture exceeds the resisting force. The overstressing of a slope or'l
reduction in shear strength muy .urie displacements that *uy-b" very slow or, Factor of safety with respect to friction:
very rapid and progressive. tan 6
- ._- Eq. 10.31
fa-
,, ,rJa-
tan Q7
Extremely_ J slow movements
___,_ ---_. _--._.,." in
... soils
"":." are called soll creep. r\qyru movements ut"l
Rapid rltvvrrrrgrrlD oi';
intact or nearly intact soil or rock masses are called s/ldes. Rock or soil that'i,
frorn a nearly vertical slope and descends mainly through the air byr/i
9:11.h*: Relation of FSr, FS., and FS6;
falling, bouncing, or rolling is called afall.yery soft coheiive soils can fail by,,
Eq, 10,32
lateral spreading or by mud flows.
The factors to be considered for stability of slope are the cohesion of the soil, c,, failure
When F. = 1, the slope is in a state of impending
,shear strength, r, soil stratification and its in-place shear strength parameters.
seepage through the slope and the choice of potential slip suiface add up to
the complexity of the problem.
SEEPAGE
10.3,2, STABILTTT OF INFINTE SLOPE WITHOUT
Infinite firm soil or rock lies parallel to a

slope, analysis is used when a layer of
IO.3.I FACTORS OF SAFEry potential
il;.hd;:rori". material and the when a rock slip surfaces are very long
''
surface is parallel to the
compared to their a"pi-r.,. fhr gcculs the
The primary purpose of analyzing slope stability is to determine the l,
the rock' In this.analysis'
factor of slope and there is a tf,in iayer of soil overlying
safety. In general, factor of safety is the ratio the average shear strength of soii
driving forces of th" ;hiil w"dg"s and the iesisting forces of the downhill
t,totheaVerageshearstressdevelopeda|ongthepotentialfailuresurface,t7. wedge is considered'
wedgeg are ignored, ani only the remaining central
FS=
T
Eq. 10.26
Consider 1 m strip
perpendicular to the
---- --a
1,1
paper,
.c=c+otan$ Eq. 10.27
1t1= C,/ + O tan O,,t Eq, 10.28
Factor of safety with respect to strength:
Figure 10.8 * Analysis of infinite slope

350 ffi:: li;,Hiij,,F,i1,li,i,, Fundamentals Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering c""i.ir"rri.ritngineering ,iJ:iffiX;,ffi??1ilffii ssr
Normal stress;
N,n/ Normal stress:
^= Area of base- (t)(tWcosB o = y*tH cos2 Eq, 10.39
cos / $i B
yVcos0 rtH_(1)cosB
-
o =
L/cosB -7^*e Effective stress:
o=YHcoszp o' = f'Hcos2 p = (y*t - 1,)H cos2 p Eq. 10.40
Tangential stress: Tangential stress:

Tw Wsin B r=]sarHsinPcosB Eq. 10.41
Area of base (1)(L / cos B) .. v' tandr
rC = r ---1- Eq. 10.42
= IV sin B _ ytH(1)sin p
p yru, tan
" y.u, Fi cos2 B tan
L/cos} L/cosp ----:-- -
B
r=yHsinBcos[i Eq. 10.34 r0.3.4 F|NTTE SLOPE WlrH PLANE FAILURE (CULMANN'S METHODI
FS,=---+---*t?to Eq, !0,35
yH cos'B tan B tan B
Jf FS. = 1, H = critical depth, H.,
i=---l.-, '
tan0
yH.. cosz p tan B tan B
tanB-tan$ c
tan p rHGZBtr"B
rL -C 1
qg. 10.36
I cos'B(tanB-tang)
Figure 10.9 - Finite slope with plane failure
I0.3.3 STAB.'LIry OF INFINTE SLOPE UO/ITH SEEPAGE

For, soils with seepage and ground water
level coincides with the ground Normal stress:
su rface:
o=
- [sin (B-0)llcos 0
*z,vH i -----:--;- Eq. 10.43
T=c+o'tan$ L stnp l
Eq. 10.37
LLI-Lia o IanQd Eq. 10.38
:
r2 rE,tz Topics & Additional problems
Fundamentals of
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering ,fJ:if;l?; ffi?[[i:#l rsE
Critical angle of slip plane: I0.3.5 SLOPES WITH WATER IN THE TENSILE CRACI(:
P*Oa When tensile cracks are developed at the top of the slope and filled with
6,= water, the stability of such slope can be determined in the following manner.
2
t
ca= *Y'Ir -cos(F-0a))
4tLtt r,.B."rOr. ]
N
l\
LF
Fl
Eq. 10.45 can also be writien as
Z*1w
Cs
4 = l.l.l =
1 - cos (B - 9,1)
Eq. 10.46
yH 4 sin B cos g7
where m= stability number

Figure 10.10 - Finite slope with water on tensile crack
Based on Eq. 10.46, values of 1/ m for various and are shown in Table
B Qa
10.6. z. = depth of crack
z, = depth of water in the crack
X = length AB = (H - z,) / sin 0
Table '10.6 - Stability Numbers Based on Culmann,s Analysis (Eq.
i0.a6) 0 = angle of failure plane
tlr= r,rfiight of soil wedge ABCD
10 0 45.72 30 10 Z.btr 50 29.64
Fr = force due to water in the crack
80 0 4.77
5 181.84 '15
56.70 30 44.00 5t9 F2 = force due to water,Pressure along AB
5
15 0 30.38 20 123.71 60 0 A O',r
t0 5.90
lole
q
67.89 25 476.34 5 8.09 15 6.59 F1= ly*zr2
10 267.93 40
F2= ty*z,X = t^t,2,(H * z)/sin
0 10.99 10 9.55 20 7.40
20 0 22.69
e
14.16 15 11.42 25 8.37
E
40.00 10 18.90 20 13.91 30 9.55
10 88.68 lc 26.51 25 17.36 90 0 400 Components of Wand Fr along AB:
15 347.27 20 40.06 JU 22.39 cos
25 0 18,04 .E
68.39 70
4.37 ,F=Wsine+F1
0 5.71 10 4.77
5 27,92 30 146.57 5 6.49 15 5.21
'10
48.86 50' 0 8.58
Resisting force to F:
10 7.40 20
15 107.48 ( 10.42 t5 8.51 25
5.71
6.28
R =7X + (Wcos 0 - Fr sin 0 - Fz) tan Q
20 417,45 10 12.90 20 9.89 JU 6.93
30 0 1 4,93 16.37 25 11.63 Factor of safety with respect to strength:
5 21.27. 20 21.49 30 13.91
R cX + (W ios 0.- Fi :in 0 - Fz ) tan 0

FS, = Eq, 10.48
When c,1 = c and 0,r = 0, then H = I-1,,, from Eq. 10.45: F Wsin0+F1 cos0
u _ 4c( sinBcosg ) The magnitude of FS, for various trial wedges can be calculated by varying the
"" - 7[r - ."t1P - 6, J
Eq. 10.47
value of 0. The minimum value of FS, is the factor of safety of the slope'
Chapter l0 -
zs 4 i%;,Hi.,:,","i,1i1;i,,
Fur'idamentals of
Fundamentals of
Geotechnicat Engineering
Miscellaneous
Topics & Additional Problerns 355
"i;ln:I.
I0.3.6 ANALYSISOF THE FINITE SLOPES WITH CIRCULAR FAILURE 10.3.7 MASS PROCEDURE (HOMOGENEOUS CLAY SOIL WITH $ * 0|
SURFACES - GENERAL FAILURE SURFACES:
Modes of Failure:
Cenerally, finite slope failure occurs in one of the following diagrams:
1. Slope Failures
Slope Circle
Firm Base
2. Shallow Slope Failure 3. Base Failure Figure 10.12 - Stability analysis in homogeneous clay (Q = 0)
LL
iei<---ti Wr = (Area of FCDEF) y
I o.l---1
i ,/ ,1&
Wz= (Area of ABFEA) y
Driving force about O to cause instability:

Mo=WtLr-WzLz
Developerl cohesion along the surface of sliding:

Figure 10.1 1 - Modes of slope failure Mn = ca (arc AED)(1) r
Ma=ca120
Two major classes of stability analysis procedure: For equilibrium:

