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Reason is a suitable way of knowing for ethical decisions when one does not wish to
considered while understanding an issue. Reason lacks the attachment that emotion
Recognize that arguments can go wrong in so many ways. Do not let reason be
overwhelmed by feeling.
MORAL REASONING
The morally right thing to do is always the thing best supported by the arguments
Our feelings may be irrational and may be nothing but products of prejudice,
We cannot rely on our feelings, no matter how powerful they might be.
When it comes to ethical principles and justification, reason is the most useful way of
knowing, and the most important way of deciding how to act morally. This is because
reason is based on logic (at least more so than the other ways of knowing), thus it is
less likely to be influenced and changed due to the environment, your own experiences,
etc. The other ways of knowing are all much more emotionally based and feel like they
are more liable to change. Reason is useful as moral indicator because it should
always stay the same and be the most unbiased way of knowing, which allows
made, changed ,etc. which would make it a less valid method in the justification of
ethical principles. However, reason is centered around facts and direct links, which can
be traced back and forth – reason can thus be the same for everyone, making it a
1. Each individual’s interests are equally important, and no one should get special
treatment.
- Impartiality in its true sense requires that subjective distinctions be set aside.
To illustrate the difference between the two notions: a National Society that
National Society staff member who, in the exercise of his functions, favours a
friend by giving him better treatment than that given to others, contravenes
the principle of impartiality. Therefore, staff and volunteers should be trained
unacceptable arbitrary.
- If you're in a contest you'd better hope the judges are impartial, that is, that
they aren't biased toward one competitor over another. When someone's
partial to something they take its part. Impartial means no part has yet been
taken.
- Impartiality is the idea that the same ethical standards are applied to
everyone.
consideration.
- Organizations and institutions – consider how the people associated with these
are affected.
FEELINGS AND REASONS: Upsurge of feelings is natural and what we do with them
FEELINGS DEFINED
These are mental associations and reactions to emotions which originate in the
neocortical regions of the brain, and are subjective being influenced by personal
experience, beliefs and memories. These are next thing that happens after having an
precisely.
memories, and thoughts linked to that particular emotion. Strictly speaking, a feeling is
the side product of your brain perceiving an emotion and assigning a certain meaning to
it. - For example, you remember a happy memory by looking at the family picture, you
may remember you we’re in joy at that moment but at present you may feel sad.
Essentially, emotions are physical and instinctive. While they are complex and involve a
variety of physical and cognitive responses (many of which are not well understood),
powerful experiences, but they usually do not last long. They sometimes make us do
things we later regret. - Today, we are angry at a colleague and want to yell at her.
Tomorrow, we wish we had acted more rationally, no matter how compelling our desire
was at the time. By transforming goals and desires in the heat of the moment, emotions
can lead us to make choices that hurt our long-term interests. Doing something that you
irrational.
REASON DEFINED
Reason – a form of personal justification which changes from person to person based
on their own ethical and moral code, as well as prior experience. It stands for the
faculties of rational reflection, sensations and experience, memory and inference, and
any judgments that may be exercised without relying on a religious faith that is
unsupported by reason.
Feelings are not limited to good and bad, happy and sad moods. They also influence
judgments, and hence decisions, with feelings as mild as contentment, safety, and
perceived ease or difficulty of tasks to be faced. In short, they mess with our thinking
“Sensitivity requires rationality to complete it, and vice versa. There is no siding onto
Plato saw reason and emotion as two horses pulling a chariot, with the charioteer
Emotion is not the opposite of reason. It is a different form of it. Emotion is always
We rely on our reason to guard against feelings that may reflect a bias, or a sense of
inadequacy, or a desire simply to win an argument, and also to refine and explain a felt
conviction that passes the test of critical reflection and discussion. We rely on feelings
to move us to act morally, and to ensure that our reasoning is not only logical but also
humane.
