ELECTIVE – II

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Sem – ii

A building regulation for a disaster- Earthquake

DHAVALKUMAR rami
Er.no. 190101101910
Parul Institute of Architecture and Research
 Indian standards on earthquake zone building [REF. ONLY INDIAN ZONE]
Bureau of Indian standards, the National Standard Body of India, is a Statutory Organization under the
Bureau of Indian Standards Act 1986. One of the activities is formulation of Indian Standards on different
subjects of Engineering through various Division Councils. The Civil Engineering Division Council is
responsible for standardization in the field of Civil Engineering including Structural Engineering,
Building materials and components, Planning Design, Construction and Maintenance of Civil
Engineering Structures, Construction Practices, Safety in Building etc. These standards are evolved based
on consensus principle through a network of technical committee comprising representatives from
Research and Development Organizations, Consumers, Industry, Testing Labs and Govt. Organizations
etc. The Civil Engineering Division Council is working towards to achieve the above goal through 35
Sectional Committees covering wide range of subjects and one of the Sectional Committee is Earthquake
Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39. India is one of the most disaster-prone countries, vulnerable
to almost all natural and manmade disasters. About 85% area is vulnerable to one or multiple disasters
and about 57% area is in high seismic zone including the capital of the country. Disaster prevention
involves engineering intervention in buildings and structures to make them strong enough to withstand
the impact of natural hazard or to impose restrictions on land use so that the exposure of the society to the
hazard situation is avoided or minimized. Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic plain, Western
India and Cutch and Kathiawar regions are geologically unstable parts of the country and some
devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred there. A major part of peninsular India has also been
visited by strong earthquakes, but these were relatively few in number and had considerably lesser
intensity. It has been a long felt need to rationalize the earthquake resistant design and construction of
structures taking into account seismic data from studies of these earthquakes. It is to serve this purpose;
Bureau of Indian Standards has rendered invaluable services by producing a number of national standards
in the field of Design and Construction of Earthquake Resistant Structures and also in the field of
measurement and tests connected therewith. A detail of Indian Standards in the area of mitigation of
natural hazard of earthquake is given underneath.

 Causes of earthquakes
Major earthquakes are caused due to large scale strains in the crest of earth due to imposed loads. These
are of tectonic nature. In these types of earthquakes due to large deformations of earth crest movements
of adjacent crest of the earth takes place which causes major earth quakes. The theory describing this
phenomenon is termed as elastic rebound theory, according to which the strain energy that accumulates
due to deformation in the earth mass gets released when the resilience of the storing rock is exceeded.
The energy released through rupture is propagated in form of waves which are passed on to the earth
mass through which they pass and vibrate the structures standing on it. A major tectonic earthquake is
generally proceeded by small shocks caused either due to small ruptures or due to plastic deformations
and is followed by aftershocks’ due to fresh ruptures or due to the re-adjustments of the fractured mass. a
shock may result from a rupture of rock over a length of few hundred kilometres and several kilometres
wide and thick. The bigger is the mass that ruptures at a time, the bigger is the earthquake. small
earthquakes are caused by volcanic eruptions, rocks bursts, blasts, mining, impounding of reservoirs,
pumping of oil etc. These may cause damage in small areas but areas are shaken by tectonic movements
across active faults as explained above.

