Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4
Design and Implementation of Heartbeat rate and
SpO2 Detector by using IoT for patients
Sivapriya Natarasan1,*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Veltech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala
Engineering College
Avadi, Chennai
sivapriyavn@gmail.com
Abstract—In this modern days, development of smart healthcare
system is an emerging area of research on the Internet of Thing (IoT).
The majority of the individuals who are living in provincial territories
are not able to get medical services because of the absence of
specialists, emergency and private clinics. Likewise, notwithstanding
a little medical issue, the individuals get wavered to get counsel from
a specialist due to travel, cost, and time. The heart is the most vital
organ in the human body, and the heartbeat rate is an essential aspect
of human metabolism. Pulse oximetry is the non-invasive
measurement of the oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the heart. However,
most of the available heart rate measurement tools are rather
expensive and only available in hospitals, and accurate measurement
of SpO2 in a rural area may not be possible immediately to measure
the level of oxygen level in the human body. In this proposed system,
Beer’s Law used to implement the Heart Beat Rate, and SpO2
detector used to measure SpO2, heartbeat rate and temperature range.
Two different light wavelengths (Red Led and Infrared Led) are used
to measure the actual difference in the absorption spectra between
HbO2 and Hb. The SpO2 probe placed on the person’s finger and the
other end with a microcontroller to calculate the number of pulses and
the amount of the SpO2 present on their body. The measurement
range of the SpO2, Heart Beat Rate and Temperature are viewed via
OP APP (Outpatient Android Application) and the same is viewed by
the doctor in the other end through the cloud. Besides, the interaction
will be done between the clinician and patient through video
conference in the same OP APP.
Keywords—Smart health care system; heartbeat rate; SpO2;
temperature; beer’s law; Microcontroller; Android application
I. INT RODUCT ION
Several smart health wearable devices are present in these
modern days with advantages and disadvantages. Using these
wearable devices, a person can understand the level or range of
heartbeat rate, glucose level, body temperature, etc., [1,2].
Knowing the heartbeat rate is a major vital sign measurement
because the heart function is important for the person to live.
The measurement of the heart rate is depending on pulse rate
[3,4]. The normal pulse for healthy adult’s ranges from 60 to
100 beats per minute. For a healthy person, it may vary and
increase when in the exercised state or in emotional time.
Normally females have a faster heartbeat rate than male. And
for athletes like runners or players without any health, any
issues may have less heartbeat rate [5].
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Dr.Pavithra Sekar1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Veltech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala
Engineering College
Avadi, Chennai
pavicse06@gmail.com
The human body needs a certain amount of oxygen in the
blood to live otherwise the function of the body loose energy
and not work efficiently. The SpO2 stands for oxygen
saturation which estimates the amount of oxygen saturated in
the blood. The haemoglobin carries the oxygen in the blood
and travel throughout the body. Oxygen saturation is defined
as the measurement of the amount of oxygen dissolved in the
blood, based on the detection of Haemoglobin and
Deoxyhaemoglobin. There are many different ways are there
to find normal oxygen levels. The most common way is to use
Pulse oximetry which is a non-invasive technique to indirectly
measure the oxygen saturation(SpO2) level [6].
Normothermia or euthermic is known as normal human
body temperature. Body temperature is the main vital sign to
suspect the infection caused by many fungal species. It may
change under the age of the person, but not much variation.
Normally the body temperature differs for every person to
person it may vary from 97ºF to 99ºF. Many different ways are
there to measure the temperature for humans [7].
In this proposed system, the OP App helps to find out the
heartbeat rate, SpO2 and temperature range of the human’s
body through the SpO2 and temperature probe which was
connected with microcontroller and android mobile th rough
USB cable or Bluetooth [8]. The range of the Heart Beat Rate,
SpO2 and temperature can be viewed in the OP App the same
range can also be viewed by a doctor when it was high in
range the push notification sends to the doctor and then the
consultation can be done through the video conference with
the doctor [9,10].
So, the doctor can prescribe some meditation or else
suggest some first aid for the patients before they got to suffer.
It helps the patient who cannot go to the hospital due to travel
or midnight or else no near clinics or hospital. And this
heartbeat rate and SpO2 detector help the patients to save their
time, expenses and travels [11,12].
II. RELAT ED W ORK
The non-invasive health care monitoring system was
developed by using different types of sensor for the
measurement. The old and traditional method to measure the
heart rate is PQA (Peak Quantification Algorithm).
