Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
12 NEET
Crash Course
NEET 2020
650
NEET 2020
How
Will Help
You !
Let's Start
# 12th Chapter :- 2
Metallurgy
Lets
Introduction to Metallurgy
Elements
Iron
limonite
Iron pyrite
2Fe2O3 3H2O
FeS2
What is Metallurgy?
Definition:
The Process of extraction of a pure metal from its ore is called Metallurgy.
Extraction
+
Process
Concentration
of Ore
Reduction
of Ore
Refining
of Ore
Concentration of the ore Ore dressing or Benefaction
Used to remove earthly impurities like soil, silica (SiO2), etc…
Definition :
The process of removal of gangue from the
ore is known as concentration of an ore /
Ore dressing / Benefaction.
Concentration of the ore
1 Hydraulic washing
2 Froth flotation
3 Electromagnetic separation
4 Leaching
1.Hydraulic Washing
Jet of
water
Crushed Ore
Procedure :
❖ Frothers
Pine oil or Eucalyptus oil :Oil should be less dense than H2O
❖ Collectors
Potassium ethyl xanthate : To Enhance the non-wettability of the mineral particles
➢This complex is wetted with water and prevented coming into the froth
➢While PbS comes into forth because it cannot react with NaCN
Differential flotation Method
3.Electromagnetic separation
Magnetic
Ores
wolframite –
Tungsten
Magnetite – Earthly
impurities
1 Used if one of the ore or impurity is magnetic
2 Magnetic particles are attracted and fall
nearer the magnetic roller.
3 While non-magnetic particles fall
away from the roller
Leaching
When metal is more soluble than impurities present in its ore.
Ores of following metals can be concentrated:
1 Aluminium
2 Silver or Gold
Ore of Aluminum
Minerals of Aluminum
Alumina
(Al2O3)
Cryolite Diaspore
( Na3 [ AlF6] ) ( Al2O3 . 1H2O)
ALUMINIUM
Gibbsite Bauxite
(Al2O3 . 3H2O) (Al2O3 . 2H2O)
Bauxite
(Al2O3 . 2H2O)
2. Hall’s process
Bayer’s process (Red Bauxite)
Leaching Agent (Solvent) : Caustic Soda (NaOH)
Consist of 3 steps
Bayer’s process (Red Bauxite)
Step I : Dissolution
473 to
530 K
Al2O3 . xH2O + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] Soluble complex
Sodium tetra
hydroxy alluminate
Step I : Dissolution
4Ag2S + 8NaCN + O2 4Na[Ag(CN)2] + 4Na2S
Sodium
argentocyanide
complex
Step II : Reduction
Zn=More electropositive metal
Zn
2Na[Ag(CN)2] 2Ag + Na2[Zn(CN)4 ]
Ag(+1) → Ag(0)
➢ This gold or silver is not pure but contains Pb as impurity
Zn(0) → Zn(+2)
➢ Pure Ag/Au is obtained by electrolytic refining
Concentration
of Ore
Reduction
of Ore
Refining
of Ore
Reduction of ore
Used for converting concentrated ore to crude metal
Methods of reduction :
1. Roasting In presence of O2
Used for reducing sulphide ores
2. Calcination In absence of O2
Copper having blisters of SO2 gas on its surface is called as blister copper
HgS
2. HgS + O2 HgO + SO2 Hg + SO2
(1) ZnO + C Zn + CO
(Zincite)
O2
(2) SnO2 + C Sn + CO CO2
trace
(Tin stone)
Smelting using Al ( Gold Schmidt alumino thermite process ):
➢ Metal oxide on reduction with aluminium powder gives
➢ This method is for extraction of metals like Cr, Fe, Mn , Si
metal.
Distillation is used for the elements that are liquids at room temperature or can be
converted to liquid at room temperature
2. Distillation
Procedure :
1. Crude metals is heated in a flask.
2. Pure metal vapourises and sepa-
rately condensed in a receiver.
3. Non - volatile impurities are left
in the flask.
