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PM Modi Honoured With Goal Keeper Award By Bill Gates Foundation

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been conferred the 'Global Goalkeeper Award' for the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched by the government. The award from the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation was presented to PM Modi by Bill Gates in New York. He received it for the
progress made on Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or the Clean India Mission, which was one of the
first few ambitious projects that PM Modi launched in his first term at the Centre in 2014.
About Global Goal Award

The award felicitate changemakers around the world for their contributions toward
meeting the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which the UN General
Assembly set in 2015 for the year 203❑
(

A
c
The awards are given annually; the first such event took place in 2017.

Award Given in 5 Categories:

Category Winner 2019
1 Progress Award (age 16 – 30) Gregory Rockson, co-founder and CEO of mPharma,
for his work to increase access to high-quality drugs
across community pharmacies in five African
countries.
2 Changemaker Award (age 16 Payal Jangid for her fight against child labor and child
– 30) marriage in India—She bacame the first Indian to
receive this award
3 Campaign Award (age 16 – Aya Chebbi, the first African Union Youth Envoy, for
30) her work promoting youth empowerment,
peacebuilding, and non-violent mobilization in Africa.
4 Goalkeepers Voice Award
(any age)
5 Global Goalkeeper Award Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India for the
(any age) progress India is making in improving sanitation
through the Swachh Bharat mission.
Global Goal keeper award is a special recognition which celebrates a political leader who has
demonstrated their commitment to the Global Goals through impactful work in their country
and/or globally.

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The website of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals describes the SDGs as "the
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".

There are 17 such Goals, which were adopted by the UN in 2015, and which came into force on
January 1, 2016 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Goals are universally
applicable, and serve as a roadmap for countries to track their progress on complex issues such
as poverty, inequality, and climate change.

The 17 Goals that the UN set in 2015 (Goal 1 through Goal 17, respectively) are:

('N) SUSTAINABLE

NO
1 POVERTY
DEVELOPMENT
2 ZERO
HUNGER
GOALS
4 DUALITY
EDUCATION 5 GENDER
EQUALITY
BGLEAN WATER
U
SANITATION
AND

ill
(.
41 1

7AFFORDABLE QDECENTWORNANO 11 MISTAKABLE CITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE

CLEMENERGY UECONOMICGROWTH 1 0 MI000411111ES CONSUMPTION AND
INEQUALITIES
PRODUCTION

I ri OITIES

1 4 L I F E BE LOW 1 in PLACE,JUSTICE
(R)
13 CLIMATE
ACTION WATER U AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS

About the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works
to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on improving
people's health and giving them the chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty.
In the United States, it seeks to ensure that all people—especially those with the fewest
resources—have access to the opportunities they need to succeed in school and life. Based in
Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Sue Desmond-Hellmann and Co-chair William
H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.

What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan?

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most popular and significant missions in the History of
India. This campaign was introduced by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi and was launched
on 2nd October 2014 to honor Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a Clean country. Initially, this

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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign was run on a national level in all the towns, rural and urban
areas.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Objective

The major objective of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to spread the awareness of cleanliness
and the importance of it. The concept of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to provide the basic
sanitation facilities like toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness and
safe and adequate drinking water supply to each and every person. The Swachh Bharat Mission,
which the Narendra Modi government launched on October 2, 2014, aims to accelerate the
efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage in the country by this year as a tribute to
Mahatma Gandhi on his /50th birth anniversary.

Prime Minister highlighted that over 11 crore toilets were built in the country in the last five
years, which is a record. Poor people and the women of India were benefitted the most by it.

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First All Women Space Walk

When astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir floated out of the International Space
Station on Friday, October 18, to successfully replace a failed power control unit in an operation that
lasted over seven hours, it was a giant leap for womankind.

It occurred by accident, actually. Following a rocket launching aborted mid-flight,

grounding two astronauts that were supposed to visit the International Space Station, NASA needed to
change its own schedule. Without thinking much of this, the bureau declared that Christina Koch and
Anne McClain — two girls — would perform exactly the spacewalk instead.

The spacewalk, known as an extravehicular activity (EVA) is an astronaut jargon,

began at 7:38 EDT (1138 GMT), which was ahead of schedule as the spacewalk was slated to
begin at 7:50 EDT (1150 GMT). The spacewalk, which officially began once both astronauts switched to
battery power in their spacesuits, was guided by veteran NASA astronaut and capsule communicator
(CAPCOM) Stephanie Wilson on the ground and fellow astronauts Luca Parmitano and Andrew Morgan
located on the International Space Station.

It marks Koch's fourth spacewalk and Meir's first spacewalk. Koch led the EVA and can be
identified by the red stripes on her spacesuit and life support backpack. Meir arrived at the space station
in September, and both Koch and Meir joined NASA's astronaut corps in 2013. Their astronaut class,
nicknamed the "Eight Balls," had the highest percentage of women of any group of astronaut candidates
to date

This is the 221st spacewalk in support of the space station's maintenance and assembly. Since
cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya became the first woman to do a spacewalk in 1984, followed closely by
NASA astronaut Kathy Sullivan.