 Various is-codes related to earthquakes

 Is:1893 : 1984 criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
This standard contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also, it
contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. It covers general principles and design criteria,
combinations, design spectrum, main attributes of buildings, dynamic analysis, apart from seismic
zoning map and seismic coefficients of important towns, map showing epicentres, map showing
tectonic features and lithological map of India.
Following are the major and important modifications made in this revision:
1.] The seismic zone map is revised with only four zones, instead of five. Erstwhile Zone I has been
merged to Zone II and hence Zone I does not appear in the new zoning; only Zones II, III, IV and V
 do. The killer area has been included in Zone III and necessary modifications made, keeping in view
the probabilistic Hazard Evaluation. The Bellary isolated zone has been removed. The parts of eastern
coast area have shown similar hazard to that of the killari area, the level of Zone II has been enhanced
to Zone III and connected with Zone III of Godawari Graben area.
2.] This revision adopts the procedure of first calculating the actual force that may be experienced by
the structure during the probable maximum earthquake, if it were to remain elastic. Then the concept
of response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy dissipation in the cracks is
brought into the code explicitly, by introducing the `response reduction factor’ in place of the earlier
performance factor.
3.] The values of seismic zone factors have been changed; these now reflect more realistic values of
effective peak ground acceleration considering Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and service
life of structure in each seismic zone.
4.] A clause has been introduced to restrict the use of foundations vulnerable to differential
settlements in severe seismic zones.
Here it is worthwhile to mention that it is not intended in this standard to lay down regulation so that
no structure shall suffer any damage during earthquake of all magnitudes. It has been endeavoured to
ensure that as far as, possible structures are able to respond, without structural damage to shocks of
moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks of heavy intensities
 Is: 13920: 1993 ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subject to
seismic forces.
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete
buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severe earthquake shocks without
collapse. The provisions for reinforced concrete construction given in this standard apply specifically to
monolithic reinforced concrete construction.  Precast and/or prestressed concrete members may be used
only if they can provide the same level of ductility as that of a monolithic reinforced concrete
construction during or after an earthquake. Provisions on minimum and maximum reinforcement have
been elaborated which includes the requirements for beams at longitudinal reinforcement in beams at
joint face, splices and anchorage requirements.  Provisions have been included for calculation of design
shear force and for detailing of transverse reinforcement in beams. Material specifications are indicated
for lateral force resisting elements of frames.  The provisions are also given for detailing of reinforcement
in the wall web, boundary elements, coupling beams, around openings, at construction joints, and for the
development, splicing and anchorage of reinforcement

 Is: 4326 :1993 earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings.

This standard provides guidance in selection of materials, special features of design and construction for
earthquake resistant buildings including masonry construction, timber construction, prefabricated
construction etc.  In this standard, it is intended to cover the specified features of design and construction
for earthquake resistance of buildings of conventional types.  The general principles to be observed in the
construction of such earthquake resistant buildings as specified in this standard are Lightness, Continuity
of Construction, avoiding/reinforcing Projecting and suspended parts, Building configuration, strength in
various directions, stable foundations, Ductility of structure, Connection to non-structural parts and fire
safety of structures.Special Construction Features like Separation of Adjoining Structures, Crumple
Section, Foundation design, Roofs and Floors and Staircases have been elaborated in the standard.  It also
covers the details pertaining to the type of construction, masonry construction with rectangular masonry
units, masonry bearing walls, openings in bearing walls, seismic strengthening arrangements, framing of
thin load bearing walls, reinforcing details for hollow block masonry, flooring/roofing
with precast components and timber construction
 Is: 13828 improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry buildings-
guidelines.
This standard covers the special features of design and construction for improving earthquake resistance
of buildings of low-strength masonry. The provisions of this standard are applicable in all seismic
zones.  No special provisions are considered necessary for buildings in seismic zone II if cement-
sand mortar not leaner than 1:6 is used in masonry and through stones or bonding elements are used in
stone walls. The various provisions of IS 4326:1993 regarding general principles, special construction
features, types of construction, categories of buildings and masonry construction with rectangular
masonry buildings of low strength dealt with in this standard.  There are however certain restrictions,
exceptions and additional details which are specifically included herein.

 Is : 13827 improving earthquake resistance of earthen buildings guidelines.

