Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
com
SUDHARSAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
Sathiyamangalam
UNIT I
PART A
m = Em / Ec
Given:
Em = 2v
Ec = 0.5 v
m = 0.5 / 2 = 0.25
1.A.2 Draw the frequency spectrum and mention the bandwidth of AM signal.
(Apr/May 2011, R2008)
1.A.3 For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency of 100 KHz and maximum
modulating signal frequency of 5 KHz , Determine Upper and lower side band
frequency and the bandwidth( Nov/Dec 2010 ,R 2008)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Formula:
1.A.4 In a Amplitude modulation modulation system, the carrier frequency is Fc= 100k
Hz. The maximum frequency of the signal is 5 K Hz. Determine the lower and upper
side bands and band width of AM signal.(April/May 2010,R2004)
/
Given:
Carrier frequency is fc = 100k Hz
Modulating signal frequency (fm) = 5 K Hz
Formula:
Lower side band= fc - fm= 100K - 5K= 95 K Hz
1.A.5 Draw the block diagram of FM signal generator that uses phase modulator in it.( Nov/Dec
2011-R2010)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
We can generate FM wave by applying the integrated version of x (t) to a phase modulator as shown
in the diagram
1.A.6 How will you convert a frequency modulator into a phase modulator?
(April/May 2008)
A frequency modulator is a circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way that its
instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral of the modulating signal. Therefore,
with a frequency modulator, if the modulating signal v (t) is differentiated prior to being
applied to the modulator , the instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the integral
of v(t). An FM modulator that is preceded by a differentiator produces an output wave in
which the phase deviation is proportional to the modulating signal and is, equivalent to a
phase modulator.
3) AM power distribution
(Apr/May 2011, R2008, May/June 2007/R-2004, Nov ‘2006 CSE, AU Nov/Dec 2003, Nov’
2003 CSE)
1.A.7 In an AM transmitter, the carrier power is 10 kW and the modulation index is 0.5. Calculate
the total RF power delivered(Apr/May 2011, R2008)
Given: Pc =10KW and m = 0.5
Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2)
Pt = 10K * (1 + .52/2)
Pt = 11250 W
1.A.8 Determine the relation between the output power of an AM transmitter and depth of
modulation and plot it as a graph for values of modulation index from zero to
maximum.(May/June 2007/R-2004)
In any electrical circuit , the power dissipated is equal to the voltage squared
divided by the resistance .Thus the average power dissipated in a load by an un
modulated carrier is equal to RMS carrier voltage squared divided by the load resistance
.Mathematically power in an un modulated carrier is
Pc= Ec2/2R.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
PUSB=PLSB= m2PC/4.
Pt = Pc (1+ m2/2).
1.A.9 Determine the powers of the carrier, upper and lower sidebands for an AM DSB-SC
with peak unmodulated carrier voltage of Vc = 20 V and a load resistance RL = 20 Ω.
Assume the modulation index m to be 0.6.(Nov ‘2006 CSE)
2
Pc = VC / RL
= 202 / 20 = 20 watts
Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2)
Pt = 20 * (1 + .62/2)
Pt = 23.6 W
Pt = 8 *103 (1 + (0.7)2/2)
= 9.96 KW
1.A.11 A 400W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 %. Calculate the total power in the
modulated wave(Nov’ 2003 CSE)
2
Pt = Pc (1 + m /2)
Pt = 400 * (1 + .752/2)
Pt = 512.5 W
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
For example, an FM signal with 5 kHz, peak deviation, and a maximum audio
frequency of 3 kHz, would require an approximate bandwidth 2(5+3) = 16 kHz.
= 1 unit less
1.A.14 What is the required bandwidth for FM signal, in terms of frequency deviation?
Bandwidth=2(∆f+fm)
Where
∆f is the frequency deviation
fm is the modulating frequency
1.A.15 In FM as the modulation index increases, the required bandwidth also increases.
Why? (OR) The required bandwidth for FM transmission depends upon the
modulation index-justify.(May/June 2009 R-2004, Nov/Dec‘2006 CSE)
B.W = 2 fm * no of sidebands
When the modulation index increases the number of sidebands also increases so the
bandwidth also increases.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.A.16 A 20 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the peak
frequency deviation is 100 KHz. Determine the modulation index and approximate
bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency of the modulating signal is 50 kHz.
(April/May 2008)
= 300 KHz
= 100K/50K
= 2 Unit less
1.A.17 What is the bandwidth required for an FM signal in which the modulating
frequency is 2 KHz and maximum deviation is 10 KHz?(Nov’ 2004 CSE)
Given:
B
.
