CIV 3263 DESIGN OF STEEL

AND TIMBER
STRUCTURES
CHAPTER IV. DESIGN OF
FLEXURAL MEMBERS:
BEAMS
 OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• MODES OF FAILURE: CRITERIA FOR
DESIGN
• BUCKLING FAILURE: EULER’THEORY
• SHEAR STRESS
• BEARING STRESS
• DEFLECTION
• LATERALLY SUPPORTED AND LATERALLY
UNSUPORTED BEAMS
• DESIGN OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM
• DESIGN EXAMPLES SO LATERALLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
 INTRODUCTION
• Flexural members or bending members
are commonly called beams. The
primary function of which is to support
loads normal to its axis.
• The term beam – column is used for
that structural element that supports
both transverse and axial loads.
• Depending upon conditions at the
supports, beams may be (1) simply
supported (2) fixed (3) cantilever (4)
propped cantilever and (5) continuous.
EXAMPLE OF AN I- BEAM
Example of a Cantilever
beam
Example of a propped
cantilever
SOME OF THE COMMONLY
USED BEAM SECTIONS
 SOME OF THE COMMONLY
USED BEAM SECTIONS (end)
 COMMON SECTIONS ON THE
FIGURE
1. The angle section: it is not an efficient beam
shape, though it may be good for short, lightly loaded
spans where the flat leg may be used to support some
other element of the structure, such as floor or roof
desk.
2. The channel section: this section is also used for
light loads, such as purlins.
3. The I-section: this section is known as universal
beam and it is the most commonly used for wall
supported structures.
4. The composite section: The given section is made
in I-section with thin web and with flat plates attached
to flanges. This gives higher percentage of material
concentrated in the flange, resulting in higher elastic
section modulus for the same mass per unit length.
5. The composite beam section commonly used as
gantry girders for cranes
COMMON SECTIONS ON THE
FIGURE
6. The bar joist is a light trussed beam, very
widely used for floor and roof framing in
lightly loaded buildings.
7. The plate girder used for heavy loads in
buildings and bridges.
8. The double – web or box girders
particularly useful for heavy, flexural
members subjected also to torsion or direct
stress.
9. The castellated beam giving an increased
depth of the rolled beam by castellating.
 Plate girder and
• castellated
A plate girder beam
is a beam assembled from steel plates
which are welded or bolted to one another, used to
support the horizontal surface of a bridge. Plate girders
generally have I-shaped cross sections . Cross sections
with two or more webs that form a U- or box-shape can
also be considered plate girders, but are generally
classified separately as box girders. Plate girders are
commonly used in bridge structures where large
transverse loads and spans are encountered.
• A castellated beam is a beam style where an I-beam is
subjected to a longitudinal cut along its web following a
specific pattern in order to divide it, and reassemble the
beam with a deeper web by taking advantage of the
cutting pattern.
Bar joist
The plate girder
The castellated beam
Castellated beam - photo
The double – web or box
girders
•
Gantry Girder
Gantry girders are laterally unsupported beams to carry
heavy loads from place to place at the construction sites,
mostly these are of steel material. A girder is a support
beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal
support of a structure which supports smaller beams.
• Gantry girders are used in the factories, where the loads are
transferred from one place to another with the helps of cranes
mounted on the bridges. Bridges across the yards are supported by
the gantry girders with the help of the wheels and rails on the
girders. Bridges can move along the gantry girder and more than
one bridges can also be there on a gantry girder.
• Gantry girders generally are composed of the rolled steel sections.
They may be composed of more than one section, like channels
and beams together.
• Pictures are presented bellow..
Subjected to copyright!!
 TYPES OF BEAMS
For design purposes, we distinguish
two types of beams:
• (1) Laterally supported beam, and
• (2) Laterally unsupported beam
Details about design of Laterally
supported beam are presented in
this chapter.
 SUITABLE SECTION FOR A
BEAM
• The efficient utilization of material in a beam
is determined by the geometrical layout of
web and flanges. The optimum section for
flexural resistance is the one in which the
material is located as far as possible from the
neutral axis, in the form of flanges. In
practice, there will be need for some web
material to keep the flanges apart and to
resist shear. As a measure of beam efficiency,
it is possible to relate the allocation of a given
amount of material to flange and web to
satisfy three different and generally mutually
contradictory criteria of elastic bending
strength, plastic bending strength and
beam stiffness.
 MODES OF FAILURE:
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN
• Bending failure: Bending failure may be due to
crushing of compression flange or fracture of the
tension flange of the beam. Instead of failure due to
crushing, the compression flange may fail by a
column-like action with sidesway or lateral buckling.
Collapse would probably follow the lateral buckling.
• Shear failure: Shear failure would most likely be
observed as buckling of web of the beam near
locations of high shear forces. Near reactions of
concentrated loads, the beam can fail locally due to
crushing or buckling of web.
• Deflection failure: Large beam deflections can
also represent failure when the intended use of the
beam places limits on deflection.
Bending failure
Shear falure
Web buckling
Deflection of a Beam
 THREE FACTORS OF
IMPORTANCE
• In the beam design process, there are three
factors of importance for determining the
size of the necessary structural steel beam
for a given set of conditions. In order of
priority, they are:
– Design based on stress due to bending
– Design based on shear
– Design based on deflection
• In addition to the above, the design should
also be checked against the secondary
effects such as buckling of compression
flange or the web, and web crippling, etc.
 BUCKLING FAILURE:
EULER’THEORY
• A section resists the bending moment by
setting up bending stresses.

