SDM Ch14 PSCGirders

Department of Transport and Main Roads Structural Drafting Standards - Volume 3 - Chapter 14
Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual Prestressed Concrete Girders
14
Chapter 14
Prestressed
Concrete Girders
November 2011
i
TRADEMARKS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Terms mentioned in this document that are known or understood to be trademarks, whether
registered or not, have been identified. Where trademarks have been confirmed as registered in
14
14 Australia, this has been indicated by the addition of the ® symbol, otherwise the ™ symbol is
used. While all care has been taken to identify trademarks, users should rely on their own
inquiries to determine trademark ownership. Use of a term in this document as a trademark
should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The requirements of this document represent Technical Policy of the department and contain
Technical Standards. Compliance with the department’s Technical Standards is mandatory for
all applications for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of road transport
infrastructure in Queensland by or on behalf of the State of Queensland.
This document will be reviewed from time to time as the need arises and in response to
improvement suggestions by users. Please send your comments and suggestions to the
feedback email given below.
FEEDBACK
Your feedback is welcomed. Please send to mr.techdocs@tmr.qld.gov.au.
DISCLAIMER
This publication has been created for use in the design, construction, maintenance and
operation of road transport infrastructure in Queensland by or on behalf of the State of
Queensland.
Where the publication is used in other than the department’s infrastructure projects, the State of
Queensland and the department gives no warranties as to the completeness, accuracy or
adequacy of the publication or any parts of it and accepts no responsibility or liability upon any
basis whatever for anything contained in or omitted from the publication or for the
consequences of the use or misuse of the publication or any parts of it.
If the publication or any part of it forms part of a written contract between the State of
Queensland and a contractor, this disclaimer applies subject to the express terms of that
contract.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright protects this publication. Except for the purposes permitted by and subject to the
conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act, reproduction by any means (including electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, microcopying or otherwise) is prohibited without the prior written
permission of the department. Enquiries regarding such permission should be directed to the
Contracts and Technical Capability Branch, Queensland Department of Transport and Main
Roads.
© State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2011
http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/2.5/au
November 2011
ii
Volume Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 11
Introduction General Arrangement Drawings
Standard of Presentation Abutments and Piers
Chapter 3
Concrete and Reinforcement
Chapter 13
Provision for Bridge Jacking,
14
Detailing Inspection and Maintenance
Chapter 4
Chapter 14
Computer Preparation of
Prestressed Concrete Girders
Steel Schedules
VOLUME 3
Notes Prestressed Concrete Deck Units

Welding Piles and Footings
Deck Wearing Surface Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks
Chapter 18
Chapter 8
Expansion Joints and
Bridge Widening
Miscellaneous Details
Bridge Deck Types Bridge Barriers
Bridge Geometry Electronic Project Model (EPM)
November 2011
iii
Table of Contents
14.1 Glossary of Terms 1
14.2 Figures and Examples shown in this Volume 1
14.3 General 1
14.4 Standard Design Details 2
14
14 14.5
14.6
Girder Profiles
Miscellaneous Girder Components
2
10
14.7 Girder Anchorage Details 15
14.8 Reinforcement 16
14.9 Drilling Holes into Girders 22
14.10 Cross Girders 22
14.11 Holes in Girder Flanges for Road Drainage 24
14.12 Lifting Loops 27
14.13 Girder Erection Sequence 29
List of Tables and Figures

Figure 14.3-1 Girder Types 1
Figure 14.3-2 Girder Joints 2
Table 14.5-1 Typical Void Arrangements 3
Figure 14.5-2 Girder End Incline Guidelines (1) 5
Figure 14.5-3 Girder End Incline Guidelines (2) 6
Figure 14.5-4 Girder End incline Details 6
Figure 14.5-5 Top Attachment Plate 7
Figure 14.5-6 Bridges skewed > 45º 8
Figure 14.5-7 Girder Fasteners 9
Figure 14.5-8 Fasteners for Restraint Angles 9
Figure 14.6-1 Restraint Angles 11
Figure 14.6-2 Layout Diagram for Restraint Angles 12
Figure 14.6-3 Restraint Angle Wedges 12
November 2011
iv
Figure 14.6-4 Layout Diagram for Bearing Restraint Plates 13

