Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 3
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

MIND MAP

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Introduction of atom Electronic configuration

Atomic Models

Thomson Rutherford Bohr’s

Model Model Model

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CONCEPT - 1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Introduction:

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every
solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are
around 100 picometers (aten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).

Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics as if they were billiard
balls, for example gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects. Through the development of
physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.

RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL

Introduction :

The electrical nature of matter was indicated by frictional studies, for example, when substances like glass or
ebonite are rubbed with silk or fur they generate electricity. However the greatest break through in the atomic
theory of matter came to light with the discovery of Faraday’s laws of electrolysis which proved the electrical
nature of matter. Faraday suggested that there is some relationship between matter and electricity.

The electrical nature of matter was further supported by Thomson’s experiment on electrical conduction of
gases through discharge tubes.

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

The main land marks in the evolution of atomic structure are

1896 : J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron
1909 : Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
1913 : Mosley’s determination of Atomic Number
1913 : Bohr’s Atom
1921 : Bohr - Bury Scheme of Electronic Arrangement
1932 : Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron.

J.J. Thomson’s atomic model :

After the discovery of electrons and protons, Sir J.J. Thomson suggested
that the atom is a hard solid sphere having a size of the order of 10-10 m.
The whole positive charge and the mass of the atom are uniformly
distributed. He believed that e~s are embedded in the positively charged
atomic mass like seeds embedded in the fibrous mass of a watermelon.
Thomsons model of atom could not explain as to why the atoms are stable,
because the electric charges when squeezed in a small volume are expected
to repel each other.
To explore the structure of atom further an experiment, called the
performed by Rutherford.
RUTHERFORD S ATOMIC MODEL (PLANETARY MODEL)

α - particle scattering experiment:

 Ernest Rutherford designed an experiment to check the validity of Thomson’s atomic model.
 A stream of high energy  -particles (are nuclei of helium atoms) from a radioactive source was direct at
a thin foil (thickness nearly 100 nm) of gold metal. The thin gold foil had a circular fluorescent zinc sulphide
screen around it. Whenever an  -particle struck the screen, a tiny flash of light was produc at that point.

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

In this α -ray scattering experiment the following observations were made.

1) Most of the a -particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
2) A small fraction of the alpha particles was deflected by small angles.
3) A very few alpha particles (1 in 20,000) bounced back i.e., were deflected by an angle nearly
180°.
From this experiment he concluded that
1) Most of the space inside the atom is empty (as most of the alpha particles passed through the gold
foil undeflected)
2) Very few a -particles were deflected from their path, indicating that the positive charge of the atom
occupies very little space, at the centre.
On the basis of his experiment Rutherford put forward the nuclear model of an atom which
has the following features (postulates)
1) There is a positively charged centre in the atom called the nucleus. Almost all the mass of an atom
is present in the nucleus.
2) The electrons revolve around the nucleus just like the planets revolve around the sun.
3) The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom. Size of the nucleus is in
the order of 10-13cm/10-15/1 Fermi and size of atom is in the order of
10-8cm.
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of the atom:
1) He could not explain the stability of the atom. Any particle moving in a circular path would undergo
acceleration. According to the electromagnetic theory during acceleration, a charged particle would
radiate energy continuously . Thus the revolving electron would lose energy and finally fall into the
nucleus. If this was so, the atom should be highly unstable and hence matter would not exist. But we
know that matter exists and atoms are stable.
2) He could not explain the line spectrum of an atom. If the electron loses energy continuously, then the
atomic spectra should be continuous. Experimentally atomic spectra are made up of discrete spectral
lines.
3) Consider  -particle of mass ‘m’ moving directly towards a nucleus with velocity ‘V’ at any given time.
As  -particle approach the nucleus, its velocity and hence K.E. continues to decrease. At centre
distance to from the nuclear, the  -particle wil stop and then start refraciner its depicted path. This
distance is called distance of chemistry.