I
Zc  
yc

Bending stress
• The bending stress can be expressed by
the following well known flexure formula:
M M I I
M  E Zt 
   bc ,cal  . yc  bc ,cal  yt Zc 
I Zc yc
I y R
 Maximum permissible
bending stress
• For a section which is symmetrical about the
N.A, M M
 bc ,cal   bt ,cal  . ymax 
I Z

Where Z = section modulus.

• The section modulus represents the strength of

the section. Greater the value of Z, stronger
will be the section. The strength of the
section does not therefore, depends on the
sectional area but depends on the disposition of
this area with respect to the centroidal axis.
 
 Maximum permissible
bending stress (end)
• For laterally supported beams,
the permissible bending stress in
tension (σbt) or in compression (σbc)
are given by:
σbt or σbc = 0.66fy
• For laterally unsupported beams,
σbt is taken equal to 0.66f
f cb . f y y, but σbc is
given by:  bc  0.66
 f 
1

cb    fy 
n n n
 SHEAR STRESS
• The shear force is an internal force appeared
along with bending moment, in the beam when
it is subjected to transverse loads. These shear
forces causes shearing stress at the section,
the magnitude of which varies across the depth
of the beam, at that section.
• On any layer, at height y from N.A, the intensity
of transverse shear (τv) is given by:

• The shearV stress does not vary uniformly across the

v 
depth  A. ysection.
ofI .zthe  Figure 5,3 shows the shear
stress distribution for some typical sections.
 
 Shear stress in the
sections
• For a rectangular • For an I-beam: the
section: The ratio maximum shearing
of the maximum stress also occurs
shear and mean at the N.A .
shear stress is 1.5.