Figure 14.6-5 Bearing Restraint Plates 14
Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details 15
Figure 14.8-1 Girder Reinforcement Sections (1) 16
Figure 14.8-4 Girder Reinforcement around Fastener (1)
19
20
14
Figure 14.8-6 Variable Bars 21
Figure 14.10-1 Typical Cross Girder Design 23
Figure 14.10-2 Alternate Cross Girder Design 24
Figure 14.11-1 Plan View of Hole Layout 25
Figure 14.11-2 200mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange for Scuppers 25
Figure 14.11-3 20mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange Drain Bracket 26
Figure 14.11-4 Trimmer Reinforcement Bars 26
Figure 14.12-1 Lifting Diagram 27
Figure 14.12-2 Lifting Loop Details 28
Figure 14.13-1 Girder Erection Sequence Detail 29
Table of Appendix
Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches 31
Appendix B - Example Super T-girder Drawings 33
November 2011
v
Chapter 14 Amendments – November 2011

Revision Register
Issue/ Reference Description of Revision Authorised Date
Rev Section by
No.
1 - First Issue. Manager April
14
14 (Structural
Drafting)
2011
2 - Document name change. Manager Nov

(Structural 2011
14.5 The 30mm dia drain hole shall not be Drafting)
positioned vertically between strands.
Restraint angle fasteners shall be located
above the bottom two rows of strands.
Strands shall have 60mm min cover to voids.
14.6 Restraint angle details vary depending on the

forces they are designed to accommodate.
14.8 Figures amended to shown current standard

reinforcement details. Fastener move upwards
between 2nd and 3rd row of strands.
14.10 Add details on alternate cross girder design.

Holes may be required if the bridge is subject
to flooding.
14.12 Lifting Loops section added.
14.13 Girder erection sequence added.
Appendix A 1200mm deep girder removed. 1500mm and

1800mm deep girders updated.
Appendix B Example drawings replaced.
November 2011
vi
Chapter 14
Prestressed
Concrete Girders
14.1 Glossary of Terms
For a complete glossary of terms refer Chapter 1 - Introduction.
14
14.2 Figures and Examples shown in this Volume
The figures and examples shown in this volume are for presentation purposes only, and may
contain some details that are now superseded. These details have been included for ease of
reference, to illustrate typical solutions, and to show the required standard of drafting
presentation. The details are not to be used without an engineering check and certification by a
Structural RPEQ to confirm that the details are appropriate for the specific project.
14.3 General
This chapter discusses the typical arrangement of PSC super T-girders; these are currently the
girders preferred by TMR. The girders shall have an open top flange rather than a closed top
flange. Girders with a closed top flange are prone to having their voids lift upwards or move
sideways during casting, and consequently cover to the reinforcement may be compromised.
Once the void formers have been removed from open top flange girders they can be inspected to
check that concrete has flowed around the voids. This can not be done with closed top flange
girders.
PSC girders are typically used for spans greater than 25m long as they become more economical
to use than PSC deck units. Refer example drawings in Appendix B - Example Super T-girder
Drawings.
Super T-girders supersede the previous standard, the PSC I-girders. Refer Figure 14.3-1 Girder
Types.
Figure 14.3-1 Girder Types
November 2011
1
Super T-girders with a cut out at the end of the girder (commonly referred to as half joint
girders), are not allowed in TMR bridges because of the difficulties in fitting the required
amount of reinforcing steel into both ends of the girder. Refer Figure 14.3-2 Girder Joints.
14
14
Figure 14.3-2 Girder Joints
14.4 Standard Design Details

Standard super T-girder design sheets have been developed in Bridge Design Branch and are
used as the standard for design and presentation in the production of TMR bridge drawings. For
standard details for 1500 and 1800mm deep super T-girders refer Appendix A - Super T-girder
Design Sketches.
14.5 Girder Profiles