WHEN EMOTION OVERRULED REASON
Emotion creates a strong opinion that is hard for reason to overcome when emotion
takes over it is hard to think of the consequences of one’s actions. It can also be
EMOTION ALONE
When emotion is left as the only way of knowing used to make ethical decisions, these
decisions are often made with little to no regard to the consequences of our actions.
However, when faced with a situation where one has prior experience, the emotions
that are used to make a decision have been tested before, thus providing a solid ground
for ethical decision-making. Paul Ekman devised six basic emotions: anger, disgust,
REASON ALONE
Reason, when removed from emotion, allows a person to make conscious decisions
based on fact, with no reference to personal involvement. The use of reason as a way
of knowing, allows for the knower to see the consequences of their actions throughout
the decision-making process. There are limitations to decisions made based on reason
“Remove emotion and we are not left rational, but adrift without meaning.”
Nursing often deals with ethical dilemmas in the clinical arena. A case study
demonstrates an ethical dilemma faced by healthcare providers who care for and treat
Jehovah's Witnesses who are placed in a critical situation due to medical life-
She exhibited signs and symptoms of internal bleeding and was advised to have a
blood transfusion and emergency surgery in an attempt to save her and the fetus. She
refused to accept blood or blood products and rejected the surgery as well. Her refusal
was based on a fear of blood transfusion due to her belief in Bible scripture. The ethical
standards of care or ignore the patient's wishes in an attempt to save her life. This
paper presents the clinical case, identifies the ethical dilemma, and discusses virtue
* These standards are an important part of an organization’s culture. They establish the
parameters of behaviour that owners and top executives expect from employees and
also from suppliers, at least to the extent of their relationship with the organization. A
corporate governance system will put a lot of effort into communicating and enforcing
these principles. This is mostly done through behaviour modelling, which means that top
executives should set the example of how lower-level employees should act.
help employees align their personal criteria with the company’s perspectives as different
ethical issues arise within normal business activities. This moral “compass” is crucial to
Most human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others, even for society as a
whole. Individuals are able to act in such as way as to enhance or decrease the quality
of the lives of others, and generally know the difference between helping and harming.
When an act enhances the well-being of others, it is worthy of praise from others, when
an act harms or decreases the well-being of others, it is worthy of criticism. For many
people, the desire to receive these responses from others guides the development of
In civilized societies, people have individual rights, but it is vital that these rights
coincide with the collective rights of society as a whole. A person being denied personal
rights due to the greater good of society may feel the decision conflicts with his own
ethical reasoning. While some people believe that a person’s individual rights should be
preserved regardless of the benefit or harm to society, others deem it more important
that the common good and justice be considered in a civilized society. These opposing
The government creates and enforces laws in order to protect the citizens and the unity
of society. These laws carry punishments those who violate them in the form of fines,
Each individual develops his own core values and ethical reasoning according to his
view of integrity and honesty, and ability to look past the self-justification and self-
deception common to all people. Acts that have been deemed illegal may not coincide
with an individual’s personal ethical beliefs, and vice versa. Laws are often created out
of widespread social convention, whether they are seen to be fair and ethical by all or
not. Some people strongly believe that certain acts are unethical, and should therefore
be made illegal. Others find certain laws to be unethical according to their own
reasoning, and feel they are a hindrance to their personal human rights.
For example, Bob believes that the death penalty is unethical and that is violates human
punishment occasionally handed down by the judicial system. While Bob does not
believe that the death penalty is ethical, the law was made on the belief that it is
On occasion, those who work in law enforcement and the legal system find that the
ethical decisions they are required to make on a subject conflicts with the law. This may
occur, for example, when a judge finds that the resolution of a case, as dictated by law,
conflicts with his personal ethical reasoning. In such a case, the judge must follow the
laws of the jurisdiction, even if it seems to create a moral dilemma for him personally.
Institutional Ethics
In some instances, individual entities can punish or take corrective actions against a
person who has breached the company’s ethical code. For example, an accounting firm
hires new employees, who are required to read and sign the employee handbook. This
handbook states that employees must not let their personal bias interfere in any
business transactions.
