MATRIX

ljlando
OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENTATION
Know the importance of matrix in analyzing systems of linear
equations

Develop student’s knowledge on fundamental matrix operations

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION

Non-homogeneous
terms

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 are the numbers 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝑎12 , 𝑎21 , 𝑎22 , … , 𝑎𝑚𝑛 )

𝑚 refers to the number of equations. 𝑚 may exceed, equal or less than 𝑛.

𝑛 refers to the number of unknowns (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 )

If matrix A is a 3 x 2 matrix and its general element is 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 3𝑗, determine the elements of
matrix A.
 COLUMN VECTOR ROW VECTOR

𝑐1 ROW
NUMBER
𝑟1 COLUMN
NUMBER
DEFINITION OF A MATRIX
 Involves a free
surface
• An m x n matrix is an array of mn entries, called ELEMENTS,
arranged in m rows and n columns.  Always driven by
gravity
• ELEMENT on the matrix can be numbers, functions or even
matrices.
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF MATRICES
EQUALITY OF MATRIX
ADDITION OF OF MATRIX
 Addition of matrices, say A and B, is only defined if both of the matrices
has same number of rows and same number of columns.
 Let A = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and B = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 be m x n matrices, so
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗

 A+B = B+A (matrix addition is COMMUTATIVE)

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
 Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an m x n matrix then the transpose of A, denoted by 𝐴𝑇 (and
sometimes 𝐴′ ), is the matrix obtained from A by interchanging rows and
columns to produce n x m matrix.

𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑇 = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]

Find the transpose of A:

SCALING A MATRIX BY A NUMBER
 Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an m x n matrix and λ be a scalar (real or complex)

λ𝐴 = [λ𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]

?
Exercise 1:
Find the values a, b, and c in order that A=B.
Exercise 1:
3. Find A+B and A-B.
Exercise 1:
4. Find λA + μB, if
PRODUCT OF A ROW AND COLUMN VECTOR

Note:
Product of a row and column vectors is only defined if the number of elements in row vector
a is equal to the number of elements in column vector b.
NULL MATRIX

Note:
The null matrix has no specific number of its rows and columns because this is to be taken to
be whatever appropriate for the equation that is involved.n
PRODUCT OF A ROW AND COLUMN VECTOR
PRODUCT OF MATRICES
PRODUCT OF MATRICES

Note:
AB ≠ BA, therefore product of matrices is non-commutative.
ASSOCIATIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDINARY
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION AND MATRIX EQUATION
IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDINARY
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION AND MATRIX EQUATION

Find AB, AC, and BC.

LEADING DIAGONAL OF A MATRIX

In a square matrix, the elements on a line from top left to bottom

right is called the leading diagonal.
TRACE OF A MATRIX
The trace of a square matrix A, written as tr(A), is the sum of all
elements on its leading diagonal.
𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 𝐴11 + 𝐴22 + 𝐴33 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛𝑛

Diagonal matrices are square matrices whose every element on the

leading diagonal is zero.
Unit or Identity matrices are matrices whose every element on the
leading diagonal is number 1.
SPECIAL MATRICES
Upper triangular matrices in which all elements below the leading
diagonal are zero.
SPECIAL MATRICES
Lower triangular matrices in which all elements above the leading
diagonal are zero.
SPECIAL MATRICES
SPECIAL MATRICES
SPECIAL MATRICES
DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANTS

EXPANDING THE
DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANTS
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Find matrix B such that AB=I and BA=I.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Find matrix B such that AB=I and BA=I.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX

An example of singular matrix because its

determinant is zero.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Determine whether A and BA are inverse of each other.

INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Uniqueness of the inverse Matrix. Every non-singular matrix has
only one inverse matrix.

NOT ALL MATRIX HAS INVERSE

HOW TO CALCULATE THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1. Calculate the Matrix of Minors, Example:

2. then turn into the matrix of Find the inverse of

3 0 2
cofactors, 2 0 −2
0 1 1
3. then, the transpose of the matrix of
cofactors, and

4. multiply that by 1/determinant

APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX
Example 1:
Supercomp Ltd produces two computer models PC1086 and PC1186. The matrix A
shows the cost per computer (in thousands of dollars) and B the production figures
for the year 2010 (in multiples of 10,000 units.) Find a matrix C that shows the
shareholders the cost per quarter (in millions of dollars) for raw material, labor,
and miscellaneous.