Mn= Mo
1. cl12Q=WtLr-WzLz
Mass Procedure - the soil that'formed the slope is assumed to be w.L.
homogeneous and the mass of soil above the surface of sliding is n.=
va
"1"1 -w"L"
'z''z
Laken as a unit. r'0
2, Method of slices * In this procedure, the nonhomogeneity of the soil and Factor of safety against sliding:
the pore water pressure can be taken into cons-ideration and the soil
abovc the surface of sliding is divided into a number of vertical
f$,= t = c, Eq. 10.49
parallel slices. c4 c4
For critical circles
Cd
cd=yHm arm= Eq. 10"50
yH
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous Fundamentals of Fundamentals of
J56 Topics & Additional Problems Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineerin g ,ff:if;L?;H5?lili#l ssz
For critical height; F5. = 1, H = H,, and ca = c,,: For saturated clay with 0 = 0o, the Taylot slope stability chart (Figure*L0.13) can.
jafety against slope failure. The Taylor'
be used to determine the factor of
Hr, = !'- Eq. 10.51 chart makes the following assumptions:
ym
(a) There is no open water outside the slope
(b) There is no surcharge or tension cracks l
where m = stability number (rj Snuur strength is deiived from cohesion onlv and is constant with depth
c, = undrained shear strength (d) Failure takes place as rotation on a circular arc
cd - developed cohesion
c
FS"=N, Eq. 10,52
y'H
rl ,l
ffi
!t The TaylOr chart shows lhat toe'circle t'ailures Occur i1 slopes steeper than 53o.
I ti For slopes less than 53, slope circle failure, toe circle failure, ot base circle failure
it ti!i I
I may occur.
M' -J-
5h-ear.strength,!
Effective unit weight, 'y'
O = Orft
J
I !t I
t
I
I
For B > 53o, all circles are toe circles. The location of the center of critical circle
'/rilil///////tr FIRM SASE
ti can be found using the graph shown in Figure 10'14.
Factor of safety: fS = N" c/(r' H) I Ni
SLOPE
CIRCLES
I
r1
I
li c
value of d-
0
( l)
tl i
lln
8
d
0,
\ ol
x b
0.2
t-
. FIRN1 BASE
' U,J
,l
0.5
tt
lt
F
2
7
'u.r"l,') o
6oo
q)
AqF 'u
4 1.
UI
,'2t ,'( ICLES
E
c(o
F:'
I
m = 3.83 .'1 -50
@0=90'
lr \lot .,*'.,rt
{/
50 20 10
SLOPE ANGLE, p,'degrees
Figure 10.13 - Taylor Slope Stability Chart (6 = g";

to 60 70 80 90
gl[:n"]critical
Fisiure 10.14 - Location center ror p > 53'
"r,r"
3 s8 fi#:1 l%;,Hi,T"F,?,ili,i,, Fundamentals of Chapter l0- Miscellaneous 2qo
Jil
Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems
Consider the following examples on how to use Figure 10.15.
Example (a): Toe Circle

U
(J
9=70
CI d=18/36=0.s
(J
I From Figure'10.15:
d
E x' = -0'30
I
E
o
lo = 1'6
cu
& = 0.3(36)
zF
& = 10.8 m to the left of O
E
o.
E Y,= 1'6(36) =57.6m.
q
F
z
o
g
o Example (b): Base Circle
F1
z F=45o
o
z d=20/20="t
x
' From Figure 10.15:
6
lo = 0'5
o0
(J
6
Y" = 7'65
ro
F X, = 0.5(20)
z Xo= 10 m to the right of O
)
-1 Y, = 1,65(20) = 33 m
Figure 10'15 - center of criticar circre for homogeneous srope in cohesive soirs,
4 = g.
Example (b): Slope Circle
F=20'
d=6/2A=0.3
From Figure 10.15:
xo= 1'45
.,
lo -11
X, = 1.45(20)
X, = 29 m to the right of O
Y" = 2.2\20) = 44 m
3 60 ffi fl l%;,Hi,:"i",3[iii,i,, Fundamentals
Fundamentals'of
Chapter lO- Miscellaneous,r- t
Topics & Additional 5g I
Problems
I0.3.8 METHOD OF SLICES
tan $ sin cr,
ttl-r.t = COS CX," + Eq, 10,54
The method of slices was deveroped in the earry 1920s in sweden and FS
was
later refined- by Bishop to consider interslice fbrces to some degree.
This Note that the IS is present on both sides of Eq. 10.53, Hence, a trial-and-error
analysis method' can accommodate complex slope.geometries, variable
soil soltrtion or a programmable calculator is necessary to find the value of FS.
layering and strengths, variable pore water p."rrirr" internar
reinforcement, and the infruence of external boundary loads, "o"Jiiio.,u,
but it is onry
applicable to circular slip surfaces. It accomplishes this by dividing
a ,topl
into a series of vertical slices for analysis, with llmiting uqrihbrir*
clnditions
evaluated for each slice, as shown in Figure L0.16, tan $o = 1sn 6755
-o."''
,sg,
-t)' .' -ivs
:1.
'tnlq'
- ..:..
4.,
,€)' - .: Qrl
ai G/^
,e'.
^('
'
iq'
411
y', Layel L Force Polygoh
, ,.yr;, di, c1'
Layer 2 \ Figure 10.17: Forces acting on the nrh slice in the Bishop simplified method of slices
'tz, 62, cz
Layer 3: y:, rb:, c:
Figure 10,16 * Typicar stope stabirily anarysis using the method of

srices
Each slice can have different layering, different strength,

and different pore
water pressure than the.other slices. If the condition of-equilibrium
is satisfied
for each slice, then it is considered that the entire mass is in
inu
force system on a single slice is shown in Figure 10.L7. "q"iliu.i,r*.
n=p
F Gr, +w, tan6)-J-

/-r'
FS = n="1. ryd(n)
n=p Eq. 10.53
f w, ,,n o,
/-r tt=1
a6 z fi;H'l l',;,Hiij"i,?,ili,i,, Fundamentals of
Fundamentals of
Chapter l0-Miscellaneous
Topici & Additional Problems
-,
505r
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS SOLUTION

Design load Q, = 360 kN
Ultimate pile load capacity, Q, = Qo x FS
PROBLEM t0.I (MAy ZOO5, NOVEMBER 2OO5l Ultimate pile load capacity, Qu = = 360 x 2 = 720 kN
A 0.36-m square prestressed concrete pile is to be driven Q,= Qr+ Qol
in a clayey soil as
sfovrin in Figure 10.18. The design capacity of the pile
i, soO r.N,-*ith a factor Part (a):
of safety of 2.0.
Given: Qo = fo Ao= N. (c,)6 ,46
Undrained shear streng th, q,, = 111 kN/mz

N'=9
(c,)a' q,/2 = 11'1 /2 = 55.5 kPa
Unit weight of clayey soil = 1 g.5 kN/ m:
A6 = Q'J$z = 0'1296 m?
9) ComputJthe enct tearing capacity pir" in if N, = 9
(b) Compute the skin friction expectea "rto develop along the shaft Qr = 9(55.5)(0.1296)
of the pile Q6 = 64.74 kN
(c) Compute the length of the pile if frictional constantl 0.76 =
Part (&):
Qo"',e, = 360 ktl lQt= Q, - Qtl Qr= 720 - 64,74
Qr = 655'26 kN
{
,i
a = 0.76
c,= q,f2=111/2 = 55.5 kPa
p = perimeter = 0.36 x 4 ='t".44 m
655.26 = 0.76(55,5)(0 .36 x 4)L
L = 10.79 m
I
I
PROBLEM IO.2
A square concrete pile 0,3 m x 0.3 m is required to support a load of 175 kN
I
J
with a factor of safety of 3, The soil strafification consists of 5 m of soft gray,
normally consolidated clay (c, = 25 kPa, $ = 260,,]sat = tB kN/m3) underlain by
Figure 10.18 a deep deposit of overconsolidated clay (c, = 80 kPa, 6 = 24", OCR = 4, T,ut =
18.5 kN/m3, N. = 9). Groundwater level is at 2 m below the ground surface.
Assume the soil above groundwater level is saturated. Assume q. = 1 for soft
clay and 0,5 for stiff clay. See Figure 10.19.
1a; Wfrat is the ultimate load iapacity due to skin friction in soft clay?
(b) What is the valu,e of Lr?
(r) Using the p-method, what is the value of Q, if Lr = 2."1 m?
Assume N, = 9.6' Use p = (1 5
- sin $)(OCR)' tan $
z6 4 fi;[:1 li;,Hii5"ilT,X;i,,
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering ,*q:if!!?; Y:iflilffi : os
Part (c):
aa=liskNl Qr= FP*P t
Soft Clay (OCR = 1, normally consolidated)
B = (1 - sin 26")(1)os tan26'
Soft Clay P = 0'274
Y*t = 18 kN/3
' perr = average effective vert' stress at midheight of pile
in soft clay
perr = 18(2) + (18 - 9.81)(0,5) = 40.095 kPa
(Q/)sort cruy = 0'27 4(40.095X1,2X5)

(Q7)sortclav = 65 92 kN
Stlff Clay
I.t = 18,5 kN/3 Stiff claY (OCR = 4)
F = (1 - sin 24")(4)0.5 tan24o = 0.528
pert = dv?td.ge effective vert. stress at midheight of pile
in stiff clay
p"* = 18(2)+ (18 - 9,81)(3) + (18.5 - 9,81X1.05)
p* = 69,7 kPa
Figure 10.19 = 0.528 (69,7) (1'.2) (2'1)
(Q).tirr
"r,y
(Q|),tirr.r,v = 92'74 kN
SOLUTION
Qr= N,t(P*r)a Aa
Parts (a) and (b): (p*ia = effective vert. stress at the bottom o{ pile.
' Q,= 175 kN (p"rit, =18(2) + (18 - 9.81)(3) + (18.5 - 9,81X2.1)
'Q,=QrxFS (Paia = 78'82kPa
Q,,=175x3=525kN
Qu= e'6(78.82)(0.3 x 0.3)
IQ,,= (Ql)*r,.ror'+ (Qr),tirr.r," + Qr] Qa = 68'1 kN
(Q/"nr"ruv=QC,,PL
(Qr),nrt.r,y = 1(25X0.3 x 4)(5) = 150 kN Q,,= 65.92 + 92.74+ 6g.1 = 226.76kN
e,= e,/FS=226.26/3
(Q/.,irr.r.,y = a c,, P Lt kN
Q, = 75'5
. (Q7)stirrcray = 0'5(80X0.3 x 4)Lr = 48Lr
' Qr' = N' (c')r' At'
,Qr,
= 9(80)(0.3 x 0.3) = 64.8 kN PROBLEM rO.3 (CE NOVEMBER zOOs)
525 = 150 + 48L1+ 64.8 The pile group shown in Figure 10.20 consists of 12 piles, each 0.4 m in
Lt = 6.46 m diameter, arranged in a 3 x 4 matrix. The pile penetrates a soft clay (L1 = 2m,
ca = 20 kPa), a medium dense clay lLz = 6 n, cu2 = 60 kPa), and a stiff clay (L3 =
4micus = 95 kPa). Assume N. =,9 and use s = l for soft and medium dense
clay, o. = 0.5 for stiff clay.
Chapter l0 : Miscellaneous Fundamentals Fundamentals of Chapter t0 - Misceilaneoui Wt
366 Topics & Additional Problems Geotechnical Enqi Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Pt
(a) Determine the capacity of the pile group based on singre pile fail
mode,
d' = \rw is7) (2) + 1 (60) (1.2s7X6) + 0.5 (esx1'2s7) (4)
Qr= 741.63 kN
(b) Determine the capacity of the pile group based on block failure mode.
(c) Compute the maximum center-to-center. spacing of the piles for 1 Qr, = N. (c,)1, Aa = 9(95)(0'1257) - 107'4735 kN
efficiency.
Q, = Qf + Q6 = 741.63 + 107 ,4735 = 849'1 kN
Group load capacity = 12 x Qu = X'? x 849'1'