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WORKSHEET-1
LEVEL-I
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
1. Rutherford’s atomic model is known as
1) Planetary model 2) Apple pie model 3) Thomson 4) J. J. Thomson
2 Nucleus was discovered by
1) Ernest rutherford 2) Stoney 3) Bohr 4) Chadwick
3. Thomson atomic model can explain only:
1) Existence of Nucleus 2) Electrical neutrality
3) Orbital concept 4) All the these
4. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of alpha particles showed for the first time that atom has:
1) Nucleus 2) Electrons 3) Protons 4) Neutrons
5. Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain.
1) Gaps present in the spectrum 2) Stability of the atom
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
6. In Rutherford atomic model alpha particles were stroked on
1) Aluminium 2) Gold 3) Silver 4) Titaniam
7 Particles which were deflected backwards in Rutherford’s experiment were hit upon by
1) Nucleus 2) Empty space 3) Electrons 4) Protons
8 Which of the following gave the idea of nucles of the atom?
1) Oil drop experiment 2) Davisson and Germer’s experiment
3) Alpha ray scattering experiment 4) Austen’s mass spectrogram experiment
9 The “plum pudding” model of the atom was proposed by
1) Dalton 2) Thomson 3) Rutherford 4) Bohr
10 According to Rutherford
1) The neutrons revolve around the nucleus
2) The electrons revolve around the nucleus
3) The protons revolves around the nucleus
4) The nucleus revolves around the electrons
11. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of alpha particles, only a few of them get deflected
whereas most go straight undeflected.This is because:
1) The force of attraction exerted on the alpha particles by the oppositely charged electrons is not
sufficient.
2) A nucleus has a much smaller volume than that of an atom.
3) The force of repulsion acting on the fast-moving alpha particles is very small.
4) The neutrons in the nucleus do not have any effect on the alpha particles.
12. Which experiment unfolds the presence of nucleus in an atom?
1)  -ray 2)  -ray 3)  -ray 4) x-ray

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LEVEL-II
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
13. According to the electromagnetic theory, if the electron revolves around the positively charged nuclei
continuously, then the electron should lose
1) Energy 2) Mass 3) Both 1 & 2 4) Velocity
14. In   ray scattering experiment, the positively charged body at the centre is?
1) Newland 2) Neutron 3) Nucleus 4) Mesons
15. Thomson atomic model can explain only:
1) Existence of Nucleus 2) Electrical neutrality
3) Orbital concept 4) All the these
16. In Rutherford   ray scattering experiment gold foils are used due to
1) high maeliability 2) ductility
3) high melting point 4) high ionisation energy
17. The conslusions of Rutherford scattering experiment does not include
1)  - particle can come within a distance of the order of 10 14 m of the nucleus
2) The radius of the nucleus is less than 10 14 m
3) Scattering follows coulomb’s law
4) The (+)vely charged particles of an atom move with extremely high velocities.
18. Charge of one mole of alpha particle is
1) +2 units 2) +1 units 3) +2 faraday 4) +2 coulombs
19. Matrix match type
Column - I Column - II
a) X - rays p) high energy inditions like X - rays
b)  - rays q) similar to election
c)  - rays r) two units of positive charge and four units
of atomic mass
d)  - rays s) very high penetrating power
LEVEL-III
Multi Correct choice type:
20. Rutherfords in his atomic model could not explain behaviour of
1) Electrons 2) Protons 3) Neutrons 4) Neutrino
21. Which of the following are used in Rutherfords atomic model?
1) Alpha particles 2) Gold foil 3) lead black 4) ZnS screen
22. According to structure of atom electron should fall in
1) Nucleus 2) Shell 3) Outer environment 4) Space
23. Rutherford experiment with __________
1) Alpha particles and cathode rays
2) Gold foil and Alpha particles
3) Electrons and Alpha particles
4) Cathode rays and gold foil

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24. Rutherfords model of atom failed because

1) The atom did not have nucleus and electrons
2) It did not account for the attraction between protons and neutrons
3) It did not account for the stability of atom
4) There is actually no space between the nucleus and the electrons
25. Statement-I : Thomsons model is also called as plum pudding model
Statement-II : Electrons discovery was accounted for in Rutherfords model of the atom
1) Statement I is correct , II is incorrect
2) Statement II is correct , I is incorrect
3) Both I and II are correct
4) Both I and II are incorrect
Assertion and reasoning type:
26. Assertion (A) : In Rutherford’s alpha-scattering experiment a gold foil of element was used .
Reason (R) : The volume of the nucleus of an atom when compared to the extra nuclear part is smaller
1) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct and R is the correct explanation of ‘A’
2) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct and R is not correct explanation of ‘A’
3) A is correct, R is incorrect
4) A is incorrect, R is correct
27. Assertion (A) : In  -particle scattering experiment, a few  particles deflect through large angles.
Reason (R) : Protons are positively charged particles.
1) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct and R is the correct explanation of ‘A’
2) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct and R is not correct explanation of ‘A’
3) A is correct, R is incorrect
4) A is incorrect, R is correct
Matrix Matching
28. Match the following
Column - I Column-II
a) watermelon model p) Thomson
b) planetory model q) Alpha particle
c) He 2  r) Dalton
d) first to propose a detailed model of atom s) Rutherford

