JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617

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A novel approach of NC and DC code

acquisition in MIMO assisted DS-CDMA
wireless channel
1 2
Prof.N.Sathish Kumar and Dr.K.R.Shankar Kumar

Abstract—  This paper is a novel approach of Noncoherent (NC) and Differentially Coherent (DC)code acquisition scheme in
MIMO assisted Direct Sequence spread spectrum DS -CDMA wireless system when communicated over uncorrelated Raleigh
channel. Most of the modulation schemes try to minimize the bandwidth of the signal , but this paper presents the application of
DS-CDMA and compares the performance of full chip and half chip rate signal in four systems namely SISO and MIMO with full
chip rate and SISO and MIMO with half chip rate respectively. The simulation is done using mat lab tool box and the results
show that DC performance is superior than NC in both full chip and half chip. Also it is shown that half chip performance is
better than full chip in both DC and NC code acquisition methods.

Index Terms—  Noncoherent (NC), Differentially Coherent (DC), Direct Sequence spread spectrum (DS),CDMA,full chip , half
chip,Multiple input Multiple output(MIMO),Single input and single output(SISO).

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION
Recent research on wireless communication sys-
tems has shown that using multiple antennas at both
transmitter and receiver, provides the possibility of high-
er data rates compared to single antenna systems. The
system with multiple antennas at the transmitter and re-
ceiver is commonly referred to as multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) systems. The multiple antennas are used
to increase data rates through multiplexing or to improve
performance through diversity. This technique offers
higher capacity to wireless systems and the capacity in-
creases linearly with the number of antennas. MIMO
channel model [7] is depicted in Figure 1 with M trans-
mitter and N receiver antennas. In each use of the
MIMO channel, a vector a = (a1, a2. . . aM)T of complex Figure1 MIMO Model
numbers is sent and a vector r = (r1, r2. . . rN)T of complex
numbers is received. We assume an input-output rela- 2. DS-CDMA MODULATION:
tionship of the form A spread spectrum multiple access tech-
r = Ha + V (1) nique.This technique is one which spreads the bandwidth
of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power.
Where H is a N × M matrix representing the scatter- Spreading code is a pseudo-random (PN) code which has
ing effects of the channel called as channel matrix and V = a narrow pulse codes. In CDMA scheme [6] a locally gen-
(v1, v2, vN)T is the noise vector. Throughout, this paper H erated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be
is assumed as a random matrix with independent com- transmitted. Data for transmission is simply logically
plex Gaussian elements {hij} with mean 0 and unit va- XOR (exclusive OR) added with the faster code. The data
riance denoted as hij ~ CN (0, 1). Also V is assumed as a signal with pulse duration of Tb is XOR added with the
complex Gaussian random vector with elements vi ~ CN code signal with pulse duration of Tc. Hence ,the band-
(0, N0) and H and V are independent of each other and of width of the data signal is 1 / Tb and the bandwidth of the
the data vector a. spread spectrum signal is 1 / Tc. Since Tc is much smaller
than Tb, the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is
much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal.
———————————————— The ratio Tb / Tc is called spreading factor or processing
 Prof.N.Sathish Kumar, A.P/ECE, with Sri Ramakrishna Engineering gain[2],[3] and determines to certain extent the upper lim-
College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. it of total number of users supported simultaneously by a
 Dr.K.R.Sankar Kumar, P/ECE, with Sri Ramakrishna Engineering
College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. base station. CDMA effectively reject narrowband interfe-
rence.The figure 2 shows the amplitude spectrum before
and after spreading. 
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In DS-SS[8] the spread signal is obtained by multiplying BER  of  both  the  differentially  coherent  code  acquisition  and 
the information signal directly with a wideband PN sig- non‐coherent  code  acquisition  is  comparatively  low  in  half‐
nal. The information rate is R=1/Tb bits per sec, where chip  than  the  full‐chip.  Figure  5  and  6  shows  the  MIMO‐
Tb is one bit interval. The PN signal rate is 1/Tc ‘chips’ DSCDMA  fullf‐chip  and  half  chip    receiver  simulation  for 
per sec where Tc is one chip duration[5]. One bit interval M*N (1, 4) = 4paths using BPSK modulation.  This shows that 
occupies ( N )chips, ie the  BER  accuracy  has  been  improved  by  incorporating  the 
N=Tb/Tc (2) half‐chip version of the model proposed. 
 
 
 

Figure2: Amplitude spectrum before and after spreading.

3. MIMO-AIDED DS-CDMA:
A finite-length tapped with delay line channel model
generates the L Rayleigh-faded multi-path signals, each
are arriving with a time delay τl having a tap spacing of
one chip duration, where l = L is the number of multi-
path components. Further it is also assumed that the Ra- Figure3 SISO (full chip) –BER characteristics. 
leigh fading is sufficiently slow for the faded envelope to    
remain constant over τD chip intervals.the Neyman-  
Pearson criterion is adopted[4], which leads to a Constant  
False-Alarm Rate (CFAR).The received signal of the MI-  
MO- over the multi-path Rayleigh fading[1] channel con-
sidered may be expressed as
P R P R

 l   X k (l )  Yk (l )   X k (l ,m,n )  Yk (l ,m,n )

 
ZkDC  
m1 n 1 m1 n1

Where  
  P R 
2

4 Ec 
X k ( l )    .S k  l ,m, n   W1, k ( l ,m, n )   W3,2k ( l ,m, n )   
m 1 n 1  NI 0 P    
 

P R
Yk ( l )   W2,2k ( l ,m ,n )  W4,2k (l ,m ,n ) 
m 1 n 1 Figure 4 :SISO –Half Chip –BER characteristics  
 
th
where k = k chip’s sampling instant  
 
Sk (l ,m,n )  
=a deterministic value, which depends on
whether a signal is present or absent.  
th
.    The  probability  of  correct detection  for  the      l     path  ac‐  
cording to x = 1, is expressed as    
   
