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Ken Keating
Chapter 1
2 Section 1.1
3 Section 1.2
4 Section 1.3
5 Section 1.4
6 Section 1.6
7 Section 1.7
8 Section 1.8
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 4 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element f (x) ∈ Y to each element x ∈ D.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 4 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element f (x) ∈ Y to each element x ∈ D.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 4 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Functions pass the vertical line test
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 5 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Functions pass the vertical line test
Relations that fail the vertical line test can be analyzed piecewise
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 5 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Functions pass the vertical line test
Relations that fail the vertical line test can be analyzed piecewise
I e.g. a circle
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 5 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Functions pass the vertical line test
Relations that fail the vertical line test can be analyzed piecewise
I e.g. a circle
Types of functions
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 5 / 33
Section 1.1 – Functions and Their Graphs
Functions pass the vertical line test
Relations that fail the vertical line test can be analyzed piecewise
I e.g. a circle
Types of functions
I piecewise-defined
I increasing/decreasing
I odd/even
I linear
I power
I polynomial
I rational
I algebraic
I trigonometric
I exponential
I logarithmic
I transcendental
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.1 5 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)), including domain
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)), including domain
shifts: y = f (x) + k (vertical) , y = f (x + h) (horizontal)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)), including domain
shifts: y = f (x) + k (vertical) , y = f (x + h) (horizontal)
scaling: y = cf (x) (vertical) , y = f (cx) (horizontal)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.2 – Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling
Graphs
f
(f + g )(x), (f − g )(x), (fg )(x), (x), including domain
g
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)), including domain
shifts: y = f (x) + k (vertical) , y = f (x + h) (horizontal)
scaling: y = cf (x) (vertical) , y = f (cx) (horizontal)
reflecting: y = −f (x) (x-axis) , y = f (−x) (y-axis)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.2 6 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 7 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
rise change in y y2 − y1 ∆y
Recall slope = = = =
run change in x x2 − x1 ∆x
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 7 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
rise change in y y2 − y1 ∆y
Recall slope = = = =
run change in x x2 − x1 ∆x
ex: linear function – note ∆y and ∆x
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 7 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
ex: quadratic function
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 8 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
ex: quadratic function
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 8 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
ex: quadratic function
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 8 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
Definition
The average rate of change of y = f (x) with respect to x over the interval
[x1 , x2 ] is
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 9 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
Definition
The average rate of change of y = f (x) with respect to x over the interval
[x1 , x2 ] is
So we know we can find the slope of the line between any two points P
and Q on a curve. What about the slope of the curve at any given
point?
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 9 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
Definition
The average rate of change of y = f (x) with respect to x over the interval
[x1 , x2 ] is
So we know we can find the slope of the line between any two points P
and Q on a curve. What about the slope of the curve at any given
point?
It’s reasonable (and correct, as we’ll see later this semester) to associate
the slope of the line tangent to a point on a curve with the slope of the
curve at that point.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 9 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 10 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
As Q moves closer to P,
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 10 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
As Q moves closer to P,
the slope of the secant line between P and Q approaches the slope of
the tangent line at P
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 10 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
As Q moves closer to P,
the slope of the secant line between P and Q approaches the slope of
the tangent line at P
the length of ∆x = h gets closer to 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 10 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
As Q moves closer to P,
the slope of the secant line between P and Q approaches the slope of
the tangent line at P
the length of ∆x = h gets closer to 0
the average rate of change between P and Q approaches the
instantaneous rate of change at P
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 10 / 33
Section 1.3 – Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves
ex: (p.23 #10) Find the slope of the curve at the given point P and find
the equation of the tangent line at P.
y = 5 − x 2 , P(1, 4)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.3 11 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Before defining what a limit is, let’s look at an example and try to
determine what the function values are approaching as x → 1.
as x → 1, y → 2 as x → 1, y → 2 as x → 1, y → 2
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 12 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Definition
Let f (x) be defined on an open interval about x0 , except possibly at x0
itself. If f (x) is arbitrarily close to L for all x sufficiently close to x0 , we
say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches x0 , and we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→x0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 13 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Definition
Let f (x) be defined on an open interval about x0 , except possibly at x0
itself. If f (x) is arbitrarily close to L for all x sufficiently close to x0 , we
say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches x0 , and we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→x0
if, for every number > 0, there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such
that for all x,
0 < |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − L| < .