= 2 * (10 KHz + 2 KHz)
= 24 KHz
1.A.18 Draw the waveform of AM signal and DSB-SC signal (Nov/Dec 2009 ,R2004)
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.A.19 Draw The Amplitude Modulation Wave Forms With Modulation Index (M) =1,
M<1, M>1.(Nov/Dec 2008,R2004)
M>1
M= 1
M<1
(iii) Fading effect is absent because of SSB. Fading effect arises at the receiver
circuits because of two sidebands and carrier interfere with each other at the
receiver.
(iv) SSB-SC AM requires half of the bandwidth of DSB-SC and considerably less
power is transmitted in SSB-AM transmission.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.A.22 Comparison(April/May 2009 -R-2004, Nov/Dec 2007, May/June 2007, May’ 2006)
a) What is direct and indirect frequency modulation?(April/May 2009 ,R-2004)
Direct FM:
Indirect FM:
1.A.23 List the major advantages of angle modulation over amplitude modulation:
(May/June 2007/R-2004)
1.A.24 Differentiate between an analog signal and a digital signal.(May’ 2006 CSE)
Analog signal is the signal that is defined continuously with respect to time.
Digital signal is the signal that is defined at discrete instants of time.
B = 2fm Hz
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1.A.27 What are low level and high level modulation? (Nov/Dec 2007, Nov ‘2006 CSE)
What are low level and high level modulation and how are they related to
bandwidth in angle modulation?
In low level modulation the modulation index is less than 1 and in high level
modulation the modulation index is greater than 10.
1.A.28 Define modulation depth for a FM system and highlight its impact on the spectral
occupation.(May’ 2006 CSE)
For a frequency modulated carrier, the modulation index is directly proportional
to the amplitude and inversely proportional to the frequency of the modulating signal.
The modulation index is mathematically expressed asm = KVm / ωm where K is
deviation sensitivity in radians per volt and Vm in volts and ωm in radians. Here
modulation index is inversely proportional to the frequency
For a low modulation index the bandwidth is small and for a high modulation
index the bandwidth required is high and hence it occupies more spectral space.
Given:
It = 8.93A,
Ic = 8A, m =?
m2 = ((It / Ic)2-1)*2
m = 70.14%
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1. Noise immunity
2. Improved SNR
3. Power utilization and efficiency.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
PART B
1. AM Modulation
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010 ,Apr/May 2011-R2008, Nov/Dec 2010, R2008, April/May
2008, May/June 2007/R-2001, May’ 2006)
a) Write the equation of single tone amplitude modulation. Derive the Fourier transform of the
signal and plot the signal in time domain and frequency domain for the modulation index
(i) Lesser than unity,
(ii) Equal to unity
(iii) Greater than unity Also calculate the power of each frequency component (Nov/Dec 2011-
R2010)
b) Explain the principle of AM modulation with mathematical analysis. Also draw the AM
wave and explain its power distribution.(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
(Or)
Obtain a relationship between carrier and side band powers in an AM DSBFC wave and
explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSB FC system.
(Nov/Dec 2010, R2008)
(Or)
Define amplitude modulation. Derive the relation between the total transmitted power
and carrier power in an AM system when several frequencies simultaneously
modulate a carrier.(April/May 2008)
(Or)
Explain the principle of amplitude modulation.(May/June 2007/R-2001)
(Or)
Explain the generation and detection of amplitude modulated signals using circuit
diagrams. How is the transmitted power distributed over carrier and side bands in an AM
signal? Explain.(May’ 2006 CSE)
c) For amplitude modulation prove the following statements: (i) Power of the carrier
Pc is unaffected by the modulation process. (ii) Total power in an AM envelope
increases with modulation index. (iii) Modulation index m = Vmax – Vmin / Vmax + Vmin
draw the modulated waveform and show Vmax and Vmin.(Nov’2006 CSE)
d) Define AM. Derive an expression for the AM wave.(AU Apr/May 2005)
e) What is AM? Explain with relevant expressions the Square law modulation.
(AU Apr/May 2005)
f) (i) Define Amplitude Modulation. Derive an expression for the AM wave. (ii) Derive
an expression for the Quantization error.(May’ 2005 CSE)
10
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
(or)
Compare FM with PM.(AU Nov/Dec 2008)
b) Define modulation index for FM and PM and obtain the relation between
modulation index and modulating signal for FM and PM. ( Nov/Dec 2010,R 2008)
5. Problems in AM Modulation
(Apr/May 2011, R2008, May/June 2009, April/May 2008, Nov/Dec2007)
a) The output of a AM transmitter is given by(Apr/May 2011, R2008)
7
Um (t ) = 500 (1 + 0.4 sin 3140t ) sin 6.28 ×10 t .
Calculate
(1) Carrier frequency
(2) Modulating frequency.