An additional 12 US women have conducted 40 spacewalks over the past 35 years. Koch
and Meir were the 14th and 15th, respectively.

Of the 15 women who have done spacewalks, 14 have been NASA astronauts.
Attempts and failures

The first all-woman spacewalk was actually scheduled to take place on March 29, 2019,
months ago. Unfortunately, the event was canceled when there were only two medium-sized spacesuits, so
only one of the women, Koch, was able to participate in the spacewalk as her fellow NASA astronaut Anne
McClain stayed onboard the station

Women have been involved in critical functions in space missions in countries that have
projects running. In India, women have had critical roles in the Mangalyaan and Chandrayaan

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missions. M Vanitha was the project director and Ritu Karidhal was the mission director of
the recent Chandrayaan 2 mission. Karidhal was earlier the deputy operations director for the Mangalyaan
mission.

This was the first spacewalk for Meir, a space rookie who arrived at the station last month.
It was the fourth spacewalk for Koch, who's been on the space station since March The operation was
originally set to last five and a half hours, but things went so smoothly that the pair agreed to do an
hour's worth of extra work.

The first all-woman spacewalk was a milestone worth noting and celebrating as the Nasa
looks forward to putting the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024 with Nasa's Artemis lunar
exploration programme.

What happened the first time?

The first all-women spacewalk was originally meant to happen on March 29. Koch was one
of the astronauts then, too, the other being Anne McClain. It did not happen because the International
Space Station did not have enough spacesuits McClain's size.

McClain had trained in two sizes, and was meant to wear a size-large upper torso on the
historic spacewalk. After one spacewalk (not all-women), she figured that a size-medium upper torso
would work best for her. However, only one such upper torso was ready for use at that time, and Koch
was to wear that one. So, McClain's slot was given to Nick Hague (size large), who walked with Koch.

What other roles have women played at NASA?

Women like Koch and Meir continue to play increasingly important roles at NASA, carrying on
a tradition that goes back to our earliest days. Three who were essential to building the human spaceflight
program -- Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson of the Langley Research Center -- were
the subject of the movie "Hidden Figures". Nancy Grace Roman was NASA's first chief of astronomy, and
Margaret Hamilton led the team that wrote the software for the Apollo moon landings. In 2019, more
and more women are leading the way at NASA.

Christina Koch owns the record for the longest spaceflight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch now owns the record for the longest spaceflight by a woman
in history — and she's still weeks away from returning home.

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On Dec. 28, the 40-year-old astronaut eclipsed the record of former astronaut Peggy Whitson, who
spent 289 days, 5 hours and 1 minute in space in 2017

Koch has been on the International Space Station since March 14, 2019, and is expected to remain
aboard the satellite until February 2020. Her mission was initially supposed to last six months but it was
extended by NASA to study the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the bod Y-When Koch returns to
Earth, she will have spent 328 continuous days in space, just short of the overall record of 340 days set
by Scott Kelly in 2016.

It was the first all-female spacewalk in the 54 years since the late Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov carried
out history's first spacewalk, or EVA (extravehicular activity), in 1965. Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya
became the first woman to walk in space during an outing with a male cosmonaut in 1984. NASA
astronaut Kathryn Sullivan followed suit later that year, joining astronaut David Leestma for a shuttle
spacewalk.

340 days

Counting both male and female astronauts, this is the overall record by an American for a longest single
spaceflight. Scott Kelly spent 340 days in space in 2015-2016.

438 days

Between January 1994 and March 1995, Valery Polyakov of Russia spent 438 days aboard the Mir space
station. Across genders, this is the world record for the longest single human spaceflight.

665 days

Although Koch has now overtaken her for the longest single spaceflight, Peggy Whitson continues to hold
the record for the longest time by a woman in cumulative spaceflights. Whitson, now 59 and retired, is a
biochemist who logged a total of 665 hours over a number of space expeditions between 2002 and
2017. Koch once said she took a lot of helpful advice from Kelly's 2017 autobiography Endurance. Now,
Koch's extended mission will help NASA learn about the effects of long spaceflights. The Associated
Press reported that NASA officials have said such data is needed to support future deep space
exploration missions.

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This is the longest cumulative time spent in space by any astronaut, male or female. Gennady Padalka of
Russia holds this record, accumulating the 878 days (about 21/z years) across five spaceflights between 1998
and 2015.

About NASA

NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is a U.S. government agency that is
responsible for science and technology related to air and space. The Space Age started in 1957 with the
launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik.

NASA opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958. The agency was created to oversee U.S. space exploration and
aeronautics research.

The administrator is in charge of NASA. The NASA administrator is nominated by the president and
confirmed by a vote in the Senate.

James Frederick "Jim" Bridenstine was nominated by President Donald Trump, confirmed by the U.S.
Senate, and sworn in as NASA's 13th administrator on April 23, 2018

Famous Programmes:

Hubble
The most-loved of all NASA spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope has name recognition around the world.
Its photos have changed the way everyday people figure themselves into the cosmos. The observatory has
alsoradically changed science, making breakthroughs on astronomical issues too numerous to count.