The guidelines covered in this standard deal with the design and construction aspects for improving
earthquake resistance of earthen houses, without the use of stabilizers such as lime, cement, asphalt, etc.
The provisions of this standard are applicable for seismic zones III, IV and V.  No special provisions are
considered necessary in Zone II.  However, considering inherently weak against water and earthquake,
earthen buildings should preferably be avoided in flood prone, high rainfall areas and seismic zones IV
and V. It has been recommended that such buildings should be light, single storeyed and of simple
rectangular plan.  Qualitative tests for the suitability of soil have been suggested. Guidelines for Block or
Adobe Construction, Rammed earth construction, Seismic strengthening of bearing wall buildings,
Internal bracing in earthen houses and earthen constructions with wood or cane
structures have  heen elaborated in this standard.

 Is: 13935 : 2009 repair and seismic strengthening of buildings-guidelines

This standard covers the selection of materials and techniques to be used for repair and seismic
strengthening of damaged buildings during earthquakes. It also covers the damageability assessment and
retrofitting for upgrading of seismic resistance of existing masonry buildings covered under IS 4326 and
IS 13828.The provisions of this standard are applicable for buildings in seismic Zones III to V of IS 1893
(Part-1). These are based on damaging seismic intensities VII and more on M.S.K. Intensity scales. The
scheme of strengthening should satisfy the requirements stipulated for the seismic zone of IS 1893: (Part-
1), building categories of IS 4326 and provisions made in this code and in IS 13828 for low strength
masonry building. No special seismic resistance features are considered necessary for buildings in
seismic Zones II, but the important buildings in this Zone may also be considered for upgrading their
seismic resistance.
 

The buildings affected by earthquake may suffer both non-structural and structural damages. This
standard lays down guidelines for non-structural/architectural as well as structural repairs, seismic
strengthening and seismic retrofitting of existing buildings. Guidelines have been given for selection of
materials for repair work such as cement, steel, epoxy resins, epoxy mortar, quick setting cement mortar
and special techniques such as shotcrete, mechanical anchorage etc. Seismic strengthening techniques for
the modification of roofs or floors, inserting new walls, strengthening existing walls, masonry arches,
random rubble masonry walls, strengthening long walls, strengthening reinforced concrete members and
strengthening of foundations have been elaborated in detail.
The following are the major important modifications made in this revision:
1.] Non-shrink grouts and fibre reinforced plastics have been incorporated for repair, restoration work and
strengthening.
2.] Damageability assessment of existing masonry buildings under earthquake occurrences has been
incorporated.
3.]Assessment of retrofitting requirements and actions for retrofitting also incorporated.
4.] Provision of seismic belts around door and window openings.
5] Rapid visual screening method along with RVS survey forms for masonry buildings for seismic
hazards evaluation has been incorporated.
these standards taken together cover the professional design & construction requirements quite
adequately.

 As per a regulation Sitting and settlement of buildings

 Effects of site conditions on building demage.
earthquake studies have invariably shown that that the intensity of shock is directly related to the
type of soil layers supporting the building. The structures built on solid rock and firm soil fare
better than building that rest on soft ground.it is also seen that the topography of the buildings site
also effects the damage to the structure. The building buildings built on sites with open and even
topography are usually less damaged than the buildings on hill ridges , high hills and on steep
slopes. steep sites may have problem of land slides and rock falls and should be avoided or
effectively improved if there is no choice.plain soils with loose fine sand with high water table are
liable to liquefaction. These sites shall be avoided, unless improved. Such areas should better be
reserved for parks, play ground etc.

 Building safety:
Building safety starts by choosing a safe site. Such a choice is normally not available with many
people who are constrained to build on whatever site they are able to get. Unsafe sites should be
improved as follows for achieving safety of building. a steeply sloping site may be improved by
terracing and constructing breast and retaing walls. site liable to liquefaction may be improved by
compaction, stabilisation or sand.

 Factors effecting damage to building

The principal factors that influence damage to the buildings and other man made structure are listed
below

• building configurations
an important feature is regularity and symmetry in overall shape of building. A building shaped like a
box, such as rectangular in plan and elevation is inherently stronger than l-shaped or u-shaped
building. An irregular shaped buildind will twist as it shakes, inreasing the damage.