(3) Modulation index
(4) Carrier power if the load is 600
(5) Total power.
b) For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc=10Vp, a load
resistance RL =10Ω, and a modulation coefficient m=1. determine
(i)Powers of the carrier, upper and lower side bands,
(ii)Total power of the modulated wave
(iii) Total side band power
(iv)Draw the power spectrum
(May/June 2009, April/May 2008)
11
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
d) For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc=12Vp, a load
resistance RL =12Ω, and a modulation coefficient m=1. determine
(1) Powers of the carrier, upper and lower side bands,
(2) Total power of the modulated wave
(3) Total side band power
e) (i) Discuss about the sets of side bands produced when a carrier is frequency modulated
by a single frequency sinusoid.
6. AM frequency spectrum
(Nov/Dec 2010-R2008, April/May 2010,Nov/Dec 2009, Nov/Dec 2003)
c) Derive expression for AM wave. Define modulation index and express its value in terms
of maximum and minimum voltage values of signal. Draw the spectrum and time domain
signal of AM wave.(Nov/Dec 2009)
12
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT II
PART A
2.A.1 Find the capacity of a channel having 50 kHz bandwidth and produces SNR of 1023 at the
output ( Nov/Dec 2011 – R2010)
Given:
B = 50Hz
S/N = 1023
I = 3.32 * 50 log10 (1+1023)
= 500
2.A.2 State Shannon’s fundamental theorem of information theory.
I = B log2 (1 + S/N)
2.A.3 Calculate the capacity of a standard 4 KHz telephone channel with a 32 dB signal to
noise ratio.(AU Nov/Dec 2004)
Channel capacity C = B log2 (1 + S/N)
32 = 10 log10(S/N)
13
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2.A.4 Distinguish between power efficiency and spectral efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
a) Draw ASK and FSK signals for the binary signal s(t) = 1011001 (April/May 2010)
14
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2.A.7 Define PSK and draw the PSK waveform for the data 10110.(AU April/May
2005)
In PSK (Phase Shift Keying) the phase of the sinusoidal carrier is changed according to the data
bit to be transmitted. BPSK is the simplest form of PSK. The carrier phase is changed between 0
and 180.
2.A.8 Draw the waveforms for FSK and PSK modulation. (AU Nov/Dec 2004)
PSK Waveforms
15
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The advantage of the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation versus the Binary
Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) one is well known. It is the possibility to transmit in the same
frequency band twice more information, while the number of errors and the Eb/No relation are
the same. It required minimum Bandwidth as in BPSK
2.A.10 Define channel capacity (or) Define information capacity and bit rate
(Nov/Dec 2010 - R2008, Nov/Dec2009, AU Apr/MAY 2004)
Channel capacity:
Channel capacity is a measure of how much information can be propagate through the
communication system and it is function of bandwidth and transmission time.
Shannon theorem states that if the bandwidth of the channel is B Hz and (S/N) is the
signal to noise ratio then the channel capacity is given by
Information Capacity:
Information Capacity is represents the number of symbols that can be carried through a
system that is called information capacity
I=Bxt
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second or Rate of change of digital
information signal.
16
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2.A.12 What are the advantages of BPSK? (OR)What are the advantages of PSK over FSK
(May/June 2009 R-2004, Nov ‘2006 CSE)
BPSK has a bandwidth which is lower than that of BFSK signal.
BPSK has best performance in presence of noise. It has good noise immunity.
Bandwidth= ( fs - fm ) +2fb
= (51k - 49 K) +2(2k)
= 8 KHz
Baud = fb
=2
2.A.14 Why does FSK require more bandwidth when the modulation index is increased?
(Nov/Dec 2007)
Bandwidth-= 2(∆f+fb)
Where,
∆f =mffm
17
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
9. Comparison
2.A.15 Write the differences between PSK and FSK. (Nov/Dec 2008, April/May 2008)
18
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2.A.18 List the effects of M in M ary digital modulation technique :(May/June 2007)
QPSK offers best tradeoff between power and bandwidth requirement .For M>8
,power requirement becomes excessive . M ary PSK and M ary QAM have similar spectral
and bandwidth characteristics. For M>4, the two schemes have different signal
constellations. For Mary PSK, the constellation is circular .For Mary QAM it is rectangular .
A comparison of these two constellations reveals that the distance between the message
points of Mary PSK is smaller than the distance between the message points of Mary QAM
2.A.20 . Differentiate between Coherent and Non Coherent detection scheme (May’ 2006 CSE)
In Coherent receiver the frequencies generated in the receiver and used for
demodulation are synchronized to oscillator frequencies generated in the transmitter. So
the receiver must have some means of recovering the received carrier and Synchronizing
to it. With Non-coherent receivers, either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or
the frequencies used for demodulation are completely independent from the transmitter
carrier frequency.