The standard girder profiles are detailed to AS 5100.5. Super T-girders may have depths of 750,
1000, 1200, 1500 and 1800mm.
The girders typically used in TMR are the 1500 and 1800mm depths. Deck units are usually
preferred over 750, 1000 and 1200mm deep girders because these girder depths are not readily
available. The Designer shall check availability before specifying these girder depths.
For girder mass calculations, the specific density of 2.7 tonnes/m3 shall be used.
Flange Widths
The outer profile of a girder must comply with AS 5100.5. Casting yards built their forms to this
profile. The width of the girder flanges varies to suit the width of the bridge deck.
Whenever possible, the flanges on outer girders are to be made the same width as those on the
internal girders to keep the number of girder types to a minimum.
November 2011
2
An example of where this is not usually possible is when a drain pipe hangs below the outer
flange and this flange needs to be wider to accommodate the pipe and its expansion joints.
Standard widths of girder flanges may vary from 1226mm minimum to 2500mm maximum.
Wider flanges may be possible after negotiation with the Design Engineer.
On bridges with a horizontal curve, the outer flange of the outer girders, are to be curved to
match the road alignment. When setting out the bridge, the Drafter shall ensure that the flanges
are wide enough to fit holes for formwork anchors.
Voids
Girders contain voids to reduce their weight and cost of manufacture. Voids shall be made from 14
standard 5m long forms. They are separated from each other by a diaphragm of 150mm wide
concrete containing one set of steel reinforcement. The solid end block at each end of the girder
will increase or decrease in size to accommodate the standard void lengths.
An end block length is measured along the centerline of the girder. On square or slightly skewed
girders the end blocks may vary in length nominally from 2m up to 3m to avoid having a non-
standard void length. For example, refer to the 24.95m girder in Table 14.5-1 Typical Void
Arrangements.
When the girder length is such that the end blocks would be more than 3m long, one non-
standard void length may be placed in or near the middle of the girder. The end blocks can then
be kept at 2m lengths (for example, refer to the 26.95m girder in Table 14.5-1 Typical Void
Arrangements). Girders on a large skew may require end blocks longer than 3m.
Table 14.5-1 Typical Void Arrangements

Girder End Block
Length Void Arrangement Length
(m) (m)
24.95 4 x 5m 2250
25.95 4 x 5m 2750
26.95 4 x 5m + 1 x 2.35m 2000
27.95 4 x 5m + 1 x 3.35m 2000
28.95 4 x 5m + 1 x 4.35m 2000
29.95 5 x 5m 2175
30.95 5 x 5m 2675
31.95 5 x 5m + 1 x 2.2m 2000
32.95 5 x 5m + 1 x 3.2m 2000
33.95 5 x 5m + 1 x 4.2m 2000
November 2011
3
Some casting yards may have void forms that are not 5m long. To give them an opportunity to
use their forms the following note is placed on the girder drawings 'VOIDS are based on a
length of 5m maximum. Alternative void arrangements may be submitted for approval.'
Wall Thickness
The walls of the girder vary from 100mm up to 150mm thick dependant on the structural
requirements of the girder. Typically 1500mm deep girders have 100mm thick walls and
1800mm deep girders have 120mm thick walls. Occasionally, the voids at both ends of a girder
14
14 may be thicker than the inner voids.
Void Drainage
30mm diameter drain holes are needed between the voids and in the end blocks, to drain rain
water that may fall into the girder voids before a concrete deck is placed above them.
The 30mm diameter drain hole shall not be positioned vertically between the strands.
If the bridge is subject to flooding, 100mm diameter drain holes may be required at the base
and top of the voids to allow the voids to fill with river water to prevent the bridge from
potentially floating away. The 30mm diameter drain holes ensure that all of this water can drain
away once the flood subsides.
Gaps between Girders

Standard design practice is to allow a 30mm gap between girder flanges, however this may vary
slightly depending on the width of girder flanges and the width of bridge deck. During
construction the gap is covered by approved high strength waterproof tape to prevent concrete
leaking between the girders.
Span Lengths
Because of the variations of skew and the position of bearings at the ends of the girder, it is
difficult to nominate exact end span lengths during the planning stage. Consequently end spans
are often nominated as even meter distances, the same as intermediate spans.
The length of the span will determine the depth of the girder required. For instance, a 1500mm
deep girder can be designed to span up to approximately 28m. An 1800mm deep girder would
be required for a longer span. Many factors determine how long a girder can span. These
include the width of the bridge, and the vehicle loading for which it has been designed.
Strands
The strands shall have a minimum of 60mm cover to the voids.
November 2011
4
Gaps and Inclined Girder Ends