GrouP load caPacitY = 10,189'2 kN
Part Z;Block failure mocle;

3.6+0.4=4m
Perimeter, p=2(4+2.8)
Perimeter, P=13.6tn
Area, Au = 4(2.8)
Area, Aa = 11.2 mz
C,C C C
îI
t
+
occc v
N
Q/= q, cn p Lt *
+ % cg P
s.z cuzP Lz
\r_.^_.
dt= 1(20x13.6X2) + 1(60)(13.6X6) f 0.5(e5)(13'6X4)
Qa = ]Y. (c,fu Au= 9(95)(11'2) = 9'576 kN
Qus= Qf + Q6=8',024+9,576 = 17.600kN
Part 3:
, Figure 10.20 eu
Efficiency, ,= ff: = 1009u'
SOLUTION e,,q= n e,
n Q., = 10,189'2 kN
Part 1: Single pile failure mode:
Perimeter, p = nD = n(0.4) = 1.257 m Solve for Q,, in terms of sPacing s:
A.rea, An= +
Ao = (2s + 0.4)(3s + 0,4)-= 6s2 +,2s 0'76
tDr= t(0.+;z= 0.1.257m2
p = 2l(2s+ 0.4) + (3s + 0'a)l = 10s + 1'6
Q.f = o, Cn p L1 * c\2 c,,2 p Lz + az cn p Lt
,ff:ifilX;,Y]i?,$i:,xi roe
Fundamentals: Fundamentals of
s6B fi;[:1 l'.;,Hi,T"F,1?#,i,, GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering
Q,,x= Qt+ Qr, (r) Determine the consolidation settlement of the clay layer'
Qr = &t Cul P Lt + az cuzP Lz + se crt P Lz
Q1= 1(20)(10s + 7.6)(2) + 1(60)(10s + i.5)(6) SOLUTION
+ 0,s(es)(10s + 1.6)(a) .
Qr= 590(10s + 1.6) = 5900s + 944
= N. (c,)o Ao = 9(95)(6sz + 2s t 0.16)
Qr,
Et. 0
Qr, 5130s2 + 171.0s + 136.8
=
Q,,s (5900s + 944) + (5130su + 1710s + 136.8)
= l Dry Sand
ra = 17.8 kN/m3
Q,s = 5130s2 +7610s + 1080.8
El. 3
Sand
[Q""'= n Q,,1 y, = 10.2 kN/m3
5130su + 7610s + 1,080,8 = 70,789.2
5130s2 + 7610s - 9708.4 = 0 Et. 5
t- 1.5 m Clay
-7,670 t,,l1Z,OtO12 * 4(5,130)(-9,108.4) ',
r,= 9.3 kN/m3
e = 0.54,
,pJJUL C. = 0'3
s=0.783m=783mm
PROBLEM IO.4
The foundation shown in Figure 10.21 is supported by 9 piles. The founda
rests on a sand layer underlain with 3 m thick of normally consolidated clay.
i;;-! rf :;:;lillr -:r-!n:JI
Figure 1O22
Part (a):
oo Lp - 2400/ (6.5 x 5.5)
oo Dry Sand
LP = 67.13kPa
oo = 17.8
ya kN/m3
Part (b):
p, = 9.3(L.5). +10.2(2) + 17.8(3)
Sand p,= 87.75kPa
r = 10.2 kN/m3
Part (c):
f Dr
Clay LH = H;"' log!-!-
y,= 9.3 kN/m3 L+e Po
= 054. Cr = 0,3
pf =po+ Ap = 154.88 kPa
Et. 8 H=3m=3000mm
o'3 15a'?9
Figure 10.21 aH = 3ooo , to*
1+0.54 " 87.75
(a) Compute the effective siress at the midheight of the clay layer. LH * 744.2mm
(b) Determine the increase in pressure at the midheight of the tlay layer.
3r o *,:lt i'.;,Hi,'"i"F,i,i?i,i,, Fundamentals
Fundamentals of
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous ?a tt
Topics & Additional il
Problems
PROBLEM IO,5
- _ 1.25(0.85)(198,000) 2750+(0.5)2(5600)
I rt 1.UseI fta concrete
a
soil.
pile weighin g 1.40 rb/ ft,40 feet long is driven
factor of safety of 6.
on a sand LU
0,2 + 0.1 2750 + 5500
P, = 348,525 lbs
Given: Po= PufFS
Unconlined compression strength, P, = 348,525/6 = 58087.5 lbs
qu - 2,320 psf
N,=9 P, = 58.09 kips
a = 0,76.
PROBLEM r0.6 (CE MAYZ00sl
(o) Determine the ultimate frictional resistance of
the pile, A braced cut in sand 7 m deep is shown in Figure 10'23' In the plan, the struts
(b) Determine the allowable bearing capacity of pile.
are placed at s = 2.0 m center to center. Use Peck's empirical Pressure
(c) Determine the allowable pile capaclty usinj the
Modified Engineering diagram. Determine the load on each strut.
News Record formura. The average penet"ration
during the last five
blows is 0,2 i.ch. The hamme.l, beluec D-12 (;"il;;;;;
weighing 2750lbs and rared energy of 16,500 ft_lb.
0.5.
Use *n = O.SS und nZ
SAND
'0
= 30"
SOLIJTION y = 17 kN/ml
Parts a & b:
Q,= Qr+ er,
Q,,=acuPL+N.(c,)uAr
cu=1/zqu=t/z(2,320)
c, = 1,160 psf
Ql= a c,p L
Q1= 0.76(1,,L60X1 x 4X40)
Qt= 141,056Ibs = 141.06 kips ) part a
, Q, = 141,056 + 9(1,160)(1) = 15"t,4961bs BOTTOM OF CUT
Q, = Q,,/ FS - 157,496/ 6 = 25,249 lbs

Figure 10.23
Q, = 25.25 kips) part b
SOLUTION
Part c:
,, _ l-sin$ _ 1-sin30o
-'r' r,
., _1.25ct,E , Wr*nzWp ^'- t*rinq TllfrJ6 -"
s+ 0.1 W, +Wo po = 0.65K, y H = 0'65(7 / 3)('tn (7) = 25.78i3 l,Pa
= po s = 25.78 x 2* 51.57 kN/m
,u)
W, = 2,750|bs
Wn = 40(140) = 5,600 lbs
Et, = 76,500 ft-lb = 198,000 in_lb
s=0.2in
et=0.85, n=0,5
i__ Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous Fundamentals of Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous 4
2a2
5 te Topics&Additional Problems
Fundamentals
Topics & Additional Problems r
Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Engineering
With reference to Figure 70.4 (a):
Ps = 0.65K"YH
I lm
l*
ll
I zm
H
t+
lr
=','
l'i
l
-
ll-
I 2m
JI Section
Section
Figure 10.25
Plan
SOLUTION
Figure 10.24
With reference to Figure 1,0.4(a), the pressure giug:1* is as shown in
Figure 10.26, The irut loads may be determined by assuming that
In Figure 10.24(a): are hinged ai each strut level except the topmost
thI vertical members
llMar = 0l 2Rr = S1.57,rr,r.r,' Ra = 116.03 kN and bottommost ones,
lIMa = 0l 2Ril = 51.5713)(0.5); Rar = 38.68 kN
In Figure 10.2a (\: 6

@
[xMc = 0] ZRaz= 51..57(\Q); Rrz=0 N
[IMaz = 0] ZRc= 5L.57$)(2); Rc = 206.28 kN
Ila = Rsr + Rrz = 38.68+ 0

Rn = 38.68 kN
(b) r
PROBLEM IO.7
The elevation and plan of a bracing system for an open cut in sand are shown
in Figure 10,25. Assume /sancr = 110 pcf and $ = 36.. Use peck's empirical
pressure diagram. Calculate the load on each strut,
Figure 10.26
Fundamentals of chapter l0 - Misceilaneoui
Br 4 ffilt l%;,Hiij",3,Xi,l|,i.,
'
Geotechnical Engineerin g Topics & Additional P

ezs
p, = 0.65K,yH
K, = (1 - sin 36.)/ (1+ sin 36o) = 0.2596
p, = 4.65 (0,2596X1 1 0X30)
p, = 556.842 psf
'u)=paxs=556.842x10
w = 5568.421b/ft
Figure 70,26(a) [LMnr, = rr r{^^=*r?,Zii.frflr^",

rrFH * or 3
#:::?iii!:liyl-szz,z1z
Figure 10.26(b) Raz = Rcz = 5,568.42(3.5) = 19,4g9,47 lbs
Ra=Rar+Rsz
R6 = 37,387.95 lbs
sot-uTloN
Figure 10.26(c) Rcr = 0 tan (r
Rc=Rcl*Rce Part a;
c
l'5 = --'----------------.: r
yH cos' B tan P
tan p
Rc=19,489.47 lbs
Ro = 5,568.42(.t4)
16 +- tan 25o
18.639(8) cos2 20o tan 20o tan 20"