2.A.21. What are the major transmission impairments suffered by signal on the transmission
media.(May’ 2006 CSE)
The major transmission impairments suffered by the signal on the transmission media is due to
additive white Gaussian noise and impulse noise which results in bit errors.
Fs > 2Fm
2.A.25. What is the relation between bit rate and baud for a FSK system
19
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
PART B
1. QPSK Modulation
(Nov/Dec 2011 – R2010 , Apr/May 2011 -R2008, Nov/Dec 2010-R2008, Nov/Dec
2009,May/June 2009, Nov/Dec 2008, May’ 2006, Nov/Dec 2004)
a) Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator, demodulator and explain the principle of
operation. (8)( Nov/Dec 2011 – R2010)
b) Discuss in detail the operation of QPSK modulator and demodulator with its phasor
diagram.(Apr/May 2011 ,R2008)
c) Describe with neat diagram, the operation of a QPSK modulator. Draw its phasor and
constellation diagram.(Nov/Dec 2010, R2008)
or
Explain the QPSK modulation scheme with suitable transmitter and receiver block
diagrams. Also derive the average probability of error in the presence of AWGN.
(May/June 2009, Nov/Dec 2008, May’ 2006 )
or
Explain the QPSK scheme with constellation diagram.(AU Nov/Dec 2004)
d) Explain the bandwidth considerations of QPSK system (Nov/Dec 2010,R2008)
e) Draw the block diagram of QPSK receiver and explain its operation. For QPSK modulator ,
construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram.(Nov/Dec 2009)
f) Draw the constellation diagram for QPSK signaling scheme. And for the following
binary sequence sketch the waveforms for the in phase and Quadrature components,
QPSK signal 1100100010.(AU Nov/Dec 2003)
20
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3. FSK Modulation
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010 ,Nov/Dec 2009, May/June 2009, Nov/Dec 2007, May’ 2006
CSE, Nov’ 2006 CSE)
a) Explain the operation of the binary FSK modulator and demodulator with its constellation
diagram. (10)(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
b) Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the operation. Determine (i) Peak frequency
deviation (ii) minimum bandwidth (iii) baud for FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 KHz,
space frequency of 51 KHz, and input bit rate of 2 kbps.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
c) Explain the operation of FSK transmitter and receiver and discuss about the bandwidth
requirements of FSK signals.(May/June 2009, May’ 2006 CSE)
d) (i) Derive the probability of symbol error Pe for a coherent binary FSK and show that Pe
= ½ erfc (√Eb/ 2No). (ii) Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the
operation(Nov/Dec 2007,Nov’ 2006 CSE)
e) With neat block diagram explain the coherent binary FSK transmitter and receiver.
(AU Nov/Dec 2006)
4. Carrier recovery
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010, Apr/May 2011 -R2008, APR/MAY 2010, Nov/Dec 2010-
R2008, May’ 2006 CSE)
a) Brief the carrier recovery with squaring loop. (6) (Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
b) Describe the operation of Costas loop receiver. (Apr/May 2011 ,R2008)
c) What is the need for carrier recovery? Explain the Costas loop method ofcarrier
recovery.(APR/MAY 2010)
Or
What is carrier recovery? Discuss how carrier recovery is achieved by the
squaring loop and Costas loop circuits(Nov/Dec 2010 ,R2008)
d) Write notes on the following: (i) Costos loop method of carrier frequency. (ii)
Differential PSK modulator.(May’ 2006 CSE)
5. Binary Phase shift keying(Apr/May 2011 -R2008, APR/MAY 2010, Nov’ 2006
CSE, May’ 2005 CSE, AU Apr/MAY 2004)
a) Explain the generation and detection of binary phase shift keying.
(Apr/May 2011, R2008)
b) What is known as Binary Phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter and
Receiver and also obtain the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth.
(APR/MAY 2010)
c) Explain the working of BPSK transmitter and receiver using balanced modulator. How
M-ary encoding and modulation achieved in PSK? Draw a QPSK transmitter block
diagram and explain the working principle.
(Nov’ 2006 CSE)
d) Write an expression for the BFSK and explain the spectrum of BFSK.
(May’ 2005 CSE)
21
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
e) Draw the block diagram of binary PSK system and explain with signal space diagram.
(AU Apr/MAY 2004)
7. With neat diagram explain the generation of a DPSK signal and recovering data from
DPSK signal .(May/June 2007/R-2004)
8. Explain differentially encoded PSK system with necessary diagrams.
(AU Apr/May 2005)
9. (i) Explain the terms Average Information and Information Rate. (ii) An analog signal
is band limited 4000Hz, sampled at Nyquist rate and samples are quantized into 4
levels. The levels Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 are assumed to be independent and occur with
probabilities P1=P4=1/8., P2=P3=3/8, find the information rate of the source.