• Openings in walls
In genral, large window and door Openings in walls of a building tend to Weaken the walls. therefore,
fewer and Smaller openings in the walls, cause lesser Damage to the buildings during an Earthquake.
If it is necessary to provide Large openings, special provisions shall be Made to ensure structural
integrity

• Regidity distributon
The rigidity distribution in a building along the vertical direction should be regular , since the changes
in the structural rigidity of a building from one to next floor shall cause potential and shall therefore
be avoided. Columns and the shear walls should run continuously from foundation to roof.

• Ductility
 Ductiblity is the ability of the building to bend and deform by large amount without serious damage
or collapse. And the addition of steel reinforcements can add ductility by proper use of reinforcement
steel.

• Foundation
The buildins which are structurally strong to withstand earthquakes sometimes fail due to inadequate
foundation design. Tilting, cracking and failure of supperstructure may result from soil liquefaction
and diffential settlement of footings. certain types of foundations are more susceptible to demage than
others. For example isolated footing are most likely to be subjected to differential settlement
particularly where there different types of soil supporting ground. Also mixed type of foundation may
also lead to damage.very shallow foundation may lead to damage because of weathering particularly
at places exposed to freezing in cold climates and presence of black cotton soil.
 Quality of construction and maintenance
In many cases the failures of the buildings in an earthquake has been attributed to the poor quality of
construction, poor workmanship and careless maintenance. This may result in inadequate bonding of
masonry. Lack of curing may reduce the strengh and duribility of concrete.

 Architectural design features

• Building configration
The building plan should have a simple rectangular plan and be symmetrical both with mass and
rigity. If, it is not possible, then the structure has to be designed for torsion and other effects due to
earhthquake forces while designing.
• Seperation of wings
large plans shall be seperated into rectangular blocks by providing expansion joints. This shall avoid
torsional forces due to earthquake. Where seperation is necessary , a complete seperation of parts
should be made except below plinth level. The plinth beams, foundation beams and footings may be
continuous. The seperation shall also take care the movement due to temperature changes.
 Detailing for ductility
The structure should resist moderate intensity of earthquake shaking without structural damage. the
structure should be resist exceptionally large intesity of earthquake shaking without collapse. Such an
intensity could occur not more than once in the life of the structure. It is not catered for in design but
is taken care by providing ductile detailing. Recommendation for ductility, is: 13920 lays down the
requirements for r.c.c. moment resisting frames for detiling of beams , columns, shear walls and their
joints. concrete and steel grades, for more than three storeyed buildings , the minimum concrete grade
shall be m25 and steel requirement shall be fe 415.

 Detailing of beams
Minimum width of the beam shall be 200 mm and overall depth shall not be more than 0.25 of clear
span. tension reinforcement should not be more than 0.25 percent. there shall be at least two bars at
top and bottom of the beam for full length and shall be enchored in the column for full bond length
plus 10xd where d is the diameter of the reinforcement bar.no splice shall be provided in the bar upto
¼ of span. Not more than half bars shall spliced at a section. the lap lenth shall be ld and the spacing
of the stirrups in this portion shall not be less than 150 mm. side face reinforcement shall be provided
in the beam. the spacing of shear reinforcement shall not exceed d/4 but shall not be less than 75 mm.
The spacing in the other portion shall not exceed d/2.

 Detailing of columns
 minimum side of column shall be 200 mm. Hoops and are shown in the next slide. special confining
reinforcement shall be provided for length h/6 distance as shown in the slide. the logitudinal bars shall
be spliced with in middle 2/3 rd heigh of column and the spacing of the ties shall not be less than 150
mm in the spliced portioned.

 Safety of non-engineering buildings

A s per details available , in india earthern and stone houses and other brittle houses(burnt brick) are
84.7 % and are highly vunerrable. The collapse of these house takes place during an earthquake of
moderate intensity. These result in large loss of lives. For safety of human lives and property it is
important that all these buildings are built with earthquake resisting features.following table is gives
details to be adopted