EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

Solar Irradiance Measurements, Electrical Characteristics of Solar PV

Panel and Solar Charge Controller Experiment: A Laboratory Report
Lincoln A. Azupardo1
2019-22553
MS Energy Engineering
1 University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City

Abstract
The experiment studies the effect of solar irradiance and shadowing to the solar photovoltaic panel. The
advantage of utilizing Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) over other solar charge controller were
also compared. Power and current output of the solar panel varies linearly with irradiance. Bypass diodes
minimize the effect of the shadowing or shading of the solar panel.

A. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy through solar photovoltaic cells are one of the cleanest source of renewable energy. Although, the world
still heavily relies on fossil fuel or coal, solar energy is becoming more and more popular that some houses invests on these
solar panels. Aside from being environment friendly, it also helps in household energy savings.
Solar photovoltaic cells, or PV cells are made using silicon crystalline wafers which are similar to the wafers used to
make computer processors. The silicon wafers can be either polycrystalline or monocrystalline and are produced using
several different manufacturing methods (Svarc, 2019). These PV cells convert sunlight directly into DC electrical energy.
The solar panel houses a small protective device called bypass diodes which prevents the reversal of current caused by
shading or dirt accumulated on the panel.
Important factors like type of solar panel, shade, temperature, lifetime & maintenance are some variables that influence
the efficiency of the panels. The standard solar panel has an input rate of around 1000 Watts per square meter, and the
majority of solar panels available have around 15-20%. (Catlow, 2020). This tells us that given a square meter of panel, it
can only efficiently convert 150-200W of output electricity.
This experiment serves as presentation of the findings or some factors that we need to consider when we’ve finally
decided to explore the possibility of using the solar photovoltaic cells.

B. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

The materials needed in this experiment are the pyranometer, solar PVs, electrical load (Eload), analog/ digital
multimeter, wires or cables, board to cover cells, thermal scanner, charge controller (MPPT & PWM), lighting load, circuit
breakers, 12V lead acid battery, load (12V light bulb), pliers, screwdrivers and cutters
Solar Irradiance Measurements and Electrical Characteristics of Solar PV Panel
1. Place the pyranometer on a horizontal level. Connect the cables to the data logger
2. Place the solar panel under a sunny day. Then, connect the corresponding terminals of the solar panel to
the Eload.
3. Turn the Eload on. After the self-test, press V-set twice to set to voltage function. Then, enter “0.1” on
the number keypad. Press Enter. Press the UP arrow to verify “V: 0.1”. If not, press the V-set once and
re-enter the voltage.
4. Prepare a table to record the reading of the pyranometer, voltage (V) and current reading (A) of the
Eload on the same row entry.
5. Start recording the data from the initial voltage of 0.1 V, then continue until the maximum voltage output
of the panel is reached (20V for the given single module setup). Press V-set to enter the next desired
voltage. Remember to keep increment to 1V or to a value suitable for each setup.
6. Take the temperature of the solar panel using a thermal scanner.
EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

7. Repeat the experiment for the following setup:

a. Three different intensity/ level of irradiance
b. Two Panels in series connection
c. Two Panels in parallel connection
d. Shadowing single cell
e. Shadowing two cells in the same group/ string
f. Shadowing two cells in different groups/ string
g. Shadowing one row
h. Shadowing one column (optional, not made on this experiment)
8. Prepare and plot the graph for the current and power curve vs the voltage reading
Solar Charge Controller Experiment
1. Connect the PV cells, charge controller, load (light bulb), battery and circuit breakers similar to below.

Diagram for PV module, Charge

controller, Load & Battery

2. Fill in the following table:

a. With all breakers off
b. With battery breaker on (with load & PV off)
c. With battery & PV breaker on (with load off)
d. Five (5) minutes after setup c.
Battery Module Load
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Expected voltage
Measured voltage
Expected current
Measured current
3. Fill the table with battery, PV and load on
Voltage Current Power (W)
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Load
Battery
PV
4. Fill the table with PV breaker off to simulate nighttime
Voltage Current Power (W)
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Load
Battery
5. Discuss the observations when using an MPPT charge controller and regular non-MPPT charge controller.
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experiment is made in two consecutive class session between 0900H to 1200H. The first was on March 2 and the
second was on March 9, 2020 which was a fine sunny day with partly cloudy sky. Data were recorded by two separate
groups alternately for every setup.

