Homogenizing

annealing for steels and

nonferrous alloys
 Annealing: A term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and
holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used
primarily to soften but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other
properties or in microstructure. The purpose
of such changes may be, but is not confined to, improvement of machinability;
facilitation of cold working; improvement of mechanical or electrical properties; or
increase in stability of dimensions. The time–temperature cycles used vary widely
both in maximum temperature attained and in cooling rate employed, depending on
the composition of the material, its condition, and the results desired. When
applicable, the following more specific process names should be used: Black
Annealing, Blue Annealing, Box Annealing, Bright Annealing, Cycle Annealing,
Flame Annealing, Full Annealing, Graphitizing, Intermediate Annealing, Isothermal
Annealing, Process Annealing, Quench Annealing, and Spheroidizing. When the
term is used without qualification, full annealing is implied. When applied only for
the relief of stress, the process is properly called stress relieving.

Annealing STEEL
 The purpose of annealing is not only to soften steel for machining, but to
remove all strains incident to rolling or hammering. A common method of annealing
is to pack the steel in a cast-iron box containing some material, such as powdered
charcoal, charred bone, charred leather, slaked lime, sand, fireclay, etc. The box and
its contents are then heated in a furnace to the proper temperature, for a length of
time depending upon the size of the steel. After heating, the box and its contents
should be allowed to cool at a rate slow enough to prevent any hardening. It is
essential, when annealing, to exclude the air as completely as possible while the
steel is hot, to prevent the outside of the steel from becoming oxidized.
The temperature required for annealing should be slightly above the critical
point, which varies for different steels. Low-carbon steel should be annealed at
about 1650 degrees F., and high-carbon steel at between 1400 degrees and 1500
degrees F. This temperature should be maintained just long enough to heat the entire
piece evenly throughout. Care should be taken not to heat the steel much above the
decalescence or hardening point. When steel is heated above this temperature, the
grain assumes a definite size for that particular temperature, the coarseness
increasing with an increase in temperature. Moreover, if steel that has been heated
above the critical point is cooled slowly, the coarseness of the grain corresponds to
the coarseness at the maximum temperature; hence, the grain of annealed steel is
coarser, the higher the temperature to which it is heated above the critical point.
If only a small piece of steel or a single tool is to be annealed, this can be done
by building up a firebrick box in an ordinary blacksmith's fire, placing the tool in it,
covering over the top, then heating the whole, covering with coke and leaving it to
cool over night. Another quick method is to heat the steel to a red heat, bury it in dry
sand, sawdust, lime or hot ashes, and allow it to cool. Quick annealing can also be
partially effected by heating the piece to a dull black-red and plunging it into hot
water. This method is not to be recommended.
Annealing is commonly used after casting, forging or rolling to soften
materials and minimise residual stresses, improve machinability, and increase
ductility by carefully controlling the microstructure. Many steels in strip form are
annealed, as are most tool steels and stainless steels. Non-ferrous alloys are also
annealed. There are several process variations that qualify as annealing treatments:
Full annealing is performed on steels by heating to a high temperature
(typically 830-950°C), then cooling slowly to ambient temperature. Non-ferrous
materials are softened and refined by full annealing at temperatures appropriate for
each alloy.

Isothermal / cyclic annealing is performed by heating steels to the full

annealing temperature, cooling to an intermediate temperature (typically 550-
700°C) and soaking for a long period to allow transformation to proceed slowly,
followed by cooling to ambient temperature.
 Intercritical annealing is applied by heating steels to below the full annealing
temperature (typically 723- 910°C) according to composition. A prolonged soak is
followed by cooling to ambient temperature. • Subcritical annealing takes place at a
temperature for steels of typically 650-720°C, allowing a prolonged soak before
cooling to ambient temperature.
Homogenisation annealing can be applied to both ferrous and non-ferrous
materials and is a prolonged high-temperature soak intended to break down
segregation in the material’s structure.
Solution annealing is applied commonly to austenitic stainless steels, typically
at 1010-1150°C. With unstabilised grades, the treatment must be followed by fast
cooling or quenching. It is applied as a softening process during manufacture or to
optimise corrosion resistance (e.g. after welding).
What Are The Benefits? Stress relieving, normalising and annealing all
prepare metals and alloys for further processing or for the intended service
conditions. They control the ability of materials to be machined with ease, perform
without distortion in service, be formed without cracking or splitting, be
subsequently hardened or carburised with minimal distortion, or to resist corrosive
environments. the selection of a protective medium.
What Problems Could Arise? Most stress relieving operations are carried out
in air, but protective media are also available. In air, alloys are subject to
discolouration or scaling depending on the alloy and temperature used. Post-
treatment cleaning may therefore be required. Normalising is usually performed in
air on semi-finished steel products where scaling and decarburisation pose no
problems because they are removed by subsequent machining. A protective medium
may sometimes be necessary; e.g. when normalising final-size products prior to
localised surface hardening. Annealing processes can take place in air or in
protective media such as molten salt, controlled gaseous atmospheres or vacuum.
Prolonged soaks, as required by some annealing operations, necessitate the selection
of a protective medium. There is always a risk of distortion/sagging when high-
temperature treatments are applied to vulnerable thin-wall vessels or large, heavy
components. Your heat treater may have to use special supports or fixtures to
combat this problem.

