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ENDOSPORES  Low molecular weight compounds
- specialized resting cells
- Bacillus spp
- spherical or oval in shape
- Dormant – unable to take up nutrients
because endospores are product of
sporogenesis
- Location :
 terminal (at one end)
 central
 subterminal (near one end)
- can tolerate extreme cold and heat
- can tolerate lack of water
- can tolerate many toxic chemicals (because
it has a thick wall and 3 additional layer
- produced by Gram-positive bacteria
(capable of producing endospores) except
Coxiella burnetti ( Gram positive bacteria
that causes Q fever )
- can tolerate extreme heat and toxic
chemicals
Sporulation or Sporogenesis
- process of endospore formation
- due to nutritional deprivation
 Resistant to destruction
- Dipicolinic acid, calcium ions
** Carbon and nitrogen - scarce
Germination
- Return of endospore to its vegetative state
What happens during germination?
1. Physical or chemical damage
- Starts breaking down in endospores
permitting entry of nutrients and water
then finally returning to its vegetative
cell
2. Endospore’s enzymes
3. Water
4. Metabolism
CYTOPLASM
- 80% water
- fluid substance within cell protected by
cytoplasmic membrane
- contains primarily:
 Proteins (enzymes)
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Inorganic ions
The Cytoplasmic Membrane
- Sturdy barrier ( cause of lipid molecules)
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
o 75% phospholipids
o 20% cholesterol (steroid with attached
hydroxyl group)
o 5% glycolipids (lipids with
carbohydrates)
- Glycoproteins – production of toxins
(virulence factor)
- Phospholipid bilayer – 30%-60% of its
weight
- Glycolipid : protection and lubrication
(lipids are stored as fat which serves as
energy source and insulin)
- No sterol content
Functions:
1. Selective barrier
- Selectively permeable membrane
- Separates intracellular and extracellular
2. Secretion and synthesis of enzymes and
bacterial toxins
 respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)
 oxidative phosphorylation (ATP
molecules from other sources)
 biosynthesis (formation of new chemical
compounds)
3. Energy generation-insulating barrier
4. Cell membrane proteins involved:
a. Electron transport
b. Lipid biosynthesis
c. Synthesis of the cell all constituents
d. DNA replication
5. Active transport of materials into the
cytoplasm
Passive processes:
 simple diffusion: movement
of molecules from higher
concentration to lower
concentration
 facilitated diffusion: channel
& carrier proteins (integral
and peripheral proteins)
 osmosis: movement of water
molecules from an area of

lower concentration of
solutes to higher
concentration of solutes
Active Transport
 active transport uses ATP to
move substances
 Group translocation:
- substances being
transported is altered
- exclusively for prokaryotes
 also known as phospho
6. Site of antibiotic action
NUCLEOID
- Single and continuous double stranded
DNA that carries all genetic material
- Cell structure and function
- Not surrounded by a nuclear envelope
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
1. Plasmids
- Double-stranded DNA
- Inherited by the progeny (result of
sexual/asexual reproduction) cells
- Covalently closed circles of dsDNA
2. Transposons
- Sequences of DNA that jump from
one location to another:
 Creating or reversing
mutations
 Altering cell’s genetic identity
 Altering genome size
RIBOSOMES
- Site of protein synthesis
Prokaryotes: 70S
Eukaryotes: 60S
Svedberg unit(S) – indirect measure
of ribosomal unit based on
sedimentation rate
Total cellular RNA:
80% rRNA (protein builders)
20% tRNA (translation of nucleic
acids as proteins and amino acids) &
mRNA(relaying information from
DNA to ribosomes)
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Bacterial
- 30 S – 16 S rRNA
- 50 S – 23 S & 5 S rRNA
Enzymes
 Anabolic enzymes – responsible for forming
complex substances from simpler ones
 Catabolic enzymes – catabolize large
molecules to form simple ones
Inclusions and Granules
 Polysaccharide inclusions
 chains of monosaccharides
consisting primarily of glycogen and
starch and can be demonstrated by
Iodine staining (glycogen granules
appear as reddish-brown, while
starch appear blue)
 Lipid inclusions
Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Azobacter,
Spirillum
- Common lipid storage ( Poly – B –
hydroxylbutyric acid)
- Stained by fat-soluble dyes (Sudan
Black, Oil Red “O”)
 Metachromatic Dyes of Volutin Granules
- Reddish pink color when stained by
methylene blue
- Composed of inorganic phosphate
 Corynebacterium, Yersinia,
Mycobacterium
 Sulfur granules
 “sulfur bacteria”
- Thiobacillus (responsible for oxidizing
sulfur and other sulfur containing
compounds)
CARBOXYSOMES
- ribosome – 1,5 – diphosphate
carboxylase
- because of our photosynthetic bacteria,
they utilize CO2 as sole source of
carbon
- nitrifying bacteria (utilizes carbon as
source of energy), cyanobacteria
GAS VACUOLES
- hollow cavities covered by protein
- responsible for cells buoyancy
- found in aquatic prokaryotes
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 cyanobacteria Vitamin K which is beneficial to host

 anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria cell)
 halobacteria  Bacterial antagonism (getting nutrients
 Thiobacillius and protecting host against pathogenic
- move downward to reach nutrients and light organisms)
MAGNETOSOMES PARASITISM
- attach to specific sides at deeper level of - Beneficial to one symbiont
water - Detrimental to another symbiont
- inclusions of iron oxide - Opportunistic organism
- acts as a magnet SYNERGISM
- Found in Gram negative bacteria ( A. Synergistic infections
Magnetospirillum, Magnetotacticum ) - Team up or 2 or more organism to
- They attach to different sides in deeper cause infection/disease which they do
ocean using magnetosomes not normally cause themselves
HOST – BACTERIA INTERACTION - E.g. Chronic hepatitis
*Environment can select reservoir B. Mix infections: Polymicrobic
ECOLOGY - presence of 2 or more bacteria to cause
- Systematic study of interrelationships that specific infection/disease
exist between organisms and their - E.g. Vincent’s disease – trench mouth or
environment and other living organisms and Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
its non-living environment caused by :
- MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: Fusobacterium
 microbes to microbes Actinomyces
 microbes with other organisms Spirochetes
 microbes with non-living Prevotella
environment Bacterial Vaginosis – common for
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS pregnant women caused by
SYMBIOSIS Mobiluncus spp
- interaction by two dissimilar organism Gardnerella vaginalis
NEUTRALISM
MICROBIAL RESERVOIR AND TRANSMISSION
- neither symbiont (organism that is part of
Reservoir – it is where organisms thrive and
symbiosis) is affected by the relationship
multiply
- neither harmed nor benefited
Transmission – a way where microorganisms are
COMMENSALISM
transmitted to susceptible host
- beneficial to one symbiont and no
A. Living reservoir
consequence to the other organism
1. HUMANS: has infectious disease, carriers
- indigenous microbiota (normal microflora)
*because of strong immune system we humans are  Passive Carrier
not harmed - Harbor pathogen, no signs and
** Opportunistic pathogens – suppressed or being symptoms but can transmit the
immunocompromise disease
MUTUALISM  Convalescent Carrier
- beneficial to both symbiont - Can transmit pathogen during
- e.g. normal GIT flora (best example) recovery
 Enterococcus faecalis which is formerly - Ex. Chicken pox
known as Staphylococcus faecalis ( gets  Active Carrier
nutrients from its host and produces

- Harbor pathogen, have signs
and symptoms can transmit the
pathogen
2. ANIMALS
 Direct Transmission
- Through animal bites (e.g.
rabies)
 Indirect Transmission
- Reservoir to host (e.g. eating
infected animal products)
3. INSECTS
- Bridge the transmission of reservoir and
the host
 Mechanical vectors: vectors can
acquire pathogen and transmit
without developing
 Biological vector: (e.g. Anopheles
mosquito – can transmit Malaria)
B. Non-living reservoir
1. Environment – air, soil, dust
2. Food, Water and milk – vehicular
transmission (via contamination)
3. Fomites
- Inanimate objects which can be
contaminated and transport the
pathogen
Modes of Transmission
Principal Modes of Transmission:
1. Content
2. Airborne
3. Droplet
4. Vehicular
5. Vector-borne
MICROORGANISM COLONIZATION SURFACE
Colonization – initial encounter with microorganism
- persistent survival of the microorganism on
a surface of the human body
- colonization is dictated by the host’s
defenses
1. Inducible defenses
- Triggered in response to presence of
pathogens (e.g. inflammation – a
way for body to produce chemical
attractants for WBC)
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2. Specific defenses
- Specific defense mechanism
directed to microorganism (e.g.
antibiotics)
INTERACTION: HOST, PATHOGEN,
ENVIRONMENT
Pathogen:
 Virulence – degree of pathogenicity
 Portal of entry – access of pathogen
when it enters the susceptible host
 Infectious dose – number of
organism to cause a disease
Host:
 Health status
 Nutritional status
 Susceptibility – the person is
predisposed to a certain disease, or
ability to resist an infection
Environment:
e.g. diarrhea – can thrive in tropical
countries
- well, also known as travelling
disease
 Physical factors – weather, climate,
geographic location
 Sanitation and Hygiene – bacteria
can be favorable to unsanitized area
 Availability of potable water – safe
water
CHAIN OF INFECTION
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FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF Infections that may develop:

INFECTIOUS AGENT  UTI
A. Sporadic Infection  surgical wound infections
- Infectious disease that occur  Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
occasionally in a given geographic  Septicemia – can lead to death if
area untreated because of shutting of
Why? organs
a. Neglect of vaccination Susceptibility
b. Neglect of proper sanitation - Patients who have undergone surgeries
B. Endemic infection - Burn patients
- Infectious diseases that are - Diabetic and carrier patients
constantly present within a - Extreme ages – pediatric and geriatric
population of a particular geographic patients
area - Intake of immunosuppressive drugs – graft
Factors affecting rate of occurrence: transplant, kidney transplant
- Patients who take in steroids
1. Conditions of the environment - Hemodialysis patients
2. Susceptibility of the population F. Community – Acquired Infections
3. Behavioral factors - infections acquired outside of the health
4. Number of immune people care facility
5. Virulence of pathogen
6. Presence of reservoir

C. Epidemic Infection
- Outbreaks
- Number of cases is greater than
usual occurring within a relatively
short period of time
Ex. nCov
D. Pandemic Infection
- Wide geographic area affecting
exceptionally large population
- e.g. HIV-AIDS
E. Nonsocomial Infections
 hospital – acquired infections
 Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative
bacilli
Common:
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Enterococcus spp.
 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
spp.
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 Enterobacter spp.
 Klebsiella spp.