#burningkeyboards

@denis_ristic

INTRODUCTION TO
PHP
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2

PHP SYNTAX
▸ A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?> (not always)

▸ PHP statements end with a semicolon (;)

▸ Comments in PHP
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple lines
*/

▸ In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined functions are
NOT case-sensitive

▸ However; all variable names ARE case-sensitive.

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 3

PHP VARIABLES
▸ In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable

▸ Rules for PHP variables:

▸ A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable

▸ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character

▸ A variable name cannot start with a number

▸ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and

underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )

▸ Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different
variables)
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 4

PHP VARIABLES
▸ PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

▸ The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be
referenced/used.

▸ PHP has three different variable scopes: local, global, static

▸ A variable declared outside a function has a global scope and can only be
accessed outside a function

▸ A variable declared within a function has a local scope and can only be accessed
within that function

▸ The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function

▸ Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.

However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. To do this, use
the static keyword when you first declare the variable
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 5

PHP ECHO AND PRINT STATEMENTS

▸ In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and
print

▸ echo and print are more or less the same, they are both
used to output data to the screen

▸ The differences are small: echo has no return value while

print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in
expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although
such usage is rare) while print can take one argument.
echo is marginally faster than print
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 6

PHP EXAMPLE
<?php

echo "Hello World!";

$txt = "Hello world!";

$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;

echo "I love $txt!";

echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
echo "I love {$txt}!";
echo $x + $y;
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 7

PHP EXAMPLE
<?php

function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "Variable x inside function is: $x";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "Variable x outside function is: $x";

$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15

function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 8

PHP DATA TYPES

▸ PHP supports the following data types:

▸ String

▸ Integer

▸ Float (floating point numbers - also called double)

▸ Boolean

▸ Array

▸ Object

▸ NULL

▸ Resource
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 9

DATA TYPES EXAMPLE

<?php

$x = 'Hello world!';
echo $x;

$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);

$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);

$x = true;
var_dump($x);

$cars = ["Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"];

var_dump($cars);

class Car {
public $model;
function __construct($model) {
$this->model = $model;
}
}

$golf = new Car("WW");

echo $golf->model;

$x = null;
var_dump($x);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 10

PHP CONSTANTS

▸ A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The

value cannot be changed during the script.

▸ A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no

$ sign before the constant name).
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 11

CONSTANTS EXAMPLE
<?php

define("SOMECONTANT", "burning keyboards”);

echo SOMECONSTANT; // outputs "burning keyboards"

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 12

ARITHMETIC & ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

<?php

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

echo $x + $y; // outputs 15

echo $x - $y; // outputs 5
echo $x * $y; // outputs 50
echo $x / $y; // outputs 2
echo $x % $y; // outputs 5
echo $x ** $y; // outputs 100000

$x += $y; // equal to $x = $x + $y
$x -= $y; // equal to $x = $x - $y
$x *= $y; // equal to $x = $x * $y
$x /= $y; // equal to $x = $x / $y
$x %= $y; // equal to $x = $x % $y
$x **= $y; // equal to $x = $x ** $y
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 13

COMPARISON OPERATORS
<?php

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

$x == $y; // equal
$x === $y; // identical (equal + same type)
$x != $y; // not equal
$x !== $y; // not identical
$x <> $y; // not equal

$x > $y; // greater than

$x >= $y; // greater than or equal
$x < $y; // less than
$x <= $y; // less than or equal
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 14

INCREMENT / DECREMENT & LOGICAL OPERATORS

<?php

++$x; // Pre-increment - increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++; // Post-increment - returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x; // Pre-decrement - decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x--; // Post-decrement - returns $x, then decrements $x by one

$x && $y; // AND, returns true if both $x and $y are true

$x || $y; // OR, returns true if either $x or $y are true
$x xor $y; // XOR, returns true if either $x or $y is true, but not both
!$x; // NOT, returns true if $x is not true
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 15

STRING OPERATORS
<?php

$str = $str1 . $str2; // concatenation

$str .= $str1; // concatenation assignment, appends $str2 to $str
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 16

CONDITIONALS
<?php

$i = 11;
if ($i < 10) {
echo "Number is smaller than 10!";
} else if ($i < 20) {
echo "Number is smaller than 20!";
} else {
echo "Number is greater or equal to 20!";
}

$favoritecolor = "red";
switch ($favoritecolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}

$a = ($b > $c) ? $b : $c;

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 17

LOOPS
<?php

$x = 1;
while ($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x";
$x++;
}

$x = 6;
do {
echo "The number is: $x";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5); // this evaluates at the end, so it will always print once

for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {

echo "The number is: $x";
}

$colors = ["red", "green", "blue", "yellow"];

foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo "$color <br>";
}
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 18

FUNCTIONS
<?php

function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function

function writeMsg($msq = "Default one") {

echo "My message: $msg";
}
writeMsg("New message");
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 19

ARRAYS
<?php

$cars = ["BMW", "Mercedes", "Audi"];

echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";