Apollo
Not only was sending a man to the moon monumental for human history, but the Apollo trips were the
first to bring celestial stuff back to Earth and greatly advanced our scientific understanding of the moon, the
Apollo astronauts gathered data that helped us learn how old the moon is, what it's made out of, and
even how it might have begun.

Pioneer
Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, launched in 1972 and 1973,respectively, were the first spacecraft to visit the
solar system's mostphotogenic gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Pioneer 10 was the first probe to travel
through the solar system's asteroid belt, a field of orbiting rocks between Mars and Jupiter. About a year
later, Pioneer 11 flew by Jupiter, and then moved on to Saturn, where it discovered a couple of
previously unknown small moons around the planet, and a new ring.

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Voyager
Shortly after the Pioneers made their flybys, the Voyagerl and Voyager 2 probes followed. They made
many important discoveries about Jupiter and Saturn, including rings around Jupiter and the presence of
volcanism on Jupiter's moon, lo. Voyager went on to make the first flybys of Uranus, where it discovered 10
new moons, and Neptune, where it found that Neptune actually weighs less than astronomers thought. Both
Voyager crafts have enough power to keep transmitting radio signals until at least 2025, and are now
exploring the very edge of the solar system and beginning of interstellar space.

Voyager 2 is currently the farthest man-made object from Earth, at more than a hundred time the
distance from the Earth to the sun, and more than twice as far as Pluto.

Chandra
Since 1999, the Chandra X-ray Observatory has been scanning the skies in X-ray light, looking at some of
the most distant and bizarre astronomical events. Because Earth's pesky atmosphere blocks out most X-rays,
astronomers couldn't view the universe in this high-energy, short-wavelength light until they sent Chandra
up to space.

Viking
When NASA's Viking 1 probe touched-down on Mars in July 1976, it was the first time a manmade object
had soft-landed on the red planet. (Though the Soviet Mars 2 and 3 probes did land on the surface, they
failed upon landing).

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Vande Bharat- Also Called Train 18- India's First Semi High Speed Train

•■• About The Train

1. Train 18 is an electric multiple unit (EMU), semi high speed train where the engine is inbuilt
-

as part of the rake.

2. The train is a successor to Shatabdi, which was introduced in 1988 and is presently running
on over 20 routes connecting metros with other important cities.
3. Train 18 can run at maximum speed of 180/km per hour
4. Gatimaan Express is the second fastest train and operates at a maximum speed of 160
km/h

Who developed Train 18?

Development It was developed by a team of engineers and experts working at the
Details Indian Railways Integral Coach Factory in Chennai.

It took around 1.5 years to build the train and its design has been inspired by the new-age high-speed trains
and bullet trains

At present, Train 18 trains is being operated on two routes- New Delhi-Varanasi (first
one to be flagged off) and New Delhi-Sri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra sectors.

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Fully automatic doors & AC

coaches

Facts About Vande Bharat

Onboard Wifi access
v
Runs at 180km/hr faster than
shatabdi which runs at
30km/hour
India's first engineless train

d By Indian Railways In Coach Production-

Integrated Coach
Factory
The Integral Coach Factory is one of the earliest production units of independent India. It was inaugurated by
the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 2nd October, 1955

ICE is capable of manufacturing many types / variants simultaneously. ICF has produced 58,554 coaches since
its inception in 500 plus different designs.

Indian Railways recently created a record in coach production! The Integral Coach Factory (ICF), located in
Chennai has turned out its 3000th coach of the year. Factory has achieved this target in less than a period
of nine months. Moreover, the working days of ICF to achieve this figure have reduced from 289 days in
the last financial year to 215 days in the current financial year.

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•
Fastest Train in the World- Shanghai Maglev, 267.8 mph, China

Fastest train in the world with a Maglev is an abbreviation of magnetic

maximum operating speed of 267.8 mph levitation suspension or floating of an
—

object by the magnetic field.

Shanghai Maglev
This service is operated by Shanghai Shanghai Maglev has no wheel, and it
Maglev Transportation Development floats on magnetic field existing
Co. Shanghai Maglev between the train and track.

World's Fastest & First Driverless Bullet Train Launched In China

1. A new driverless bullet train connecting the Chinese cities of Beijing and Zhangjiakou is
capable of reaching a top speed of up to 350km/h, making it the world's fastest autonomous train in
operation.

2. The new service, launched in the build-up to the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and
Paralympic games, will reduce travel time between the capital and Zhangjiakou, which will stage
most of the skiing events, from three hours to less than one.

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In contrast to some monarchs who voluntarily step down, Britain's Queen Elizabeth 11, 93, currently the
world's longest reigning monarch at 67 years, is believed to have no intention to abdicate.

ISROs world smallest satellite details

In its first mission of 2019, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched a
students' satellite Kalamsat and an imaging satellite Microsat-R from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in
Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This is also the 46th flight of ISRO's workhorse PSLV.