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4
The ABC is a swarm intelligence algorithm which includes
the control parameters and ease of realization [13]. There are
three bee’s parameters in ABC, which are employee, onlooker,
and scout bees. The ABC algorithm reduces the timing, gives
the accurate result and also safe approach. The PPG (Photo
Plethysmography) is designed to measure heart rate [14]. The
working principle of PPG is based on Light Modulation which
is a non-invasive method to count the changes occur in the
blood. The smart health monitoring system was developed
with a smart watch to monitor the patient health parameters
continuously [15]. Designed Remote Health Monitoring
System with different sensors which are heart pulse sensor,
body temperature sensor and galvanic skin sensor and
photoplethysmography is a non-invasive technique used to
measure the heart rate. The galvanic skin sensor used in
galvanic skin response(GSR) which measures the skin
conductance by electric current and this health monitoring
system is accurate and secured too [16]. Health care service
devices are developed to monitor the elderly persons like
whether they fall or not by using gyroscope sensor and
microcontroller-based PIC series which counts the heart rate
through sensing the pulse rate of a fingertip. by sensing the
pulse rate from fingertip by sensing the changes in blood
volume [17-19].
The system developed to measure the heart rate in both
relaxed state and excited state and no calibration is required
during the measurement is the main lead of this system [20].
The heartbeat rate was recorded in an excited state (stressed
condition) and unexercised state (relaxed condition) are
referred to the heart rates in a relaxed condition. The heart rate
changes in both state and shows a different heart rate for the
same person. The heartbeat rate measurement uses a
transmitter and infrared sensor which helps for the reading of
heart rate with the help of OP-Amp which is used to amplify
and filter the pulse signal given by the infrared sensor. The
android application fetches those data and displayed through
the mobile application [21-23].
III. M ET HODOLOGIES
The vital monitoring system is a non-invasive technique
and heartbeat rate, spo2 and temperature detector with an
android mobile app. This monitoring system measures
heartbeat rate, SpO2 and temperature which uses SpO2 probe
for measuring oxygen saturation and heartbeat rate which also
includes temperature probe to measure body temperature. The
probe has to place on the person's fingers to measure the
concentration of the HbO2 and Hb. For measuring, the pulse
oximetry was used which uses lights to measure the oxygen
saturation.
Here the microcontroller unit used to connect the probe and
work on it. Once the probe placed between the person’s finger
the light emitted from a light source to reach a light detector.
The light emits reaches light detector through a person's finger.
Some lights are absorbed and some are not absorbed by the
finger. There are two wavelengths of the light got measured
one is absorbed light and another is non-absorbing light range.
The amount of light absorbs by the finger is proportional to the
concentration of the Hb. Here the pulse oximetry’s physical
property work by Beer’s law. Beer’s law states that the amount
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of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the
light-absorbing substance.
The light emitted from the source has to travel through the
artery which is oxygenated arterial blood. The light travels to
shorter in a narrow artery and longer in a broad artery. The
LED (infrared light and red light) which are used to convert
the light energy into voltage or current. The amount of current
passed through those LEDs is directly proportional to the
amount of rays falls on it which gives response in terms of
changes in resistance. The signals were abs orbed from the
patient’s finger. Then it can be divided by amplifier into as a
DC and AC components. The DC component contains the
absorption of light, which is non-pulsatile arterial blood. The
AC component contains non-absorbed light which referred to
as Pulsatile arterial blood.
Figure. 1. T he architecture of the proposed system
The oxygenated absorbs more infrared light than red light
and Deoxygenated Hb absorbs less infrared light and more red
light. Once the microcontroller measures the level o f SpO2
and heartbeat rate, the measurement readings are viewable in
the android mobile application which is called OP App
(outpatient application). The microcontroller unit connected
with the android mobile through USB cable or Bluetooth
module. Depend upon the level of the SpO2, heartbeat rate and
temperature the push notification is sent to the doctor’s mobile
through cloud server. The patient's detail and the doctor’s
details are stored in a large database and accessed through the
cloud server. There were three different types of data are
stored in database one is patient detail, next one is patient
health measurement data and the admin database. The patient
can consult the doctor at any time and from anywhere through
a video conference. Secured connection builds between the
patient and doctor by firebase and socket.io. Firebase helps to
store the data of the patient and connect to the doctor.