R o = 77,957.88Lbs
FS = 1.615
PROBLEM IO.8 Partb:. H,,=

76 1'
1C63g cos2 :O'itu,',a0" - tan 25')

A infinite slope is shown in Figure 70.27. Theshear strength parameters
at the H", = 10.31 m
interface of soil and rock are as follows:
Cohesion,c=l6kN,/m2
Part c:
Angle of shearing resistance, $ = 25o
y*t = 1900 x 9.81 = 18,639 N/m3
(a) lt H = I m and F = 20", find the factor of safety against sliding on the
y,ut = 18'639 kN/m3
rock surface. Assume no seepage.
(b) If P = 30., find the critical height H. Assume no seepage. Y' = lsat. Y, = 18.639 - 9'81
(.) If y'=8,829 kN/m3
there were seepage through the soil, and the
froundwater table
coincide with the ground surfJce, and H = 5 ffr, = 20", *f,ut l-5 = -_-----T--
C
t
, T'
1+
tan$
B *outJ Uu
y.rrHcos'PtanB Yrr, tan B
the factor of safety. Assume p,,r = 1900 kg/mt.
16 8.829 tan25o
+-.--
18.639(5) cos2 20o tan 20o 18.639 tan20o
FS = LJ1,41'
'I
zt 6 r*lt fr;,[i,T"F,[il:,i., Fundamentals of

Fundamentals of
Chapter l0
- Miscellaneous a77
Topics&Additional Problems r' '
PROBLEM IO.9
PROBLEM IO.IO
A cut is to be made in a soil that has y 416.5 kNf m3, c 75o to
= 15 kN/m2, and q = A cut slope is to be made in soft clay with its sides rising at an angle of
26"' The side of the cut srope wiil make an angle of 45. with
the horizontar. the horizontal as shown in Figure 10.29' Given , c,, = 30'87 tN/l' andy = 17 '14
(a) What is the developed angle of friction? kN/m3, Stability number, rz1 0,219, Assume the critical circle is a toe circle.
Use Figure 15.1.5 for the values of 0 and a.
(c) (a) betermine the maximum depth up to which the excavation can be
What is the critical angle of slip plane?
carried out?
(e) Find the radius, r, of the critical circle.when the factor of safety is equal
SOLUTION to 1..
(c) Find the distance BC.
t = 16.5 kN/m3
d=26'
c = 15 kN/m?
. Figure 10.2g
..i = 1 .,,,( 1 - cos(B -0r) )

L
a, ,,[_51np *rO"-.,/ Figure 10.29
c15
f5=;-;c,t=+=5kN/m2
Ld J SOLUTION
c.
a" Hrr= L = ""'I't ' -'
30.87
tan tan26o Part = 8'22m
tan$a= lan0
Q
FS=
tan $,i
) = Ym 17.1"4(0.219)
FS
$a = 9.230 Part ,bz From'Figure 10.14, for F = 75o, u = 41.8' and 0 = 53o
o-
c,= *vr[t*cost0-0r.)
+r
I sinBcosg, )
I.r/;it";--
s = + (16.s)
cos (45d - 9,23")
sin 45o cos 9.23o
H=1.48m
Critical angle of slip plane:

o _ 0* 07 45".9.23"
= 27.\'1.5'
22
st I *rHt l'r;,Hi,',i"F,Xiii,i,, Fundamentals
GeotechnicalEn
Fundamentals of
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous r''
?-rc,
In right triangle AFC:
SOLUTION
sin q, = H*l AC
AC = 12.33 m [G MC = s e] is saturated (s = 1)
Iirr;rl!;:ll;,*0,.
In right triangle ODC: e = 0'4995
sin(0/2)=CD/r ln= e / (1 +e)l n=0.4995 / (1 +O.4gg5)
12'3? n = 0.333
sin (53'12) - / 2
r i=160/220=0.7273
r = 13.817 li = h/L)
ryr
la = kil o=5x103(0.7273)
Part c: BC = H* cot q. _ p = 0.003636 cm/sec = 0.03636 mm/sec
H., cot 0
BC = H,^(cot cr - cot B) = g.22(cot 47.g _ cot75")
BC = 6.99 m Part a;
Seepage velocfty, u,= ! = = 0'1092 mm/sec

T#
PROBLEM tO.tt IcENoVEMBER ZOO5I
The apparatus shown.in Figure r0.31 maintains Part b:
a constant head of 160 mm. water,
The soil sample has a hydrauric conductivity Flowof Q= Aa= +(100)'z(0'03636)
of 5 x 10s cm/se. *rd., moisture
content of 18.5%. Use G = 2.7. 0 = 285.57 mm3/sec = 0.28557 cm3/sec
(a) Calculate the seepage velocity in.
(&) Calculate the flow o] water. Part c:
(c) Calculate the time required for the red dye to
pass through tne soii, Time, I =
L =
220
= 2,01.4.6 sec = 33.6 min
assuming that there is-no diffusion, or the ied as 0.1092
dye does not J"utte, a"ii ,,
passes through the soil.
PROBLEM t0.tz .lcE MAY 2OO5l

soils as
A reservoir wlth a 3,400 m2 area is underlain- by layers of stratified
3'2 m'
,ho*r, in Figure 10.32. The values af Lt, Lu and Ls are 2 0 m' 1'4 m' and
respectively.
of permeability'
ial What the average vertical coefficient velociiy of water moving through the
iai n"t*r*ine the ilnterstitial (actual)
soil if it has a void ratio of 0'60'
PIug of (c) Compute the water loss from the reservoir in one year' Assume that
the pbre pressure at the bottom sand layer is zero'
red
Fundamentals of chapter l0 - Misceilaneoui gg I
3Io fi;,!!"; li;,Hi,:,1"F,?,iii,i,, Geotechnical En gineering Topics & Additional Pr
6.6 - 2 1,.4 3.2

4 -------------;
W zsxlo-? 3./x1o-7 2.3 x70-'
(k/* = 2.54}gs x 10-7 cm/s x (1 m/100 cm) x (3600 s/hr)

it;i";= s.irs * 1o-6 m/hr
K, = 1.8 x 10-6 cm/s Average velocity of flow through soil, u = ki
K, = ).$ x 10-7 cm/s
i=h/L
K, = 2.4 x 10-6 cm/s h = 5 + 3.2 + t.4 + 2 + 1"5 = 26.6 m
Kv = 3.2 , 10-7 cm/s L=5+3.2+1..4+2=11.6m
@ i=26.6/11.6=2.293
Kr = 1,1 x 10'o cm/s
K, = l.! x cm/s
a = 2,54038 x 10t (2.29Q) = 5.8251 x 10' cm/ s
10"7
@
-> -> Sand Layer -> -> Interstitial (or seepage) velocity, a,= !
ffi n= ' = 0'6 =0.375
Impermeable Laver
L+e \+0.6
Figure 10.32 Interstitial velocity, u, = 5'8251 *19'z / 0'375
Interstitial velocity, c', = 1.55 x L0-6 cm/s
soLuTtoN
k = 9.L45 x 10-6 m/hr
i = 2.293
15m A = 3,400 m2
e = g :t 45 x 10"6 (2.293) (3,400) = O.O772g 6249 *'/ h.t
Q - 0.07A5e2a9 tf /ht x (24hr / day) x (365 days/year)

K, - l.g x 10'7 cm/s Q = 625 m?/Yeat
@
Kv = 3.2 , 10'7 cm/s
PROBLEM 10.l3 {cE MAY 2OO5l
@ 11.6 m
footings
Kv = 2.3 x 10-7 cm/s
Two footings rest in a layer of sand 2.7 m thick, The bottoms of the
Beneath the sand layer is a 1.8-m thick
are 0.90 m 6elow the ground surface.
@ of
fuf"r. Underneatfi the clay layer is solid rock' Water table is at a depth
> ..>.Sand Layer ->. -> "iuy
L,8'm below the ground surface. See Figure L0 33'
@ (a) ComputJthe stress increase in kPa below footing A (1'5 m-x 1'5 m) at
Impermeable Layer of the clay layer. Assume that the pressure beneath footing
A
the center
is spread at an angle of 2 vertical to L horizontal'
(b) De;rmine the.si# of footing B so that the settlement in the clay layer
Y- = L h : H =2+1.4 is the same beneath footings A and B'
+3.2= 6.6m
(k1')rq "k,,"' ' (c) Determine the settlement in mm beneath footing A'
382 Topics & Additionat problems
Fundamentals
lundamentrllof .
Chapter l0 2oI
- Miscellaneous J('''
GeotechnicalE Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems
Part b:
P,=450kN In order that the settJement in both footings are equal, the increase in
I pressure at midheight of clay layer under each footing must be equal.
900 / B'2 = 25.51; B' = 5.94 m

B',= B + 2.7 = 5.94; B = 3.24m
0.9 m Size of footing B = 3.24m x 3'24 m
0,9 m
I = 18,5 kN/m3
0.9 m Part c:
p, = 18.5(1.8) + (20.8 - 9.81X0.9) + (18.8 - 9.81X0.9)
1.8 m y = 18.8 kN/m3 po= 5't.282kPa
e = 1.03; C. = 0.3 ClaY
Pr=P"+ LP=76'792kPa
Solid Bedrock '

