GUIDE IN MAKING THE TITLE: 22.

Symposia
- The title is formulated before the start of research work 23. Dialogue

- Must contain the subject matter, the local, the population,

and the period when the date were gathered
- Must be broad to include all aspects of the subject matter,
indicates what is expected to be found.
- Brief and concise
- “Analysis of”, “Study of”,”an investigation of” should be
avoided
- If the title is more than one line, it must be written like an
inverted pyramid, all words capital.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
1. Research corrects perceptions as well as expands them
2. Research gather information on subject or phenomena we
lack or have a little knowledge
3. Research also develops and evaluates methods that test
concepts, practice, and theories
4. Research obtain knowledge for practical purposes like
solving problems on population, explosion, drug
addiction, juvenile, delinquency, and the likes.
5. Research provides hard facts which serve as bases for
planning, decision- making, project implementation
monitoring and evaluation.
Specific Purpose and Goals of knowledge
1. To discover new facts about known phenomena
2. To find answers to problems which are only partially
solved by existing methods and information
3. To improve existing techniques and develop new
instruments or products
4. To provide basis for decision- making business,
government, industry, education and in other undertaking
5. Discover pathways of knowledge of action of known
substance
6. To order related
7. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity
8. To find answers to queries
9. To acquire better and deeper understanding
10. To expand or verify existing knowledge
11. To improve educational practices for raising the quality
of school products
12. To promote health and prolong life
13. To provide man with more of his basic needs more and
better food, clothing, and shelter
14. To make work, travel, and communication faster, easier
and more comfortable
GOOD RESEARCH
- Research gathers new knowledge or data from primary or
first-hand sources.
- Research is expert, systematic and accurate investigation
- Research is logical and objective, applying every possible
test to verify the data collected and procedure employed
- Research endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms,
if possible, and express them as numerical measures
- Research is carefully recorded and reported.
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
1. There is no known answer or solution to it such that a gap
in knowledge exist?
24. There are possible solutions the effectivity of which is
untested or unknown yet.
25. There are answers or solutions the possible result of
which may seen or may be factuality contradicting.
26. There are several possible and plausible explanations for
the undesirable condition
27. When the existence of phenomenon requires explanation .
Elements of the research problem
1. Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation.
(Answers “Why ”)
28. The subject matter or topic to be investigated (Answers
“What”)
29. The place or locale where the research is conducted
(Answers “Where ”)
30. He period or time of the study during which the date are
to be gathered (Answers “When ”)
31. Population or universe from whom the data are to be
collected (Answers “Who or to whom”)

Sources of research problem

1. Journal books
15. Thesis or dissertions
16. Mass media
17. Radio
18. Television
19. Movies
20. Newspaper
21. Magazine

TYPES OF RESEARCH
General classification of research:
1. Pure research or theoretical
- also known as basic research
- Discover basic truth and principles
- Add to the body of scientific knowledge
- Knowledge without any particular thought as to immediate
practical utility.
- Conducted fir the sake of knowing, Its main objective is to
test or arrive at theory with the ultimate goal.
2. Applied or Practical Research
- To obtain knowledge for useful ends
- Not just to obtain knowledge but to use knowledge to solve
certain difficulties or discomfort to improve.
- The prevailing condition which, its present state may be
satisfactory but which has still room or possibility for
improvement.
- Involves seeking new application of scientific knowledge
to the solution of the problem.
Action research - decision oriented research involving
application of the steps of scientific method in response to an
immediate need to improve existing practices.
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
A. According to PURPOSE
1. Predictive or prognostic- has the purpose of
determining the future operations of the variables
under investigation.
2. Directive Research - done based on the findings to
remedy unsatisfactory conditions if there is
any.determines what should be done based on
findings.
3. Illuminative research- is concerned with the
interaction of components of the variable being
investigated.
B. According to GOAL
1. Basic or pure research- is done for the development
of theories or principles.
4. Applied or practical research- is the application of
the results of pure research .
5. Exploratory research - studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation .
6. Descriptive- studies the relationship of the variable.
7. Experimental- studies the effect of the variables or
each other
C. According to THE TYPE OF ANALYSIS
1. Analytical approach- The researcher attempts to
identify and isolates the components of the
researchers situation.
8. Holistic approach- begins with the total situation,
focusing attention on the system first and its internal
relationship
D. According to SCOPE
1. Action research - This research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is
not so big. It is almost a problem solving; Can be
done in a short period of time.
E. According to CHOICE OF ANSWERS TO
PROBLEM
1. Evaluative Research- all possible courses of action
are specified and identified and the researcher tries to
find the most advantageous.
9. Developmental Research- focus is on finding or
developing a more suitable instrument or process that
has been available.
F. According to STATISTICAL CONTENT-
1. Qualitative or statistical- inferential statistics are
utilized to determine the result of the study.
10. Non Quantitative- descriptive date are gathered
rather than quantitative data.
G. According to TIME ELEMENT
1. Historical- describe what was
11. Descriptive- describe what is
12. Experimental- describe what will be
H. According to PLACE OF STUDY
1. Library research- done in the library where answers
to the specific questions or problem of the study are
available. Historical research make use of the library
as well a archeological findings.
13. Field of research- Conducted in a natural setting. No
changes are made in the environment. It is applicable
to descriptive survey and environmental method
14. Laboratory research- is conducted in artificial or
controlled condition by isolating the study in
rigorously specified and operationalised area
HINDRANCE TO SCIENCE INQUIRY
A. Traditions- this is accepting that conditions, beings,
practice and superstitions are true and are part of the daily
lives of men.
I. Authority- this is accepting without question, an opinion
about a certain subject which is given by someone who is
considered an authority on the subject.
J. Inaccurate observation- this is describing wrongly what
is usually observed.
K. Overgeneralization- This is establishing a pattern out of
a few instances,
L. Selective observation- this is persisting to believe or
observe pattern from an overgeneralization and ignoring
other pertinent others.
M. Made-up Information- making up information to
explain away confusion
N. Illogical reasoning- is attributing to some thing to
another without any logical basis
O. Ego- Involvement in understanding - this is giving an
explanations when one find himself in an unfavourable
situation.
P. Mystification- Attributing or supernatural power, the
phenomenon that cannot be understood.
Q. To err (love) is Human- This Is an attitude that admits
the fallibility if man .
R. Dogmatism- unwritten policy of certain institution and
government prohibiting the study of topics that are
believed to run counter to the established doctrine