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GRAPHS OF

CIRCULAR FUNTIONS
sin – cos – tan – cot – sec – csc
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the students are hoped and expected
to be able to:
1. Determine the domain and range of the different circular
functions;
2. Determine the characteristics of the circular functions such
as the amplitude, period, phase shift, vertical shift,
asymptotes, and intercepts if there are any.
3. Graph the circular functions.

4. Solve problems involving circular functions.


REVIEW:
Range of a function:
The set of all output y-values of a function.

Interval Notation:
Is a method of writing down a set of numbers. Usually,
this is used to describe a certain span or group of
spans of numbers along an axis.
MOTIVATION:
Consider the motion of a vibrating object attached to
a spring:
GRAPH OF SINE FUNCTION
Properties of y = sin x:
1. Period: p = 2π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. y – intercept: @x = 0, y = 0
x – intercept: @ y = 0, x = nπ
n is an integer
5. Highest value: 1
Lowest value: − 1
GRAPH OF COSINE FUNCTION
Properties of y = cos x:
1. Period: p = 2π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. y – intercept: @x = 0, y = 1
x – intercept: @ y = 0,
n is an integer
5. Highest value: 1
Lowest value: − 1
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF SINE AND COSINE

1. Amplitude, |α|
 It is the maximum value of the function
 It is half the difference between the highest and the lowest values.
 If 0 < α < 1, the maximum value becomes smaller, the graph will shrink
vertically.

If α>1, the maximum value gets larger, and the graph will be stretched vertically.
If α<0, the graph will be a reflection on the x-axis of the graph for α > 0.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF SINE AND COSINE

2. Period, b
 b changes the period of the function f and g from 2π to .
 one complete period is .

If b > 1, the graph will shrink horizontally.


If 0 < b < 1, the graph will stretch horizontally.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF SINE AND COSINE

3. Phase shift, c
 These are called horizontal translations of the graphs.

 This is the the number of units the graphs of the sine and consine functions are
“moved” horizontally to the right or left from the y-axis.

If c > 0, the graph is shifted |c| units horizontally to the right.


If c < 0, the graph is shifted |c| units horizontally to the left.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF SINE AND COSINE

4. Vertical shift or translation, d


 The line y = d, called the midline, is the reference line for the graph.

 It is from where we count |d| units up and |d| units down.


 y = d is considered the new “x-axis”.

If d > 0, the graph is shifted |d| units vertically up from the x-axis.
If d < 0, the graph is shifted |d| units vertically down from the x-axis.
Example 1: Sketch one cycle of the graph of f(x) = 3 sin 2x – 1. Find
the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

Given: Solution:
f(x) = 3 sin 2x – 1 f(x) = αsin b(x – c) + d
f(x) = 3 sin 2(x – 0) – 1
Required:
(a) Amplitude
(a) α=3
(b) Period
(b) b = 2;
(c) Phase shift
(c) c = 0 (none)
(d) Vertical translation
(d) d = -1 (move downward)
(e) Sketch of one cycle
Example 1: Sketch one cycle of the graph of f(x) = 3 sin 2x – 1. Find
the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

x f(x)

0 −1 P=π

π/4 2
α= 3

π/2 −1 d = −1
   f(x) = sin x

Average
3π/4 −4 α= 3 value

π −1 f(x) = 3 sin 2x – 1

Example 2: Sketch one cycle of the graph of g(x) = 2 cos (x - Π) + 3. Find the
amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

Given: Solution:
g(x) = 2 cos (x - Π) + 3 g(x) = αcos b(x – c) + d
Required: g(x) = 2 cos (x - Π) + 3
(a) Amplitude
(b) Period (a) α=2
(c) Phase shift (b) b = 1;
(d) Vertical translation (c) c=Π
(e) Sketch of one cycle (d) d = 3 (move upward)
Example 2: Sketch one cycle of the graph of g(x) = 2 cos (x - Π) + 3. Find the
amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

x f(x)
P = 2π

0 1  g(x) = 2 cos (x - Π) + 3 Average


α= 2 value
c=π

π/2 3  
α= 2
π 5 d = +3
 g(x) = cos x
3π/2 3

2π 1
Example 3: Determine the equation of the given graph using a sine
function.
 max
α = 125

Period, p = 18 – 2 = 16

= 16
one complete cycle
The graph is shifted to
the right at x = 2. c=2

d = 175
 min
GRAPH OF TANGENT FUNCTION
Properties of y = tan x:
1. Period: p = π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. The vertical asymptotes are in
the form , k is an integer
5. y – intercept: @x = 0, y = 0
x – intercept: @ y = 0, x = nπ
n is an integer
6. There are no highest or lowest
values for y. The graph has no
amplitude.
GRAPH OF COTANGENT FUNCTION
Properties of y = cot x:
1. Period: p = π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. The vertical asymptotes are in
the form , k is an integer
5. y – intercept: none
x – intercept: @ y = 0,
n is an odd integer
6. There are no highest or lowest
values for y. The graph has no
amplitude.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF
TANGENT AND COTANGENT

1. |α|
 refers to the vertical “stretching” or “shrinking” of the graph.
 Graphs of tangent function do not have amplitude.