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CONCEPT - 2
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
Introduction:
Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain the electromagnetic radiation and therefore, was not able to
account for the existence of spectral lines even for the simplest atom, i.e. hydrogen spectrum. To seek a
theoritical explanation of the existence of spectral lines and their regularities and also to solve the conflict
between the conclusions of conventional mechanics and the laws of electrodynamics, Bohr in 1913 put forward
a theory to improve the Rutherfords model of (atom) structure of atom.
His theory was based on the principles of Max Planck about the absorption and emission of radiation by an
electron.
In order to overcome the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom, Neils Bohr, a brilliant Danish Physicist,
pointed out that the old laws of physics just did not work in the sub microscopic world of the atom. He closely
studied the behaviour of electrons, radiations and atomic spectra. In 1913 Bohr proposed a new model of the
atom based on the modern Quantum theory of energy. With his theoretical model he was able to explain as to
why an orbiting electron did not collapse into the nucleus and how the atomic spectra were caused by the
radiations emitted when electrons moved from one orbit to the other.
Bohr’s postulates:
1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specified circular paths called orbits or shells. These orbits are
numbered as 1,2,3.....etc, are represented as K,L,M.... respectively and are represented by the symbol ‘n’.
2. Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. Hence these orbits are also called energy
levels.
3. As long as the electron revolves in a particular orbit the electron neither gains nor loses energy. Therefore
these orbits are called stationary orbits or main energy states
and the electrons are said to be in stationary energy states.

4. The energy associated with the energy levels increases

with the increase in ‘n’ value.
5. When an electron absorbs energy it jumps from a lower
energy level to a higher energy level and it’s emitts similarly
when electron loose energy it jumps from a higher energy
level to a lower energy level. This absorption and emission
takes place in the form of electromagnetic radiation..
Let E1, be the energy of the lower energy orbit and E2 be
the energy of the higher energy orbit

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Then E 2  E1  E  h ; Where h = Planck’s constant and  = Frequency of radiation

h = 6.6256 x 10-34 joule.sec (or) h = 6.6256 x 10-27 erg.sec

E is the energy difference between the two orbits.

6. The angular momentum of an electron revolving in a particular orbit is quantised and is an integral
h
multiple of . This is known as quantisation of angular momentum.
2

h
7. The angular momentum is given by the formula, mvr  n , which is called “Bohr’s quantum condition.”
2
Where ‘n’ is an integer (n = 1,2,3,.....), this is also called ‘principal quantum number.’
m = mass of the electron, v = velocity of the electron
r = distance of the electron from the nucleus, h = Planck’s constant

Radius of the nth orbit of hydrogen atom:

By applying the concept of quantisation of energy, Bohr calculated the radii and energy of the nth orbit
of hydrogen atom rn.

n 2h 2
th
Radius of n orbit is given as rn  2 2
4 me Z
By substituting the values of m,e,n,h and Z = 1
o
We get rn for Hydrogen atom the calculated value is 0.529  n 2 A .

o
Where 1A  10 8 cm

Here m = mass of the electron, e = charge of the electron

For an atom of a given element, Z = atomic number, n = principal quantum number.
The radius of the orbit in an atom is direclty proportional to the square of the principal quantum number
i.e., r  n 2 .

r1 n 21
If r1 and r2 are the radii of two orbits whose principal quantum numbers are n1 and n2, then  2
r2 n 2

For hydrogen atom, the radius of any orbit is given by rn  n 2  0.529  10 8 cm

o
 
  n 2  0.529 A 
 

For hydrogen like species (He+, Li++, etc.)

