9/1/2020

IOE Pulchowk Campus

CE 653 Transportation Engineering I

Rojee Pradhananga
(rojee.pradhananga@pcampus.edu.np)

Review
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ What is Geometric Design?

❖ What are the criterions for Geometric Design?
❖ What are the Basic Design Controls?
Design Speed Design Volume and Capacity
Design Vehicle Road User Behavior
Topography Environment and others
Traffic Composition

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IOE Pulchowk Campus

Chapter 3 Geometric Design of Highway

Elements of Cross-Section

Rojee Pradhananga 3

Cross-Section of Road
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Section along the width of the road and perpendicular

to the center line of the road
❖ Consists of:
• Traffic lane, carriageway, shoulder, side slope, side drain,
right of way, lay-bys, camber, super elevation,
extrawidening
• Footpath, kerb, median strips or traffic separator, cycle
track, service roads, green belts, noise barriers etc. (in built
up area)

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Typical Road Cross-Sections

IOE Pulchowk Campus

Typical Road Cross-Sections

IOE Pulchowk Campus

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Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Main width of the road meant for vehicular traffic

movement
𝐶𝑤 = 𝑇𝑤 ∙ 𝑛
Where,
𝑇𝑤 : Width of traffic lane
𝑛: Number of traffic lane

Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Width of Traffic lane (𝑇𝑤 ) :

• Width of carriageway on which a standard vehicle can move safely in
one direction along the road

• Sum of width of design vehicle and minimum side clearance on

either side of road (side clearance required for safety between
vehicle and edge of carriageway and for safety between vehicle and
adjacent traffic)

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Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

• 𝑇𝑤 for single lane: 3.75 m for

vehicles of maximum width
2.5m

• 𝑇𝑤 for pavements having

two or more lanes: 3.5m per
lane

Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Number of traffic lane required for a road (𝑛) :

𝑁
𝑛=
𝐶
Where,
𝑁: Design hourly volume of traffic
𝐶 : Theoretical or basic capacity of traffic lane
1000𝑉
=
𝑆
𝑉: Design speed in Kmph
S: Center to center distance between front and rear
vehicles (sum of average space gap between the
vehicles and length of vehicle) in m

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Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Recommended Width of Carriageway in m:

• NRS 2070

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Carriageway/Pavement Width (𝑪𝒘 )

IOE Pulchowk Campus

• NRRS 2071:

• NURS 2076:
Please check

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Shoulders
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Provided along the road edge

❖serves as an emergency lane for parking vehicles with

some defects

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Shoulders
❖ Advantages:
IOE Pulchowk Campus

• Provide space for parking vehicles and support removal of out of order
vehicles

• Provide space for fixing up traffic signs and signals

• Provide space for people to walk

• Provide opportunities for overtaking in single lane road.

• Adds structural strength of the pavement and provide lateral stability

• Increase the lateral clearance and the sight distance

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Shoulders
IOE Pulchowk Campus

NRS 2070:
Minimum 0.75m on either side

NRRS 2071:
In Hills relatively smaller than in Terai

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Roadway/Formation Width
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Sum of widths of pavements or carriageway

including separators if any and the shoulders

❖ Top width of the highway embankment or the

bottom width of highway cutting excluding the side
drains

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Roadway/Formation Width
IOE Pulchowk Campus
NRS 2070: Different for different road class

NRRS 2071: Different for different traffic volume and terrain type

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Side Slope of Fill/Cut

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Earthwork is provided with side slopes to keep the

slope stable and free from slides

❖ Flatter slopes are preferred for traffic safety (for

filling zone) and sight distance (for cutting zone)

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Side Slope of Fill/Cut

IOE Pulchowk Campus
NRS 2070:
Embankment side slopes Cutting side slopes

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Right of Way (RoW)

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Width of the land acquired to accommodate the

width of the carriageway, the shoulders and road
margins

❖Accommodates drainage facilities, frontage roads, land

required for future expansion; improves visibility

❖Also known as land width of road

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Right of Way (RoW)

IOE Pulchowk Campus

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Right of Way (RoW)

IOE Pulchowk Campus

Road Margin Road Way

Shoulder
Shoulder
Carriage Way
1:N
M
1:
Road Boundary

Road Boundary
Building Line
Control Line

Side Drain
Building Line

Control Line

EMBANKMENT

Road Margin Road Way Road Margin

Shoulder Shoulder

Carriage Way
M

1:N
1:

Side Drain CUTTING

Border Control Border Control
RIGHT OF WAY

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Right of Way (RoW)

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖Boundary lines:
• Building line: No building activity is permitted at all between this
line and road boundary
• Control line: Provided to exercise control of building construction
up to a set back distance

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Right of Way (RoW)

IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖NRS 2070:

❖NRRS 2070: NURS 2071:

Please check Please check

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Lay-bys
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖Intermittent shoulders provided in situations where the

continuous shoulder on either side cannot be provided.

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Lay-bys
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖NRRS 2071:

Provide passing zone every 300m for hill and 500 m for Terai

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Lay-bys
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖Bus Lay-Bys and Bus Stop: Please check

(NRS 2070)

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Footpath (Sidewalk)
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖Provided for the movement of pedestrian traffic

❖Raised certain height from the carriageway or separated from
fast moving traffic by laying stone or concrete block to
ensure pedestrian safety

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Footpath (Sidewalk)
❖NRS 2070:
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖NURS 2076:

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Kerbs
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖A raised structure or a step like component at

footpaths/islands/parking places in urban area
❖A boundary between carriageway and shoulder in rural roads
❖Separates vehicular traffic from pedestrian, provides firm
support to the footpath, and facilitates drainage

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Kerbs
IOE Pulchowk Campus
❖ Types:

a. Low or Mountable b. Semi-barrier type

c. Barrier type d. Submerged

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Kerbs
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖NURS 2076:

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Median
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖ Central raised strip to separate opposite stream of traffic

❖Minimize head-on collision and head light glare

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Median
❖NRS 2070:
IOE Pulchowk Campus

❖NURS 2076:
Please check

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Cycle Lane
IOE Pulchowk Campus
❖ A paved area adjacent to and flush with the traffic lane
pavement for the movement of cyclists
❖Should be continuous and provide uninterrupted movement

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Cycle Lane
IOE Pulchowk Campus
❖should be physically separated from main carriageway to ensure
comfort and safety
NRS 2070:

NURS 2076:
Minimum width 2m

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Tasks
IOE Pulchowk Campus

➢Review cross-sectional elements of roads

➢Check design recommendations for the cross sectional
elements in the design standards

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