Solar Irradiance Measurements and Electrical Characteristics of Solar PV Panel

I. Current vs Voltage (I-V) and Power vs Voltage (P-V) Curves at different irradiance
a.) Short circuit occurs when the flow of electrons pass through a path with very low resistance or approximately equal
to zero. Usually this happens at fault or abnormal condition. Short Circuit Current, Isc can be seen at the start of the
current curve, when load voltage is at approximately zero value. By Ohm’s Law, minimal voltage drop between the
load signifies less resistance and less resistance means less current flowing. We can see from the start of the current
curve at figure 1 that Isc is approximately at 4.43A. For figure 2, Isc lies at 4.718A. Lastly for figure 3, Isc is at 5.098A.

b.) Open circuit voltage, Voc is the voltage across the solar panel during no load condition. It can be found on the curve
where there is no current flowing to the load. It is the voltage found on the end/last part of the current curve.
Approximately the current from the current curve for all data sets from figure 1, 2 & 3 approaches zero at 20V. It can
be noted that since irradiance and other condition varies for the three sets of data, Voc may vary a little from 19.72V,
19.61V & 19.42V, respectively.

c.) Based from the data gathered and the graph, maximum power, Pmp ranges from 56W to 60W. The peak of the power
curve is where Pmp lies. This range can be said the optimal range where panel is at its most efficiency since it delivers
the highest power.

d.) The currents at maximum power range are 4.006A, 4.215A and 4.261A respectively.

e.) The voltage at maximum power is approximately equal to 14V. This data is a relevant factor, since this load voltage
can be varied to have the optimum power. This can help on whether what voltage range, the load can operate to be
very efficient.

Fig.1 - Current & Power Curve at 751-755W/m2 Irradiance

6 Isc Pmp 60
Power (Watts)
Current,I (Amp)

4 •• • 40

Imp
2 20
0 • • 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V) Vmp Voc

Current Curve Power Curve

Fig.2 - Current & Power Curve at 797-812W/m2 Irradiance

6 Isc Pmp 60
•
Power (Watts)
Current,I (Amp)

4 • • 40
2
Imp 20
0 • • 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V) Vmp Voc

Current Curve Power Curve

 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

Fig.3 - Current & Power Curve at 846-854W/m2 Irradiance

Isc Pmp
6 60
•

Power (Watts)
Current,I (Amp)

4
• • 40
Imp
2 20

0 • • 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V) Vmp Voc

Current Curve Power Curve

II. Short Circuit Current, Isc vs. Irradiance

From the data from the Tables 1, 2 & 3 (see Appendix), the graph of short circuit current and irradiance curve can be
plotted accordingly in Figure 3-1. The plot can be seen noticeably linear on the three curves except that of the curve for the
Vmp at 14V. Possible source of discrepancy maybe due to human error, since data were recorded manually. Previous study
suggests that relationship between irradiance and current is a linear function, therefore these actually validates the experiment.

Figure 3-1. Irradiance vs Current Curve

5.30
5.10
Current, I (Amp)

4.90
4.70
4.50
4.30
4.10
3.90
740 760 780 800 820 840 860
Irradiance, G (W/m2)

0.1 5 10 14 (Vmp)

III. Maximum Power, Pmp vs. Irradiance

In Figure 3-2, it also follows that power and irradiance is also a linear relationship. Using the formula for power P=VI,
if voltage is kept constant then any increase/decrease made in the current will result in the same ratio of increase/decrease for
power and vice versa.

Figure 3-2.Irradiance vs Power Curve

60
Power (Watts)

50
40
30
20
10
0
740 760 780 800 820 840 860
Irradiance, G (W/m2)

0.1 5 10 14 (Vmp)
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

IV. Solar Modules in Series and Parallel Operation

Connecting solar modules in series increases voltage capacity for the load. From the usual output of 20Voc for single
solar module/panel, the voltage available doubled to 40Voc by connecting two panels in series. In terms of maximum power
Pmp output, more or less it is also doubled. The current remains almost similar to that of the value during single module
operation. (see Figure 4)

Fig. 4 - Current & Power Curve at 899-950W/m2

Irradiance with Two Series Connected Solar panels
6 150
Current,I (Amp)