Microsat-R and its payload come assembled from a handful of laboratories of the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and is meant for military use.
Kalamsat is the world's smallest and lightest
communication satellite.
ISRO is using the aluminium tank for the first time in the fourth stage of the launch of PSLV C 44. This is to
reduce the weight and increase the mass in the four-stage engine expendable rocket with alternating solid
Kalamsat is a payload developed by students and
and liquid fuel. Chennai based Space Kidz India for the first time.

The 10-cm cube Kalamsat satellite has a life span of two months and weighs 1.2 kg. It will be first to use
the rocket's fourth stage as an orbital platform.

The launch mission, called PSLV-C44, will be the first in the world to not just launch a satellite but use the
rocket as a platform for experiments in space.

Built at a cost of around Rs 12 lakh, the Kalamsat is an experimental satellite for studying the communication
system of nano satellites, which can be useful in many fields, predominantly disaster management.

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r
The brain behind KalamSat is 18-year-old Rifath Sharook, who had
built the world's smallest and lightest satellite weighing just
64gm along with his six-member team. This small satellite was
launched by NASA in 2017.

The earlier design of this nano-satellite was made back in

2017 by Rifath Sharook. Two years ago then, these students
launched an experimental version of this light-weight
satellite on NASA's sounding

rocket. At that time, Sharook had broken the global space

record for the smallest and lightest satellite launched.

The Kalamsat was inspired by a student contest

The inspiration for building the Kalamsat came from "Cubes in Space," a contest. According to Sharook, the
contest asked students to create a "femtosat," or satellite weighing under 100 grams.

Sharook's team from Space Kidz India used 3D printing technology to construct the Kalamsat, then put it
together in the home of Space Kidz India's founder Srimathy Kesan. The Kalamsat was revolutionary,
breaking a global space record as the world's lightest, smallest satellite. The high schoolers took first prize,
beating out 86,000 other entries

The Kalamsat was named in honor of a former Indian

president

The team decided to name their project in honor of former

Indian President Abdul Kalam. Kalam was also an aerospace
scientist who'd done research back in the 1960s at NASA's
Wallops Island Facility, in Virginia, where the Kalamsat was
launched. He is regarded as one of the fathers of India's space
program.

While the satellite had the more formal name of "Kalamsat," the students gave it the nickname "Gulab
Jamun," after the tiny Indian dessert.

The Kalamsat paved the way for the Kalamsat v2

The 2017 Kalamsat satellite resulted in the creation of the Kalamsat v2, another invention from students
working with Space Kidz India. The Kalamsat v2 used a modified electric system built

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from off-the-shelf components. Sharook and his team were able to whip up this technological marvel in
just six days. The Kalamsat was launched on the PSLV-C44 rocket by the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on January 24, 2019.

The Kalamsat v2 was the first satellite to use a

rocket's fourth and last stage. The fourth stage,
which normally just turns into space debris,
helped the Kalamsat collect data as it moved to
a higher circular orbit and established an orbital
platform. Sharook revealed that both the
Kalamsat and Kalamsat v2 satellites are more
economical to produce and reduce space
debris. Like its predecessor, the Kalamsat v2
received high praise.

Last year, these students also launched Jaihind-15, a 4 cm wide satellite, that was fired up in space by
NASA. The Jaihind-1S was encased in a 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) exterior, weighed as much as a
chicken's egg might (33 grams) and was designed as a contestant in the 'Cubes in Space' The tiny
satellite was designed to study 20 different weather parameters, collect data of four of these
parameters per second, and store this data on a built-in SD card.

Cubes in Space

Cubes in Space is a program by idoodledu inc., is the only global competition, offered at no cost, for
students 11-18 years of age to design and propose experiments to launch into space or a near space
environment on a NASA sounding rocket and zero-pressure scientific balloon.

ISRO
India's space journey began after Dr Vikram
Sarabhai formed Indian National Committee for
Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, a time when
'space' as scientific field had emerged as the next
frontier for human race. At that time, the United
States and Soviet Union were leading the space
dominance. In 1969, INCOSPAR was renamed as
ISRO (Indian Space Research organisation).

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The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is the pioneer

space exploration agency of the Government of India,
headquartered at Bengaluru. ISRO was formed in 1969 with
a vision to develop and harness space technology in national
development, while pursuing planetary exploration and
space science research. The Chairman of ISRO is Dr. K Sivan. Dr. K
Sivan joined ISRO in 1982 and was inducted into PSLV Project. He is
specialised in Aerospace engineering, Space Transportation
Systems Engineering, Launch vehicle and mission design, control &
guidance design and mission simulation software design, Mission
synthe sis, simulation, analysis and validation of flight systems.