Spcket.io enables the bi-directional connection between the
patient and doctor and allows to push notification.
A. SpO2 Detection
The SPO2 detector developed to find the range of oxygen
level in the human body by using a pulse oximeter. The most
common way is to use Pulse oximetry because it’s a non -
invasive technique and also one of an indirect way to measure
the oxygen saturation level. Pulse oximeters function by using
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4
light sensors there were two different light wavelengths which
are red and infrared light. The lights are passed to measure and
calculate the oxygen saturation. Deoxygenated and oxygenated
haemoglobin absorb different wavelengths.
The SPO2 probe must place with the person's finger and it
was between the light source and the detector. The amount of
light absorbed by the finger depends on the concentration of
the light-absorbing substance. That can be used by pulse
oximetry to calculate the oxygen saturation. Here the Beer’s
law was applied to calculate the absorbing substance. The
SPO2 can be expressed by
SPO2 == HbO2/(Hb+HbO2) … (eq.1)
The light emitted from the source has to travel through the
artery which is oxygenated arterial blood. The OpAmp
(Operational Amplifier) used to invert the signal which is
passed on the LEDs. The Led which are used to convert the
light energy into voltage or current. The amount of current
passed through those LEDs is directly proportional to the
number of rays falls on it which gives response in terms of
changes in resistance. The signals were absorbed from the
patient’s finger. The oxygenated absorbs more infrared light
than red light and Deoxygenated Hb absorbs more red light
than infrared light.
B. Heart Beat Rate Detection
The heartbeat rate detection can be done with the same
SPO2 probe which works with the pulse oximetry. The pulse
oximetry which is a light sensor which absorbs the beam of
light passed through the SPO2 probe. The pulse oximetry
works on three sources of lights, mostly it uses Red light and
Infrared light. The SPO2 probe place with the human’s
fingertip the photodetector in the sensor started to perceive the
lights absorbed and non-absorbed from the LEDs. Here, Pulse
oximetry uses Beer’s law to calculate the heartbeat rate of the
patient.
By using Beer’s Law measure how much light reaches the
light detector then the pulse oximetry knows how much light
absorbed. The pulse oximetry measures pulsatile blood. The
arterial blood absorbed the light and also the skin and other
tissues absorb some lights. The amount of light such as Red
light or Infrared light transmits through tissue got affected
when changes occur in pulse rate volume (heartbeat rate
volume). So, the pulse oximetry uses only fingers to measure
the heartbeat rate due to non-pulsatile things such as skin and
tissues.
Figure. 2. Data flow diagram of the proposed system
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The resulting signals represent the light absorbed by the
finger. And then using OpAmp the signal is passed through the
LED which is absorbed can be divided into AC and DC
component. The pulse rate can be calculated by pulse oximeter
Analog-to-Digital Converter(ADC) with sample number and
sampling rate. The Led lights are on and off alternatively by
two PWM (pulse width modulation) from the Digital Signal
Controller(DSC). And the current passed through the Led are
controlled by the Digital-to-Analog converter which also
driven by the DSC.
Fig 3. Pleth waveform to find out the heartbeat rate
Normally the time is taken between the peak to peak Pleth
(Plethysmography rate) waveform used to measure the
heartbeat rate (fig 3.). The normal heartbeat rate for an adult is
in between 60 and 100 beats per minute(bpm). Over 100 bpm
reaches the dangerous level for the human and it varies
depending upon the age. The heartbeat rate varies depending
on the age in years.
C. Temperature Detection
The temperature detection uses the temperature sensing
element thermistors which are made up of semiconductor
material. The semiconductor material helps to sinter the
changes in resistance which is proportional to small changes in
temperature. That works through an electrical signal. The
temperature probe placed on the human finger which contain s
thermistor and Led lights. The LEDs are used to convert the
light energy into voltage or current. The amount of current
passed through that diode is directly proportional to the
number of rays falls on it which gives response in terms of
changes in resistance. The resistance changes can be measured
by the direct current passed through the thermistor to measure
the voltage drop produced. The voltage dropped is relat ed to
the resistance of the thermistor. Ohm’s law used to determine
the bias current needed for the voltage drop. The ohm’s law
states that the current directly proportional to the voltage
which describes that the current through two points pf
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
between the two points. The equation which used to determine
the output voltage is
V= IR … (eq. 2)
Where I is the current in amp’s and R is the resistance in
ohms. Normally, the thermistor does not read anything but the
resistance in thermistor changes according to the temperature
changes in the human body. A thermistor is used due to long
durable, highly sensitive, lowest cost and this is best to
measure temperature instead of other temperature sensors. The
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4
resistance changes are recorded with corresponding current or
voltage changes.
