Name Class Date

  Distribution of
Interpret Graphs Molecular Kinetic Energy Lesson 13.1

Preview the Graph Distribution of Molecular Kinetic Energy

The graph shows the

distribution of kinetic energy Lower temperature
of water at two different (cold water)
temperatures. The molecules Higher temperature
in each sample of water have a (hot water)

Percent of molecules
wide range of kinetic energies.

Look at the key on the right side

of the graph. The black curve
represents the distribution of
energy in hot water.

What does the blue curve

Kinetic energy
represent?
The blue curve represents the distribution of energy in cold water.

Look at the x-axis. The variable is kinetic energy. What does the arrow pointing to the right
show?
The arrow shows that kinetic energy increases from left to right.

The y-axis shows the percent of molecules with the same kinetic energy. The percentage of
molecules increases from bottom to top along the axis.

Analyze the Graph

Now you are ready to answer some more questions. As you read the questions:
▶▶ Highlight key words.
▶▶ Circle numbers and units.
Use the first question as an example.

The range and peak height depends on the total amount of energy in the system. In hot water,
there is more energy available in the system. So there is a wider range of possible kinetic
energy values.

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1. Read Graphs  Describe and compare the shape of each

curve.
Both curves start at zero kinetic energy, increase to a

peak, and then gradually decrease to zero percent. The Try it!  Use your finger to trace
the blue curve from left to right.
blue curve has a higher peak and a narrower range of
Then use your finger to trace the
values than the black curve.
black curve.

2. Read Graphs  Which curve has a smaller range of kinetic

energies? Try it!  Both curves begin at
the same point. Look for the
The blue curve, or cold water curve has a smaller range of
point where both curves end and
kinetic energies.
compare the width of each.

On Your Own
3. Compare  How does the average kinetic energy of molecules in hot water compare to
that of molecules in cold water? Hint: Compare the locations of the peaks.
The molecules in hot water have a higher average kinetic energy than the molecules

of cold water.

4. Predict  What would happen to the shape of the curve if the water were room
temperature? Hint: Room temperature is between the temperatures for hot water and
cold water.
Room temperature water would have a peak with a kinetic energy in between the

cold and hot peaks. The peak height would be between the heights of the cold and

hot peaks.

5. Predict  What would happen to the shape of the curve if the water temperature were
even lower than the cold water sample?
If the temperature of the water were lower, the curve would have a higher peak at

lower kinetic energy than the cold water curve.

6. Draw Conclusions  When the temperature of a substance decreases, what happens to

the average kinetic energy of the substance?
The average kinetic energy decreases.

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Interpret Data  Comparing Vapor Pressures Lesson 13.2

Preview the Table

Vapor Pressure (in kPa) of Three Substances
at Different Temperatures

Substance 0°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C

Water 0.61 2.33 7.37 19.92 47.34 101.33
Ethanol 1.63 5.85 18.04 47.02 108.34 225.75
Diethyl ether 24.70 58.96 122.80 230.65 399.11 647.87

The table shows the vapor pressures of some liquids at different temperatures. Vapor
pressure is a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid.
What are the units of vapor pressure in the table?
kPa, or kilopascals

Look at the first column, labeled Substance. What three liquids are being compared
in the table?
Water, ethanol, and diethyl ether

Vapor pressure data are given for six different temperatures, from 0°C to 100°C. By what
interval does the temperature increase as you move across a row from left to right?
The temperatures increase by intervals of 20°C.

Recall that the higher the temperature of a liquid, the more energy the particles have and
the more likely they are to evaporate.

Analyze the Table

Now you are ready to answer some more questions. As you read the questions:
▶▶ Highlight key words.
▶▶ Circle numbers and units.
Use the first question as an example.

1. Read Tables  What is the vapor pressure of water at 20°C ? Try it!  Find the row for water.
At 20°C, the vapor pressure of water is 2.33 kPa.
Move across the row until
you reach the 20°C column.
Give your answer in kPa.

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2. Describe  How does the vapor pressure of water change from Try it!  Find the row for
left to right across the table? water. Move across the row
The vapor pressure increases. from left to right, and look
to see if the values for the
vapor pressure increase or
decrease.

3. Compare  How do the vapor pressures of the three liquids Try it!  Find the 20°C column.
compare at 20°C? Look at the vapor pressure
Water has the lowest vapor pressure, then ethanol is a bit values for each liquid.
Describe how the values of
higher, and diethyl ether has a much higher vapor pressure. the vapor pressures compare:
are they about the same or is
one larger than another?