ISRO Hits

Apr 19, 1975

I
ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1975
• I
Jul 18, 1980
•
Rohini became the first satellite to be placed into orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3

I r 7 1 1 1 ■
May 20, 1992
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) & Insat - 2A were launched by ISRO

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Oct 22, 2008

I (SRO sent an unmanned lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, into orbit. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a
height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The
spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.
3 ■

Sep 09, 2012

■
ISRO's 100th space mission was successfully launched using PSLV-C21 rocket. It also placed two foreign satellites into the earth's
orbit

Nov 5, 2013
India launched Mars Orbiter Mission on 5 November 2013 and entered Mars' orbit
on 24 September, 2014, making India the first nation to succeed on its maiden
attempt to Mars. ISRO beceme the fourth space agency in the world, as well as
the first space agency in Asia, to reach the Mars orbit

Feb 15, 2017

On 15 February 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37), a world record. ISRO launched its heaviest
rocket, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-Mark III (GSLV-Mk III), on 5 June, 2017 and placed a communications satellite
GSAT-19 into the orbit

Nov 14, 2018

■11 I
ISRO successfully launched GSAT-29 satellite from Sriharikota, the heaviest satellite weighing at 3,423 kg aims at providing better
communication for remote areas of country.

Jul 22, 2019

■
On 22 July, 2019, India launched GSLV-Mk III, India's second moon mission 'Chandrayaan-2'. Chandrayaan-2 is
India's first space mission that will conduct a soft landing on the moon's south polar region.

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..

EMISAT Launched

1. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched the country's first
electronic surveillance satellite, EMISAT.
2. India scripted history xby successfully launching EMISAT, a military satellite, and
28 foreign nano satellites on-board its polar rocket, in a complex mission which marked
many a first for ISRO.
3. The full form of EMISAT is "Electronic Intelligence Satellite". It was made by ISRO
and DRDO together. EMISAT was launched by PSLV C-45 launch vehicle. EMISAT was
launched from Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota. 1
4. The other 28 international satellites -- 25 3U type, two 6U type and one 2U type i
nano satellites are from Lithuania (two), Spain (1), Switzerland (1) and the United States
(24).

EMISAT

EMISAT is an all weather and all terrain condition satellite, which will allow it to work through

clouds, rain, forest and coastal areas.

EMISAT is an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) satellite, which means it will have a radar to measure the
electromagnetic spectrum - so as to intercept and analyze radar signals, find their location, identify
the hostile radars based on their radio frequency (RF) signature.

This will be a vital tool for India when EMISAT along with the Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) can effectively locate, tackle and silence enemy radars, and secure Indian airspace.

4-
EMISAT aims to monitor electronic or any kind of human or terrorist activity on the India — China or
India Pakistan border. Hence EMISAT can be termed as "Spy in the Sky."

0 PSLV

0
A•

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Facts Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch
vehicle of India. The first flight of the PSLV was launched on the
September 20, 1993 but first successful launch was in October
1994.

The flight of PSLV was also the longest mission of the PSLV, lasting
around three hours. PSLV have launched 39 consecutively successful
missions by June 2017.

During 1994-2019 periods, the vehicle has launched 47 Indian

satellites, 297 satellites for customers from abroad and 10 satellites
built by students from Indian Universities.

Besides, the vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft —

Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013.

Many First In The Launch

First time 151:10 is launching satellites in three different orbits.

••The PSLV-C45 launch vehicle is also the first PSLV rocket to use four strap-on motors. The

four strap on motor rockets are from the PSLV - QL range. This is the first time it has been
-

envisaged to provide a microgravity environment for research organizations and academic

institutes to perform experiments.

111 The PSLV-C45 is also the first launch to use solar panels to make the fourth stage last
longer in orbit. Using the solar panels in the fourth stage, the PSLV can provide power to
attached payloads almost indefinitely.

PSLV-C45: First Launch Vehicle to Use Solar Propulsion.

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Now Does EMISAT Work?

4- It is modelled after a famous Israeli spy satellite called SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and
ALtika). Both these satellites have the SSB-2 bus protocol — the core component for their sharp
electronic surveillance capabilities across the length and width of a large country like India.
4- EMISAT also has a special altimeter (a radar altitude measuring device) called 'AltiKa' that works
in the Ka-band microwave region of the spectrum. The electronic surveillance payload of EMISAT was
developed under a DRDO's project called KAUTILYA.

It has Three characteristics:

1. Help monitor the activities of enemy radars and sensors deployed along the border
2. know the exact topography of enemy areas and
3. find out how many communication devices are active in an area.

At the fourth stage three experimental payloads were deployed:

1. Automatic Identification System (AIS) for Maritime satellite applications capturing messages
transmitted from ships

2. Automatic Packet Repeating System (APRS) from AMSAT (Radio Amateur Satellite
Corporation), India - assists amateur radio operators in tracking and monitoring position data

3. Advanced Retarding Potential Analyzer for Ionospheric Studies (ARTS) from Indian Institute
of Space Science and Technology (IIST) - for the structural and compositional studies of the ionosphere.

The EMISAT now joins India's array of dedicated military satellites, including the CARTOSAT-2 series
satellites that have so far been used in planning India's surgical strikes in response to Pakistan's terrorist
attacks on Uri and Balakot

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What Is Project KAUTILYA?

According to the MoD's annual report of 2013-14, Kautilya for spaceborne ELINT
System involves the development of Electronic Intelligence payload for integration on an
indigenous mini satellite.
4i- The ELINT includes recordings and analysis of intercepted signals and helps create an RF
signature of a radar which can in turn be used for locating and quickly identify the radar in
subsequent encounters.