The thermistor works in the range between 50ºc and 114ºC.
When the temperature changes occur in high then the
microcontroller which is connected with a temperature probe
and also connect with the android mobile through USB cable
or Bluetooth module and then measures the patient’s body
temperature. The temperature range can be viewed in the Op
App. Then depend upon the level of the temperature the app
connected to call an ambulance or else to connect with the
doctor for consultation through a video conference call.
Though the doctor prescribes some meditation and suggest s
some first aid for the patient. The secured connection provides
between the patient and the doctor.
IV. EXPERIMENT AL RESULT AND PERFORMANCE
EVOLUT ION
The pulse oximetry uses the ratio of the absorbed
wavelength of the light between the infrared light and red
light. The pulse oximetry measures pulsatile blood. The
amount of light such as Red light or Infrared light transmits
through tissue got affected when changes occur in pulse rate
volume (heartbeat rate volume).
A. Beer’s Law
Beer’s law states that the amount of light absorbed is
proportional to the concentration of absorbing substance.
Normally the beer’s law equation consists of the amount of
light absorbed which is directly proportional to the
absorptivity, the distance that light travelled and concentration
of the absorbance. Here the amount of light absorbed is
calculated by the ratio between the light intensity of two -
wavelength which described by,
( )
A= …(eq.3)
( )
Here, is the Light Intensity at 1(660 nm), or 2(940 nm),
where the AC level is present in the two wavelengths of the
light, where and are the two-different wavelength
passed through the finger and absorbed wavelength and non-
absorbed wavelength
TABLE I. AVERAGE VS DANGEROUS HEARTBEAT RATE
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The patients who got affected by respiratory failure or
hypertension or heart failure receive HOT (Home oxygen
therapy) which prescribed by the doctor due to vague
symptoms or patient affected with pulmonary disease. Those
patients should check their oxygen saturation level and
heartbeat rate at least once in a month. The average heartbeat
rate is varying from some range and the mean of the heartbeat
rate consider to be a normal heart rate. Once the heart rate
crossed over the average range of the heart rate then it
considers being a dangerous heart rate of the person. The
heartbeat rate differs by age of the person. Usually, the pulse
rate varies by person to person under age. the pulse rate is
measured by the number of times heat contraction or beat. The
pulse rate estimates accurate heart rate at the moment.
TABLE II. DETECTING HEARTBEAT RATE FOR 20 TO 40 AGE GROUP
The infant's heartbeat rate is high when compared with the
adults. The heart rate started to reduce by increasing in person
age. the normal range of the infants from 0 to 6 months get
105 to 165 beats per minutes, sometimes it reaches 170 also.
But above 190 heartbeat rates consider as a dangerous level for
the infants who are affected by heart chronic failure. For
adults, the average heart rate is 60 to 100 in range sometimes it
varies a little bit but not much difference.
The athletic person's heart rate sometimes below 60 at
resting time. If the heart rate reaches a dangerous level the
person might be caught heart disease or heart failure and
sometimes lead to a cardiac attack. So, the patient
continuously checks their heart beat helps to prevent from
sudden attack.
Not all the normal heart rate safe even if slight changes in
heart rate do not attack the person if they got feeling like
fainting
or dizzy or breathing problem (difficulty in breathing) or pain
or uncomfortable in the chest should call or consult with the
doctor. This Op App helps to consult the doctor at any time
through a video conference call and can get some first aid that
suggested by the doctor.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4

call to doctor wrote code as

Fig 4. Creation of OP app using android studio
In OP app, the patient health parameters can see and if the
patient wants to consult with the doctor, it’s easy to make a
call and consult at any time and anywhere. Once the patient
connected the SPo2 Detector with their mobile and switched
on the detector the device automatically starts to measure the
patient oxygen level and heartbeat rate present in their body
and the level are stored in the patient database.
The patient and detail and measurement range are stored in
a different database but connected. Like that for the doctor’s
separate login and database are maintained. Here Firebase
Realtime Database was used to store details of patients and
doctors. Simple configuration is used to store and retrieve data.