0.529 o
rn  n 2  A
Z

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 Class : VIII CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

r0  n 2 o
rn  A
Z
Velocity of the electron in orbit:

2 Ze 2
The velocity of the electron in any orbit is given by V 
nh
For a given atom Z is a constant

Hence V  1 n

If the velocity of the elctron is 'V1 ' in the orbit with principal quantum number ' n1 ' and if the velocity is
V1 n2
'V2 ' in another orbit with principal quantum number ' nL ' in the same atom then V  n
2 1

In the case of the hydrogen atom, the velocity of the electron in any orbit is
2.18  108 cm
V
n sec

Velocity of an electron in any orbit in Hydrogen like species,

2.18  108  Z cm
Vn 
n sec

The velocity of the electron in the first orbit of Hydrogen atom is

- V  2.18  108 cm sec

Energy of the nth orbit of hydrogen atom:

With an increase in the radius of the orbit, the kinetic energy of the electron decreases but the potential
energy increases. Hence, the total energy increases.

 Ze2 Ze 2  Ze2
Total energy of the electron = PE + KE   
r 2r 2r
PE  2  total energy KE   total energy

2 2 Z2 me4
The energy of the electron in any orbit is given E n 
n 2h2

313.6Z2
 K.Cal / mole
n2

2.18  1011 Z2
 erg / atom
n2
If E1 and E2 are energies of two orbits whose principle quantum are n1 and n2

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En1 n 22
respectively then 
En 2 n12

In case of a hydrogen atom, the energy of the electron is given by

313.6 1312
En  2
k.cal / mole  kJ / mole
n n2

2.18  1011 13.6

En  2
erg / atom  eV / atom
n n2

2.18  1018
 J / atom
n2

Singinificance of Negative value of energy:

The energy of an electron at infinite distance from the nucleus is arbitrarily assumed to be zero. This
state is called zero-energy state. When an electron moves and comes under the influence of nucleus, it
does some work and spends its energy in this process. Thus the energy of the electron decreases and
it becomes less than zero i.e. it acquires a negative value.
When the electron is at an infinite distance from the nucleus its energy is zero.
When the electron jumps from the orbit at infinite distance to a given orbit, its energy decreases from
zero to a negative value.
Ionization energy:
“The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit to an infinite
distance is known as ionization energy or ionization potential.”
Ionization energy = -(first energy of the orbit) (for Hydrogen atom)
(or)
“The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit of an isolated
neutral gaseous atom.”

H  g   IE  H   g   e 

Alternatively, ionisation energy corresponds to the energy difference between the ground state of atom
and the excited state i.e.,

I.E.  E   E n  E  ground state  E   0 

For H-atom,  I.E  H  E1  H   2.17 1018 J atom 1

For H-like species (He+, Li++ etc.)

 I.E H
 I.E H.like  Z 2 1eV  1.6  1019 J 
n2
where n is the first excited state.
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Note: As the principal quantum number increases, the difference of energy between the consecutive
energy levels decreases.

2 2 me 4z 2
Energy of an electron in any orbit is calculated by E n 
n2h 2
If E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5 are energies of the electrons in the first orbit (n = 1), second orbit (n = 2), third
orbit (n = 3), fourth orbit (n = 4), fifth orbit (n = 5) respectively, then
n=5
E5 = -0.54 eV ______________________________________________
n=4
E5 = -0.85 eV ______________________________________________
n=3
E5 = -1.5 eV ______________________________________________
n=2
E5 = -3.4 eV ______________________________________________
n=1
E5 = -13.6 eV ______________________________________________
The difference in the energy levels is

E 2  E1  3.4   13.6   10.2 eV E3  E 2  1.5   3.4   1.9 eV

E 4  E3  0.84   1.5   0.66 eV E5  E 4  0.54   0.84   0.30 eV

All the calculations indicate that the gap between consecutive energy levels decreases with increase of
‘n’ value.
WORKSHEET-2
LEVEL - I
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
1. The correct order of energy of the shells is __________
1) K > L > M > N 2) L > K > M > N 3) N > K > L > M 4) N > M > L > K
2. As the electron moves away from the nucleus, it’s kinetic energy and potential energy are respectively
1) Decreses, decreses 2) Increse, increse 3) Increse, decrese 4) Decrese, increse
3. Angular momentum of an electron is quantised according to
1) Plank 2) Rutherford 3) Bohr 4) Thomson
4. Bohr’s model of an atom explains
1) Zeeman effect 2) Photo electric effect
3) Stark effect 4) None of the above

