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Hengky
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause
beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the
dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause.
Before
'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the
present.
After
'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and
the past OR past perfect for past events.
While, as
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the
meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progess.
By the time
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of
the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of
something happening up to another point in time.
Until, till
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is
usually only used in spoken English.
Since
'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a
specific point in time.
As soon as
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the
past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.
• The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more
specific about which time of a number of times something happened.
Passive Voice
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject,
the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus
on.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So
every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that
can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an
impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal
Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into
passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and
that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become
the subject of the passive sentence.
modal auxilary
1. WHAT ARE MODAL AUXILIARIES?
Modal auxiliaries are verbs that express many kinds of meaning. Each modal auxiliary often expresses more than one
meaning. (Kata kerja Bantu MODAL adalah kata kerja Bantu yang mengungkapkan berbagai macam jenis makna. Setiap
MODAL AUXILIARIES biasanya mengungkapkan lebih dari satu makna)
Ya, seperti udah disebutkan sebelumnya, ada banyak jenis modal auxiliaries, namun semua jenis modal auxiliaries tersebut
mempunya pola bentuk yang sama. Inilah pola MODAL AUXILIARIES tersebut :
( + ) S + MODAL + V1
She can do the test.
We will go to the hospital
( - ) S + MODAL NOT + V1
She can’t do the test.
We will not go to the hospital.
( ? ) MODAL + S + V1
Can she do the test?
Will we go to the hospital?
Nah dalam bagian berkut ini kita akan melihat berbagai jenis modals yang paling sering digunakan, kegunaannya, serta
contoh - contohnya! Selamat belajar.
1. Can
a. Expressing an Ability (Mengungkapkan Kemampuan)
Contoh : I can do the test.
b. Expressing a Possibility (Mengungkapkan Kemungkinan)
Contoh : He can be in the class now.
c. Expressing a Permission (Mengungkapkan ijin)
Contoh : You can leave me now.
d. Expressing a Request (Mengukapkan permintaan)
Contoh : Can I leave now?
e. Expressing an Impossibility (Mengungkapkan ketidak mungkinan)
Contoh : The news can’t be true.
2. Should
a. Expressing an advisability (Mengungkapkan saran)
Contoh : We should do something now.
b. Expressing a Future Certainty (Mengukapkan kepastian di masa depan)
Contoh : They should be there tomorrow.
3. Must
a. Expressing a necessity (Mengungkapkan keharusan)
Contoh : You must do everything I say.
b. Expressing a Prohibition (Mengungkapkan larangan)
Contoh : You must not break the school rules.
c. Expressing a Certainty (Mengukapkan kepastian)
Contoh : John must be upset. He failed in the final test.
4. Will
a. Expressing a certainty (Mengungkapkan kepastian)
Contoh : We will come to her party. I promise.
b. Expressing a Willingness (Mengungkapkan Keinginan)
Contoh : There’s a knock on the door. I will open it.
c. Expressing a request (Mengungkapkan permintaan)
Contoh : Will you help me?
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Look at the examples that follow:
The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.
Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German shepherd across the street.
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of squid eyeball stew.
I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is expensive and time-consuming to make.
Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky ignored his serving, so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the subordinate clause. Generally,
the patterns look like these:
Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates
one idea to emphasize the other.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and label
the organs.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions if Frances would promise to remove and
label the organs.
Diana stared dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, but Olivia, who hated economics, furiously jiggled her foot,
impatient to escape the boring class.
While Diana was staring dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to escape
the boring economics class that she hated.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of the
heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of
the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.
Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. She might decide to make her parents
happy and go to medical school, or she might use her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. Although she might decide to make her
parents happy and go to medical school, she might also use her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate.
After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then would not touch the green vegetables put on his plate.
Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, so now he can set his math book on fire with his salsa
breath.
Since Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at Taco Bell, he can now set his math book on fire with his salsa breath.
Because she gets seasick, Danielle is dreading the spring break cruise, yet she might enjoy herself once she realizes how
many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
Even though Danielle is dreading getting seasick on the spring break cruise, she will probably enjoy herself once she
realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The pattern looks like this:
Here is an example:
While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.
My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.
When you have three or more items in a series, you generally use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Some
handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like
this:
Here is an example:
Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques
Cousteau, the parakeet, has consumed another of Buster's days.
If you decide to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, keep these three things in mind:
• Do not use a coordinating conjunction to begin every sentence. Use this option only when it makes the flow of
your ideas more effective.
• Do not use a comma after the coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are not transitional
expressions like for example or first of all. You will rarely use punctuation after them.
While I was answering the telephone, Buster, my cat, jumped onto the kitchen counter and swatted all of my jalapeño-
stuffed olives onto the dirty kitchen floor. So I had to rinse off the cat hair and crumbs sticking to these delicacies
before I could add them to the salad.