Power (Watts)
4 100

2 50

0 0
0 10 20 30 40
Voltage (V)

Current Curve Power Curve

During parallel operation of two solar modules, current capacity for the load is doubled instead unlike when it is in series
operation where the voltage is doubled. From the usual short circuit Isc output of 5.3A, the Isc increased to 10.3A. Voltage
output for the setup remains similar with the single module operation. Since current is doubled for this configuration, maximum
power Pmp also doubled in comparison to the single module operation. (see Figure 5)

Fig. 5 - Current & Power Curve at 892-929W/m2

Irradiance with Two Parallel Connected Solar
panels
15 150
Power (Watts)
Current,I (Amp)

10 100
5 50
0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage (V)

Current Curve Power Curve

Solar Panels Connected in Solar Panels Connected in

Series Connection Parallel Connection
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

V. Bypass Diodes and Shadowing Conditions

Fig. 6 - Current & Power Curve at 867-884W/m2 Irradiance

with One Cell Shadowed

6 25
20

Current,I (Amp)

Power (Watts)
4
15
10
2
5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Voltage (V)
Solar Panel with One Cell
shadowed Current Curve

With one cell shadowed, the effect of having non-uniform sunlight on the panel is simulated. On the load current and
power curve on Fig.6, almost no current flowed to the load starting at the 10V mark. We can say that shadowing reduces the
operation of the solar panel since it is almost half of the curve where no current flowed to the load The bypass diode has the
critical role of protecting the photovoltaic module by eliminating the hot-spot phenomena which can damage the cells and even
cause fire.

Fig. 7 - Current & Power Curve at 520-898W/m2

Irradiance with Two Cell in same group shadowed
6 25
Current,I (Amp)

Power (Watts)
20
4
15
10
2
5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Voltage (V)
Solar Panel with Two Cell
shadowed Current Curve Power Curve

Having two cell shadowed on the panel, Figure 7 shows almost similar curve compared to when only one cell is
shadowed as in Figure 6. Almost no current flowed to the load at the start of the 10V mark.

Fig. 8 - Current & Power Curve at 925-947W/m2

Irradiance with Two Cell in different group shadowed
4 4
Current,I (Amp)

Power (Watts)

3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V)
Solar Panel with Two Ungroup
Cell shadowed
Current Curve Power Curve
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

In Figure 8, the effects of shadowing two cells belonging to different group is presented. Looking at the graph,
almost no current flowed to the load despite the varying voltage applied.
Similar to Figure 8, shadowing the bottom row of the panel/ modules has the same effect on its output as can be
seen on Figure 9.

Fig. 9 - Current & Power Curve at 933-976W/m2

Irradiance with the Bottom row of Cell shadowed

4 4

Power (Watts)
Current,I (Amp)
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage (V)

Solar Panel with Bottom Current Curve Power Curve

Row Shadowed

The result of the experiment, shadowing/ shading had a great effect in the output power of the PV cells. Bypass diodes
are important piece when it comes to protecting the solar module and minimizing the effects of shading. It provides an alternate
route for current to flow. Without the bypass diode, it will result to hotspots on shaded cells which may eventually result to fire
or damage of cells.

Maximum Power Point Tracker vs a non-MPPT tracker

Battery Module Load Battery Module Load
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Expected voltage 12 12 19.8 19.8 0 0 Expected voltage 12 12 19.8 19.8 0 0
Measured voltage 11.7 12.3 20.5 19.9 0 0 Measured voltage 11.8 12.3 20.4 19.9 0 0.5-1.5
Expected current 0 0 0 0 0 0 Expected current 0 0 0 0 0 0
Measured current 0 0 0 0 0 0 Measured current 0 0 0 0 0 0
Power Computed 0 0 0 0 0 0 Power Computed 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 10. Voltage & Current with all the breakers off Table 11. Voltage & Current with battery breaker on (load off)
Battery Module Load Battery Module Load
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Expected voltage 12 12 19.8 19.8 0 0 Expected voltage 12 12 19.8 19.8 0 0
Measured voltage 13.2 12.3 14 15.7 0 0.5-1.8 Measured voltage 13.2 12.8 14.5 15.3 0 0
Expected current 5 5 5 5 0 0 Expected current 5 5 5 5 0 0
Measured current 4.9 4.3 4.9 4.2 0 0 Measured current 4.5 3.8 4.5 3.3 0 0
Power Computed 64.68 52.89 68.6 65.94 0 0 Power Computed 59.4 48.64 65.25 50.49 0 0