Cr Dr
LH=H -3-logz
r^-Pf
Figure 10.33
1+eo " po
0'3,, to*7-97-7?-
aH = 1800 = 46.65 mm
1+ 1.03 " 51,,282
SOLUTION
B' = B +Z(d/z)
B'=B+d
PROBLEM IO.I4
Part a; In the profile shown in Figure 10.35, steady vertical seepage is occurring.
B'=1.5+2J)
B'= 4,2m +1.2
Lp = 450/4.22
v
77//m7V7fr77777797777m.
Ap = 25.51kpa ililo
Soil'A ild
k *1 cm/sec
Yt = 19'64 kN/m3
ll5
Soil B
l:
k = 0.5 cm/sec
yt = 18.85 kN/ml
Soil C
Figure 10.34
k = 2 cm/sec
rt = 20.42 kN/m3
Figure 10.35
Chapter 10 * Miscellaneous Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous rL'r
2oE
384 Topics & Additional Problems Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems
(a) Compute the average vertical coefficient of permeabiflty l" fry"., a (a) Calculate the equivalent coefficient of permeability in the horizontal
and B. direction.
(b) Compute the hydraulic gradient for flow through A and. B. (b) Calculate the equivalent coefficient of permeability in the vertical
(c) Compute the seepage in soil A per square meter. direction.
(c) What is the ratio of (ks)"' to (krz)"q?
SOLUTION
Equivalent K for layers A and B (Normal flow, series): SOLUTION
Ha = 4.2m; Hs = 4.5 m Part a: Parallel flow:
I H _-h, 9.7 4.2 4.5 [kriruq, H =Zklt]
' Kut k', Kr, 1 0.5 kHGo (12) = (103)(3) + (2 x 10''t)(3) + (10-sX3) + (? * 103)(3)
kri("q) = 0.0008025 cm/sec
kH(eq) = 8'025 x 10'4 cm/sec
Hydrauliccradient, i= H/L= 11.2- (-3.6)) / t1.2- (-7.5)l
Hydraulic Gradient, i = 0.SS1T Partb: Normal flow:
:
H =rlr
I'kvvq)
Flowôfy1!". p"l square meter of area: i
k'
=
Q KiA = 0.006591(0.5517)(1) = 0.O03636 m3ls 1233 +-+--.iJ
Q = 3.635 Qs = Qa = Qa 'r,
kv(rq) 10 -3 2x1O"a 1o*s 2 x 1o-3
kYt.q) = 3'756 x 10-s cm/sec

PROBLEM IO.I5
Part c: Ratio, /cs1.q1/k v@qs = 21,37
A layered soil is shown in Figure 10.36.
PROBLEM IO.I6
The setup shown in Figure 10.37 is 50 mm wide (perpendicular to the paper).
The flow through the soil is known to be 4'08 liters per minute.
Figure 10.36
386 fi#l1 l%;,Hi,'"i"i,?,ii5;*
Fundamentals of
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering ,iJ:if;:?;,Y:i7liffi1ll Eez
(a) What is the hydraulic gradient?
(o) Determine the.number of pressure dropo'
(b) Calculate the equivalent hydraulic conductivity in (b) Determine the seePage loss.,
(c) Calculate the hydraulic conductivity kz.
G) Determine the total amount of water percolated in one year
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Q = 4.08 Liters/minute = 4,080 cm3/min
i = h/ L = (7,2 - 0.1) / 1.7 = 0.647

A=60x50=3000cm2
[Q=K"riA] 4,080 = K"q(0.647)(3000)

K, = 2.1 crn/min
H ---[f---:. \\\\ '. ', ..
Ii: =zh/k) 770 40
_=_+_+ 80 50 \\\
^14
2.7 1.8 k2 n
kz = 4.69 cm/min
PROBLEM IO.I7
Thc section of a concrete gravity dam with ir.s frow
net diagram is shown in
Figure.10.38; The coefficLnt of pur-"ubility of the
soil in the
vertical and horizontar directions are 0.25 m/day 1l-,istropig'm1aay,
and o.sia FiEure 10.39
respcctively. The length of dam perpendicular to
the prp", i, f ZO"rn.
Nr
4= ^lK,Kt,, r,
Number of flow channels, NJ= 4
Number of Pressure droPs, Na = 11
Head,H=10-2=8m
Et2
El 0
q = 167sp58) (8)(4/:'L) = 1.108 m3/day per meter
Q = qL = 1 108(120) = \32.96 m3/day = 5'54
m3Ar
noprC
In one year: Volum e = 1'32.96 x 365 = r[8,530 m3
PROBLEM IO.I8
A bulkhead is to be constructed of stet,l-sheet piling and tie rocls as shown tn
Figure 10.40. Consider 1 foot strip only of sheet piling'
IMPERMEABLE LAYER
Figure 10.38
Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous rL"
2oo
BBB fi#:1 i%;,Hiiii'F,1ill,in, Geotechnical Engi Geotechnica I Engineering Topics & Additional Problems
(a) Determine the nearest value"to the total active pressure acting on Active Pressure:
pile.
(b) Determine the nearest value to the total passive resistance, p.t= K,4 ct= $/3)(500)= 500/3 Psf
(r) What is the tension in the tie rod? Fr=pr(+0) =6667lbs; lr = 20' zt = 15'
pz= KoYa (10) = 333 psf
yz* 33.33' zz = 1.67'
5i,r,i,yd,r;,ibO pcf
F3 = (333)(30) = 9,990 lbs; yz=15' zz=20'
pt = KoY'(30) = 660 Psf
!1, , o i,3oi \1;. ,.oo
Fq = t/z(650)(30) = 9,990 !+=1.0' tu=25'
'Ot
p,=W(30) = (62.4X30) =L,872.Ps[
F* = 1/z(1,872)(30) = 28,080 lbs
Total active force, Fo = Fr + Fz t F3 + Fa + f,

Total active force, Fo = 6667 + 1,667 + 9,990 + 9,900 + 28,080
Total active force, 1,, = 56,304 lbs
Passive Pressure:
Kp = (1+ sin 30")/(1 - sin 30') = 3
Ps= KpY'(15) = 2,970 Pst
Fs,u, = Vz(?,970)(L5)
Fs,nu, = 22,2751bs ls = S', zs = 30'
SOLUTION
Total Passive Resistance = F5 *u" * F,
Total Passive Resistance = 22,275 + 28,080
Total Paspive Resistance = 50,355 lbs
Note: The active anci passive water Pressures for this problem are
equal, hence it may be disregarded in the analysis.
Solving for actual passive reaction Fs by taking moments about T:

Fszs= Frh+ Fzzz+ Ft41 FtZs
Fs(30) = 6567 (15) + 1,,6'67 (1'67) + 9,990 (20) + 9,900 (25)
Fs = 18,336.3 lbs < F5 *u'(OK)
[Ifn= 0] T+ Fs = Fr + Fz + Fe + F+
T = 6567.+ 1,667 + g,gga + 9,900 - 18,336.3
T = 9,887.7lbs
p*
Figure'10.41
3eo fi;,?li Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous
i%;,H;:","il;?H, Fundamentals
Geotechnical Enoi
Fundamentals of
r'?o I'
Geotechnical EnEineering
PROBLEM IO.I9
SOLUTION
After,several years of service, the_retaining wal shown in Figure ro.+2 waii
f.:jo':After
}3:"^:::ggjl
t
:'r i:fll"nl:
T1,' l:"r :r
t1no1"a *u tu.,#,,1-d; r"" ;td,
level. perfor.ilg,l fietd. explorarion, taboratr;y1;;;;;:
conducted on the backfiil soir. The difference in
strength par'ameters were
be negligible in comparison to the originai aJsign-conaitions.
f""9.to
Coy1a1 only 1 ft length of wall perpendicular to the-paper,
moist cohesionless
backfiil
(a) Determine the totar active-force on the wilt'before y = 119;4 lblfts
the waterlog q,-Jr gft
condition.
(&) Determine the total active force on the wal after the waterrog
condition.
(c) Determine the resurting overturning moment about
point A after the
waterlog condition.
ru = 107.6 lb/ft3
w= 76.70/o
rrt = 125 57 lb/fF
7ft
y'= 63.17 lb/ftr
Figure 10'43
& = (1 - sin 31')/(1 + sin 31") = 0.32
Part
'a: before
Fo =
the waterlog condition:
K, yHz * 1/z(0,32)(119'4)(15)'? = 4298'4 lbs
1/z
Parts & & c:

pr * KuyH * 0.3?(119.4)(8) = 305.664 psf
Fr =t/z{3A5.664)(8)=1222.661bs; yr=9.67.tt
F2 = 30b.664(7) = 2139.65lbs; yz= 3'5 ft
p2= Koy'H = 0.32(63.17)(7) = 141'5 Psf
' rrl lzgaL\(7) = 495,25lbs; w= 2'33 ft
Fa o y*Hz f 2 = 62.4(7)2 /2 = 1528.8 ibs y+ = 233 ft
Figure 10.42
Fo= 1222.66 +'2139.65 + 495.25 + 1528'8 = 5,386'36 Ibs