On Your Own
5. Compare  Describe the pattern shown in the table for the vapor pressure of the three
substances between 0°C and 100°C.
As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases.

6. Draw Conclusions  How does an increase in temperature affect the ability of molecules
to evaporate from a liquid?
As temperature increases, molecules can evaporate more easily.

7. Infer  For every temperature in the table, diethyl ether has a higher vapor pressure than
water or ethanol. What does that say about the relative strength of attraction between
the particles of each liquid?
The relative strength of attraction between particles for water is greater than that

of ethanol, which is greater than that of diethyl ether.

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Interpret Graphs  Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature Lesson 13.2

Preview the Graph Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

Read the title of the graph. This graph shows 101.3 kPa
the relationship between the vapor pressure 100

Vapor pressure (kPa)

and temperature. Vapor pressure is a measure
80
of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid. The

id
rm

ac
four labeled curves show the vapor pressures of

ofo

ic
ol
60

no
an

ate
different liquids.

lor

ha
Eth
Ch

Et
40
The dark blue curve shows the vapor pressure of
chloroform. What substances do the rest of the
20
vapor pressure curves show?
The black curve is for ethanol. The light blue curve
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

is for water. The gray curve is for ethanoic acid. Temperature (°C)

Vapor pressure is the variable on the y-axis.

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) is the variable on the x-axis.

What happens to the temperature as you move from left to right across the graph?
The temperature increases.

The dashed line at the top of the graph is the line for standard air pressure (101.3 kPa). Find
the points where the vapor pressure curves cross the dashed line. These points mark the
boiling point of each liquid at standard pressure.

Analyze the Graph

Now you are ready to answer some more questions. As you read the questions:
▶▶ Highlight key words.
▶▶ Circle numbers and units.
Use the first question as an example.
Try it!  Find the point where
1. Read Graphs  Estimate the boiling point of water at standard the water curve crosses the
pressure. dashed line. Trace the vertical
The boiling point of water is about 100°C. line down to the x-axis.

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2. Read Graphs  At standard pressure, which substance is a

Try it!  Draw a line up from 70°C
gas at 70°C? on the x-axis to the dashed line.
Chloroform is a gas at 70°C. Find the curve that crosses the
dashed line at a point to the left
 of your vertical line.

3. Compare  How does the vapor pressure of chloroform

change between 0°C and 60°C?
Try it!  Find the curve for
At 0°C, the vapor pressure of chloroform is about 13 kPa. chloroform at 0°C on the x-axis.
Estimate the value on the y-axis
At 60°C, the vapor pressure of chloroform has increased
for that point. Repeat for 60°C
to about 100 kPa.
on the x-axis.

4. Make Generalizations  How does the vapor pressure of a Try it!  As you move from left
liquid change as its temperature increases? to right across the x-axis, look
to see if the vapor pressure
As the temperature of a liquid increases, its vapor
values of the curves increase
pressure increases.
or decrease.

On Your Own
5. Read Graphs  Estimate the boiling point of ethanol at standard pressure.
The boiling point of ethanol is about 78°C.

6. Read Graphs  At standard pressure, which substances are liquids at 90°C?

Water and ethanoic acid are liquids at 90°C.

7. Predict  What air pressure would be needed for water to boil at 80°C?
Air pressure of about 50 kPa would be needed for water to

boil at 80°C.

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 Name Class Date

Interpret Graphs  Phase Diagram of Water Lesson 13.4

Preview the Graph

A phase diagram shows how Phase Diagram of Water
temperature and pressure affect the
three phases of water.

Pressure, in kPa, is the unit on

the y-axis. What is the unit on the Normal Normal
x-axis? melting boiling
point point

Pressure (kPa)
Temperature (°C)
101.3

The solid black lines on the diagram Solid Liquid Vapor

separate the different phase
regions. At any point along one
of these lines, the two phases are
in equilibrium and phase changes
can occur.
0.61 Triple point
Dashed horizontal and vertical lines
connect each of the labeled points 0 0.016 100
Temperature (°C)
to the y-axis and the x-axis.

The normal melting and boiling points mark where those phase changes normally occur
with standard atmospheric pressure.

Find the point for the normal melting point of water. The pressure at the point is normal
atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). What is the temperature at that point?
The temperature is 0°C at the normal melting point.