A nominal gap of 50mm is provided between the ends of girders on adjacent spans, and between
the ends of girders and the abutment ballast wall. When super T-girders are being placed on site
they are lowered vertically into position. Due to clearance requirements it is important that the
ends of the girders do not rotate too much and therefore clash with each other or with the ballast
wall.
Ideally, every girder would have ends that are vertical to ensure a 50mm gap between all girders
and between girders and the ballast walls. This is easy to accomplish on a level bridge by
specifying that the end of the girders must be vertical (100 days after casting). The girder end is
not cast vertical because by the time it has finished hogging (nominally at 100 days after
14
casting) it would no longer be vertical.
A bridge on a grade has additional complications. The gap between the top of the girder and the
ballast wall will reduce at the low end of the bridge, for example 32mm for an 1800mm girder
on a 1% grade, and increase at the high end of the bridge, for example, 68mm for an 1800mm
girder on a 1% grade. These gaps are at the limit of what is acceptable, therefore, 1% is the
steepest grade with which the girders ends can be made vertical (at 100 days after casting).
For grades greater than 1%, each end of the girder needs to be inclined by a different amount to
ensure that the ends will be vertical when the girder is bearing on the headstock.
For bridges on a vertical curve the end incline may vary on both ends of the girders on every
span. These inclined dimensions may be rationalised to the nearest 5mm to reduce the amount
of variations. Refer Figure 14.5-2 Girder End Incline Guidelines (1) and Figure 14.5-3 Girder
End Incline Guidelines (2).
Figure 14.5-2 Girder End Incline Guidelines (1)
November 2011
5
14
14
Figure 14.5-3 Girder End Incline Guidelines (2)
When end incline dimensions are shown on a drawing, three sets of distances are required.
These are the distances at transfer, at 30 days, and at 100 days after casting. The transfer figure
tells the casting yard what offset the girder end must have immediately after it has been cast and
is leaving the form.
The casting yard will calculate and make an allowance for the amount of incline required in the
form to achieve the designed incline at transfer.
About 30 days after casting, the girder may leave the casting yard, therefore an incline distance
is provided to let the precast inspector check that the girder is hogging as designed. The incline
distance at 100 days is the amount that the girder end is inclined when it is erected on the
bridge. Refer Figure 14.5-4 Girder End incline Details.
Figure 14.5-4 Girder End incline Details
November 2011
6
Headstock Fitment
On skewed and horizontally curved bridges it is often advantageous to draw the interaction of
the girder, bearing, restraint angles and headstock before engineering design begins. This will
determine where the bearing needs to be located beneath the girder and the width of the
headstock needed to fit the bearing and restraint angles.
Items to check are:-
 Bearing to be placed above the piles and on the abutment centerline


Clearance between girder restraint angles and the ballast wall
Clearance between girder restraint angles and the front of headstock 14
 Clearance between anchor bolts and main reinforcement
Refer Chapter 12 - Abutments and Piers, 12.8 Girder Bridge Headstock Layout.
Top Attachment Plates