To configure the firebase console need to add permission
for firebase realtime database
“implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-
database:19.2.1'”
If the app detects the parameters are too high or the patient
felt unwell then it automatically connects to the doctor’s
mobile. And if their regular doctor is not in online then the
push notification sends to the doctor’s mobile and the patient
call connect with another doctor who is specialized on that
field and the doctor can see the patient past and present health
condition through OP app patient detail page then meditation
or suggestion was given to the patient or if emergency the
patient needs to take to the hospital then the OP app
automatically calls the ambulance.
For sending a notification as message used “android
M essage message= M essage.builder().setNotification(new
Notification(“ Emergency message”,”patients
conditions”,”patients
parameters”)).setCondition(condition).build()
String response=
FirebaseM essaging.getInstance().send(message).
configuration’ to set push notification through FCM.
The OP app can manage by patient’s close relation or else
with their friends but if the patient needs to contact or wants to
know their measurement parameters they must log in with the
OP app. Without patient permission, the details of them are not
shown to any other one (even to other doctors) only the doctor
can see their health parameters of past and present, and the OP
app is more secured to use and access.
TABLE III. DETECTING HEARTBEAT RATE FOR >40 AGE GROUP

To start the firebase connection need to call the database with

reference.
“FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference("Member").ch
ild("Member");”

The patient can contact the doctor through OP app but only
after they connected with the device. Once the measurement
levels are stored in a cloud they can contact the doctor. For a

Intent i=new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);

str=ed.getText().toString();
if(str.trim().isEmpty()){
i.setData(Uri.parse("tel:108"));
}else{
i.setData(Uri.parse("tel:"+str)); Here the health parameters of the patient are sen t and
}if(ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,Manifest.perm received from device to mobile application via Bluetooth
ission.CALL_PHONE)!=PackageM anager.PERMISSION_ connection and send those parameter data to storage through
GRANTED){ cloud server. The health parameters which are heartbeat rate,
SpO2 and temperature are viewed by the doctors who can
Toast.makeText(this, "Please grant permission to contact the patient at the present moment. The patient and
call", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); doctor details are stored in the cloud server and connect via the
requestPermission();
internet to make a video call or normal call for a consultation.
}
else{ Even in rural areas everyone using android mobile and most of
startActivity(i);
}}
private void requestPermission() {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,new
String[]{M anifest.permission.CALL_PHONE},1);
}

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20V66-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4108-4
all having internet connection on their phone, so this may help
to easily connect the heartbeat rate and SpO2 detector device
to mobile and then once the parameters start to read from
patient finger it will automatically store in the server and then
the patient can contact the doctor for consultation through an
internet connection. The available doctor can see the patient
present condition through a video call. Without an internet
connection, the patient cannot make a video call but they can
do a direct call to the doctor’s number which is displaying that
time to contact the doctor. Not every doctor can consult with
the patient only the person who is expert in that field can
contact the patient. The heartbeat rate and SpO2 detector
measure the accurate heartbeat rate than the other heart rate
sensors which are used to measure the heart beat rate. And the
best one to contact a doctor at emergency time.
V. CONCLUSION
In this proposed system, Heart Beat Rate and SPO2
Detector can be utilized for the patients who are not able to g o
to the clinic for an emergency or due to travel. The OP App
helps to contact with a doctor through video conference for the
consultation. The OP App sends a push notification to the
doctor through a cloud server where the patient's data are
securely stored and can be viewed to the doctor. So, the
doctors can able to prescribe some first aid or meditation to the
patients through the video conference. The patient’s data are
secured and the detector is inexpensive so it helps the patients
to save their time and also reduces the expenses of the patients.
This mainly used for the patient who is affected by respiratory
failure problem or pulmonary disease must need to measure
their oxygen saturation level and heartbeat rate range at least
monthly once, those patients can easily know their level of
spo2, heartbeat rate and temperature level through this
heartbeat rate and SpO2 detector. This is inexpensive due to
the implementation of non-invasive techniques by pulse
oximetry and small in size, easily portable. This vital
monitoring system can be easily updated and can improve the
progress report in future.
A CKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
I would like to thanks to guiding Dr. Mrs Pavithra Sekar for
their humble guidance and support to complete my project. I
would like to my coordinator Dr. Mr.Vimal and I like to thank
the Veltech institute for their great support to complete my
entire project.
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