Solid 2

Outline Chapter 2
Page 1
ME 208261
Mechanics of Solids
P. Kunthong: ME 208261 Mechanics of Solids Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, THAILAND
Outline Chapter 2
Page 2
Outline
Strain
Outline Chapter 2
Page 3
Chapter Objectives
I Define the concept of normal and shear

strain.
I Show how the normal and shear strain can

be determined for various types of
problems.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 4
Deformation
I The changes of the body’s shape and size
are referred to as deformation.
I They may be either highly visible or

practically unnoticeable.
I Deformation occurs when a force is

applied to a body.
I Deformation of a body can also occur

when the temperature of the body is
changed.
I In general sense, the deformation of a

body will not be uniform throughout its
volume.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 5
Strain
I To describe the deformation by changes in

length of line segments and the changes in
the angles between them.
I Measurements of strain are made by

experiments.
I Strains can be related to the applied loads,

or stresses, acting within the body.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 6
Strain
Normal Strain
I Defined as the elongation or contraction of a
line segment per unit of length.
I Consider the line AB of length of ∆s contained

within the undeformed body as shown.
I After deformation, points A and B are

displaced to A0 and B 0 , and the line becomes a
curve having a length of ∆s 0 .
I Average normal strain is defined as
∆s 0 − ∆s
avg =
∆s
Outline Chapter 2
Page 7
Strain
Normal Strain
I As point B is chosen closer and closer to point
A, the normal strain at point A is
∆s 0 − ∆s
= lim
B→A along n ∆s
I If normal strain is known, we can use the

equation to obtain the approximate final length
of a short line segment after deformation.
∆s 0 ≈ (1 + )∆s
I Hence, when is positive, initial line will

elongate, if is negative, the line contracts.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 8
Strain
Normal Strain
I Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity, as
its a ratio of two lengths.
I But common practice to state it in terms of

meters/meter (m/m).
I is small for most engineering applications, so

is normally expressed as micrometers per meter
(µm/m) where 1µm = 10−6 m.
I Also expressed as a percentage, e.g.,

0.001m/m = 0.1%.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 9
Strain
Shear Strain
I Defined as the change in angle that occurs
between two line segments that were originally
perpendicular to one another.
I This angle is denoted by γ (gamma) and

measured in radians (rad).
I Consider the line segments AB and AC

originating from same point A in a body, and
directed along the perpendicular n and t axes.
I After deformation, lines become curves, such

that angle between them at A is θ0 .
Outline Chapter 2
Page 10
Strain
Shear Strain
I Hence, shear strain at point A associated with
n and t axes is
π
γnt = − lim θ0
2 B→A along n
C →A along t
I If θ0 is smaller than π/2, shear strain is

positive, otherwise, shear strain is negative
Outline Chapter 2
Page 11
Strain
Cartesian strain components

I Using above definitions of normal and shear
strain, we show how they describe the
deformation of the body.
I Divide body into small elements with

undeformed dimensions of ∆x, ∆y and ∆z.
I Assuming that the element’s dimensions are

very small and the line segments then will
remain approximately straight after the body is
deformed.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 12
Strain
Cartesian strain components
I Approximate lengths of sides of parallelepiped
are
(1 + x )∆x (1 + y )∆y (1 + z )∆z
I Approx. angles between the sides are

π π π
− γxy − γyz − γzx
2 2 2
I Normal strains cause a change in its volume.
I Shear strains cause a change in its shape.
I To summarize, state of strain at a point
requires specifying 3 normal strains; x , y , z
and 3 shear strains of γxy , γyz , γzx .
Outline Chapter 2
Page 13
Strain
Example 2-1 Slender rod as shown is subjected to

temperature increase along its axis, creating a
normal strain of z = 40(10−3 )z 1/2 , where z is
given in meters. Determine
(a) the displacement of the end B of the rod due to
temperature increase,
(b) the average normal strain in the rod.
Solution: Part (a)
Since normal strain reported at each point along
the rod, a differential segment dz, located at
position z has a deformed length:
dz 0 = 1 + (40 × 10−3 )z 1/2 dz

Outline Chapter 2
Page 14
Strain
Example 2-1 Determine
Solution: Part (a)
Sum total of these segments along axis yields
deformed length of the rod, i.e.,
Z 0.2m
0
1 + (40 × 10−3 )z 1/2 dz

z =
0
0.2m
= z + (40 × 10−3 ) 2 3/2
3z

0
= 0.20239m
Displacement of end of rod is
∆B = 0.20239m−0.2m = 0.00239m = 2.39mm
Outline Chapter 2
Page 15
Strain
Example 2-1 Determine

Solution: Part (b)
Assume rod or “line segment” has original length of
200 mm and a change in length of 2.39 mm.
Hence,
∆s 0 − ∆s 2.39mm
avg = = = 0.0119mm/mm
∆s 200mm
Outline Chapter 2
Page 16
Strain
Example 2-3 Plate is deformed as shown in figure.

In this deformed shape, horizontal lines on the on
plate remain horizontal and do not change their
length. Determine
(a) average normal strain along side AB,
(b) average shear strain in the plate relative to x
and y axes.
Solution: Part (a)
Line AB, coincident with y axis, becomes line AB 0
after deformation. Length of line AB 0 is
p
AB 0 = (250 − 2)2 + 32 = 248.018mm
Outline Chapter 2
Page 17
Strain
length. Determine
and y axes.
Solution: Part (a)
Therefore, average normal strain for AB is,
AB 0 − AB 218.018mm − 250mm
(AB )avg = =
AB 250mm
= −7.93 × 10−3 mm/mm
The negative sign indicates the strain causes a

contraction of AB.
Outline Chapter 2
Page 18
Strain
length. Determine
and y axes.
Solution: Part (b)
Due to displacement of B to B 0 , angle BAC
referenced from x, y axes changes to θ0 . Since
γxy = π/2 − θ0 , thus

−1 3mm
γxy = tan = 0.0121rad
250mm − 2mm

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Outline Chapter 2

I Define the concept of normal and shear

I Show how the normal and shear strain can

I They may be either highly visible or

I Deformation occurs when a force is

I Deformation of a body can also occur

I In general sense, the deformation of a

I To describe the deformation by changes in

I Measurements of strain are made by

I Strains can be related to the applied loads,

I Consider the line AB of length of ∆s contained

I After deformation, points A and B are

I Average normal strain is defined as

I If normal strain is known, we can use the

I Hence, when  is positive, initial line will

I But common practice to state it in terms of

I  is small for most engineering applications, so

I Also expressed as a percentage, e.g.,

I This angle is denoted by γ (gamma) and

I Consider the line segments AB and AC

I After deformation, lines become curves, such

I If θ0 is smaller than π/2, shear strain is

Cartesian strain components

I Divide body into small elements with

I Assuming that the element’s dimensions are

(1 + x )∆x (1 + y )∆y (1 + z )∆z

I Approx. angles between the sides are

Example 2-1 Slender rod as shown is subjected to

dz 0 = 1 + (40 × 10−3 )z 1/2 dz

Example 2-1 Determine

Example 2-3 Plate is deformed as shown in figure.

The negative sign indicates the strain causes a

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I Hence, when is positive, initial line will

I is small for most engineering applications, so

(1 + x )∆x (1 + y )∆y (1 + z )∆z