Table 12. Voltage and Current with PV&battery breaker on Table 13. Voltage and Current with PV&battery breaker on (after 5min.)
Voltage Current Power (W)
Voltage Current Power (W)
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Load 13.8 13.7 1.4 1.4 19.32 19.18
PWM MPPT PWM MPPT PWM MPPT
Battery 13.2 13.3 3.5 3 46.2 39.9 Load 11.9 12.1 1.6 1.7 19.04 20.57
PV 14 15.5 4.8 4.4 67.2 68.2 Battery 12.3 12.4 1.7 1.7 20.91 21.08
Table 14. Voltage and Current with load (all breakers) turned on Table 15. Voltage and Current with PV breaker off (simulate night-time)
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

With all breakers off, no current flowed to the battery, the module
and the load. Only slight voltage difference was observed which may be
due to difference on the time when we gathered the data. More or less,
measured voltage did not went far from the expected 12V battery and 20V
module (see Table 10). In Table 11, it shows almost the same results with
Table 10 except that a minimal voltage appeared on the load for the MPPT
setup after turning on the battery breaker.
In Table 12, turning on the breaker for the PV module started the
flow of current. By turning on the module, the battery which was
previously discharged enters its charging state. The measured voltage rose above the usual voltage for the battery which is just
12V. This is the case when charging a battery. It would require a voltage above its operating capacity to move back the electrons
that were lost during its use. The PV voltage which is 14V is nearer the battery voltage of 13.2V using the PWM (pulse width
modulation) setup than the MPPT (maximum power point tracking). The battery current is measured at 4.9A which is similar
to the module current for the PWM setup and the MPPT almost had the same value at 4.3A battery current and 4.2A PV current.
Comparing between PWM and MPPT, PWM surprisingly showed an output power larger than the MPPT controller.
In Table 13, after 5 minutes the power and current decreased noticeably compared to Table 12 which is expected since
the battery is being charged and nears fully charged.
In Table 14, when the load was turned on current flowed to the load. Since energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, we can compute for efficiency

efficiency = output power x 100% = Pload + Pbattery x 100%

input power Ppv
For the PWM: For the MPPT:
efficiency PWM = 19.32W + 46.2W x 100% = 97.50% efficiency MPPT = 19.18W + 39.9W x 100% = 86.63%
67.2W 68.2W
The load gets power from the PV cells since solar charge controllers powers the load as the top priority before feeding
excess power to the batteries. Looking at the results of computation, the PWM charge controller is more efficient than the
MPPT charge controller, opposite to what most literatures/studies suggest. The results were recorded and analyse to know
possible improvements of the experiment.
To simulate night-time, breaker for the PV was turned off and parameters were recorded in Table 15. Since the battery
is the only source of power, the voltage is always greater in the battery than the load as can be seen on the data. There is a slight
power loss from the supplied power of the battery. For the PWM, power loss is 1.87W or 8.94%, while for the MPPT it is
0.51W or 2.42% of the battery power. In this setup MPPT is more efficient than the PWM, unlike the previous setup where it
is the opposite.
Energy = Power * time = Wattage of bulb * time = 12W * 1hour = 12W-hr / 43,200 Joules

D. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

For the given photovoltaic panel, voltage at maximum power, Vmp lies at 14V and the current at maximum power,
Imp approximately lies between 4A to 5A. The current as well as power varies linearly with the irradiance. By connecting
the solar panel in series, we can increase the voltage output capacity of the system. While if we want to increase the current
output capacity, we can connect the panels in parallel.
Bypass diode in solar panels plays an important role in minimizing the effects of shadowing/ shading on the modules.
It creates an alternate route for current to flow. The more bypass diode present on strings on the solar panel, the more that
we can prevent the effects of shadowing/ shading.
In improving the efficiency of the solar panel, MPPT is a newer technology for solar charge controller application.
The Maximum Power Point Tracking feature enables the input power to be equal to its output power. Although, quite not
shown under this experiment, most related literature or articles highlights the advantage of MPPT like it converts the solar
generated voltage into the optimal voltage so as to provide the maximum charging current to the battery.
This experiment is still subject for revalidation especially when it comes to the effectiveness of the MPPT device.
Most of the data gathered favors the PWM type of charge controller.
EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