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 13 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 14 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 14 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
(a) jumps
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 14 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
(a) jumps
(b) grows too large to have a limit
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 14 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Note, functions may have point(s) where the limit does NOT exist:
(a) jumps
(b) grows too large to have a limit
(c) oscillates too much to have a limit
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 14 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
lim f (x) = lim k = k
x→x0 x→x0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
lim f (x) = lim k = k
x→x0 x→x0
f is the identity function, i.e., f (x) = x
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
lim f (x) = lim k = k
x→x0 x→x0
f is the identity function, i.e., f (x) = x
lim f (x) = lim x = x0
x→x0 x→x0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
One common task we’ll have is to find the value of the limit (assuming it
exists). To do this we’ll need to make use of ”limit laws”. First, however,
we present a few special cases.
f is a constant function, i.e., f (x) = k
lim f (x) = lim k = k
x→x0 x→x0
f is the identity function, i.e., f (x) = x
lim f (x) = lim x = x0
x→x0 x→x0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 15 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 16 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
In addition to our ”limit laws”, there are some theorems that will help us
quickly compute limits.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 17 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
In addition to our ”limit laws”, there are some theorems that will help us
quickly compute limits.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 17 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
In addition to our ”limit laws”, there are some theorems that will help us
quickly compute limits.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 17 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem (Limits of Rational Functions)
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) 6= 0, then
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 18 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem (Limits of Rational Functions)
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) 6= 0, then
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 18 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem (Limits of Rational Functions)
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) 6= 0, then
P(x) P(c)
lim = .
x→c Q(x) Q(c)
Note in the statement of the theorem the phrase ”and Q(c) 6= 0”. If, in
fact, we DO have Q(c) = 0, there are some techniques we can employ to
try to compute the limit. These will be presented by example after we
present the next two theorems.
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 18 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem (The Sandwich, or Squeeze, Theorem)
Suppose that g (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval
containing c, except possibly at x = c itself. Suppose also that
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 19 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem (The Sandwich, or Squeeze, Theorem)
Suppose that g (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval
containing c, except possibly at x = c itself. Suppose also that
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 19 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 20 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
Theorem
If f (x) ≤ g (x) for all x in some open interval containing c, except possibly
at x = c itself, and the limits of f and g both exist as x approaches c, then
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 21 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
ex: p.31 #2
ex: p.32 #10
ex: p.32 #14
ex: p.32 #20
ex: p.32 #32
ex: p.32 #42
ex: p.33 #56
ex: p.33 #66a
ex: p.33 #73
ex: p.34 #75
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 22 / 33
Section 1.4 – Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
”Toolbox” Summary – When computing lim f (x):
x→c
first try plugging c in for x
simplify f (x) by canceling common factors, then take the limit
multiply numerator and denominator of f (x) by the ”conjugate”,
simplify f (x), then take the limit
when all else fails, make a table of values letting x get closer and
closer to c (from both sides) and see if you can determine if f (x) is
approaching a real number L
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.4 23 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = L means f (x) → L as x → c from both sides of c
x→c
thus, when we say lim f (x) = L, we mean a two-sided limit
x→c
a function that fails to have a two-sided limit at c may still have
one-sided limits at c
right-hand limit: lim+ f (x) = L if x ∈ (c, b) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c
left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if x ∈ (a, c) and f (x) → L as x → c
x→c −
all laws/properties/rules/theorems from Section 1.4 hold for one-sided
limits
let’s revisit the graphs depicting functions that failed to have a limit
as x → 0
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 24 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) =
x→0−
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) =
x→0+
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 0
x→0−
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 25 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
One-sided limits are related to (two-sided) limits in the following way:
Theorem
A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches c if and only if it has left-hand
and right-hand limits there and these one-sided limits are equal:
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 26 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
One-sided limits are related to (two-sided) limits in the following way:
Theorem
A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches c if and only if it has left-hand
and right-hand limits there and these one-sided limits are equal:
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 26 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Theorem
sin θ
lim =1 (θin radians)
θ→0 θ
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 27 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
To prove the theorem we are going to show that both the left-hand
and right-hand limits are equal to 1.
We’ll employ concepts from algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, as
well as calculus, in the proof.
Recall:
1
I area of a triangle = bh
2
I area of a circle = πr 2
I radians in a circle = 2π
θ 1
I area of a sector = · πr 2 = r 2 θ
2π 2
opposite
I tan θ =
adjacent
x
I measured in radians, sin θ =
r
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 28 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Notes:
the circle is a unit circle
π
0<θ<
2
1
area ∆OAP = sin θ
2
1
area sector OAP = θ
2
1
area ∆OAT = tan θ
2
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 29 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
Proof.
area ∆OAP < area sector OAP < area ∆OAT
1
2 sin θ < 12 θ < 1
2 tan θ
1
divide each term by 2 sin θ (a positive #, so inequality signs unchanged)
θ 1
1< sin θ < cos θ
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 30 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.6 – One-Sided Limits
ex: p.48 #6
ex: p.48 #8
ex: p.48 #12
ex: p.48 #16
ex: p.48 #22
ex: p.48 #32
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.6 31 / 33
Section 1.7 – Continuity
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.7 32 / 33
Section 1.8 – Limits Involving Infinity
Ken Keating (Kennesaw State University) Math 1190 – Calculus I Section 1.8 33 / 33