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5. According to Bohr’s atomic model the electrons revolve in

1) Circular orbits 2) Elliptical orbits 3) Stationary orbits 4) Both 1 & 3
6. In Bohr’s atomic model orbits are represented by
1) K, L, M, N 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) A, B, C, D 4) Both 1 and 2
7. For which of the following species, Bohr theory is applicable?
1) H 2) He1 3) Li2 4) All the above
8. The angular momentum quantum is given by
h  nh
1) h 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2
9. Bohr’s theory is applicable to :
1) He+ ion 2) Li2+ ion 3) Tritium 1H3 4) all of the above
10. The total neergy of electron in an atom is a combination of potential energy and kinetic energy. If total
energy is -E for an electron in an atom, then it’s K.E and P.E are respectively
1) 2E, -E 2) 2E, E 3) E, -2E 4) E, -E
11. The energy of the el;ectron when it is at an infinite distance from the nucleus is
1) Infinity 2) Zero 3) Minimum 4)Cannot be predicted
Matrix-Match type questions.
12. Column-I Column - II
a) n = 1 i) L
b) n = 4 ii) K
c) n = 2 iii) O
d) n = 5 iv) N
A B C D A B C D
1) i ii iv iii 2) ii iv iii i
3) ii iv i iii 4) i ii iii iv

LEVEL-II
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
13. According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum of an electron in 5th orbit is
10h 2.5h 25h 1.0h
1) 2) 3) 4)
   
14. The radius of the first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is r. The radius the 3rd orbit would be
1
1) 3r 2) 9r 3) 27r 4) r
3
15. The ratio of radii of the first three Bohr orbits of H-atom is
1) 1 : 2 : 3 2) 1 : 6 : 36 3) 1 : 4 : 9 4) 1 : 9 : 4
16. How much energy is required to move an electron from the ground state of the H-atom to the first
excited state?
1) 3.4ev 2) 13.6ev 3) 10.2ev 4) 1.0ev
17. The angular momentum of the electron in the M-shell of H atom is
1) 3h/2  2) Mh/2  3) h/2  4) 2h/2 
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2h
18. The angular momentum of an electron in H atom is . The electron belongs to

1) 1st orbit 2) 2nd orbit 3) 3rd orbit 4) 4th orbit
19.
TYPES OF REACTIONS
According to Bohr's theory energy is..................... when an electron moves from a lower to a higher
orbit.
1) Absorbed 2) emitted 3) No change 4) both 1 and 2
20. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
1) Rutherford-nucleus 2) J.J. Thomsom-Elecrron
3) J.H. Chadwick-Neutron 4) Bohr-Isotope
21. Bohr’s model violates the rules of classical physics because it assumes that
1) all electrons have same charge
2) the nucleus have same charge
3) electrons can revolve around the nucleus
4) A charged particle can accelerate without emitting radiant energy
Matrix-Match type questions.
22. Column-I Column - II
A) Bohr i) K, L, M, N
B) Rutherford ii) h
C) Planck’s constant iii) Stationary orbits
D) Angular momentum iv) Planetary model of atom
E) Orbits v) mvr
A B C D E A B C D E
1) iii iv ii v i 2) iii i v ii iv
3) iii i ii v iv 4) iii i ii iv v
23. Column-I Column - II
a) Radius of the second orbit i) 32
of hydrogen atom
b) Angular momentum of the ii) -13.6eV/atom
electron in third orbit.
o
c) Energy of the first orbit in iii) 2.116 A

a hydrogen atom

3h
d) The maximum number of iv)
2
electrons in the fourth orbit
A B C D A B C D
1) i ii iii iv 2) iv iii ii i
3) iii iv ii i 4) i ii iv iii