Flying down the bumpy path, Genette hit a rock with the front wheel of her mountain bike, flew over the handlebars, and
crashed into a clump of prickly palmetto bushes. Yet even this accident would not deter her from completing the race.
Only when an interrupter immediately follows the coordinating conjunction do you need to use commas. Read this
example:
We hoped that decorating the top of Christine's cupcake with a dead grasshopper would freak her out. But, to our
amazement, she just popped the whole thing in her mouth, chewed, and swallowed.
Conditional sentences
conditional sentences:
In the present/future:
In the past:
3. Untrue (Contrary-to-fact)
in the present/future:
True situation:
She doesn’t have time.
True situation:
If She has time, She will/Can stay with us.
Perhaps she doesn’t have time. If that is true, she will stay with us.
Contrary-to-fact situations: If she had time, she could/would stay with us.
In reality, in true, in fact she doesn’t have time. But in the contrary, if
the opposite were true she would/could stay.
Would have or could + have + past participle is used in the result clause.
True situation:
She hadn't had time.
Contrary-to-fact situations:
If she had had time, she could/would have written to us a letter.
True situation:
We weren’t ready yesterday.
Contrary-to-fact situations:
If we had been ready, we could/would have gone.
True:
He is sleeping right now, so she will not leave the house.
Conditional:
If he were not sleeping right now, she would leave the house.
True:
He is not sleeping. She is not reading.
Conditional:
If he were sleeping, she would be reading.
True:
He was sleeping last night, so she did not go outside.
Conditional:
If he had not been sleeping last night, she
would have gone outside.
True:
He was not sleeping yesterday; she was not reading the book.
Conditional:
If he had been sleeping last night, she would have been reading a book.
Conditional:
If he had slept last night, he would not be tired now.
(Past) (Present)
True:
He is not able to drive a car. He did not arrive on time yesterday.
Conditional:
If he were able to drive a car, he would have arrived on time.
(Present) (Past)
Frequently, the time in the if clause and the time in the result
clause are different: one clause may be in the present and the
other in the past.
If she had had the answer, she could have answered the question.
Could have = would have been able to
Omitting if:
Had she seen that, she would have changed her mind.
had he left the class ten minutes ago, he will have been at home.
Implied conditions:
8. Expressing wishes:
When we use a comma and but (, but), we use the appropriate auxiliary.
When we use a comma and but (, but), we use the appropriate auxiliary.
I didn’t have time. I wish I had had time.
I didn’t have time, but I wish I had.
She expects receive a mail. She wishes the mail would arrive.
(She wants the mail to arrive)
She will call him. She spoke as if she wouldn’t call him.
Examples:
Examples:
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as
the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Examples:
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or
complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the
following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize
the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that
90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.
Examples:
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations,
gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you
use a gerund or an infinitive.
Examples:
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Examples:
Examples:
Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai
adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause,
perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:
Contoh:
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause
dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
1. Relative Pronoun
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
• Benda, Binatang
Fungsi:
a. Subjek:
- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
2. Relative Adverbs
• Waktu
• Tempat
• Alasan
_________________________
1. Relative Pronoun
2. Relative Adverb
Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:
• Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat
digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
• When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition
of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.
○ Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan
arti kalimat.
○ Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah
menjadi Adjective Phrase.
○ Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
a. Adjective Clause
b. Adjective Phrase
* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah
kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
• Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan
bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
○ We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
○ We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
• Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului
pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of,
most of, dll.
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
○ Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang
dijelaskan olehnya.
○ Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan
tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Keterangan:
Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin
mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di
antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah
mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
○ Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.
Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective
Clause sering membingungkan.
Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
• Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
Adjective Clause
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
• The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause
itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a
poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
• He gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah
letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.
Adverb Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang
mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after,
before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere,
wherever, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya
dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in
spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan
menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung
seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-
baik.
Contoh:
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay
indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he
couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the
weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still
remote.
Contoh:
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi
bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary
has made many friends.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan
menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing
(that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
Noun Clauses
June 22nd, 2009 | Author: Swara Bhaskara
Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya
digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.
• Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information
questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section
ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred
by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object
dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love
Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.
Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun
clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh
di atas menjadi:
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know
what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu
diputar posisinya.
Note:
a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial
clause.
Contoh:
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai
adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan
dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic
adjective clauses.
Contoh:
1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya
sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun
clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk
how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan
relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada
pembahasan tentang conjunctions. Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik:
Perbedaan Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.
Contoh:
1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami
lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki,
sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi).
Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has
agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
Contoh:
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
Contoh:
1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
Contoh:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.
Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.
Contoh:
1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa
Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
Contoh:
1. She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia
lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from
here.
3. We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini
tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic
conditionals. Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai
tertukar.
Contoh:
1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure
whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home.
Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin
apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses
berarti yang.
Contoh:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that
she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
a. It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) +
(that/the fact that) + S +V.
b. It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat dilihat pada topik
simple present tense.