M, = 1222..66x9.67 + 2139.65 x3,5 + 495.25x2.33 + 7528.8x2.33
M, = 24,028 ft-lb
ss z r*lt l%;,H;T,,;[ii"" Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering,
Fuhdamentals of
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous il2oa
Topics & Additional Problems r
PROBLEM IO.2O
PROBLEMIl0.2l
A 1,8.-m.:{uare footing is shown in Figure 10.44. Use a factor of safety of 3. A raft foundation is to be designed for a 36 m x 60 m building with a total
(o) Determine the overburden pressure at the base of footing. loading of 2.5 x 105 kN, The clay specific weight is-18^49 kg/m3,.and the clay
(b)Determinethegrossal]owablebearingcapacity.
has ariaverage.unconfined compressive strength of 28.7 kPa. Neglect depth
k) Using the value of 4o obtained above, determine the settlement of the
correction factors. Use a shape factor of 1.15. 0 = 0q. The bearing capacity
soil. Assume average standard penetration resistance (spr) of N-varue
factors are given in Table 09.1 Page 301.
of 18 and use a corrJction factor crv = 0.62.
(a) Whit is the actual foundation pressure?
ia) Wnut should be the raft depth for full compensation?
iri What should be the raft depth for partially compensated foundation
using a factor of safetY of 3?
,r =
18.6 kN/ml E[tr Situation
c=0 N/mr = 18'05 kN/m3
y = 1840(9.81) = 18050.4
Nc = 31.61; Nq = 17.81
'N' * 13'70 Totr]_load
- _ 2.5x10s l--.,
part a: p, = R."ft ,*" = aoloq ==115.741kpa
B=1.8m Part b: Depth for full comPensation:
Figure 10.44 Total load
yDr=lGit aG-
L8'0s04 q=115'7qt
SOLUTION
Part a: Overburden pressure, q =
4= 6'4 m
18.6(1, "Z) = 22.32 kpa
Part c
Part &: q,, = 1.3 c N, +(i N,7 + 0.4 y,.B N, pn-\Dy= Qanet
= 0 + 1,8.6 (1,.2) (1,2 .81) + 0.4 (18.6) (1.8) (13. Z) N. + yDr Nq
Q,, Q, = 1.15 c
q,, = 581 kPa for 0 = 0o' N' = 5'7' N' = 1' N' = 0
{,,gross = 581/3 = 193.67 kPa c = Suf 2= = 14.35 kPa
28.7 /2
+
q, = 1..15(1.L35X5,4 18'05Dr
qu=94.06+18.05D7
Part c: Settlement from standard penetration test (SpT)
Qu net = 4, - "lD1= 94'06 kPa
Settlement, S= 4 .inmm
' 4 u net 94.06
' 0.4"1 N
q, n"t = -!!- - 3l .35 kpa
cor 3
4 = bearing capacity of soil, in kpa 115.74L - 18.05 Dl= 31.35 kPa
Ncor = corr€cted SpT value (N value) D1= 4.68m
Mor = corr€ction factor x N
)^ = -:-_-..----
193.67
= 42.3 mm
0.ai(0.62 x 18)
,S:il"ltX; YI?lXffi:#i :os
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous Fundamentats of Fundamentals of
394 topics f nooirirnul Problems Geotechnical Engineering i Geotechnical Engineering
PROBLEM I O.Z2 SOLUTION
A municipal storage tank is to be supported by a circular raft (mat) foundatiori 11040
Lo=-
placed on the surface of the soil. The diameter of the foundation is 12.2 m: ' +(1,2.2)'
The maximum load exerted on the soil when the tafrk is full is 11,,040
kN. The LP = 94'44kPa
following data was taken from a boring log and other soil tests from the l43kPa
Qa= Et. o
proposed site.
Elev.0.0: 1.5 m Sand: y =
Paft at
ground surface El. 1.5
well-graded sand and gravel FS= b ClaY:
Lp
unit weight: 20,44 kN/m: y =.20"81 kN/m3
743 3.1 m Q = 0'34
allowable bearing pressure: 143 kPa f5= r e=1.15
94.44 I
I
c, = o,oo93 m'z/day
Elev.1.5: -
FS = 1.51 I
lr,-,uffi
encountered GWT ImPervious rock
soft, brown clay
unit weight: 20.81 kN/m3 Part b:
compression index: 0,34 p.= * g.81)(3'1/2) + 20'44(1.5) = 47 '71' kPa
(20.8L
unloaded, origipal void ratio: 1.15 pf = Po Lp = 47 .71 + 94.44 = 142.1"5 kPa
+
coefficient of consoliclatiotr: 0.0093 m2 / day
(- I)r
6P1= 51-i!-logz
.
Elev.4.6: l+e Po
encountered thick, impervious rock layer
(a) What is the factor of safety in bearing? 1t1.15 " 47.7L
(b) If the total clay thickness is 3.1 m, what is the primary settlement? AH=232.4mm
(.) How long will it take for 80% of the primary settlement to occur? Time
factor of 80% consolidation is 0.567. Part c: Please refer to Page.196:
t------ tt
This is a single-drainage layer. Ha. =-Dl3'1 m
-
qt2
t = 0.567 "'' = 586 daYs
0.0093
PROBLEM IO.Z3
The earth dam shown in Figure 10.45 is to be compacted to a void ratio of 0'78
in place. A borrow pit neaiby contains soil having a void ratio of 1207o, attue"
specific gravity of 2.65, and a moisture content of 15"/''--The total cost of
moving ln" roit from the borrow pit to the dam site is P40.00 Per cu. tn.,,based
on the original volume at the borrow pit.
Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Chapter l0 - Miscellaneous a,,a
3q6 Topics & Additional Problems Geotechnical En Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problemsil u
(a) What is the required loose volume of soil from the borrow pit? PROBLEM IO.Z4
\
(lr) How many tons of water will be transportea wltfr the fill? '
A 3,000,000 cubic meter earthen dam is constructed from borrow soil with the
(c) what is the total cost of moving all the required soil to the dam site?
following original properties: t
' Void ratio ...,...,,.,,. .....0'70

Lenqth of dam = 400
Degree of saturation ......'...'.....'.....0.40
Solids specific gravity,...'..'...'... " "2'65
The borrow soil is compacted to a final specific weight of 17.29 kN/m3 and a
17% moisture content, The trucks used to transport the borrow soil from the
borrow pit to the dam site each have maximum capacities of 10 cubic meters.
(a) What is the weight of solids in 1 m3 of compacted fill?
220 ft (b) What is the weight of water in 1 m3 of compacted fill?
Figure 1o'45 (c) Given a fluff factor of 10%, how many trips must the truck make to
soLUTroN complete the'dam?
,, _ 20+22o (50) x 4gg = 2,400,000 ft3 (loose volume)

vd.,nr = r
2 SOLUTION
Required volume of solids: For compacted fill:
v v* 17.29
V = V,+ V,,; i!vs = c; V,,= eV, te
"=-----.,!!-=-
1.+ MC 1+0.17
V = V, * eV'= V'(1 + e) ya = 74.78 kN per 1 m3 i Part (a)
2,400,000=V,(1+0.78)
V, = 1,348,374.6 lt3 W* * 17.29 - 1'4.78 = 2.51 kN per 1 m3 ) Part (b)
Part a: Required loose volume from borrow pit: -L"t_= _T;_,t*t

G +GMC \,
,rj=jlrr,
lT.Zg _
2.65+?.65(0.17.\
\ ,
. V = 1,348,314.6 (1 + 1,2) = 2,966,292.1.3 ft3
V = 84,060.6 m3
,r.r, *,
Part 1l: Volume of water; V= V,+ l/.= s1/"+ l/,
= wu'
v"= v
MC
w, ' 1+e=3'ooo'ooo
L+0.759
=L705,5'l4mj
' W, + C V" = (62.4 x 2.65)(1,349 ,314.6)

W., = 222,957,302.256 lbs For the borrow material:
Wu, = MC x W, = 0.75(222,957,302.256) V = %(1 + e\ = 1,705,51,4(1, + 0.7) = 2,899,375 m1
/
W,, = 33,443,595 lbs (2000) = 1.6,222 tons
rt Number of trips = = 318,931 trips ) Part (c)

Pa c:
Cost= 84,060.6xp40
ffid
Cost = P3,362,424
' Fundamentals of Chapter l0 * Miscellaneous
B es fi;,::1 i%;,Hi,T"E?,i1i,i.,
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Topics & Additional Problems 399
PROBLEM IO.25 pRoBLEM t0.26 ICE NOVEMBER ZOO5'
A proctor test is performed on four samples. The mold volume and mass are The fotlowing data were obtained from a triaxial test on a cohesive soil:
r/30 ft\ and 4200 g for each sample. The following data are collected.
Maximum shearing stress at failure plane = 70 kPa
Angle of friction = 28o
Samole Mass of mold Water Cohesion = 30 kPa
' and soil content
7 5100 g
(a) Determine the normal stress at failure plane'
8.2%
(a) Determine the maximum normal stress (plunger stress) applied on the
2 6300 g LA1% soil,
3 6425 g 1L,7% (a) Determine the minimum normal stress (confining pressure)'
4 6330 g 14.8%
SOLUTION
(a) What is the wet maSs density for sample 4?
(b) What is the dry mass density for sample 1.? Given: rma,=70kPa;d=28; c =30kPa
(c) What is the relative compaction of sample 2?
SOLUTION
Volume, V = 1./30 ft3 = g44 cc
Mass of
soil
MC (g/, PY"'.
cc) Pa,y = pwel (1 + MC)
1. 1900 q.2% 2.01,27 1.86