$cars_length = count($cars);
for ($x = 0; $x < $cars_length; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
}

$cars = [
"BMW" => "350d",
"Mercedes" => [
"E" => [220, 250, 300],
"S" => "500"
]
"Audi" => ["A8", "A6", "A4"]
];
echo "I like " . $cars['BMW'] . ".";

foreach ($cars as $key => $value) {

echo "Key: " . $key . ", Value: " . $value;
}
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 20

STRINGS
<?php

echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12

echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
echo strtoupper("Hello world!"); // outputs HELLO WORLD!
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello Dolly!

var_dump(str_split("Hello world!")); // outputs ["H", "e", "l", "l", "o", " ", "w",
"o", "r", "l", "d", “!"]

var_dump(explode(" ", "Hello world!")); // outputs ["Hello", "world!"]

echo implode(" ", ["Hello", "world!"]); // outputs Hello world!

$number = 123;
printf("With 2 decimals: %1\$.2f, With no decimals: %1\$u", $number);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 21

SUPERGLOBALS
▸ Several predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means that they are always
accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file
without having to do anything special.

▸ The PHP superglobal variables are:

▸ $GLOBALS
▸ $_SERVER
▸ $_REQUEST
▸ $_POST
▸ $_GET
▸ $_FILES
▸ $_ENV
▸ $_COOKIE
▸ $_SESSION
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 22

DATE & TIME

<?php

echo "Today is " . date("d.m.Y H:i:s");

$d = mktime(11, 14, 54, 7, 5, 2017);

echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("10:30pm July 5 2017");

echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("tomorrow");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("next Saturday");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("+3 Months");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$nextWeek = time() + (7 * 24 * 60 * 60); // + 7 days

echo 'Next Week: '. date('Y-m-d', $nextWeek);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 23

FILE HANDLING
<?php

echo readfile("some.txt");

$file = file_get_contents('some.txt'); // returns string

$homepage = file_get_contents('http://www.google.com/'); // returns string

$lines = file('some.txt');
foreach ($lines as $line_num => $line) {
echo "Line #{$line_num} : " . $line . "\n";
}

$myfile = fopen("some.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");

echo fread($myfile, filesize("some.txt"));
fclose($myfile);

$myfile = fopen("some.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");

while (!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);

$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");

fwrite($myfile, "First line\n");
fwrite($myfile, "Second line\n");
fclose($myfile);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 24

COOKIES
<?php

setcookie("username", "John Doe", time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400 = 1 day

if (!isset($_COOKIE["username"])) {
echo "Cookie named username is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie username is set and has value " . $_COOKIE["username"];
}

// modify cookie
setcookie("username", "Jane Doe", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");

// delete cookie
setcookie("username", "", time() - 3600);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 25

SESSIONS
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();

// Set session variables

$_SESSION["username"] = "Jon Doe";

echo "Username is " . $_SESSION["username"];

// modify session
$_SESSION["username"] = "Jane Doe";

// delete single session variable

unset($_SESSION["username"]);

// remove all session variables

session_unset();

// destroy the session

session_destroy();
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 26

ERROR HANDLING
<?php

if (!file_exists("welcome.txt")) {
die("File not found");
} else {
$file = fopen(“welcome.txt", "r");
}

function customError($errno, $errstr) {

echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr \n";
}
set_error_handler("customError");

$test = 2;
if ($test >= 1) {
trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below");
}

error_log("You messed up!", 3, "/var/tmp/my-errors.log");

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 27

EXCEPTIONS
<?php

function checkNum($number) {
if ($number>1) {
throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");
}
return true;
}

//trigger exception
checkNum(2);

try {
checkNum(2);
//If the exception is thrown, this text will not be shown
echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below';
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'Message: ' .$e->getMessage();
}

function myException($exception) {
echo "<b>Exception:</b> " . $exception->getMessage();
}

set_exception_handler('myException');

throw new Exception('Uncaught Exception occurred');

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 28

INCLUDES
<?php

include 'header.php';
//include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING) and the script will continue

require 'body.php';
// require will produce a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script

require_once 'footer.php';
// the require_once statement is identical to require except PHP will check if the file
has already been included, and if so, not include (require) it again.
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 29

PHP REFERENCES
▸ PHP Manual

▸ http://php.net/manual/en/

▸ Zend PHP 101

▸ https://devzone.zend.com/6/php-101-php-for-the-absolute-
beginner/

▸ PHP The Right Way

▸ http://www.phptherightway.com/

▸ Awesome PHP

▸ https://github.com/ziadoz/awesome-php
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 30

PHP REFERENCES
▸ PHP Best Practices

▸ https://phpbestpractices.org/

▸ PHP FIG

▸ http://www.php-fig.org/

▸ PHP Security

▸ http://phpsecurity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html

▸ The PHP Benchmark

▸ http://phpbench.com/

▸ PHP Sandbox (Online)

▸ http://sandbox.onlinephpfunctions.com/