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LEVEL-III
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
24. If ‘r’ is the radius of the first orbit, radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom would be

n r
1) n2r 2) nr 3) 4)
r n
25. Energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom in its ground state is -13.6ev. What is its energy in the first
excited state?
1) 3.4ev 2) -7.8ev 3) +7.8ev 4) -3.4ev
Multiple choice questions with more than one correct answer.
26. To explain the line spectrum of hydrogen, Niels Bohr not applied the following theories.
1) Quantum theory 2) Sommerfeld theory
3) Thomson theory 4) Daltons theory
27. Bohr’s model cannot explain
1) The spectrum of Helium atom
2) Spectrum of an atom (or) ion containing one electron only
3) The spectrum of hydrogen molecule
4) The solar spectrum
28. The incorrect electronic arrangement is
1) 2,18,13,2 2) 2,8,12,2 3) 2,8,8,1 4) 2,8,12,1
29. Which of the following is an isoelectronic pair
1) k+, Cl- 2) Na+, Cl- 3) Na+, Mg+2 4) H+, Li+2
Statement type questions.
Each question contains Statement-I and Statement-II and has the following choices
(1), (2), (3) and (4), out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
1. Statement-I is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
2. Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True: Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for StatementI
3. Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False.
4. Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True.
Select the appropriate option for below given questions.
30. Statement-I: The spectra of Li+2 and hydrogen atom are similar
Statement-II: Both Li+2 and H-atom have the Nuclear charge
31. Statement - I: In stationary orbits energy of electrons is constant.
Statement - II: Electrons do not revolve in atoms.

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CONCEPT - 3
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS:
On the basis of the electronic configuration principles, the electronic configuration of various elements are
given in the following table :

nlX method:
The above method of writing the electronic configuration is quite cumbersome. Hence, usually the electronic
configuration of the atom of any element is simply represented by the notation.

Some Unexpected Electronic Configuration

Some of the exceptions are important. Because they occur with common elements, notably chromium and
copper. ‘Cu’ has 29 electrons. Its expected electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s23d9. But in
reality the configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (as this configuration is more stable). Similarly ‘Cr’ has
the configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 instead of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4.

Factors responsible for the extra stability of half-filled and completely filled subshells:
(i) Symmetrical distribution: It is well known fact that symmetry leads to stability. Thus the electronic
configuration in which all the orbitals of the same subshell are either completely filled or exactly half
filled are more stable because of symmetrical distribution of electrons.
(ii) Exchange energy: The electrons with parallel spins present in the degenerate orbitals tend to exchange
their position. The energy released during this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the degenerate orbtials (orbitals of same subshell
having equal energy) are exactly half-filled or completely filled. As a result, the exchange energy is
maximum and so it is stable.

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Shapes Of Orbitals :
ORBITAL:
i) Orbital is the path where maximum probability of electrons are present.
ii) Orbitals are denoted by the letters s, p, d, f .........................
iii) The shape of the orbitals is determined by the azimuthal quantum number ‘l’.

Note:
* It represents the region where probability of finding an electron is zero (i.e.  and
 2  0 ). Similarly nodal plane represents the plane having zero probability of finding electron.
* Nodes are of two types: (a) Radial node (b) Angular node
* A radial node is the spherical region around nucleus having  and  2 equals to zero. An orbital having
higher number of nodes has more energy.
* Calculation of number of nodes:
Radial nodes=n-l-1 Angular nodes=1 Total nodes=n-1
* n and l are principal and azimuthal quantum numbers.
Quantum numbers explains the properties of electron in an atom. These are principal quantum number,
azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number.
Shape of s - orbital:
i) s-orbital do not vary with angles i.e. they do not have directional dependence.
thus all s-orbital are called spherically symmetrical.
ii) Their size increases with increase in the value of n.
iii) 1s orbital has no nodal plane (the plane at which zero electron density is
noticed). 2s orbital has one Radial Nodes; 3s orbital has two Radial Nodes.

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iv) It is thus evident that number of nodal planes increases with increasing value of principal quantum
number n.
Shape of p - orbitals:
i) Each p-orbitals consist of two lobes to form dumb bell shaped structure.
ii) The three p-orbitals along x,y,z axis named as px, py and pz orbitals, they are perpendicular to each
other respectively.
iii) All the three p-orbitals of a sub shell have the same size and shape but differ from each other in orientation.
iv) The subscripts x,y and z indicate the axis along which orbitals are oriented and possess maximum
electron density.
v) The orbitals of a sub shell having same energy are referred as degenerated orbitals.
vi) px, py and pz are having same energy, so they are referred as degenerate orbitals.