A top attachment plate is cast into the underside of the girder and a bearing restraint plate is then
screwed to this before the girder is lifted onto the bridge. The top attachment plate shall be of
the same length and width as the bearing restraint plate. Four dowel bars welded to the plate
hold it in place in the girder. For an example of the details required on the Girder drawings,
refer Figure 14.5-5 Top Attachment Plate. For the current TMR standard details refer Chapter
17 - Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks, Appendix A - Deck Design Sketches - Sheet 8.
Figure 14.5-5 Top Attachment Plate
November 2011
7
Skew
Girders should not be skewed more than 45º. When the road and bridge geometry is being
designed, every effort should be made to avoid skews larger than this. Due to constraints, skews
larger than 45º are sometimes unavoidable. TMR does not have a policy or standard details on
how girders/decks skewed more than 45º are to be designed. One possible option is to increase
the gap between girders of adjacent spans and cover the gap with a reinforced concrete deck.
14
14 Refer Figure 14.5-6 Bridges skewed > 45º.
Figure 14.5-6 Bridges skewed > 45º
Fasteners
Fasteners are cast into the girder to allow cross girder reinforcement to be attached. These
fasteners must be galvanised even though they are encased with cross girder concrete. This is to
prevent corrosion caused by steam curing before the cross girders are cast.
Girders located on elastomeric bearings require galvanised fasteners to be cast in at each end of
the girder to allow the girder to be bolted to restraint angles. These fasteners shall be located
above the bottom two rows of strands. The restraint angles anchor the girder to the headstock.
These fasteners and restraint angles are not required if the girder is located on pot bearings,
however, TMR policy is to avoid using pot bearings as there have been some durability
problems associated with these bearings. To prevent the fasteners being hidden beneath the
surface of the concrete a note on the Girder drawings shall read “Fasteners shall be exposed
prior to delivery to site”. For an example of the details required on the Girder drawings, refer
Figure 14.5-7 Girder Fasteners.
November 2011
8
14
Figure 14.5-7 Girder Fasteners
A detailed view (minimum scale of 1:10 on an A1 drawing) shall show how the fasteners, top
attachment plate and reinforcing steel fit together in the end block.
Fasteners in Skewed Girders

On bridges with skews >10º, the restraint angle fasteners may need to be offset to prevent the
headstock widths becoming unproportionally wide. Chapter 12 - Abutments and Piers, 12.8
Girder Bridge Headstock Layout explains the method required to determine if the fasteners need
to be offset. Refer Figure 14.5-8 Fasteners for Restraint Angles.
Figure 14.5-8 Fasteners for Restraint Angles
November 2011
9
14.6 Miscellaneous Girder Components

Casting yards that manufacture girders only want drawings that detail the components that are
cast into the girders i.e. the top attachment plate and the fasteners. Details for the following
girder related items are to be shown on the Miscellaneous Details drawing:-
Restraint Angles
Girders located on elastomeric bearings are bolted to restraint angles via a fastener cast into the
14 bottom of the girder. The restraint angles anchor the girder to the headstock. If the bearing is
14 designed for expansion, the restraint angle shall have a horizontal slot to guide the girder. If the
bearing is designed to be fixed/continuous, the slot shall be vertical to prevent the girder from
sliding. Note 7 of the Construction Sequence in Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details
explains the method of calculating the height of the Restraint Angles. For an example of the
required details refer Figure 14.6-1 Restraint Angles.
These details shall not be shown on the Girder drawings because the casting yard manufacturing
the girders will not be fabricating the steelwork. Rather, the details shall be shown on the
Miscellaneous Details drawing, refer Chapter 18 - Expansion Joints and Miscellaneous Details.
The thickness and size of plates must be designed checked to ensure they are adequate for the
bridge in question.
If a bridge has different types of restraint angles, a layout diagram is required to show the
location of the angles, for an example, refer Figure 14.6-2 Layout Diagram for Restraint
Angles. For the current TMR standard details refer Chapter 17 - Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks,
Appendix A - Deck Design Sketches - Sheet 8. These details may vary depending on the forces
that the restraint angles are designed to accommodate. These forces are caused by things such as
an earthquake, vehicle braking, temperature variation, creep and shrinkage.
November 2011
10
14
Figure 14.6-1 Restraint Angles
November 2011
11
14
14
Figure 14.6-2 Layout Diagram for Restraint Angles
Restraint Angle Wedges

Restraint angle wedges either side of the girder ensure a snug fit between it and the restraint
angles, refer Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details. For an example of the required details
refer Figure 14.6-3 Restraint Angle Wedges. These details shall not be shown on the girder
drawing because the casting yard manufacturing the girders will not be fabricating the
steelwork. Rather, the details shall be shown on the Miscellaneous Details drawings, refer
Chapter 18 - Expansion Joints and Miscellaneous Details. For the current TMR standard details
refer Chapter 17 - Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks, Appendix A - Deck Design Sketches - Sheet 8.
Figure 14.6-3 Restraint Angle Wedges
November 2011
12
Bearing Restraint Plates

