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Hands up again?
[pause]
All right.
We have a very, very different
spread this time.
Now suppose we end up at the
hospital, and the five who
were lying on the track when
the trolley didn't hit them
are terribly injured in such a
way that one needs a heart,
one needs a lung, one needs a
leg, one needs an arm, one
needs an eye.
And in walks a healthy gentlemen
with exactly the
organs required to
save the five.
How many of you think it is
morally required or morally
permitted to cut up the
one to save the five?
[pause]
I won't sit with you in the
hospital waiting room.
That was three hands.
How many of you think it
is morally prohibited?
[pause]
All right.
Suppose there is a bear
running towards you.
You're standing in line of
people, and there's a bear
running towards you.
How many of you think it's
morally permitted to move out
of the bear's way if the bear
is running towards you?
[pause]
OK.
Now when that happens, the
bear's going to eat the guy
who is right behind you.
OK.
Case number two.
Suppose there's a bear
running towards you.
How many of you think it's
morally permitted to reach
behind you, and take that guy
and put him in front of you to
shield you from the bear?
[pause]
Very different distribution
of hands.
OK.
What's going on here?
In the original switch case
where we turn the trolley, one
person's going to die if we turn
the trolley, and five are
going to live.
In the push the fat man case,
if we push the fat man, one
person's going to die, and five
people are going to live.
In the patient in the hospital
case, we bring him into the
hospital and cut him up.
One person's going to die, and
five people are going to live.
In the bear case, when you
duck, and he gets the guy
behind you, the guy behind
you dies, and you live.
In the bear case, where you take
the guy behind you, put
him in front of you, and use
him as a shield, the guy
behind you dies and you live.
So the second set of topics that
I want to let you know
we'll be talking about is the
following; What is it that
explains the differences in our
reactions to these cases?
Is there genuinely a morally
relevant difference between
diverting the trolley so that
it kills the one rather than
the five, and pushing the fat
man, so the trolley kills the
one rather than the five?
Or is the difference in our
reaction to those two cases
merely psychological?
Is there really a moral
difference between ducking in
such a way that a harm that was
heading towards you hit
somebody else instead, and
shields you, so that a harm
that is heading towards
you is visited upon
someone else instead?
What is it that explains the
differences in our reactions
in these cases?
What moral implications does
that have, and what
psychological implications
does that have?
So that's the second set of
examples that I want to give
you, a topic that we'll
be addressing.
Third set of examples.
I imagine some of you
are familiar with
the following situation.
You go to the library intending
sincerely to read
the Plato that has been assigned
to you for the next
lecture and you find yourself,
instead, answering e-mails.
Or you set for yourself a
dietary regimen, according to
which you will eat large
amounts of fruit and
vegetables, and instead you find
yourself tempted by cake.
Or you commit yourself to saving
up money for some sort
of long-term goal, and instead,
find yourself
distracted by the prospects of
March break in Jamaica with
your roommate, or an iPod touch,
or a new PlayStation 2
device that you can
use to distract
yourself from your reading.
So what is it about human beings
that we can form these
sorts of plans, and then
not act on them?
And what is it that we can do
to make ourselves stick to
commitments that we've made
in moments of reflection?
So the reading that I assigned
to you for today is a very,
very brief chapter from Dan
Ariely's popular book.
It's a chapter on
procrastination.
And in it, he describes a number
of strategies that we
can use to help ourselves
stick to long-term
commitments.
So, for example, one of the
things that people do if they
want to get themselves to read
is that they go to the
library, and they surround
themselves by other people who
are reading.
If you are in a social setting
where other people are
conforming to a standard that
you had set for yourself to
conform to, you may find
yourself conforming to that
standard, and not doing
that which you
will ultimately regret.
If you find yourself incredibly
tempted by food
that you have prohibited to
yourself, it may be helpful to
limit your access to it.
In the chapter that we read,
Dan Ariely describes an
example of what he called the
iced credit card solution,
where, if you have a tendency
to make impulse purchases on
the Internet, you take your
credit card, and you put it in
a glass of water, which you
put into the freezer.
And then, if you want to buy
something, you remove the
credit card from the freezer,
and if, when the water has
melted, you still want to
buy it, then go ahead.
So restricting our immediate
access to items that are
tempting is a way of getting
around the problem.
A third way of getting around
these sorts of problems
involves automatizing
the behavior
that you wish to encourage.
So if I set up a system on my
credit card where every time I
spend $10 an additional $10 goes
into my savings account,
it will turn out that rather
than spending my money on that
which I will buy, I will save
the money for that to which I
am committed.
Yeah?
STUDENT: [inaudible]
PROFESSOR: So the question is,
are the videos for the
lectures going to be posted?
And the answer is, the videos
for the lectures take time to
be edited and processed, so they
will be posted, but they
won't be posted during
the class.
I will post the slides after
each lecture, but as you saw
today, the slides don't give
you that much information.
Yes?
STUDENT: [inaudible]
PROFESSOR: No.
Everything in the course is done
electronically; so all
assignments for the course are
to be submitted on the
Classes*v2 server under
assignments.
And the deadline for the first
written exercise is actually
next Tuesday at 10 AM, but
because that's still during
shopping period, that exercise
will be accepted without
penalty until Friday.
But everything for the class,
in terms of submission and
return of exercises, will be
done online on our *v2 site.
Yeah?
STUDENT: When are sections
going to start?
PROFESSOR: When are sections
going to start?
Sections will begin the third
week of the semester.
Yeah?
STUDENT: [inaudible]
PROFESSOR: Yes.
So if you look at the sample
directed exercise which I gave
you, which is on the back
side of the blue sheet.
So the question is, it says that
directed exercises are 1%
to 7% each, will I tell
you how much a
directed exercise is worth?
Answer, yes.
So if you turn over the blue
sheet on the back, you'll see
that the directed exercise for
next week has two parts.
One, take out a clicker;
that's worth one point.
Two, tell me whether you're
going to turn off your
Internet and why.
Briefly.
So the directed exercise will
always say: here's the
question, here's the point
value for the question.
Anything else?
We're actually at
the end of time!
So you all have paced your
questions extraordinarily
well, and I look forward to
seeing you next class.