-11-- The project is named after the ancient Indian economist who emphasised the
importance of spying for a king to protect his kingdom

Recent Launches From Satish Dhawan Space Centre

' SR. No. Launch Date Launc Launch Vehicle Satellite M i l l

Pad Direct
1111.
1
J
22-07-2019 SLP GSLV Mk III-Ml CHANDRAYAAN-2
MILS/Shri./
Ritu Karidhal
2 22-05-2019 FLP PSLV-C46 RISAT-2B S.R.Biju
3 01-04-2019 SIP PSLV-C45 EMISAT + 28 S.R.Biju
4 24-01-2019 FLP PSLV-C44 MICROSAT-R + 1 R Hutton

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RAFALE CONTROVERSY

In April 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced that India will buy 36 French-
manufactured Rafale fighter jets off-the-shelf from Dassault, the French aircraft builder and integrator. The
Rafale was chosen in 2012 over rival offers from the United States, Europe and Russia. The step was
needed to upgrade India's ageing fleet. The original plan was that India would buy 18 off-the-shelf jets from
France's Dassault Aviation, with 108 others being assembled in India by the state-run Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited or HAL in Bengaluru.

What Happened Next?

The Modi-led BJP government, however, rowed back from the commitment of the last UPA government
to buy 126 Rafales, saying the twin-engined planes would be too expensive and the deal fell through
after nearly decade-long negotiations between India and France. There were a lot of hiccups over costs
of the aircraft. However, faced with the dipping number of fighters and a pressing need to upgrade the
Indian Air Force, Prime Minister Narendra Modi intervened and decided to buy 36 "ready-to-fly" fighters
instead of trying to acquire technology from Dassault and make it in India.

Soon after the deal was declared, the Congress accused the ruling BJP of non-transparency in the
multi-billion dollar deal and called it "one of the biggest failures" of the 'Make-in-India' programme.

In January 2016, India confirmed order of 36 Rafale jets in defence deal with France and under this
deal, Dassault and its main partners - engine-maker Safran and electronic systems-maker Thales - will
share some technology with DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) and some private
sector companies and HAL under the offsets clause.

Nearly one- and-half years after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the proposal during a
visit to Paris, finally in September 2016, India signed an inter-governmental agreement with France,
dubbed as "Rafale deal", in which India will pay about Rs 58,000 crore or 7.8 billion Euros for 36 off-the-
shelf Dassault Rafale twin-engine fighters. About 15 per cent of this cost is being paid in advance

Additionally, an accompanying offset clause was sealed through which France will invest 30 per cent
of the 7.8 billion Euros in India's military aeronautics-related research programmes and 20 per cent into
local production of Rafale components.

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In November 2016, however, a political warfare over the Rafale deal began and the Congress
accused the government of causing "insurmountable loss" of taxpayers' money by signing the deal worth
Rs 58,000 crores. It also claimed that the Anil Ambani-led Reliance Defence Limited had been unfairly
picked to be the French firm's Indian partner. The Congress alleged

that the cost of each aircraft is three times more than what the previous UPA had negotiated
with France in 2012.

UPA Rafale Deal..

No, and this where the controversy arises from. The UPA government had earmarked 10 billion
dollars (Rs 68,000 crore) for the deal in 2007. Under the UPAls deal, 126 jets were to be acquired. 18 of
these were to be imported in fly-away condition. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) was supposed to
manufacture the remaining 108 jets with assistance from Dassault Aviation.

Concept- What are offsets?

Offsets are kind of a quid pro quo between countries and defence companies. Basically, since a
government spends a large part of its budget buying equipment from these companies, it asks these
companies to invest a portion of the deal amount in their countries.

The clause allows for economic growth of the country in the process of completing the deal. While
some offset clauses may ask for investments, others may impose terms like onboarding of local suppliers
in the process.

The key objectives of offsets are to leverage capital acquisitions to develop national defence R&D
and encourage the aerospace and internal security sectors.

Are there any offset conditions in the current Rafale deal?

Under the Narendra Modi government's Rafale deal, French aircraft-maker Dassault and its partners,
engine-maker Safran and radar-maker Thales, are to source Rs 30,000 crore worth of purchases from
India's local industry.

The deal's offsets of approximately Rs 30,000 crore were the largest since the policy was
introduced in 2005.

In March 2018, the French government submitted a six-page document list of 72 offset partners
for the Rafale deal to the Indian government during President Macron's official visit, showcasing its
commitment to the government's flagship Make in India programme.

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Where does Anil Ambani come into this?

Dassault says it chose Anil Ambani-owned Reliance Defence Limited as an offset partner as per
the defence ministry's offset policy. On October 27, 2017, Anil Ambani and Dassault CEO Eric Trappier
laid the foundation stone for a facility to produce parts of the Falcon business jets under Dassault
Reliance Aerospace Limited (DRAL), a 51:49 joint venture between Dassault and Reliance Defence. The
DRALJV could account for between 15 and 17 per cent of Dassault's share of the offset pie or roughly
between Rs 1,260 and Rs 1,428 crore.