3. Electrolytic Refining
Impure metal Anode
Pure metal cathode
salt of same M+
Solution
metal
❖ Methods of VPR:
1. Monds process (Ni)
2. Van arkel method (Zr, Ti)
Vapour phase
refining
I) Monds process for Nickel
Reaction:
350 Κ
Ni + 4CO Ni (CO)4
Volatile
unstable
complex
470Κ
Ni (CO)4 Ni + 4CO
Highly Along with O
2
pure & N2
Vapour phase
refining
II) Van Arkel’s method for Zr and
Ti870 Κ 2075 Κ
Zr + 2I2 ZrI4 Zr + 2I2
Volatile Along with
unstable O2 & N2
complex
500 Κ 1700 Κ
T + 2I2 TiI4 + 2I2
i Volatile T Along with
unstable i O2 & N2
complex
Thermodynamics Principle of Metallurgy:
–600
–700
–800
–900
–1000
–
1100
–1200
00C 4000C 8000C 12000C 16000C 20000C
273 K 673 K 1073 K 1473 K 1873 K 2273 K
Temperature
Features of Ellingham Diagram:
0
–100 Boiling point of Zn is 9070 C
–200
–300 C + O2 → CO2
–400
–500
ΔG•/ kJmol–1 of O2
–600
–700 A
–800
–900
–1000
–
1100
–1200
00C 4000C 8000C 12000C 16000C 20000C
273 K 673 K 1073 K 1473 K 1873 K 2273 K
Temperatur
e
Features of Ellingham Diagram: 4) With increase in temperature
Ellingham Diagram
line crosses ΔG = 0
ie. ΔG becomes +ve
➢ Hence oxide becomes unstable and Theoretically this happens in case of :
decomposes on its own into metal Hg, Ag, Au.
and oxygen.
General Conclusions:
1) It only tells us about, whether reaction is feasible or not but cannot tell about
kinetics of reaction.
➢ How fast reaction could be?
(i.e rate of reaction → Cannot be explained)
2) As, ΔG0 = – RT lnK, where K is equilibrium constant.
Thus it presumes that the reactant and products
are in equilibrium
but its not true about all reactions.
Ore of Aluminum
Minerals of Aluminum
Alumina
(Al2O3)
Cryolite Diaspore
( Na3 [ AlF6] ) ( Al2O3 . 1H2O)
ALUMINIUM
Gibbsite Bauxite
(Al2O3 . 3H2O) (Al2O3 . 2H2O)
Bauxite
(Al2O3 . 2H2O)
2. Hall’s process
Bayer’s process (Red Bauxite)
Leaching Agent (Solvent) : Caustic Soda (NaOH)
Consist of 3 steps
Bayer’s process (Red Bauxite)
Step I : Dissolution
473 to
530 K
Al2O3 . xH2O + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] Soluble complex
Sodium tetra
hydroxy alluminate
Step I : Dissolution
Al2O3.2H2O + Na2CO3 2NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O
Sodium meta
Red Bauxite
aluminate
18000 C
SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO2
Now Impurities are removed using flux.
Step II : Hydrolysis All –ides have affinity for H+
,CaF2
10 Menti Quiz Code :
670119
1. Thermite is a mixture of:
a) Adsorption
b) Absorption
c) Sedimentation
d) coagulation
3. Forth floatation process for the concentration of sulphide ores is an
illustration of the practical application of:
a) Adsorption
b) Absorption
c) Sedimentation
d) coagulation
SOLUTION
4. Blister copper is?
a) pure copper
b) ore of copper
c) alloy of copper
d) impure copper
4. Blister copper is?
a) pure copper
b) ore of copper
c) alloy of copper
d) impure copper
SOLUTION
a) Iron
b) Lead
c) Aluminium
d) zinc
5. The element which is recovered from electrolytic process is?
a) Iron
b) Lead
c) Aluminium
d) zinc
SOLUTION
6. Native silver metal forms a water soluble complex with a dilute aqueous
solution of NaCN in the presence of?
a) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
c) carbon dioxide
d) argon
6. Native silver metal forms a water soluble complex with a dilute aqueous
solution of NaCN in the presence of?
a) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
c) carbon dioxide
d) argon
SOLUTION
7. The chemical processes in the production of steel from haematite ore
involve?
a) Reduction
b) Oxidation
a) Reduction
b) Oxidation
a) Steel
b) wrought iron
c) pig iron
d) cast iron
8. Bessemer converter is used for the preparation of?
a) Steel
b) wrought iron
c) pig iron
d) cast iron
SOLUTION
9. The process of zone refining is used for?
a) Silicon
b) Germanium
c) Gallium
a) Silicon
b) Germanium
c) Gallium
b) Self reduction
d) Thermite process
10. Which of the following process is used in the extractive metallurgy of
magnesium?
b) Self reduction
d) Thermite process
SOLUTION
DHOOM Machale…….Dhoom Machale……...DHOOOOOOOM
109
Follow me
@arvind.aroraj