Allowing personal bias or opinion to dictate how a business transaction is done is not
necessarily against any law set forth by the government, but it may result in the
serious cases, the employer may be able to recover damages through a civil lawsuit for
such a violation.
The Ethical requirements of impartiality
Impartiality Defined
of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the
basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for
improper reasons.
Impartial Decisions
Impartiality is the idea that the same ethical standards are applied to everyone. Ethics
do not value one person or group of people more than any other does. Impartiality
requires that in making ethical decisions we balance our self-interest with the interest of
others
Each individual’s interest are equally important, and no one should get special
treatment
unacceptably arbitrary
be a complicated task. When handled properly and professionally, you can avoid issues
such as further friction, low morale or costly litigation. If you decide to tackle these
matters in house, it’s important that you leave your own biases out of it. Always remain
neutral to the situation (and the people involved) and give everyone a fair chance to
vocalise their thoughts / feelings no matter their race, religion, cultural background,
Never let your own suspicions sway you into taking sides. It’s natural to want to
appears hurt / upset. But always remember that taking sides is not being impartial. And
it’s important to remind yourself that all situations are different, and all have the power to
surprise. Sometimes, there is a victim and a perpetrator. Other times, the victim turns
out to be the perpetrator. And most times, both parties are victims and perpetrators to
one another. So have an open mind and remain neutral because you never know what
express themselves. Whilst it’s essential to schedule in private meetings, it’s just as
important to encourage group discussion. For instance open dialogue between two
opposing parties can often be the quickest way to come to a solution. Appoint a
mediator (HR manager or line manager) to lead the agenda, to keep all discussions on
track, and to ensure that debates never turn into full blown arguments.
If you are unable to remain neutral about a particular workplace issue, it’s imperative
that you take the right action and remove yourself from the situation. Don’t let your
biases or personal relationships cloud your judgement and try to have better awareness
of your own emotions. Emotions can affect your decision making and control the way
soon as you feel that you are no longer able to manage your neutrality and impartiality,
appoint someone else at your level who can, or take the investigations out of house. It’s
better to be safe than sorry, so even if you have minor concerns, consult someone else
for help.
In Euthypro, Socrates expresses astonishment that a young man would prosecute his
own father for murder. The conventional assumption he seems to be making (perhaps
disingenuously) is that filial relationships impose special constraints that may override
other consideration, even in the gravest matter. For Euthyphro, by contrast, a murder is
a murder. The fact that it was committed by his father has no bearing upon what he is
required to do about it. He must prosecute his father just as he would a stranger.
There are at least three distinct standards that run through these problems. One
concerns the substance of moral norms. We grant the powerful and persistent force of
self interest in our lives, and assume that morality must somehow give us reasons for
constraining such motives. We grant the rules and principles of conduct will often be
useless or counter-productive in purely local or short range terms, and assume that
morality must give us reasons for acting in principle in spite of it. We grant that our
favourites and friends have special claims on our attentions, and assume that morality
must give us reasons for occasionally denying such claims. In order to provide such
reasons, moral theories standardly argue that our selfish, local and purely personal
interest are morally indistinguishable from many others and that reason require us to
treat similar cases similarly. Morality thus requires (at least sometimes) that we not play
Reason requires impartiality, but not neutrality. Basil George Mitchell argues that
impartiality means not that one refrains from having a conclusion or one remain neutral
on value issues, but that one is fair in his/her arguments and in assessing the
arguments of his/her opponent. Reason is the most important way of knowing when
acting morally. it does not change based on personal experiences and variations that
occur in human nature. Emotion, perception, imagination, language, faith, intuition, and
memory are all susceptible to changes and differences between different individuals,
but at the core of “cold hard reason,” the outcome of a logical argument should be the
mind because we’re angry or hurt. We may change what they do out of guilt or peer
pressure, but this is the result of manipulation not conviction. If we want to convince
anyone, we must use reason. Reason is the only way for human beings to build
Reason and impartiality will always be associate when it comes to moral judgement and
decisions.
Sources:
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