2. Period, b
 b changes the period of the function from π to .
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF
TANGENT AND COTANGENT

3. Phase shift, c
 If c > 0, the graph is shifted |c| units horizontally to the right.
 If c < 0, the graph is shifted |c| units horizontally to the left.

4. Vertical shift or translation, d


 If d > 0, the graph is shifted |d| units vertically up from the x-axis.
 If d < 0, the graph is shifted |d| units vertically down from the x-axis.
Example 4: Sketch two cycle of the graph of f(x) = −4 tan (x – Π). Find the α,
period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

Given: Solution:
f(x) = −4 tan (x – Π) f(x) = αtan b(x – c) + d
Required: f(x) = −4 tan (x – Π)
(a) α
(b) Period (a) α=4
(c) Phase shift (b) b = 1;
(d) Vertical translation (c) c=Π
(e) Sketch of one cycle (d) d = 0 (none)
Example 4: Sketch two cycle of the graph of f(x) = −4 tan (x – Π). Find the α,
period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

x f(x)
0 0 f(x) = −4 tan (x – Π)

π/4 -4
π/2 und
3π/4 4
π 0
5π/4 -4
3π/2 und
7π/4 4
2π 0
GRAPH OF SECANT FUNCTION
Properties of y = sec x:
1. Period: p = 2π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. The vertical asymptotes are in
the form , k is an integer
5. y – intercept: @x = 0, y = 1
x – intercept: none
6. The graph has no amplitude.
7. The graph is shaped like parabolas
concave up with vertices at y = 1 and
concave down with vertices at y = −1.
GRAPH OF COSECANT FUNCTION
Properties of y = csc x:
1. Period: p = 2π
2. Domain:
3. Range:
4. The vertical asymptotes are in
the form , k is an integer
5. y – intercept: none
x – intercept: none
6. The graph has no amplitude.
7. The graph is shaped like parabolas
concave up with vertices at y = 1 and
concave down with the vertex at y = −1.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF
SECANT AND COSECANT

 To graph graph first


 At the x-intercepts of the cosine functions, draw vertical asymptotes.
 On every maximum point at y = |α| on the graph of the cosine
function, draw a parabola concave in between the asymptotes.
 On every minimum point at y = −|a|, draw a parabola concave down
in between asymptotes.
 The period is . The phase shift is c and the vertical shift is d.
GRAPHS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF
SECANT AND COSECANT

 To graph graph first


 At the x-intercepts of the sine functions, draw vertical asymptotes.
 Between the asymptotes, draw parabolas concave up with
vertices at y = |a| and parabolas concave down with vertices at
y = −|a|.
 The period is . The phase shift is c and the vertical shift is d.
Example 5: Sketch one cycle of the graph of f(x) = 2 sec x. Find the α,
period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

Given: Solution:
f(x) = 2 sec x f(x) = αsec b(x – c) + d
Required: f(x) = 2 sec (x – 0) + 0
(a) α
(b) Period (a) α=2
(c) Phase shift (b) b = 1;
(d) Vertical translation (c) c = 0 (none)
(e) Sketch of one cycle (d) d = 0 (none)
Example 5: Sketch one cycle of the graph of f(x) = 2 sec x. Find the α,
period, phase shift and vertical translation of the graph.

x 2 cos x 2 sec x

0 2 2
π/2 0 und
y = 2 cos x
π -2 -2

3π/2 0 und

2π 2 2
f(x) = 2 sec x
Example 6: The population of a certain animal species can be modeled by the
function , where P(t) represents the population in
year t.

Use the model to:


a. Find the period of the
function. α = 1200
b. Graph the function over one
b = π/5
period.
c. Find the maximum and c=0
minimum values. d = 9000
d. Estimate the number of
years the population is less
than 8000. (a) P = = 10
Example 6: The population of a certain animal species can be modeled by the
function , where P(t) represents the population in
year t.
t P(t)
0 10200
1 9971
2 9371
 
3 8629  
4 8029
 
5 7800
6 8029  
7 8629  
8 9371 
9 9971
10 10200
Example 6: The population of a certain animal species can be modeled by the
function , where P(t) represents the population in
year t.

Use the model to:


a. Find the period of the
function.
b. Graph the function over one c. Maximum value: 1200 + 9000
period. = 10200
c. Find the maximum and
Minimum value: 9000 – 1200
minimum values.
d. Estimate the number of = 7800
years the population is less
than 8000.
Example 6: The population of a certain animal species can be modeled by the
function , where P(t) represents the population in
year t.

d. Estimate the
number of
years the
population  
is less than  
8000.
 
The population  
drops below
8000  
approximately 
4 years.
Seatwork: Graph each function over the interval indicated. Find the
amplitude, period, phase-shift and vertical translation of the graph.
Show and label asymptotes if there are any.

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