22
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT III
PART A
fm ≥2fs
=16kHz fs
fm =2*16KHz
=32Khz
So the signal frequency should be greater than or equal to 32 KHz
3.A.2 Explain why the quantization noise cannot be removed completely in PCM ?How do
you reduce this noise?(May/June 2009,R-2004)
A quantizer maps the input random variable of continuous amplitude in to
discrete random variable. For a uniform quantizer ,the quntization error have its sample
values bounded by –Δ/2 ≤ q ≤ Δ/2. If the step size Δ is too small then the quantization
error is uniformly distributed random variable. And hence the quntization error can be
reduced by reducing the value of step size Δ.
3.A.3 In PCM how signal to noise ratio is related to number of bits used in the system?
(Nov/Dec 2007)
R-Resistance
q-quantization interval
v2/R-average signal power
23
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Given:
m(t) = 3 cos 500лt + 4 sin 1000 лt
From the above equation the maximum analog input frequency fa = 1000 Hz .
3.A.8. What are the advantages of digital transmission? (AU Nov/Dec 2010, R 2008)
Following are the Advantages of Digital Transmission over analog transmission.
1. The signal is exact.
For example, Digital formats like PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) can hold the exact
digital format of sounds.
2. Digital signals can checked for errors. Generally, all digital transmission methods use
'head labels' to provide better checking facilities. Head label may contain how many packets
may need to complete the transmission, what is the sequence number of each packet of data,
24
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
25
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Here
H = ideal vertical opening (cm)
h = degraded vertical opening (cm)
3.A.14 How eye patterns help in measuring ISI?(Nov ‘2006 CSE)
The eye pattern is used to study the effect of ISI in base band digital transmission.
The width of the eye opening defines the interval over which the received wave can be
sampled without error from inter symbol interference. As the ISI increases the eye
opening reduces.
9. Delta modulation
(May/June 2009,R-2004, May/June 2007/R-2004, Nov ‘2006 CSE)
3.A.15 What are the two types of noises present in Delta modulation system?
(May/June 2009,R-2004)
1.Slope overload noise2.Granular noise.
26
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
In delta modulation system one bit (two- level) quantizer is used and prediction
filter of Differential Pulse Code modulation is replaced by, a single delay element. The
principal advantage of delta modulation is the simplicity of its circuitry .In contrast;
differential pulse code modulation employs increased circuit complexity to reduce
channel bandwidth.
3.A.17 Why do you get slope overload error in Delta modulation?(Nov ‘2006 CSE)
Delta modulation is subjected to slope overload distortion. If the slope of the
analog signal x(t) is much higher than that of x1(t) over a long duration then x1(t) will not
be able to follow x(t) at all, this difference between x(t) and x 1(t) is called slope overload
duration.
Natural sampling is the process when top of the sample pulses retain their natural
shape during the sample interval making it difficult for an ADC to convert the sample to
a PCM code .With natural sampling the frequency spectrum of the sampled output is
different from that of ideal sample. The amplitude of frequency components produced
from narrow finite width sample pulses decreases for the higher harmonics.
PART B
1. PCM
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010 ,Apr/May 2011-R2008, Nov/Dec 2010-R2008,
May/June 2009, Nov/Dec 2008,April/May 2008,Nov/Dec 2007, May/June 2007/R-
2001, May’ 2006 ,Apr/May 2005, Nov/Dec 2004)
a) Draw the block diagram of pulse code modulation system and write Short notes on each
block. (8)(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
b) Quantization noise in PCM.(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
c) Draw the block diagram of a PCM transmitter and explain the function of each
block.(Nov/Dec 2010,R2008, Nov/Dec 2007, May/June 2007/R-2001)
or
d) Derive expressions for the quantization noise and signal to noise ratio in a PCM system
using a uniform quantizer. (ii) A sinusoidal signal is to be transmitted using PCM. An
output SNR of 55.8 DB is required. Find the number of representation levels required to
achieve this performance.
27
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. Delta Modulation
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010 ,Apr/May 2011-R2008, April/May2010, Nov/Dec 2009,
May/June 2009 R-2004, Nov/Dec 2008, , May/June 2007/R-2001, Nov 2006,May’ 2006
CSE ,AU Apr/May 2005AU Nov/Dec 2004, AU Apr/MAY 2004)
a) Draw the block diagram of delta modulation system and explain. (6) (Nov/Dec 2011-
R2010)
b) With suitable diagram and example, explain the noise associated with DM. (5) (Nov/Dec
2011-R2010)
c) Derive the condition on step size to avoid slope overload error. (5) (Nov/Dec 2011-
R2010)
d) What are the drawbacks of delta modulation? Explain how it is overcome in adaptive
delta modulation. (Apr/May 2011-R2008)
e) Draw the block diagram and describe the operation of a delta modulator. What are its
advantages and disadvantages compared to a PCM system? (Nov /Dec 2010,R2008)
f) Explain in detail the Delta modulation transmitter and Receiver (April/May2010)
g) How does delta modulation differ from PCM? Explain delta modulation transmitter with
help of a block diagram.(Nov/Dec 2009)
h) What are the drawbacks of delta modulation and how are they overcome in adaptive delta
modulation? Explain with the help of a neat block diagram.