Girders located on elastomeric bearings require a bearing restraint plate above each bearing to
stop the bearing from moving from its designed position should the epoxy above the bearing
fail. Because the vertical load from the girder must be applied evenly across the bearing, the
plate is tapered to nullify the effect of the girder hogging. The minimum thickness of the plate is
16mm. For an example of the required details refer Figure 14.6-5 Bearing Restraint Plates.
These details shall not be shown on the girder drawing because the casting yard manufacturing
the girders will not be fabricating the steelwork. Rather, the details shall be shown on the
Miscellaneous Details drawing, refer Chapter 18 - Expansion Joints and Miscellaneous Details.
If a bridge has different types of plates, a layout diagram is required to show the orientation of
14
the plates, refer Figure 14.6-4 Layout Diagram for Bearing Restraint Plates. For the current
TMR standard details refer Chapter 17 - Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks, Appendix A - Deck
Design Sketches - Sheet 8.
Figure 14.6-4 Layout Diagram for Bearing Restraint Plates
November 2011
13
14
14
Figure 14.6-5 Bearing Restraint Plates
November 2011
14
14.7 Girder Anchorage Details

An anchorage detail and a construction sequence for the bearing installation and girder erection
is required to show how the girder is attached to the headstock. For an example of the required
details refer Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details. Note that the construction procedure shall
be modified to suit a specific bridge design.
These details shall not be shown on the Girder drawings but on the Miscellaneous Details
drawing, refer Chapter 18 - Expansion Joints and Miscellaneous Details. For the current TMR
standard details refer Chapter 17 - Cast Insitu Kerbs and Decks, Appendix A - Deck Design
Sketches - Sheet 8. 14
Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details
November 2011
15
14.8 Reinforcement
Most reinforcing details have been standardised and are shown on the standard design sheets.
The Design Engineer should use these details and only calculate the reinforcement set spacing
and wall thickness of the girders.
Reinforcing Set Spacing

Typically there is congestion in the end block because the reinforcing sets are spaced closely
14 together. To help alleviate the problem, the Design Engineer should space the sets as far apart as
14 possible. In the end blocks the 16V bars shall be placed inside the 16VE and 16VC bars to
provide extra clearance between sets. Refer Figure 14.8-1 Girder Reinforcement Sections (1).
Figure 14.8-1 Girder Reinforcement Sections (1)
November 2011
16
Along the voided section of 1500mm deep girders where the walls are typically 100mm thick,
the 16VE and 16V bars are located side by side to maintain cover to the void. Refer Figure
14.8-2 Girder Reinforcement Sections (2).
14
November 2011
17
Because the walls of 1800mm deep girders are typically 120mm thick, maintaining cover is not
a problem. Therefore the 16V bars shall be placed inside the 16VE bars. Refer Figure 14.8-3
Girder Reinforcement Sections (3).
14
14
November 2011
18
Skewed Girders
Some casting yards prefer to tack weld the fasteners into the form and lower the prefabricated
reinforcement cage into the form.
To enable them to do this the reinforcement must be parallel to the fastener at the bottom of the
cage.
Refer Figure 14.8-4 Girder Reinforcement around Fastener (1) and Figure 14.8-5 Girder
Reinforcement around Fastener (2) for an example of how the reinforcing steel may be set out.
14
November 2011
19
14
14
November 2011
20
Fanned Reinforcement
In skewed girders the reinforcement is fanned about the voids at each end of the girders. Refer
Figure 14.8-6 Variable Bars. Because the reinforcing sets in the end block encroach into the
wall of the girder at the adjacent void, the wall thickness of this void must be at least 125mm
thick to maintain cover to the 12A bars.
14
To reduce the chance of cracking, additional reinforcement is

required near this face of the void at both ends of the girder
Figure 14.8-6 Variable Bars
November 2011
21
14.9 Drilling Holes into Girders