References
Svarc, J. (2019). Solar Panel Construction. Retrieved from Clean Energy Reviews (CER)
https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/solar-panel-components-construction

Catlow, A. (2020). How Much Electricity Can I Generate with Solar Panels? Retrieved from theecoexperts
https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-panels/how-much-electricity

Pop, L. (2020). The Definitive Guide to Solar Charge Controllers: MPPT and PWM Charge Controllers in Off-Grid
Solar Power Systems Retrieved from the Solarpanelsvenue
https://solarpanelsvenue.com/mppt-and-pwm-charge-controllers-in-off-grid-solar-power-systems
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

Appendix
Tables for Graphs
Table 1. First Data Set Table 2. Second Data Set
Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance (G) Power (W) Temperature Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance (G) Power (W) Temperature
OPEN CKT. 19.72 0 750.00 0 61 OPEN CKT. 19.61 0 0 62
0.1 4.43 751.00 0.443 0.1 4.718 797.00 0.4718
1 4.435 751.00 4.435 1 4.695 797.00 4.695
2 4.441 751.00 8.882 2 4.679 792.00 9.358
3 4.432 751.00 13.296 3 4.697 791.00 14.091
4 4.395 751.00 17.58 4 4.676 794.00 18.704
5 4.353 751.00 21.765 5 4.645 796.00 23.225
6 4.357 751.00 26.142 6 4.633 797.00 27.798
7 4.343 752.00 30.401 7 4.653 800.00 32.571
8 4.339 752.00 34.712 8 4.65 804.00 37.2
9 4.33 753.00 38.97 9 4.65 809.00 41.85
10 4.305 753.00 43.05 10 4.654 811.00 46.54
11 4.287 753.20 47.157 11 4.637 812.60 51.007
12 4.264 753.90 51.168 12 4.62 813.70 55.44
13 4.217 754.00 54.821 13 4.5 814.00 58.5
14 4.006 755.10 56.084 14 4.215 813.70 59.01
15 3.653 754.10 54.795 15 3.785 813.60 56.775
16 3.145 752.70 50.32 16 3.232 813.10 51.712
17 2.489 752.70 42.313 17 2.52 813.00 42.84
18 1.69 753.50 30.42 18 1.677 813.00 30.186
19 0.766 753.00 14.554 19 0.712 812.30 13.528
20 0 755.00 0 20 0 811.00 0

Table 3. Third Data Set Table 4. Series Connected Solar Panels

Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance (G) Power (W) Temperature Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2) Power (W) Temperature
OPEN CKT. 19.42 0 0 63.8 OPEN CKT. 40.78
0.1 5.098 854.00 0.5098 0 920 0
1 5.092 854.30 5.092 5 5.32 928 26.6
2 5.067 852.00 10.134 10 5.213 923 52.13
3 5.001 848.00 15.003 15 5.19 922 77.85
4 4.922 847.10 19.688 20 5.13 928 102.6
25 4.94 908 123.5
5 4.918 846.00 24.59
30 4.54 908 136.2
6 4.92 849.90 29.52
31 4.28 901 132.68
7 4.911 852.40 34.377
32 4.01 901 128.32
8 4.902 852.30 39.216 33 3.7 899 122.1
9 4.883 852.20 43.947 34 3.35 903 113.9
10 4.85 851.60 48.5 35 2.99 918 104.65
11 4.819 849.00 53.009 36 2.57 927 92.52
12 4.786 847.00 57.432 37 2.09 935 77.33
13 4.584 846.00 59.592 38 1.58 938 60.04
14 4.261 847.00 59.654 39 1.033 939 40.287
15 3.779 848.80 56.685 40 0.46 943 18.4
16 3.154 850.70 50.464 40.78 0 950 0
17 2.38 851.00 40.46 41 0 0 0
18 1.483 850.70 26.694
19 0.485 850.80 9.215
20 0 854.30 0
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