(May/June 2009 R-2004)
i) With suitable figures explain a Delta Modulation system. Also discuss the different types
of quantization noise that can arise in the system.
(Nov/Dec 2008, May’ 2006 CSE)
j) (i) What is uniform and non-uniform quantization? Derive the SNR ratio for uniform
quantizer. (ii)Draw the block diagram of Delta modulator and explain the operations.
What are its advantages over PCM?(Nov ‘2006 CSE)
a) Explain in details on the criterions need to be satisfied in its sampling and quantization
blocks. (4+4)(Nov/Dec 2011- R2010)
28
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
b) What are the types of sampling? Explain the operation of the sample and hold circuit.
(Nov/Dec 2010, R2008)
4. Companding
(Apr/May 2011-R2008, May/June 2009, April/May2010, Nov/Dec 2009)
a) What is Companding? What is the need for Companding?(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
b) What is the need for companding? Explain analog and digital companding
(May/June 2009, R-2004)
c) What is called companding? Briefly discuss the analog companding
(April/May2010)
d) What is companding? Explain analog companding process with the help of block diagram.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
5. Compare analog and digital modulation. (Apr/May 2011-R2008)
a) Distinguish between different pulse modulation schemes and delta modulation with neat
diagram(May/June 2007/R-2004,May/June 2007/R2001 )
b) Draw the block diagram of typical DPCM system and explain (May’ 2006 CSE)
b) What are the types of pulse modulation systems? Explain each in detail.
(AU Nov/Dec 2003)
29
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT IV
PART A
4.A.1 List the layers presented in ISO–OSI reference model. (Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
OSI Model
Data representation, encryption and decryption, convert machine dependent data to machine
Data 6. Presentation
Host independent data
layers
Media
Frame 2. Data link Physical addressing
layers
Bit 1. Physical
encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce
the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals,
from light emitting diodes to radio. The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns
the digital data of a personal computer into modulated electrical signals in the voice frequency range
of a telephone channel.
30
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
It is the type of error correction scheme, where the errors are detected and corrected without
retransmission but by adding the redundant bit to the message before transmission commences.
Hence the redundant bits are used to detect which bit is in error, whenever an error as found.
Limitation:
4.A.6 Which error detection technique is simple and which one is more reliable?
(April/May 2010)
Parity coding is very simple error detection technique.
Cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) that is convolutional coding scheme is the
most reliable one. CRC approximately 99.99% of all transmission errors are detected.
Hence CRC called as Systematic code.
4.A.7 Compare the merits and demerits of error detection and error correction.
(Nov/Dec 09)
Errors introduced by communications faults, noise or other failures into valid
data, especially compressed data were redundancy has been removed as much as
possible, can be detected and/or corrected by introducing redundancy into the data
stream.
Error Detection is the process of monitoring data transmission and determining when
errors have occurred.
Purpose of error detection is not to prevent errors from occurring but to prevent
undetected errors from occurring. This technique neither corrects nor identifies which
bits are in error and they indicate when an error has occurred.
31
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Error Correction: codes are used to determine when an error has occurred and which bit
is in error.
4.A.10 What are the most common error control techniques?(AU Nov/Dec 2004)
The most common error control techniques are error detection and error
correction. Error detection can be accomplished by techniques like CRC, VRC, HRC and
error correction can be done using ARQ (Automatic repeat request).
4.A.11 What are the two types of ARQ error control schemes?(AU Apr/MAY 2004)
The two types of ARQ error control schemes are stop and wait ARQ and sliding
window ARQ.
4.A. 12 What is data terminal equipment? Give examples. (AU Nov/Dec 2010, R 2008)
Data terminal equipment (DTE) is an end instrument that converts user information into signals
or reconverts received signals. These can also be called tail circuits. A DTE device communicates with
the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).
32
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Oversampling - The reciever samples the signal much faster than the data is sent.
The extra samples can be used to be sure the clock is synchronized.
33
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
10. Communication
4.A.17 Distinguish between half duplex and full duplex communication.
(AU April/May 2005, May 2004 CSE)
. Problem
(May’ 2005 CSE, Nov’ 2004 CSE)
4.A.20 Draw the NRZ and RZ encoding format for the binary data 11010.