Shape of d - orbitals:
i) The ‘d’ sub level consist of five orbitals. They are d xy , d yz, d xz , d x 2  y2 and d z2 orbitals.
ii) Each of the d orbitals possesses same energy but differ in their orientation in space (degenerate orbitals).
iii)  
Four of the d-orbitals d xy , d yz, d xz and d x 2  y2 contain four lobes each, while fifth i.e., d z2 consists of
only two lobes along z-axis a doughnut in the xy-plane.
Energies of orbitals:
iv) In any given sub-shell all the orbitals have equal energy. Hence they are called degenerate orbitals.
v) In general the energy of an orbital can be known from its (n+l) value in absence of any external magnetic
field.
vi) As the number of nodal planes increases, the energy of that orbital increases.
vii) In any main energy level the order of increasing energy of orbitals is s < p < d < f < g
viii) The first energy level that can have f-orbital is N-shell.

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Nodes and Nodal planes for d-orbitals

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Number of nodal planes

Orbitals No.of planes Nodal Orbitals No.of planes Nodal
s 0 Nil px 1 YZ
py 1 ZX pz 1 XY
dxy 2 YZ, ZX dyz 2 ZX, XY
dzx 2 XY, YZ d x 2  y2 2 YZ, ZX

WORKSHEET-3
LEVEL-I
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
1. The electronic configuration of Zn (Z = 30) may be written as
1) [Ar] 4s2 2) [Kr] 4s2 3) [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4) [Ar]3d10
2. The correct electronic configuration of chromium (atomic number = 24) is:
1) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s1 2) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d6
3) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d4, 4s2 4) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5, 3d5, 4s2
3. The angle between two ‘p’ orbitals is
1) 450 2) 1800 3) 900 4) 1200
4. The d-orbital with the orientation along x and y-axis is called as
1) dxy 2) dyz 3) dxz 4) dx2y2
5. When 4p orbital in any atom are filled completely, the next electron goes in :
1) 5s 2) 3d 3) 4d 4) 4f
6. The space within an atom, where there is maximum probability of finding an electron at any instant is:
1) An orbit 2) An orbital 3) A stationary orbit 4) Shell
7. An example of non directional orbital is:
1) 3s 2) 2p 3) 3d 4) 4f
8. Energy of atomic orbitals in a particular shell is in order of:
1) s<p<d<f 2) s>p>d>f 3) p<d<f<s 4) f>d>s>p

LEVEL-II
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
9. Maximum number of electrons, that d orbitals can accomodate is:
1) 6 2) 10 3) 2 4) 18
10. The first energy level that can have f orbitals is :
1) K 2) L 3) M 4) N
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11. Which of the following orbitals has appearance like a baby soother?
1) dxy 2) dyz 3) d x 2  y2 4) d z 2

12. Number of electrons in p, d subshells respectively are:

1) 2, 6 2) 6, 10 3) 10, 14 4) 3, 5
13. Orbital having most of its orientation along the axis is
1) dx2-y2 2) s 3) dxy 4 dyz
14. Which one of the following atomic orbitals is NOT directed along the axis?
1) Px 2) d x 2  y 2 3) dxy 4) d z 2
15. How many 'd' electrons are present in Cr2+ ion ?
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 3
16. The electronic configuration of chromium (Z=24) is
1) [Ar]4d4 4s2 2) [Ar]3d5 4s1 3) [Ar]3d4 3s2 4) [Ar]4d5 4s1
17. The electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py12pz1 is of
1) N 2) O 3) Na 4) K
18. Size of 2s-orbital as compared to 1s orbital is
1) Large 2) Small 3) Very large 4) Medium
19. Lobes ofn d-orbitals which lie between axis are
1) First three 2) Last three 3) Last two 4)Only first
LEVEL-III
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
20. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5 is not the electron configuration of
1) Mn3+ 2) Fe3+ 3) Cr+ 4) Co4+
21. The total number of electrons present in all the S orbitals, all the P orbitals and all the d orbitals of
caesium ion are respectively.
1) 6, 26, 10 2) 10, 24, 20 3) 8, 22, 24 4) 12, 20, 23
22. Which one of the following pairs of ions have the same electronic configuration?
1) Cr+3, Fe+3 2) Fe+3, Mn+2 3) Fe+3, CO+3 4) Sc+3, Cr+3
23. Number of lobes in fifth d-orbital are
1) Four 2) Eight 3) Two 4) Three
24. Assertion(A): It is not possible to predict position and the velocity of an electron exactly and simulta-
neously
Reason(R): Electron moving with high speed possesses both the particle nature and the wave nature
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

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2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true but (R) is false 4) (A) is false but (R) is true

More than one choice correct questions.