2 2100 10.1.% 2,2246 2.021
3 2225 1.1,.7% 2.357 2.1.1
4 21,30 14.8% 2.256 1,965
In right triangle TEC:
/
cos r[ = 70/ R; R = 70 cos28
R = 79.28 kPa
r.rru B/ cc = kgtmt tan $ = EC/70
o* =
# = 2256
EC=70 tan28o =37,22kPa
P,rr = 1.85 B/cc= 1850 kgimi In right triangle OAF:
tan 28o = 30/ OA
QA= 56.42kPa
Relative compaction of sample 2:
Relative compaction = p,lz f paû
In right triangle OTC;
sin 28' = R/OC
P,i,n, = 2.71, g/ cc (sample 3)
OC = 79.28/ sin 28o = L68.87 klra
Relative compaction - x 100% = 95.78o/o
# AC = OC - OA = 1.68.87 - 56.42= 112.45 kPa
*
4a o ffi lt l'r;,Hi,T"F,ii?i,i,, Fundamentals of
Fundamentals of
Chapter l0 Miscellaneous
Topics & Additional Problems
Part a: Normal stress at failure plane: (c) What is the expected settlement of the clay layer
. o= AE= AC-EC=11.2.45-32,22 overconsolidated with OCR = 2'2?
o'= 75.23 kPa
Part &r Maximum normal stress (plung"r rfr"rr; SOLUTION
or = AC + R = 11.2.45 + ZS.ZS =iSt.zS Uyu Part a:
Part c; Minimum normal stress (confining stress)
' o"3 = AB = AC- R = 112.45 _79.28= 33,t7kpa /soil Vsoil = 3'200
(18.5) x t (10)'? D1= 3,20A; Dt* 2.2m
PROBLEM IO.Z7 Part b:

Weight of oil = ]ol Vol = (9.81 x 0'82) '? (i0)'z(6) = 3790'74 kN
The tank shown in Figure 70.47 has an inside diameter of 10
m and is 6 m w: = 3790.7^
high' The tank is used for storage of oil having specific gravity .r osz. in" Pressureincrease- =48'2652kPa
combiped weight of empty tank and the conciete footin! is gzoo
kN. It is -i{ (10)'
required to excavate an amount of soil such that it will comlensate
to the dead or, Pressure increase =fohoit = (9'81 x 0'82)(6) = 48'2'652kPa
weight of the tank and concrete
Part c:
po = initial effective stress at midheight of clay layer
p" = 77.2(1'4) + 18'5(3'5) = 88'83 kPa
'Lp
= Pressure increase.due to oil = 48'2652kPa "
Note;Theweightofthetankwasnolongerincludedbecause
it was com-pensated by the weight of soil excavated'
OCR = P' = 2.2; p, = 195.426 kPa
Po
No te'. pc = preconsolidation stress
pf - po+ Lp = 88'83 + 48'2652=T37'0952kPa
Since p1< p,:
AH = g-!' bg?
1,+eo " po
o'95 nuYP'= 18.1e6 mm
au = zsoo
1+0.45 " 88'83
Figure 10.47
PROBLEM I0.28
(a) Determine the required depth of footing.
The section of a retaining wall is shown in Figure 10.48. Consider 1 m length o
(b) what pressure increase in the soil is eipected when the tank is
filled wall and use Rankine's active state.
with oil?
(a) Determine the toial active lateral pressure at the bottom of the wall.
442 Fundamentals of Fundamentals of
Topics & Additional probtems
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineer:ing ,iJ:if ltX;,ffii?lx?i#l +o s
(b) Determine total active force acting o;ffi ps = 0.271(18 - 9'81)(4.5) = 9.988 kPa
(c) Determine-the location of the t6tar active force measured
from the Fs = 149.988)(4.5)(1) = 22'473 kN /r=1.5m
bottom of the wall.
Cohesion:
P =2cr,!Q,
pt= 2(5),[02?1 = 5.206 kPa
'y+
Fs = 5.206(4.5)(1) = 23,422 tctrt = 2'25 m
Water pressure
Y*t': 18 kN/fni ps= 9.81(4.5) = 44|l'45kPa
0,= 351 r: Fq=1/z(44.145)(4'5)(1) = 99;33 kN /s = 1'5. m
c ='s'kP, r ,
Active lateral Pressure at the bottom of wall:

p = 24 + 19.512+ 9.988 - 5.206 + 44."145
P = 92,44kPa
) Part a
Total active force, Fo= h + Fz+ Fr - Fq + Fs
Total active force, Fo = 240'18 kN ) Part b
SOLUTION
r
4.5 m
Location from the bottorn:
240,18V = 54(6) + 87.804(2.2s)
+ 99.33(1.5)
* 22.473(1.5)
) Part c
'23.427(2.25)
I
V =2.713m
t- n
I
4.5 m Lt-l
t_ ft PROBLEM I0.29
I U Classify the following soils by using the unified soil Classification system'
Qz p:
Qq (a) What is the classification of soil A?
Soil pressure Cohesion
(a) What is the classification of soil B?
For the upper soil layer:
(a) What is the classification of soil C?
For the lower soil layer:
,. - sin
K-=- ""'""
30o 1.
=l 1Ji"3Y Sieve analysis, % finer Liquid Plastic
1 +sin30o r
6,= =0.271. Soil Cu C,
l+sm35" No.4 No.200 limit limit
A 95 7A 48 24
Soil pressure: 15 42 32 16 4.8 2.9
B
P = Kolh C 60 4 39 8 3.2 4.2
fi = (7 / 3)76(4.5) = 24 yru.
h = 1/z(24)(4.s)(1) = 5a Pry yt=4.5+1.5=6m SOLUTION
pz= 0.277(16)(4,5) = 19.512 kpa Using Table 2.01 in Page 59:
lz *
Fz = 79.512(4.5X1) = 82.804 kN 2,25 m
Soil A: %finer than No' 200 = 7'Oo/o > 507o (Fine-grained soil)
Chapter l0 - Fundamentals of
404
Miscellaneous Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering ,S:iflt:;,Yf?lxl[Ti +os
Topics & Additional Problems Geotechnical Engineering
LL * 48 < 50% (Silts and Clays, ML, CL, or OL) Soil C:
PI=LL-PL=48-21=24 % Passing No. 200 = 4 < 50 (Coarse-grained soil)
% Passing No. 4 = 60% (Sands)
From plasticity chart, since the point plot a.bove A-line, Since there is less than 5% fines, the soil is either SW or SP'
the soil is CL Since C, < 6, the soil is SP
PLASTICITY CHART
g PROBLEM IO.3O
:50
E A footing rest in a layer of sand 6 m thick. The bottom of the footing is 1.5 m
i*o
u,
below the ground surface. Beneath the sand layer is a 4 m thick clay layer.
ai
ABo undemeath the clay layer is solid rock. water table is at a depth of 4.5 m
P20
ts
below the ground surface. See Figure 10.49. Assume that the Pressure beneath
the footing is spread at an angle of 2 vertical to t horizor\tal. Assume OCR = 1.
0
<10
d
(a) what is the vertical effective stress at the midheight of the clay layer?
LrourD LrHrT (LL) (%l
(a) what is the average pressure increase in the clay layer due to the load
on footing? Use SimPson's rule.
CL ) Inorganic; LL < 50; PI > 7; Atterberg limits pldt on or above A-line (a) Determin-e the settlement in mm beneath the footing.
ML ) lnorganic; LL < 50; PI < 4 or Atterberg limits plot below A-line
OL ) Organic; (LL - ovendried)/(tt - not dried) < 0.75; LL < 50
CH ) Inorganic; LL>Sl;AtterberglimitsplotonoraboveA-line
MH ) Inorganic; LL>-50; Atterberg limits plot below A-line
OH ) Organic; (LL - ovendried)/(Ll - not dried) < 0,75; tL > 50
CL * ML ) Inorganic, Atterberg limits plot in the hatched zone
Soil B:
%finer than No. 200;22% < 50% (Coarse-grained soil) Dry sand
ta = 14.8 kN/m3
Since there is more than127, fines, the soil is either GM or GC. Groundwater table
_________.,g -
1.5 m
PI=LL-PL=32-"16=76>7 Yot = 18.5 kN/m3
The point plots above A-line

CLAY:1=19kNim3
Therefore the soil tt e = 1.2; LL = 40olo
[5.,r"rHARr
60
>r
=s0
L. dr{ Figure'10.49
fr*o
o , ALINL,:
330 /Pt,o.tuw.2o', .l
ts CL Mt OH
uzu SOLUTION
tr
u
<10
c
Part a: p,- (19 = 9.81)(2) + (18.5 - 9.81X1'5) + 14'8(4.5)
t'rr-opr
po = 98.015 kPa
"0 io 20 30 {0 50 fio 7s 80 g0 100
LmulD LrrlI {LLt {?|l
Chapter l0 - Fundamentals of
406
Miscellaneous
Topics & Addirional Problems
Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering
lndex
A-
Partb: 3p,."= * -4APr,+Ap,
,
At any vertical distance ft
from the base of footing: AASHTO classification system, 64 Consolidation
. b=3+(7/2h)xl=i+11
d = 7.5 + (1/ 2h) x ) = r.g + 11
T-
i
\t
f7,'
,Vi
AASHTO Fonnula, 335
Active earth pressure cqefficient, 243,
coefficient ofl, 198
degree of, lg7
At,=(3+h)(-1.5+h) 245,248 time of, 198
Abtivity of clay, 7 Constant-head test, 86
1,100
Lp= i Adhesion, 340 Continuity, 92
(3+h)(1.5+h) Allowable bearing caPacitY, 297 Correction factor,299
gross, 291 Coulornb's theory,247
At top of clay, (lt = 4.5): net,291 Critical hydraulic graclient, 4
Alpha a method, 338 Culmannls method, 351
1,100 Cup method,9
Lp.. = = 24.44kPa Angle of internal friction, 219
(3+a.5)(1.5+4.5) Cuts, 343
At midheight of clay, (h = 6.5) Base circle, 356