Annealing High-speed Steel

The following method of annealing high-speed steel is recommended by one of
the largest high-speed tool steel manufacturers in America, and corresponds in all
important points to the practice of most other manufacturers: Use an iron box or
pipe of sufficient size to allow at least one-half inch of packing between the pieces
of steel to be annealed and the sides of the box or pipe. It is not necessary that each
piece be kept separate from every other piece, but only that the steel be prevented
from touching the dies of the annealing pipe or box. Pack carefully with powdered
charcoal, fine dry lime or mice (preferably charcoal), and cover with an air-tight
cap, or lute with fireclay; heat slowly to a full red heat (about 1475 degrees or 1500
degrees F.) and keep at this heat from 2 to 8 hours, depending upon the size of the
pieces to be annealed. A piece 2 by 1 by 8 inches requires about three hours. Cool
slowly as possible, and do not expose to the air until cold. A good way is to allow
the box or pipe to remain in the furnace until cold.
A series of experiments made to determine the proper temperature to which to
heat high-speed steel for annealing, showed the following results: When the steel
was heated to below 1250 degrees F. and slowly cooled, as in annealing, it retained
the original hardness and brittleness imparted in forging. When heated to between
1250 degrees and 1450 degrees F., the Brinnell test indicated that the steel was soft,
but impact tests proved that the steel still retained its original brittleness. However,
when heated to between 1475 degrees and 1525 degrees F., the steel became very
soft; it had a fine-grained fracture, and all of the initial brittleness had entirely
disappeared. In carrying these tests further, to 1600 degrees, 1750 degrees, and 1850
degrees F., it was found that the steel became very soft, but there was a gradual
increase in brittleness and in the size of the grain, until at 1850 degrees F. the steel
again became as brittle as unannealed steel. Dried air-slaked lime was used as a
packing medium in making these tests.
Annealing for NONFERROUS ALLOYS

Wrought Copper Alloys.—Wrought copper alloys can be utilized

in the annealed, coldworked, stress-relieved, or hardened-by-heat-
treatment conditions, depending on composition and end use. The
“temper designation” for copper alloys is defined in ASTM
Standard Recommended Practice B601, which is applicable to all
product forms.
For Aluminum Alloys, the basic temper designations and
subdivisions that includes anneling are as follows:
–O, annealed, recrystallized (wrought products only): Applies to the
softest temper ofwrought products.
–H, strain-hardened (wrought products only): Applies to products
that have their strength increased by strain-hardening with or
without supplementary thermal treatments to produce partial
softening.
The –H is always followed by two or more digits. The first digit
indicates the specific combination of basic operations, as follows:
–H1, strain-hardened only: Applies to products that are strain-
hardened to obtain the desired mechanical properties without
supplementary thermal treatment. The number following this
designation indicates the degree of strain-hardening.
–H2, strain-hardened and then partially annealed: Applies to
products that are strainhardened more than the desired final
amount and then reduced in strength to the desired level by partial
annealing. For alloys that age-soften at room temperature, the –H2
tempers have approximately the same ultimate strength as the
corresponding –H3 tempers. For other alloys, the –H2 tempers
have approximately the same ultimate strengths as the
corresponding –H1 tempers and slightly higher elongations.The
number following this desig-nation indicates the degree of strain-
hardening remaining after the product has been partially annealed.
–T, thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than –F, –O, or –H: Applies
to products that are thermally treated, with or without supplementary strain-
hardening, to produce stable tempers.The –T is always followed by one or more
digits. Numerals 2 through 10 have been assigned to indicate specific sequences of
basic treatments, as follows:
–T1, naturally aged to a substantially stable condition: Applies to products for
which the rate of cooling from an elevated temperature-shaping process, such as
casting or extrusion, is such that their strength is increased by room-temperature
aging.
–T2, annealed (cast products only): Designates a type of annealing treatment used
to improve ductility and increase dimensional stability of castings.
–T3, solution heat-treated and then cold-worked: Applies to products that are
coldworked to improve strength, or in which the effect of cold work in flattening or
straightening is recognized in applicable specifications.
–T4, solution heat-treated and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition:
Applies to products that are not cold-worked after solution heat treatment, or in
which the effect of cold work in flattening or straightening may not be recognized in
applicable specifications.
–T5, artificially aged only: Applies to products that are artificially aged after an
elevated-temperature rapid-cool fabrication process, such as casting or extrusion, to
improve mechanical properties or dimensional stability, or both.
–T6, solution heat-treated and then artificially aged: Applies to products that are
not cold-worked after solution heat-treatment, or in which the effect of cold work in
flattening or straightening may not be recognized in applicable specifications.
–T7, solution heat-treated and then stabilized: Applies to products that are
stabilized to carry them beyond the point of maximum hardness, providing control
of growth or residual stress or both.
–T8, solution heat-treated, cold-worked, and then artificially aged: Applies to
products that are cold-worked to improve strength, or in which the effect of cold
work in flattening or straightening is recognized in applicable specifications.
–T9, solution heat-treated, artificially aged, and then cold-worked: Applies to
products that are cold-worked to improve strength.
–T10, artificially aged and then cold-worked: Applies to products that are
artificially aged after an elevated-temperature rapid-cool fabrication process, such as
casting or extrusion, and then cold-worked to improve strength.
Additional digits may be added to designations –T1 through –T10 to indicate a
variation in treatment that significantly alters the characteristics of the product.
These may be arbitrarily assigned and registered with The Aluminum Association
for an alloy and product to indicate a specific treatment or specific mechanical
property limits.