ME804314-2

Heat Transfer (1 )

Dr. Kamel Mohamed Guedri

Mechanical Engineering Department,
The College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture,
Umm Al-Qura University,
Room H1091
Website: https://uqu.edu.sa/kmguedri
Email: kmguedri@uq.edu.sa

1
 Chapter 1

Introduction to Heat
Transfer

2
 Chapter 1: Introduction to Heat Transfer
What is Heat transfer ?
• Heat Transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in
transit due to a temperature difference.
Whenever there exists a temperature difference
Heat Transfer MUST exist.
Thermal energy: Thermal energy is associated with the
translation, rotation, vibration and electronic states of the
atoms and molecules that comprise matter. It represents the
cumulative effect of microscopic activities and is directly
linked to the temperature of matter.

3
 Modes of Heat transfer
1-Conduction
Bulk velocity =0
T2 < T1
T1

Conduction through a gas

High T Low
energy energy
4
x
• Conduction: collision between molecules or
atoms (fluid); lattice waves induced by atomic
and translational motion of the free electrons
(solid)

5
x
T1 T2 < T1

q insulator

x
A
qx the conducted heat rate in the x-direction has
phenomenologically been found to be adequately
represented by: Temperature gradient

dT
qx  kA
dx
Thermal conductivity

6
 Fourier’s Law
T1 T2 < T1

q insulator

x
A

qx dT
qx ''   k
A dx

 T T T 
q ''  k T  k  i j k 
 x y z 

7
 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity is the property of a material
to conduct heat

• The thermal conductivities

of gases such as air vary by
a factor of 104 from those
of pure metals such as
copper.
• Pure crystals and metals
have the highest thermal
conductivities, and gases
and insulating materials
the lowest.
8
 Thermal conductivity
• Solid > liquid > gas

• Pure metals > alloys > nonmetallic solids > insulation systems

• Thermal conductivity of liquid increases with decreasing liquid molecular

weight

• Liquid metal > nonmetallic liquid

• Thermal conductivity of gas increases with decreasing gas molecular

weight
Heat conductor:
It is a material which can transfer heat through conduction.
Insulation:
Materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer (with low thermal conductivity)
9
Example 1.1

10
Solution

11
 2-Convection

• Convection is comprised of two fundamental phenomena

1-Diffusion
2- Macroscopic motion of molecules

advection

convection
Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the
movement of fluids. 12
 Convection occurs between a moving fluid and a solid.

Increasing
Advection
U , T

T
u

HBL

Ts

Increasing
Diffusion
T(x)
U(x)

13
Types of Convection

Forced convection

Fluid motion induced by

external means

14
 Types of Convection
Chilled water
pipes

Hot air rising Natural convection

Qout

Qin Cool air falling

Driven by buoyancy

15
 3-Phase Change

Boiling, condensation
q”

Water

Hot Plate

16
 Convection
U ,
T
T
u

Ts

q ''  h(Ts  T )

Flux Convection Surface Freestream

W/m2 coefficient Temp Temp
The heat rate by convection, q (W), with a plane wall of area A, is

q  q ,,  A  hA(TS  T ) 17
 Example 1.2

Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m by 4-m flat surface at 30°C. If the

average convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2·°C, determine

the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate, in kW.

18
Solution

19
 Radiation
 Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a nonzero temperature. It is
transferred by electromagnetic waves.
 Thermal radiation does not require the presence of a material medium (unlike
conduction and convection).
Gas
Radiation is the net heat transfer that
T, h
occurs between two surfaces at different
temperatures as a result of energy emitted
in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Surface of emissivity , absorptivity , and
Temperature Ts

The rate at which energy is released per unit area (W/m2) of a surface is termed the
surface emissive power E. The emissive power of an ideal radiator or blackbody is
prescribed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:
E   Ts4
where Ts is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and  is the Stefan-
Boltzmann constant ( = 5.67×10-8 W/m2∙K4).
The emissive power of a real surface is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:

E    Ts4 20
Consider a small surface at Ts that is completely surrounded by a much larger
isothermal surface at Tsur

Surroundings (Temperature Tsur)

Gas
T, h

Surface of emissivity  = , Area A and Temperature Ts

If the surface is assumed to be such that α =  (a gray surface), the net heat
flux from the surface is
  rad    Ts4  Tsur 
q
qrad 4

The heat rate by radiation, qrad (W), is

  A   A(TS4  Tsur
qrad  qrad 4
)
21
 Sometimes it is convenient to express the net radiation exchange in the form

q rad  hr ATs  Tsur 

where the radiative heat transfer coefficient hr is

h r    Ts  Tsur   Ts2  Tsur

2 

 

 If heat transfer takes place by both convection and radiation, the total rate of
heat transfer from the surface is then


q  qconv  qrad  h A Ts  T     A Ts4  Tsur
4

Surroundings (Temperature Tsur)

Gas
T, h

Surface of emissivity = absorptivity , and

Temperature Ts

22
 Surroundings (Temperature Tsur)

Gas
T, h

 If the heat conducted through the plate of figure as following is removed from
the plate surface by a combination of convection and radiation, the energy

qcond  qconv  qrad ; or

balance would give :

dT 
 kA 
dx  wall

 h A Ts  T     A Ts4  Tsur
4

where
Tsur ≡ temperature of surrounding
Ts ≡ surface temperature
T∞ ≡ fluid temperature
23
 Example 1.3

Consider a person whose exposed surface area is 1.7 m2, emissivity is

0.5, and surface temperature is 32°C. Determine the rate of heat loss

from that person by radiation in a large room having walls at a

temperature of

(a) 300 K and

(b) 280 K.

24
Solution

25
 Exercises

Exercise 1.1

The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.2 m thick

fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 2.0 W/mK.

Measurements made during steady state operation reveal temperatures

of 1500 and 1250 K at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is

the rate of heat loss through a wall which is 0.5 m by 4 m on a side ?

26
 Exercise 1.2

An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and

walls are at 25°C. The outside diameter of pipe is 80 mm, and its surface

temperature and emissivity are 180°C and 0.85, respectively. If the free

convection coefficient from the surface to the air is 6 W/m2K, what is the

rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of pipe ?

27
 Exercise 1.3
The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm-thick wall in summer are at 27°C and 44°C,

respectively. The outer surface of the wall exchanges heat by radiation with surrounding

surfaces at 40°C, and convection with ambient air also at 40°C with a convection heat

transfer coefficient of 8 W/m2·°C. Solar radiation is incident on the surface at a rate of 150

W/ m2. If both the emissivity and the solar absorptivity of the outer surface are 0.8,

determine the effective thermal conductivity of the wall.

28