Table 5. Parallel Connected Solar Panels Table 6. Lower left cell shadowed
Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2)
Power (W) Temperature Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2)
Power (W) Temperature
OPEN CKT. 21.09 OPEN CKT. 19.19 66.2
0.1 10.324 929 1.0324 0.1 5.03 867.00 0.503
1 10.566 927 10.566 1 5.012 872.00 5.012
2 10.567 926 21.134 2 5.02 874.00 10.04
3 10.362 929 31.086 3 5.02 875.60 15.06
4 10.342 911 41.368 4 4.988 878.70 19.952
5 10.299 909 51.495 5 4.47 880.10 22.35
6 10.303 910 61.818 6 3.656 880.90 21.936
7 10.28 909 71.96 7 2.583 881.90 18.081
8 10.202 905 81.616 8 1.327 882.70 10.616
9 10.145 902 91.305 9 0.195 884.90 1.755
10 10.053 892 100.53 10 0.173 884.50 1.73
11 10.194 906 112.134 11 0.163 883.40 1.793
12 9.959 907 119.508 12 0.157 882.30 1.884
13 9.867 910 128.271 13 0.15 883.00 1.95
14 9.567 904 133.938 14 0.143 883.00 2.002
15 9.451 910 141.765 15 0.137 881.90 2.055
16 8.602 910 137.632 16 0.132 882.30 2.112
17 7.397 909 125.749 17 0.127 882.10 2.159
18 5.849 906 105.282 18 0.122 880.50 2.196
19 4.029 914 76.551 19 0.083 881.20 1.577
20 1.86 918 37.2 20 0 882.60 0
21 0 918 0

Table 7. Two lower left cell shadowed in same group Table 8. Two middle cell shadowed in different group
Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2)
Power (W) Temperature Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2)
Power (W) Temperature
OPEN CKT. 19.15 63.5 OPEN CKT. 19.23 67.3
0.1 5.195 898.00 0.5195 0.1 0.119 925.00 0.0119
1 5.153 896.00 5.153 1 0.118 932.00 0.118
2 5.122 895.40 10.244 2 0.116 932.00 0.232
3 5.022 893.00 15.066 3 0.114 932.00 0.342
4 5.004 885.00 20.016 4 0.112 934.00 0.448
5 4.592 885.00 22.96 5 0.109 934.00 0.545
6 3.745 886.00 22.47 6 0.107 935.00 0.642
7 2.677 889.00 18.739 7 0.105 936.00 0.735
8 1.429 888.00 11.432 8 0.102 934.00 0.816
9 0.184 888.00 1.656 9 0.055 936.00 0.495
10 0.101 889.00 1.01 10 0.044 939.00 0.44
11 0.094 889.80 1.034 11 0.043 943.00 0.473
12 0.089 890.00 1.068 12 0.042 946.00 0.504
13 0.084 892.00 1.092 13 0.041 946.00 0.533
14 0.08 893.00 1.12 14 0.039 946.00 0.546
15 0.075 894.00 1.125 15 0.038 946.00 0.57
16 0.072 896.00 1.152 16 0.037 947.00 0.592
17 0.04 588.00 0.68 17 0.035 945.00 0.595
18 0.027 520.00 0.486 18 0.034 939.00 0.612
19 0 590.00 0 19 0.026 932.00 0.494
20 0 534.00 0 20 0 928.00 0
 EgyE 205 Energy Engineering Laboratory Azupardo, L.

Table 9. One row of cell shadowed

Voltage (V) Current, I (A) Irradiance, G (W/m2)
Power (W) Temperature
OPEN CKT. 18.9 64.5
0.1 0.038 938.00 0.0038
1 0.038 932.80 0.038
2 0.036 935.00 0.072
3 0.035 939.00 0.105
4 0.033 940.20 0.132
5 0.032 940.80 0.16
6 0.032 943.50 0.192
7 0.032 948.00 0.224
8 0.032 950.00 0.256
9 0.031 955.00 0.279
10 0.031 960.00 0.31
11 0.03 964.00 0.33
12 0.03 967.00 0.36
13 0.03 971.00 0.39
14 0.029 972.00 0.406
15 0.029 971.90 0.435
16 0.028 973.00 0.448
17 0.027 974.30 0.459
18 0.026 974.60 0.468
19 0 974.80 0
20 0 975.80 0