Analyze the Graph

Now you are ready to answer some more questions. As you read the questions:
▶▶ Highlight key words.
▶▶ Circle numbers and units.
Use the first question as an example.

1. Read Graphs  Find the triple point. This is the point where
all three phases exist in equilibrium. What are the values of the Try it!  Place your finger on
temperature and pressure at the triple point? the triple point. Use the
At the triple point, the pressure is 0.61 kPa and the dashed lines to find the
values on the x-axis and the
temperature is 0.016°C. y-axis.

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2. Read Graphs  Which two phases exist in equilibrium at the

normal boiling point of water? Try it!  Find the normal boiling
Liquid water and water vapor are in equilibrium at the
point and look for the phases
on either side of the solid
boiling point. black line.

3. Predict  Does pressure need to increase or decrease to change

the melting point of water to be greater than 0°C? Try it!  Find the normal
The pressure needs to decrease for the melting point of melting point of water. Follow
the black line down towards
water to be above 0°C. increased temperature. Did
the pressure increase or
decrease?

On Your Own
4. Read Graphs  Which two phases exist in equilibrium at the normal melting point
of water?
Liquid water and solid water are in equilibrium.

5. Predict  Does pressure need to increase or decrease to change the boiling point of water
to be lower than 100°C?
The pressure needs to decrease to lower the boiling point of water.

6. Read Graphs  Find the normal boiling point of water. What would the phase be if the
pressure were decreased but the temperature remained the same?
The water would change completely to the vapor phase.

7. Read Graphs  At standard pressure (101.3 kPa), is there any temperature where water
exists as a solid, liquid and gas at the same time? Explain your answer.
No. The triple point for water does not occur at standard pressure.

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  Standardized Test Prep Tutor

Use this graph to answer Questions 1 and 2. Notes and Calculations
Vapor Pressure of Three Substances
Providing answers allows students
101.3 kPa to confirm that they understand
100
how to solve the problems. To
receive credit, students need to
Vapor pressure (kPa)

80
show any work and correctly
answer the “Now you try it”
m
60
or

questions.
f
ro

l
no
at
lo

er
ha
Ch

40 W
Et

20

0
20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°C)

The highlighted words tell you which curve on the graph to use
to answer each question.

1. What is the normal boiling point of ethanol?

The normal boiling point of ethanol is the temperature at
which it boils at standard pressure (101.3 kPa).
Look at the curve for ethanol. Where does it cross the The normal boiling point of
101.3 kPa line? It crosses just before the vertical line ethanol ≈ 78°C.
for 80°C. So the boiling point will be a bit less than 80°C.
2. Can chloroform be heated to 90°C in an open container?
Recall that the temperature of a liquid stops rising when the
liquid begins to boil. So the question is really asking whether
90°C is higher or lower than chloroform’s normal boiling point.
Look at the curve for chloroform. It crosses the 101.3 kPa Chloroform cannot be heated to
line at a temperature of about 60°C. This is the boiling point 90°C in an open container.
of chloroform at standard pressure.

Now you try it.

Can ethanol be heated to 70°C in an open container? Yes, because the boiling point for
Explain your answer.
ethanol at 101.3 kPa is about 78°C.

Can ethanol be heated to 80°C in an open container? No, because 80°C is higher than
Explain your answer. its boiling point at 101.3 kPa.

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Use this drawing to answer Questions 4–5. The same liquid is in

each flask.

(A) (B)

In each question, the key phrase is highlighted.

4. In which flask is the vapor pressure lower? Give a reason for
your answer.
In a closed container, the vapor pressure increases as the
number of particles of vapor increases.
Look at the drawing. Compare the number of particles of Flask A has a lower vapor
vapor in Flask A and Flask B. Flask A has fewer particles of pressure because it has fewer
vapor. particles of vapor.
5. In which flask is the liquid at the higher temperature?
Explain your answer.
An increase in temperature causes an increase in average
kinetic energy. More particles have enough energy to escape
from the liquid, and the vapor pressure increases.
Look at the drawing again. The flask that has more particles Flask B is at the higher
of vapor will be at the higher temperature. temperature.

Now you try it.

The liquid in Flask C is the same as the liquid in Flask A.
But the temperature in Flask C is lower than the temperature
in Flask A. Use the drawing to model the vapor pressure at
the lower temperature. Add particles of vapor and draw the
level of mercury you would expect. Hint: Use the differences
between the drawings of Flask A and Flask B to help you (C)
determine the correct level of mercury.

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