The Main Cause of Concern

It has been alleged that Anil Ambani's defence company was favoured over the government-
owned HAL. Even more questionable is the fact that a government-owned firm was sidelined to pick
Reliance -- a company that doesn't have any experience in making defence equipment. What is more,
Ambani's defence company was registered only 12 days before the prime minister announced the 36
aircraft deal in Paris in April 2015.

The timing adds to former French president Francois Hollande's Mediapart revelation -- "It is the
Indian government which proposed this group and Dassault who negotiated with Ambani. We did not
have a choice, we took the interlocutor who was given to us."

Also adding to the allegations of crony capitalism is the fact that the deal with Dassault Aviation
came as a lifeline for Reliance Defence -- a firm struggling to pay its land dues.

That's not all -- Anil Ambani's Reliance Entertainment financed a film starring French actress Julie
Gayet, Francois Hollande's partner. The fact that the film was being financed by an industrialist who stood
to gain from the Rafale deal, even if as an offset partner, has added to the controversy.

Final Court Judgement- Supreme Court Dismisses All Review Petition

The Supreme Court has dismissed the review petitions against its verdict in the Rafale deal on
grounds that they lacked merit, reiterating its clean chit to the Modi government in the fighter jet
agreement with French firm Dassault Aviation.

The decision has been given by a bench comprising three people- Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi and
Justices S K Kaul and K M Joseph.

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Delivery of Rafale fighter Jet Happens

India received its first Rafale jet at a ceremony in France in November 2019 after a 15-year of
tedious procurement process. The first batch of four jets will come in May 2020.

All 36 jets are expected to arrive in India by September 2022, for which the IAF has been reportedly
undertaking preparations, including readying required infrastructure and training of pilots.

About Rafale
After the Indian Air Force struck a Jaish-e-Mohammed camp in Balakot in February this year, Prime
Minister Modi said, "Rafale fighters could have delivered even better results". His reference was apparently
to the stealth of Rafale, an air-dominance aircraft manufactured by French aircraft manufacturer
Dassault Aviation. Since India was waiting for deliveries of Rafale when the attacks happened, the Indian
Air Force deployed a dozen Mirage-2000 aircraft, made by the same company to hit the targets.

Rafale is a Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) that is said to boost India's air
dominance exponentially, currently safeguarded by fighter jets like Russia made Sukhoi Su 30MKI and
MiG 29, along with French Mirage-2000 and indigenously built HAL Tejas.

The Rafale is a twin-jet fighter aircraft able to operate from both an aircraft carrier and a shore
base. It is describe as a fully versatile aircraft which can carry out all combat aviation missions to
achieve air superiority and air defence, close air support, in-depth strikes, reconnaissance, anti-ship
strikes and nuclear deterrence.

The Rafale entered service with the French Navy in 2004. The Rafale jets intended for India are
expected to come with certain bespoke modifications for the IAF and have been awaited as a crucial
enhancement to India's Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft fleet.

The aircraft is capable of carrying a range of potent weapons and missiles and the first squadron of
the aircraft will be deployed at Ambala air force station, considered one of the most strategically located
bases of the IAF. The Indo-Pak border is around 220 km from there. The second squadron of Rafale will
be stationed at Hasimara base in West Bengal.

What induction of Rafale means for Indian armed forces?

For almost two decades, the IAF has been perceived to be handicapped on long-range weapons
and sensors vis-a-vis PAF Rafale will reverse this & give IAF the decisive edge with better sensors and
weapons. Each Rafale in the air would require at least two F165 for a counter-

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challenge. Officials say for each Pak F16 in the air, two Su30MKI jets have to be scrambled because
of superior radar & missiles of American jets. Combined with the upcoming deliveries of the 5400 air
defence system next year, it will greatly enhance Indian air superiority in the region.

This is also immensely improved India's air power, making it one of the four countries, besides
France, Egypt and Qatar, to possess the next-gen fighter jet.

What's the deal size of Rafale fighter jet with France?

India in September 2016 inked a direct deal with French government to purchase 36 Rafale jets
for €7.87 billion. Deal includes over €3 billion of work for the Indian industry over the next 7-8 years
India to get 28 single seater jets and 8 twin seaters for training

Now Rafale will provide an edge to India Air Force in the region?
The weapons package outguns all other weapons systems in the region and will give India the
ability to engage Pakistani jets from a distance without being tracked. Also, airtoground SCALP missile will
be able to take down virtually any target within Pakistani soil.

What are the weapons Rafale can carry?

SCALP: Precision long-range ground attack missile that can take out targets with extreme accuracy.
Has a range of much over 300 km, which means that for Balakot-type operation Indian jets would not need
to cross LoC and could conducted the strike from within Indian airspace.

METEOR: Beyond visual range air-to-air missile that is possibly the best in its class. Can take out
enemy aircraft at a range of over 100 km. Has a no escape zone of over 60 km and the missile easily
outclasses the American origin.

What are the Indian specific modifications made in Rafale?

While other nations, including France and Egypt operate Rafale jets, the ones supplied to India are more
advanced and modified to meet specific requirements.
Helmet mounted sights & targeting system to give the pilots lightening quick ability to shoot off weapons.