Bearing capacity of soils, 285,287 Danish formula, 337
1,100 Darcy's law, 85
4P,,, = ='14.47 kPa allowable bearin;; caPacitY, 291
(3+6.5)(1.5+6.5) Beta B method, 339 Degree of consolidation, 197
Bishop simplified rnethod, 361 Degree of saturation, 3
Boussinesq equations, 165 Density
At bottom of clay, (ft = 8.5) water, I
Box shoring, 343
1,100 Depth factor, 295,298
Lpu, = = 9.57 kPa Braced cuts,343
(3+8.5)(1.5+8.s) in medium clay,347 Developed angle of friction,292
in santl,345 Dcvelopcd cohesion, 291
in soft ctay, 346 Direct shear tesl,226
24.44+4(14.47)+9.57 Dolomite,5
'5 = ^ry:llrv:lyz
Apo,"
6
in stiff clay, 345
reaction of,347 Drained triaxial test, 224
Lpou" = 15.315 kPa Bulk unit weight, 3 Dredge line,343
Buoyant unit weight, 4 Drop hammer, 336
Burland formula, 340 Dry unit weight, 4
Part r:
C. = 0.009(LL -10) = 0.27
tH=H C, nrL Calcite, 5 Earth pressure At rest.244

Effective size,61
1+en " pu Capillary rise, 135
Effective stress, 131
Casagrande, 89
nH = qool-I
o'27 98.015 + 15.315 Close sheeting, 343 Engineer news record, 33(l
los Equipotential line, 95
+7.2 98.015 Coefficient of curvature, 62
Coefficient of gradation, 62 Eytelwein forrnula, 335
All = 30.95 mm
Coefficient of permeabilitY, 85
Cohesion, 219, 340
Compression index, 193 Factors of safety, 254,291,34s
secondary, 195 Fall,348
Compressibiliry coefficient of, 198 Fall cone method, 8
Consistency,6 Falling-head test, 87
index, 12 Flexible strip load, 167
Flow curve, 10
lndex Fundamentals of
Fundamentals of
Geptechnical Engineerin g
lndex iii
Flow intlcx, I0 Nagaraj, 194 Remolded clay, 194 Strut, 344
Fiow line. 9(.> Nary-McKay fornrr.rla, 335 Rendon, 194 Submerged unit weight, 4
I'low nrts, 95 Neutral stress, 131 Surcharge, 252,257
Footing, 285 Newnrark, 174 Retaining wall,249 Swell index, 194
types of, 286 Nishida,.194 Root time method, 198
Foundation, 285 Normally consoliclated, 192
Friction skin, 3J8
Taylor chart, 357
Saturated unit weight, 4 Textural classification, 55
One-point method, li Samarasinhe, 90 'Ierzaghi's bearing capacity equation,
Cencr:rl bealing c.:rp:rcity cquation, 294 One-way. i96 Seiondary compression inclex, 195 289
Genelal shear failure, 287, ZBg Orthoclase, 5 Scepage velocity, 85 Time factor, 197
Group inclex, 64 Overburden pressure, 285 Tirre ratb of consolidation, 196
Settlement, 191
Cvp.surn, 5 Ovcrconsolidated, 193 immediate, 191,198 Toe circle, 354
Oveiconsolidation pressure, 193 overconsolidated, 193 Toral stress, 131
Overconsolidation ratio (OCR), 193 primary consolidation, 191 Triaxial test, 222
Hanscn bcaring capaciry equation, 296
normally consolidated, 192 Tschebotarioff, 345
I Ianz.cn lolmr-ill, 89
secondary consolidation, 191, 194 Two-dimensiona{ flow, 95
Herreo, 194 Particle size distribr"rtion curve, 60 rota[, 200 Two-way drainage, 196
Hyclraulic concluctivity, 85, 89 Passive earth pressure coefficient, 243, Shape factor, 295,297
on stratifled soil, 90 245,249 Shear strength, 219
Hyclrar-rlic graclient, 85, 88 Peck's pres.sure cliagram, 345, 346 Shrinkage index, 7 Ultimate bearing capacity, 2ti8
Lrntediate settlement, 198 Permeability coefficient of, 85 Shrinkage limit, 6, 11 Unconfined compression test, 225
Inclination factor, 296; 297 I,ile, 335 Shrinkage ratio, l2 Undisturbed clay,194
I nllrrcncr- cltart, 77 4
AASHTO formula, 335 Sieve analysis, 60 Undrained triaxial test, 224
Influencc valuc, 174 Danish formula, 337 Skempton, 193 Uniformity coefficient, 62
Intcrgranular stress, 13i Engineer news record, 336 Slices method of ,354,360 Unit weight
Is()tropic soil. 96 Eytelwein fornrula, 335 Slide, 348 buoyant, 4
Nary-McKay formr,rla, 335 Slip plane, 352 dry,4
settlement of ,342 Slope circle, 354 saturated, 4
Kaolinite, 5 tensile capacity of, J4? soil mass, 3
Slope stabiliry, 348
Kozc.ny-Carntan equation, 90 tlreorerical crprrcity of, 338 infinite slope,349 sul>merged, 4
Pile group capacity of ,341 finite slope, 351 water; 1
efliciency ,>f , 342 circular lailure, 354 Upright, 344
Lateral ealth pressr-rre, 241 Plastic lirnit, 6 Soil creep, 348 USCS classificetion, 56
Line-load, 166 Plasticity cl.rart, 60 Soil indices, 7 USDA classification, 55
Liquid limir, 6 Plasticity inclex, 7 Sorting coefficient, 62
Liquiditv index, 7, 12 I']oinrload, 165 Specific gravity
Local shear failurc, 287,290 Poi.s.son'srario, 166 of solids, 12 Vesic, 296
Log tirne rnerhod, 198 Pore watcl pressure, 1Jl of substance, 2 Void ratio, 2
Porosity, 2 Spoil, 343
Preconsolidation pressure, 193 Stability number, 352
Magnetitc, 5 Pressure clistribution, 256 Standard penetration (SI,T), 299 Vale,344
Mirss proceclurc,354 Pr"rnching shear faih"rre, 288 Steam hammer,336 \trater content, .9ee moisture content
Meyerhol s cquurion. 29,r
QLranz, 5 Stresses in soil \X/ells, 93
Molu-Coulomb fuilure crireria, 219 effective, 131 artesian, 95
Moisture content, 3 gravity, 94
neutra[, 131
Mud flow, 34fl Rankine's theory,245 total, 131
Nludline, 343 Relative density of granqlar soits, 5 with seepage, 133
Murty, 194 Ram, 337 without seepage, 131
lndex Fundarnentals of

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Fundarnentals of

DIEGo INocENcIo q,orrEseNn

BSCE, LIT - Magn a Cum Laude

Sth Place, PICE National Students'Quiz, 1989

Awardee, Most Outstanding Student, 1989

3rd Place, CE BoardNovember 1 989

Review Director & Reviewer in all Subjects

I E*U"-"; i t"- '

The cardinal objective of this book is to facilitate preparation

Tomy mother lluminada,

Illustrative Problems ."..."''"""""1" """""176 tol90

Chapter 06 - Compressibility of Soil (191 - 2L8)

Consolidation Settlement of Normally """" 192

Illustrative Problems Chapter 09 - Bearing Capacity of Soils ('*t ]..l'nlru,

""""" 307 to 334

' 'opics and

I.2 DENSITYAND UNITWEIGHT OF WATER

Unit weigh t f water, T. = 9.81. kN/ma

1,4.4 WATER CONTENTOR MOISTURE CONTENT, MC OR W

MCar*= wu' xlao% Eq. 1.11

Total weight of soil, W = W, + lA1,

GxMC=Sxe Eq. 1.13

t.4.2 POROStfi, n G+Se

Iror saturated soils, S = L, Vu= V*

Mineral Specific Gravity

D,= 'mar ' ,rOO Eq. 1.31

Shrinkage SI=PL-SL Shrinkage potential

tvhcrc p = percent of soil finer than 0.002 mm (clay size)

Very loose 0-15

I.I O DESCRIPTION OF SOIL EASEP QN LIOUIDIry INDFX

as the water content on the liquid state line corresponding to a penetration of

I.I3 CUP METHOD TO DETERMINE LIOUID.LIMIT

Figure 0'1.3 - Fall cone apparatus

Figure 01.5 - Liquid limit device and grooving tool

o <r=ffi1-ffiz -vl-vznru) Eq. 1.36

Consistency index, C, = PROBLEM OI.2

PROBLEM 0t.8 (CE NOVEMBER 1999'

,r, = 21 *?.7(0.71) 62.+1

, PROBLEM O r. t 9 (CE MAY 2OOO|

PROBLEM O t.ZO Actual S = 95%:

'l^= -=-'lw G+Se

." I Smtrt JL Fqqu^r

PROBLEM 0t.23 (CE NOVEMBER 20OOl 1.6.5=

Second soil: tu*'=ffl

PROBLEM 0r.28 (CE NOVEMBER 2OOr) wc= ryrl

SOLUTION b) Void ratio;

SOLUTION a) Density of the in-situ soil

c) What is the effective unit weight of the soil in kN/mr. J*

7g.4g=''''"g.8r, T. = 9.81 x 1.898 = 18.62 kN/ms

PROBLEM 01.33 (CE MAY 2003'

t1 = 0.5481 = 54.81a/o 0.38

PnoBLEM O r.4O (CE MAY 2OO'r I

f a,v = 114'04 Pcf

d) Determine the shrinkage ratio r - srl

G =7.2236(1+e) Water content (%) 52.5 47.1 42.3 38,6 37.5

G+e a) What is the liquid limit of this clay?

E45 Natural vvater

Liquidity index, ,r- MCr-PL b4s

Plastic Limit Natural water

b45 ) liil vvergnl ot vvater, o

o weight of Dry soil, g

Number of blows - logarithmic scale zo 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1oo

Number of blows - logarithmic scale