 v ,max 
Vd2

3 V  v ,max 
V
8I

 B 2 2
2
 t D d d 
8I 2 bd  
Maximum permissible shear
stress (IS: 800 - 1984)
• The maximum shear stress in a member
 vm  0.45 f y
Where maximum permissible shear stress, and fy =
yield stress of steel.
• The average shear stress in a member
calculated on the cross-section of the web shall not
exceed the value given by
• The cross-sections of the web shall be taken as follows:
(a) For rolled I-beams and channels: the depth of the
beam multiplied by the web thickness. (b)va For
0.4 plate
fy
girders: The depth of the web plate multiplied by its
thickness.
 BEARING STRESS
• If the steel beams repose on the
weaker material than steel, it is
necessary to spread the load over a
larger area, so that the bearing
stress does not exceed a certain
permissible value. This is achieved by
the provision of a bearing plate, as
shown in figure 5,4.
 Permissible bearing
• stress
The bearing stress (
inIS:
any800-1984)
part of a beam
when calculated on the net area of contact
shall not exceed the value of σp
determined from the following formula
 p  0.75 f y
Thickness of bearing plate:
• The thickness of the plate tp is given by the
following formula:
3 f pn2
tp 
Where fp= the actual pressure  bc under the
bearing plate,
- the distance of critical section from
B
n the
  edge,
k σbc = permissible bending stress.
2
 DEFLECTION
• The amount of maximum deflection
depends upon:
(i) Span ; (ii) Moment of inertia of the
section
(iii) Distribution of load,
(iv) Modulus of elasticity and,
(v) Support conditions,
A very common type of loading is uniformly
distributed load (w) along a beam. The
maximum deflection, caused at the mid-span
of a simply supported
5 wLbeam
4
5 is
WLgiven
3
by
 
384 EI 384 EI
 General formula for
• In
deflections
general, the maximum deflection of the
beam is given by WL3
  Kl
EI
• K  5 for uniformly distributed load, and
l
384
• 1 for concentrated load placed at mid-
l 
Kspan
48
Limiting deflection: Generally, the maximum
deflection should not exceed 1/325 of the span,
but this limit may be exceeded in cases where
greater deflection could not impair the strengths
or efficiency of the structure or lead to damage to
finishing.
Effective span of beams

• The effective span of a beam shall

be taken as the length between the
centres of the supports, except in
cases where the point of the reaction
is taken as eccentricity to the support,
when it shall be permissible to take
effective span as the length between
the assumed points of application of
reaction.
 Combination of stresses
• The interaction of stresses of various
types, such as bending and shear, or
bending, shear and bearing, must be
investigated because certain combinations
of stresses can lead to unacceptable
conditions.
or bc ,cal  3 vm ,cal
2 2
 e,cal   bt ,cal  3 vm,cal
2 2

• The equivalent stress σ e due to coexistent

bending (tension or compression) and
shear stresses shall not exceed the value:
σe = 0.9 fy
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

• For most of the rolled shapes, the

permissible stress in bending (σbc) is equal
to 0.66fy .The important conditions
associated with the use of this value are:
• (1) The member must have an axis of
symmetry in the plane of the web,
• (2) The member must be loaded in the
plane of the web,
• (3) The compression flange must have
lateral support, and
• (4) The section is compact.
 Compact section
• A section is said to be compact if it
can develop its full plastic moment
before localized buckling can occur.
• Most of beams have some lateral
support, especially those which
support the floor slab. The cases of
support conditions may be different.
Figure 5, 6 shows some cases of lateral
support conditions.
LATERALLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS
LATERALLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS (end)
Example of Laterally
unsupported beam
 
 DESIGN OF LATERALLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
The design of a laterally supported beam is
carried out in the following steps:
• Step 1. Determine the effective span. Also
estimate the self weight of the beam, and
add it to the super-imposed load to get the
total load on the beam. The self weight may
be assumed to be equal to W/350 - W/300
kN/m of the total load.
• Step 2. Compute the maximum bending
moment (M) and shear force (V) in the beam.
• Step 3. Take σbt = σbc = 0.66 fy
 DESIGN OF LATERALLY
SUPPORTED BEAM (end)
• Step 4. Find the section modulus (Z) of the
beam: M
Z
 bc
• Step5. From the steel tables, Choose a
suitable rolled beam section which has Z
value very near the one found above.
• Step 6. Check the shear.
• Step 7. Check the deflection.
In addition to the above checks, the beam is
also checked for the web crippling and web
bucking.
 1) LATERALLY
UNSUPPORTED BEAM
2) Gantry Girders
Topics to read during students
self reading hours!!!
END OF CHAPTER 4