(May’ 2005 CSE, Nov’ 2004 CSE)
NRZ wave
1 1 0 1 0
RZ Wave
1 1 0 1 0
34
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
4.A.21 Given a 4 bit code d= [1 0 1 1] message. If a linear systematic code (7, 4) code is
generated with the redundancy bits r= [100], Form the7 bit code.(May’ 2005
CSE)
d/r = 1 0 1 1 / 1 0 0
=1011100
4.A.22 What is the main drawback of stop and wait algorithm?(AU April/May 2005)
The main drawback of stop and wait algorithm is speed. As the time lapse
between each frame is wasted time. Each frame essentially needs more time to transmit.
13. ARQ
(AU Apr/MAY 2004, Nov/Dec 2003)
4.A.23 What are three versions of ARQ? (AU Apr/MAY
2004)
The three versions of Automatic retransmission request (ARQ) are
4.A.24 What do you mean by stop and wait ARQ? (AU Nov/Dec 2003)
With stop and wait flow control, the transmitting station sends one message frame
and then waits for an acknowledgement before sending the next message frame.
4.A.26. Distinguish between random error and burst error.(Nov’ 2004 CSE)
Random errors are created due to white Gaussian noise in the channel. The error
affecting a particular interval will not affect the subsequent interval hence these noise is
completely uncorrelated. Burst error occurs due to impulse noise due to lightning and
switching transients. The burst errors are dependent on successive message intervals.
PART B
1. Error Control
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010 ,Apr/May 2011-R2008, Nov/Dec 2010-
R2008,April/May2010, Nov/Dec 2009, April/May2008, May/June 2007/R-2001,
May’ 2006, Apr/May 2004, Nov/Dec 2004)
a) What is CRC? Draw the encoder of the same and explain its operation. (8)
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
b) Write short notes on forward error correction and backward error correction techniques.
(8)(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
35
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
g) Explain the difference between error detection and error correction. Determine the BCS for the
following data and CRC generating polynomials.(Nov/Dec 2009)
7 +x5+ x2+ x1+ x0 CRC P(x) = x5+ x4+ x1+ x0
Data G(x) = x
h) Write short notes on vertical and horizontal check Schemes for error Detection.
(April/May2008)
i) Explain synchronous time division multiplexing. Describe how error and flow control are
accomplished?(May/June 2007/R-2001)
j) Explain the mechanism of error control using stop and wait ARQ.
(May/June 2007/R-2001, May/June 2007/R-2004)
k) What are the types of errors encountered in Data transmission system? Explain the
methods used to overcome the effect of these errors.
(May’ 2006 CSE)
l) Explain in detail about error control schemes with necessary diagrams.
(AU Apr/May 2004, AU Nov/Dec 2004)
2. Modem
(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010, Apr/May 2011-R2008, April/May2010, Nov/Dec 2007)
a) Draw the block diagram of modem and explain the operation with the importance of each block
in the diagram.(Nov/Dec 2011-R2010)
b) Explain the operation of a synchronous modem.(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
c) Compare low speed, medium speed and high speed modems. Mention its application.
(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
d) Discuss the function of a data modem(April/May2010)
4. Interface
(Nov/Dec 2010-R2008, April/May2010, May’ 2006)
a) Describe the features and purposes of serial Interfaces. Describe the mechanical,
electrical and functional characteristics of RS232 interface. (Nov/Dec 2010-R2008)
c) Write a note on V.24/EIA-232 interface. Draw the timing diagram to show the state of all
EIA-232 leads between two DTE and DCE pairs during the communication of a data call
in a switched telephone network.
(May’ 2006 CSE)
36
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
6. Transmission mode
(May/June 2007/R-2001, Apr/May 2005)
a) Discuss the transmission characteristics and applications of three types of guided media
commonly used for data transmission.(May/June 2007/R-2001)
b) Name the guided and unguided transmission media(May/June 2007/R-2001)
c) Distinguish between half duplex and full duplex transmissions
(May/June 2007/R-2001)
7. Flow control
(May/June 2007/R-2001, May’ 2006 CSE, AU Apr/May 2005, May’
2005 CSE, May’ 2005 CSE, AU Apr/MAY 2004)
a) Explain with diagrams the stop and wait flow control and sliding window flow control:
(May/June 2007/R-2001)
b) Describe the various flow control schemes with neat sketch.
(May’ 2006 CSE ,AU Apr/May 2005,May’ 2005 CSE, May’ 2005 CSE,
AU Apr/MAY 2004)
c) What are the drawbacks of stop and wait flow control. (AU April/May 2005)
8. Describe the three types of ARQ. (AU April/May 2005, May 2004 CSE )
UNIT V
PART A
37
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Guard times between adjacent time Guard bands and guard times both are
5 slots are necessary. necessary.