Ability to take off from high altitude airbases like Leh on a 'cold start' for quick reaction deployment AMRAAM
currently with Pak with dead accuracy.

Towed decoy system to thwart incoming missile attacks

French industrial support for 50 years

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What are future options for India on Rafale?

IAF is keen to acquire at least 36 more Rafale jets. The infrastructure to accommodate these is
already in place and the deal for 36 more is expected to cost much lesser as India-specific
enhancements have been paid for.

France has made an offer for additional jets, will cost less than €6 billion and will result in major
offsets work for Indian industry

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Andhra Pradesh to Scrap Legislative Council

The Andhra Pradesh assembly passed a resolution to abolish the state's legislative council,
with 133 legislators of the ruling YSR Congress Party (YSRCP), which has 151 seats in the 175-
member assembly, backing the decision.

The Event
 The Andhra Pradesh government has to send the resolution to the Governor for his
approval and then to the Parliament for ratification.

 The move comes after the Legislative Council referred the Capital
Decentralisation Bill to a Select Committee for review.

 Andhra Pradesh's Legislative Council, set up in 1958, was abolished in 1985, then
reconstituted in 2007.

7z -----
People Behind Abolition & Creation of AP Legislative Council In The Past
N T Rama Rao, popularly known as NTR (founder of Telugu Desam Party), abolished the
council (of the then-undivided Andhra Pradesh) during his term as the chief minister in 1985.
He viewed the house, dominated by the opposition Congress, as a hurdle to pass Bills and did
away with it, dubbing it unproductive.

But the Congress government, under YS Jaganmohan Reddy, restored the bicameral
legislature in 2007. This action provided him respite from dissident party leaders, helping
rehabilitate many of them in the council. YSR's rival Chandrababu, who came to power in
2014, also decided to retain the bicameral legislature.

Like NTR, Jagan has also been facing hurdles from the upper house during the past eight
months. The YSR Congress Party has a large majority in the assembly and passed a Bill to make
English the medium of instruction in all government schools. The government also passed
another Bill providing separate commissions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
However, these bills failed to get the approval of the council. Jagan's ambitious plan to
decentralise development also hit the same roadblock.

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About Capital Decentralisation Bill

The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh had hinted that the State could have three Capitals for
decentralised development, on the lines of the ones in the Republic of South Africa.

The state can have three capitals — legislative, executive and judicial.
4 Visakhapatnam, which has infrastructure, can be considered for being the
-

executive capital without much investment.

Amaravati can be retained as the legislative capital. 4-

Kurnool can be considered as the judicial capital.

The decision will be taken after discussing the details, logistic and reports by reputed consultancy
firms.
Republic of South Africa also has three capitals: 4-

Pretoria, the administrative capital 4- Cape Town, the

legislative capital 4- Bloemfontein, the judicial capital

The Constitutional Court is located in Johannesburg.

What is Legislative Council?

4- Basis For Formation- India has a bicameral system of legislature. Just as the Parliament
has two Houses, the states can also have a Legislative Council (LC) in addition to the Legislative
Assembly through Article 169 of the Constitution.

4 Abolition and Creation Article 169 The Parliament can abolish a Legislative Council (where
- - -

it already exists) or create it (where it does not exist) by a simple majority, if the legislative assembly of
the concerned state, by a special majority, passes a resolution to that effect.

How Are Council's Members Elected?

Although its membership may vary in each state, the Legislative Council must not have more
than a third of the total membership of the Assembly of that state, and in no case fewer than
40 members.

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About 1/3rd of members are elected by members of the Assembly (MLA5), another 1/3rd by
electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities in the
state, 1/12th by an electorate consisting of teachers, and 1/12th by registered graduates. The
remaining members are nominated by the Governor from among those who have distinguished
themselves in literature, science, art, the cooperative movement, and social service.

The Legislative Councils are permanent Houses, and like Rajya Sabha, one-third of their
members retire every two years.

Arguments in Favour of the Formation of the Council

4- A Legislative Council can help check hasty actions by the directly elected House. 4- The
Legislative Council also enables non-elected individuals to contribute to the legislative process.

What Is The Argument Against Having Legislative Councils?

Opposition to the idea of Legislative Councils is centered on three broad arguments.
1.They can be used to park leaders who have not been able to win an election.
2.They can be used to delay progressive legislation.
3.They would strain state finances.

Which States Have Legislative Councils?

Apart from Andhra Pradesh (58 members), five other states have Legislative Councils: Bihar
(58), Karnataka (75), Maharashtra (78), Telangana (40), Uttar Pradesh (100).

Jammu and Kashmir too had a Council, until the state was bifurcated into the Union
Territories of J&K and Ladakh. Tamil Nadu's then DMK government had passed a law to set up a
Council but the subsequent AIADMK government withdrew it after coming to power in 2010.

The Odisha Assembly has also passed a resolution for a Legislative Council.
Proposals to create Councils in Rajasthan and Assam are pending in the Rajya Sabha.

Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Chairman is M A Sharrif. Biswabhusan Harichandan is the

governor of AP

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