Drilling holes into girders, for example ferrules for installation of fans and other accessories,
presents a major structural risk from both cutting of strands and/or ligatures, and structural
integrity of the connection. It is also a risk to the durability of the girder. This is not permitted.
The following text shall be shown on the general arrangement drawing besides the section deck
detail ‘DRILLING INTO THE GIRDERS IS NOT PERMITTED. ALL
FERRULES/ATTACHMENTS MUST BE CAST-IN’.
14
14 14.10 Cross Girders
Typically girder bridges have cross girders for the following reasons:-
 to strengthen the structure
 to provide a location for the temporary packers required during bearing installation
 to provide jacking points if the bridge ever needs to be raised for maintenance
It is good practice to space girders as far apart as possible to reduce reinforcement congestion in
the cross girders, and to facilitate easier inspection and maintenance of the bearings. This may
require reducing the number of girders by increasing the girder depth.
At fixed and expansion joints the cross girder reinforcement bonds into the concrete deck. At
continuous deck joints the cross girder reinforcement cannot do this because sheets of closed
cell expanded polyethylene are located below the deck. For an example of the typical details
required, refer Figure 14.10-1 Typical Cross Girder Design.
Cross girders may be designed differently to those shown in. The ends of the girders may cut
out to allow the top reinforcing steel to continue over the girder. The main advantages of this
design are that it reduces / eliminates the laps in the top cross girder reinforcement and also the
top girder couplers that this reinforcement would typically screw into. The main disadvantages
are that construction and detailing of the girders drawings are both more complicated. Refer
Figure 14.10-2 Alternate Cross Girder Design.
The reinforcement details and the width and depth of cross girders are project specific and are
largely dependent on the span length and girder width. The examples shown may have less
reinforcement that is required to comply with current standards.
If the bridge is subject to flooding, holes may be required near the top of the cross girders so
that as the bridge is submerge, air between the girders can be released to prevent the bridge from
potentially floating away.
November 2011
22
14
Figure 14.10-1 Typical Cross Girder Design

November 2011
23
14
14
Figure 14.10-2 Alternate Cross Girder Design
14.11 Holes in Girder Flanges for Road Drainage

When road water is removed from a girder bridge deck, TMR’s typical design is to use a steel
drain pipe to carry the water to the end(s) of the bridge. Refer Chapter 18 - Expansion Joints
and Miscellaneous Details, Appendix C - Example Drain Drawings.
The water is taken from the deck with 150mm diameter PVC scuppers that pass through
200mm diameter holes in the girder flange. Refer Figure 14.11-1 Plan View of Hole Layout and
Figure 14.11-2 200mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange for Scuppers.
November 2011
24
Figure 14.11-1 Plan View of Hole Layout 14
Figure 14.11-2 200mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange for Scuppers
The drain pipe is supported by a steel drain bracket which passes through 20mm diameter holes
in the girder flange. Refer Figure 14.11-1 Plan View of Hole Layout and Figure 14.11-3 20mm
Diameter Holes in Girder Flange Drain Bracket.
November 2011
25
14
14
Figure 14.11-3 20mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange Drain Bracket
To reduce the chance of cracking around the 200mm diameter holes, four trimmer bars shall be
placed around each hole. Refer Figure 14.11-4 Trimmer Reinforcement Bars.
Figure 14.11-4 Trimmer Reinforcement Bars
November 2011
26
14.12 Lifting Loops

Lifting loops shall have a factor of safety of 5. TMR do not have standard lifting loop details.
The details are dependant on the mass of the girder.
The following examples are from a 77 tonne girder, refer Figure 14.12-1 Lifting Diagram and
Figure 14.12-2 Lifting Loop Details.
14
Figure 14.12-1 Lifting Diagram
November 2011
27
14
14
Figure 14.12-2 Lifting Loop Details

