SPACE TIME CODING

Jie Ren

ASPITRG Drexel

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•  B. Vucetic and J. Yuan, Space-Time Coding, Wiley, 2003

•  Erik G. Larsson and Petre Stoica Space-Time Block

Coding for Wireless Communications, Cambridge, 2005

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

o  MIMO System Model

o  MIMO System Capacity Derivation

o  MIMO Capacity Examples

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

o  MIMO System Model

o  MIMO System Capacity Derivation

o  MIMO Capacity Examples

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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MIMO System Model

•  Notations

nT transmit antennas

nR receive antennas

x transmitted signals, N(0,µ) i.i.d.

n noise

r received signals

Rxx, Rnn, Rrr covariance matrix of x, n and r

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MIMO System Model

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MIMO System Model

•  Covariance matrix of the transmitted signal

•  Transmitted power constraint

•  Channel is unknown at the transmitter

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MIMO System Model

•  Noise n

•  independent complex zero-mean Gaussian

•  No correlation between components of n

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MIMO System Model

•  MIMO Channel H

•  nR by nT complex matrix

•  perfectly known at the receiver

•  not known at the transmitter

•  normalization:

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MIMO System Model

•  Average SNR at each receive antenna

!! !
! = ! = !!
! !

•  Received vector

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

o  MIMO System Model

o  MIMO System Capacity Derivation

o  MIMO Capacity Examples

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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 MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Theorem: Singular value decomposition

•  Suppose M is an m×n matrix whose entries come from the field K.

(either the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers)

Then,
! = !!!! !
!

•  where U is an m×m unitary matrix over K, V* is the conjugate

transpose of the n×n unitary matrix V over K, Σ is an m×n diagonal

matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal.

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 MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Singular value decomposition

! = !"!! !
! = !"!! ! + !!
!! ! = !! !"!! ! + !! ! = ! !! ! + !! !!
!
!

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MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Singular value decomposition

•  Equivalent channel

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MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Singular value decomposition

•  Equivalent channel

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MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Covariance Matrix

•  Power constraint

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MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Capacity

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MIMO System Capacity Derivation

•  Capacity: Relates to the channel matrix H

!!! , !! < ! !
!= ! !
! !, !! ≥ ! !
!

! − !! = det!(!!! − !)!
!!!
!! ! !
!"#!$%$"$&!! = − !
!
!
! = ! log ! det!(!! + ! !)!
!! !

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

o  MIMO System Model

o  MIMO System Capacity Derivation

o  MIMO Capacity Examples

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Examples 1

•  SISO channel

•  1 receive antennas and 1 transmit antennas

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Examples 2

•  MIMO channel with unity H

•  Coherent combining

•  Reduces to a single effective channel

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Example 3

•  Receive Diversity

•  n receive antennas and 1 transmit antennas

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Example 4

•  Transmit Diversity

•  n transmit antennas and 1 receive antennas

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

o Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff

o ML Detection

o Error Analysis

o Space-Time Code Design Criteria

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff

•  Why MIMO?

•  Utilize multiple antennas to improve wireless system performance

•  Higher capacity

•  Lower error probability

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Definitions

•  Diversity Gain d

•  Change in slope of the error probability

•  Multiplexing Gain r

•  Change in slope of the rate

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Beamforming

•  Antennas transmit the same signal

•  Pre-coding and shaping matrices (vectors): u, v

•  Corresponding SNR

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Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs

•  Obtain full multiplexing gain

•  Decompose the MIMO into parallel SISO

•  multiplexing different data streams

•  each SISO quality depends on the singular values of HHH

•  may have poor performance

•  Obtain full diversity gain

•  Apply beamforming

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Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs

•  Fundamental design question:

•  Should the antennas be used for diversity gain, multiplexing gain or

both?

•  Assume block fading channels with receiver CSI only

•  Maximum d for fixed r:

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Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

o Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff

o ML Detection

o Error Analysis

o Space-Time Code Design Criteria

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Space-Time Coded Systems

•  Information symbols

•  Input vector

•  Received vector

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ML Detection

! = argmin ||! − !"||! !

!∈!!! ×!
!

= arg min ||!! − !!! ||! !

!!!

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Space-Time Coded Systems

•  Decision Metrics

•  Selects a code word with the minimum decision metric

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

o Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff

o ML Detection

o Error Analysis

o Space-Time Code Design Criteria

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Error Analysis

•  AWGN fading channel

•  General error probability

!!
!! = ! ∙ !( ! ∙ ! )!
!
! ! = !! ! = |!|! !
!
ℎ~!! (!, !)!

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Error Analysis

•  Theorem: The error probability, averaged over h, is

bounded by:

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Error Analysis

•  Diversity gain: Gd

•  Coding gain: Gc

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

o Diversity-Mutiplexing Tradeoff

o ML Detection

o Error Analysis

o Space-Time Code Design Criteria

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Space-Time Code Design Criteria
•  Pair-wise error probability for STC

•  Rank criterion: the difference matrix must be full rank to obtain the

maximum diversity gain MrMt

•  Determinant criterion: maximize the minimum of the Det(Δ) to

obtain a high coding gain

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Alamouti’s Space-Time Code

•  STBC

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

•  Orthogonal Property

•  Received Signal

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

•  Define

•  where e is white noise

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

•  ML detection

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

•  Decision Statistics

•  Decision Rules

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

•  Achieve a full diversity gain

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Alamouti Space-Time Code

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Alamouti’s Space-Time Code

•  STBC

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

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Space-Time Block Codes

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Space-Time Block Codes

•  Code Matrix

•  Orthogonal Property

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Decoding of STBC

•  Decision Statistics

•  Decision Rules

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

o Delay Diversity Code

o General STTC

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Delay Diversity

•  STTC: a steam of data is encoded via Nt convolutional

encoders

•  Delay Diversity for Nt=2

•  First convolutional encoder: absent

•  Second convolutional encoder: replace by time delay

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Delay Diversity

•  covariance matrix of he full rank

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Outline

•  MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

•  Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis

•  Space-Time Block Codes

•  Space-Time Trellis Codes

o Delay Diversity Code

o General STTC

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Encoder Structure of STTC

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Encoder Structure of STTC

•  Generator Description

•  Generator Polynomial Description

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Example

•  4-state space-time trellis coded QPSK scheme with 2

transmit antennas

•  Generator sequences:

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Example

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Decoder Structure of STTC

•  Maximum Likelihood Decoding

•  Employ Viterbi Algorithm

•  Minimize the path metric

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