    
PDDC 
( l )   fzk ( l ) ( z | H1 ) dz ,   0
DC
   
   
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:   
  The  simulation  was  carried  out  at  the  sig‐  
nal  processing  lab  .Figure  3  and  figure  4  show  the  bit  error   
rate of the SISO and MIMO‐DSCDMA the full‐chip and half   
chip  with respect to the SINR (Ec/n0) ratio with BPSK mod‐  
ulation  .From  the  result  its  evident  that    differentially  cohe‐ Figure 5 MIMO DS‐CDMA‐Full chip‐BER characte‐
rent  code  acquisition  is  a  better  method    than  the  non‐ ristics. 1x 4 Paths. 
coherent  code  acquisition  technique.  It  also  shows  that  the 
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
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  [6] .H. Holm and M.-S. Alouini,,“Sum and difference of two square
[7] .G. E. Corazza, C. Caini, A. Vanelli-Coralli, and A. Polydoros,
[8] .D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. J. Smith, and A. Naguib,
[9] .L.Yang and L. Hanzo,,“Serial acquisition of DS-CDMA signals
Figure  6  MIMO  DS‐CDMA  Half  chip‐BER               in multipath fading mobile channels,”IEEE Trans.Veh.Tech no l.,
characteristics for 1x 4 Paths.
4 CONCLUSION
This paper discusses a novel approach of Noncoherent (NC)
and Differentially Coherent (DC)code acquisition scheme in
MIMO assisted Direct Sequence spread spectrum DS -
CDMA wireless system when communicated over uncorre-
lated Raleigh channel. It has compared the performance of
four schemes namely SISO full chip and Half Chip, and
MIMO DS CDMA full chip and halp chip.it is inferred that
 DC performance is better than NC in both half chip
and full chip code acquaisition technique.
 Half-chip performance is better option than full-
chip in both DC and NC code acquisition methods.
Hence it is concluded that the accuracy has been im-
proved by incorporating the half-chip version of the
model proposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express their sincere thanks to The Head of
the department ECE, The Principal , The Director Aca-
demics and our management Sri Ramakrishna Engineer-
ing College, coimbatore-22, TN, India for providing the
resources to carry out this research with constant support
and encouragement.
REFERENCES
[1] N.Sathish kumar and dr.K.R.Shankar Kumar ,”mean acquisi-
tion time performance analysis for DC and NC code acquation
for MIMO assited DS-CDMA wireless systems”International
journal of engineering science and technology ,ISSN no:0975-5462
vol 2(7), PP 244-3254,2010.
[2] K. Simon, J. K. Omura, R. A. Scholtz, and B. K. Levitt,,” Spread
Spectrum Communications Handbook” chapter 1.Tata McGraw-
Hill Publications , New Delhi, India,2001.
[3] B.-G. Lee and B.-H. Kim, “ Scrambling Techniques For CDMA
Communications “, chapters 3 and 4. Kluwer Academic Publish-
ers,2001.
[4] .W. Suwansantisuk and M. Z. Win,“Multipath aided rapid ac-
quisition: optimal search strategies,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,
vol. 53, no. 1,pp. 174–193.2007.
[5] .W. Suwansantisuk, M. Z. Win, and L. A. Shepp,, “On the per-
63
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1584–1594,2005.
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distribution,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 52, no.8, pp 1376,2004.
,“DSCDMA code acquisition in the presence of correlated fad-
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Author 1.
 N.Sathish  Kumar  received  his  M.E  degree    in  Ap‐
plied Electronics at  Government college of technol‐
ogy  (Autonomous)  Coimbatore  ,  affiliated  to  AN‐
NA university in June 2006.He is currently working 
as  Assistant  professor    in  the  department  of  Elec‐
tronics  and  communication  Engineering,    Sri  Ra‐
makrishna  Engineering  college,  Coimbatore  ,T.N 
and  is  serving  in  the  same  institution.  He  has  a 
teaching experience of around 11years .He has pub‐
lished 14 papers in National conference and 3 in the 
international  conference  and  3  papers  in  national 
and  international  journals.  He  has  won  ‘Two  Best 
Paper’  awards  for  his  contributions  and  one  cash 
reward  for  his  research  contribution.  He  is  a  life 
member  in  various  professional  bodies  like  IETE, 
ISTE,SSI  .For  the  welfare  of  the  student  he  has  au‐
thored  a  book  titled  “A  Course  Material  with  CD 
Rom  on  Microprocessor  and  Micro  Controller” 
Published by Sona Veristy,Salem.  
Author 2. 
Dr.K.R.Shankar Kumar  is currently work‐
ing as  a professor in ECE department at Sri Rama‐
krishna  Engineering  College,  Coimbatore‐22.He 
completed  his  masters  programme  from  Madras 
University  in  the  year  2000.He  completed  his  Ph.D 
programme  in  multiuser  CDMA  technology,from 
Indian  Institute  of  Science  ,Bangalore,India  in  the 
year  2004.His  research  interests  includes  future 
broad  band  wireless  Communication  systems,  MI‐
MO‐OFDM,  CDMA  technologies,Advanced  Signal 
processing for Communication systems.He has five 
years  of  teaching  and  research  experience.  He  is 
currently  the  research  coordinator  for  the  insti‐
tute.He has published 14 research papers in nation‐
al and international journals.His research work was 
supported  by  swarnajayanthi  fellowship,  Depart‐
ment  of Science  and  Technology,Government  of  In‐
dia.