November 2011
28
14.13 Girder Erection Sequence

One of the greatest safety risks during bridge construction is an unsecured girder toppling over,
and worst still, falling off the bridge altogether. By erecting the girders from the center of the
bridge first and then working outwards, the risk of a girder falling off the bridge is reduced.
If headstock sidewalls are required, they shall be constructed before the girders are erected.
These walls improve aesthetics and safety. The walls shall be strong enough to resist impact
loads during installation of the girders.
The Contractor is responsible for ensuring the stability of the girders during construction. This
usually involves temporary bracing between the girders, or temporary propping of the girders. 14
For an example of the required details, refer Figure 14.13-1 Girder Erection Sequence Detail.
Figure 14.13-1 Girder Erection Sequence Detail
November 2011
29
14
14
November 2011
30
Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches
14
Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches - Sheet 1
November 2011
31
14
14
Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches - Sheet 2
November 2011
32
Appendix B - Example Super T-girder Drawings
14
Appendix B - Example Super T-girder Drawings - Sheet 1
November 2011
33
14
14
November 2011
34
14
November 2011
35
14
14
November 2011
36
14
November 2011
37
14
14
November 2011
38
14
November 2011
39
14
14
November 2011
40
14
November 2011
41
14
14
November 2011
42

SDM Ch14 PSCGirders

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

SDM Ch14 PSCGirders

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Department of Transport and Main Roads Structural Drafting Standards - Volume 3 - Chapter 14

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual Prestressed Concrete Girders

© State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2011

Notes Prestressed Concrete Deck Units

List of Tables and Figures

Figure 14.6-4 Layout Diagram for Bearing Restraint Plates 13

Chapter 14 Amendments – November 2011

2 - Document name change. Manager Nov

14.6 Restraint angle details vary depending on the

14.8 Figures amended to shown current standard

14.10 Add details on alternate cross girder design.

14.12 Lifting Loops section added.

14.13 Girder erection sequence added.

Appendix A 1200mm deep girder removed. 1500mm and

Appendix B Example drawings replaced.

Figure 14.3-1 Girder Types

Figure 14.3-2 Girder Joints

14.4 Standard Design Details

14.5 Girder Profiles

Table 14.5-1 Typical Void Arrangements

Gaps between Girders

Gaps and Inclined Girder Ends

Figure 14.5-2 Girder End Incline Guidelines (1)

Figure 14.5-4 Girder End incline Details

Top Attachment Plates

Figure 14.5-5 Top Attachment Plate

Figure 14.5-6 Bridges skewed > 45º

Fasteners in Skewed Girders

Figure 14.5-8 Fasteners for Restraint Angles

14.6 Miscellaneous Girder Components

Figure 14.6-1 Restraint Angles

Figure 14.6-2 Layout Diagram for Restraint Angles

Restraint Angle Wedges

Figure 14.6-3 Restraint Angle Wedges

Bearing Restraint Plates

Figure 14.6-4 Layout Diagram for Bearing Restraint Plates

Figure 14.6-5 Bearing Restraint Plates

14.7 Girder Anchorage Details

Figure 14.7-1 Girder Anchorage Details

Reinforcing Set Spacing

Figure 14.8-1 Girder Reinforcement Sections (1)

Figure 14.8-2 Girder Reinforcement Sections (2)

Figure 14.8-3 Girder Reinforcement Sections (3)

Figure 14.8-4 Girder Reinforcement around Fastener (1)

Figure 14.8-5 Girder Reinforcement around Fastener (2)

To reduce the chance of cracking, additional reinforcement is

Figure 14.8-6 Variable Bars

14.9 Drilling Holes into Girders

Figure 14.10-1 Typical Cross Girder Design

Figure 14.10-2 Alternate Cross Girder Design

14.11 Holes in Girder Flanges for Road Drainage

Figure 14.11-1 Plan View of Hole Layout 14

Figure 14.11-2 200mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange for Scuppers

Figure 14.11-3 20mm Diameter Holes in Girder Flange Drain Bracket

Figure 14.11-4 Trimmer Reinforcement Bars

14.12 Lifting Loops

Figure 14.12-1 Lifting Diagram

Figure 14.12-2 Lifting Loop Details

14.13 Girder Erection Sequence

Figure 14.13-1 Girder Erection Sequence Detail

Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches

Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches - Sheet 1

Appendix A - Super T-girder Design Sketches - Sheet 2