Types: Types:
3. Spread spectrum
5.A.3 What are the applications of spread spectrum modulation? (Apr/May 2011 –
R2008,April/May 2010)
The spread spectrum modulation is used in some applications such as:
(i) Interference rejection
(ii) Secure Communication
(iii)Multiple access capability
(iv)Multipath protection
(v) Low probability of intercept
38
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
One bit period Tb of data signal is equal to N bits periods of spreading pseudo –
noise signal. That is Tb = N Tc putting this in above equation (1) Processing gain = N
4. Frequency Hopping
5.A.7 Define FH spread spectrum technique.( Nov/Dec 2010, R 2008)
It is a spread spectrum technique in which the data is used to modulate a carrier. The data
modulated carrier is then randomly hopped from one frequency to another. So the
spectrum of transmitted signal is spread sequentially rather than instantaneously.What
are the three properties of PN sequence?(Nov ‘2006 CSE)
The three properties of PN sequence are balance property, run property and
correlation property.
5.A.8 What are fast and slow frequency hopping?(Nov ‘2006 CSE,May/June 2009 R-
2004)
i. A slow frequency hopping is multiple symbols transmitted per hop and
each symbol of a slow FH is a chip
39
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ii. A fast frequency hop is multiple hops per M-ary symbol and here each
hop is a chip.
5.A.9 What is the basic principle of FH spread spectrum? (Nov/Dec 2008) (Nov/Dec
2009)
In Frequency hop spread spectrum (FH-SS) the data is used to modulate a carrier.
The data modulated carrier is then randomly hopped from one frequency to another. So the
spectrum of transmitted signal is spread sequentially rather than instantaneously.
5.A.10 How the pseudo noise sequences are generated? (Nov/Dec 2008)
Pseudo noise sequence is a periodic noise like sequence with a noise like waveform that
is usually generated by means of a feedback shift register. A feedback shift register is an
ordinary shift register made up of m flip flops.
5.A.11 . State the ‘run property’ of maximum length sequences. (April/May 2008)
5.A.13 Why purely random sequence cannot be used as a code in CDMA system?
(May/June 2007/R-2004)
40
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
ii. The entire telephone system is compatible with other digital formats,
such as those used in computers and computer networks.
iii. Digital systems inherently provide a quieter(less noisy) environment
than their analog counterparts.
5.A.15 What is meant by TDMA & FDMA technique?
i. TDMA: In this type of multiple access the time duration Tf called as
frame duration is subdivided into k non overlapping intervals of
duration
Tf / K. Each user is allotted a particular time slot for transmission.
5.A.17. What is frequency division multiplexing?(May’ 2005 CSE, Nov’ 2004 CSE)
To transmit a number of these signals over the same channel, the signals must be
kept apart so that they do not interfere with each other. The technique of separating the
signals in frequency is referred to as frequency division multiplexing.
41
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Where Eb/No is the minimum bit energy to noise density ratio needed to support a
prescribed average error probability.
The bit period of PN sequence is called chip duration (Tc). Chip rate is the rate at
which the PN sequence is generated.
Chip rate = 1 / Tc
PART B
1. PN sequence
(Nov/Dec 2011 –R2010, Apr/May 2011-R2008, Nov/Dec 2010-R2008,
Nov/Dec 2007, Nov’ 2006)
a) List three properties of pseudo-noise signal and explain them with an example. (8)
(Nov/Dec 2011 –R2010)
Explain how a pseudo random noise sequence is generated.(Apr/May 2011-R2008)
b) What is a PN sequence? Explain its important properties. (Nov/Dec 2010,R2008)
c) Draw the block diagram of a simple PN sequence generator using shift register and obtain
d) the output sequence. For this output sequence verify the properties of the PN sequence.
(Nov/Dec 2007 ,Nov’ 2006 CSE)
42
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
c) With help of block diagram explain how DSSS can be implemented. Draw the input and
output waveforms(Nov/Dec 2009)
d) Draw the block diagram of a DS spread spectrum system and explain its working
(May/June 2009 R-2004, Nov/Dec 2008, May/June 2007/R-2004)
e) Explain with neat sketches DS SS with BPSK.
Or
43
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
6. Frequency hopping
a) Explain fast and slow frequency hopping techniques used in spread spectrum
(May/June2009 R-2004, Nov/Dec 2007)
b) What is frequency hop spread spectrum? Explain the generation of slow frequencyhop
spread M-ary FSK and fast frequency hop spread M-ary FSK with appropriate diagrams.
(April/May 2008)
7. Problems
(April/May 2008, May’ 2006 CSE)
a) A spread spectrum communication system has the following parameters:
Information bit duration Tb =4.095ms, PN chip duration Tc =1µs, the energy
to noise ratio Eb/No =10.Calculate the processing gain and jamming margin.
(April/May 2008)
44
www.Vidyarthiplus.com