25. Which of the following are true about p-orbital?
1) These are spherical.
2) These are dumb-bell in shape.
3) These are double dumb-bell in shape.
4) They posses directional character.
26. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
1) An orbital describes the path of an electron in an atom.
2) An orbital is a region where the electron is not located.
3) An orbital is a function which gives the probability of finding the electron in a given region
4) None of the above are correct.
Match the following
27. Column-I Column-II
a) Cr 1) [Ar]3d84s0
b) Fe2+ 2) [Ar]3d104s1
c) Ni2+ 3) [Ar]3d64s0
d) Cu 4) [Ar]3d54s1
5) [Ar]3d64s2
ADDITIONAL WORKSHEET
1. p- orbitals are ..... degenerate
1) Two fold 2) Three fold 3) Four fold 4) Five fold
2. The total number of ‘p’ electrons present in phosphorous atom is
1) 9 2) 2 3) 8 4) 3
3. Which atom has as many ‘s’ electrons as p-electrons
1) H 2) N 3) Na 4) Mg
4. Mg2+ and Al3+ have same
1) Protons 2) Neutrons
3) Electronic configuration 4) Neutrons+protons
5. The maximum probability of finding an electron of a particular energy in an orbital is about
1) 80% 2) 85% 3) 95% 4) 99%

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6. The density of electron cloud of the orbital dxy in yz plane is

1) 0 2) Maximum 3) Not determined 4) None
7. Positron is
1) Electron with positive charge 2) A Helium nucleus
3) A nucleus with two protons 4) A nucleus with one neutron and one proton
8. Ratio of masses of proton and electron is
1) 1.8 2) 1.8 x 10+3 3) Infinite 4) None of these
9. The number of neutrons in di positive zinc ion with mass number 70 is
1) 34 2) 36 3) 38 4) 40
10. Rutherford’s scattering experiment is related to the size of the
1) nucleus 2) atom 3) electron 4) neutron
11. The increasing order (lowest - first ) for the values of e/m (charge/mass ) for electron (e), proton (p),
neutron (n) and alpha particle (a) is:
1) e, p, n, a 2) n, p, e, a 3) n, p, a, e 4) n, a, p, e
12. The sum of the number of neutrons and proton in the isotope of hydrogen is :
1) 6 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
13. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment eventually led to the conclusion that :
(A) mass and energy are related
(B) electrons occupy space around the nucleus
(C) neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus
(D) the point of impact with matter can be precisely determined.
14. Two elements X and Y have 6 and 7 electrons in their N and M-shell respectively. Find the ratio of
atomic numbers of X and Y
1) 3 : 4 2) 1 : 2 3) 2 : 1 4) 6 : 7
15. The ratio of the number of electrons in the N shell of A and the M shell of B with atomic numbers 40 and
32 , respectively is
1) 5 : 3 2) 9 ; 5 3) 5 : 9 4) 5 : 4
16. The mass number of an atom is 31. If the atom has 5 electrons in M shell, Calculate the number of
neutrons ?
1) 14 2) 15 3) 16 4) 17
17. Which of the following statements is incorrect for cathode rays?
1) They move in straight line
2) Their nature depends upon the nature of gas present in the dischrge tube
3) They cost shadow of solid objects placed in their paths
4) They get deflected towards positive charge
18. Which of the following pairs are isotopes ?
1) Oxygen and Ozone 2) Ice and steam
3) Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide 4) Hydrogen and Deuterium
19. Which of the following has charge of +1 and a mass of 1 amu
1) a neutron 2) a proton 3) an electron 4) a helium nucleus
20. Which of the following describes an isotope with a mass number of 99 that contains 56 neutrons in
its nucleus
1) 56Ba99 2) 56Ba43 3) 43Tc99 4) 43Tc56

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