Company Profile:

Oriental structural engineers Pvt Ltd (O.S.E.) is a part of the Delhi-based

industrial group, Bakshi Enterprises established in 1971.
The other group companies include L.P casting engaged in manufacture of
aluminium castings for automotive industry; Continental Engines engaged in
internal and external machining of intricate cylinder heads for indigenous &
imported cars,and Sweta Estates engaged in real estate development. Oriental
structural engineers is engaged in infrastructure development, specializing in
runways and highways.
Area of operation: Oriental structural engineers undertakes construction of rigid
and flexible pavements for roads,highways and airfields and also executes
construction of bridges and flyovers.
In march 2008, the company successfully commissioned KONDHALI-
TALEGAON project on NH-6 in Maharashtra for NHAI at a cost of 3180mn on
BOT basis.
IN 2007, REWA bypass project on BOT basis was commissioned for ministry of
shipping, Road transport and Highway.
Major projects:
 Bagged three BOT projects under NHDP from National Highway Authority
of India valued at Rs11,000mn.
 Bagged a project under NHDP from Reliance Energy worth Rs.3920mn.
 Received an order of four- laning of National Highway project in Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh worth Rs. 2,660mn.
 Bagged the Tamil Nadu Highway project valued at Rs. 2,039mn.
 Training outline:
1. Site tours
2. Office work
3. Drawing study

Practical training
 Site Work:
I am learn about a civil engineer duties and responsibilities in the
training period. I am appoint as only a Diploma training student at
site to see, how a civil engineers play a vital role in bridge
construction work.
Bridge Construction Work
Bridge constructions work done in five steps:
1. The foundations
2. Construction of supports
3. Assembly and launching of the superstructure
4. Pouring the slab
5. Finishes

Foundation:
The foundation have the function of distributing various loads of the
bridge (mass, weight, overload, forces,…) in an efficient manner and
that according to the nature of the ground hosting the structure.
Indeed, the characteristic of the environment will guide the technical
decisios and the process to be put in place.
The foundation can be two type:
 A. The superficial foundation: These foundations are preffered for
bridges whose level is close to that of the ground because in this
case structures are subject to reduced constraints compared to
the wind and their gravity. It is also essential that the rocks
receiving the structure are sound, undercomposed and not
heavily cracked.
B. Deep foundation: This type of foundation is more suitable when
the bridge begins to gain height. In this case it happens regularly
that the soil reveals a layer more resistant in depth. During the
construction, three types of foundation:
a.) The so called “good” soil, when it is possible to lay the
foundations directly on a stable ground is called flat foundation.
b.) The so called “bad the good” soil requires to lay four piles in
the unstable ground until they reach the consistent ground.
c.)The soil is “unstable”, when the ground does not offer good soil,
there is no choice but to install many piles that will give good
resistance even in case of significant compression.
When there is no resistance at depth it is still necessary to find a
solution to exert effective support on the surface using so called
“floating piles”.

Construction of supports:
Whatever the number of supports (abutments and piles) necessary for
the construction of the bridge, they will all be mounted simultaneously
on both sides of the shores. Usually made of concrete, these supports
are either cast in place, or prefabricated in a factory and then
assembled on site.
 Piles And Pile Cap:-
Pile foundation is the most commonly used foundation system for bridges. Pile is
a slender compression member driven into or formed in the ground to resist
loads. A reinforced concrete mass cast around the head of a group of piles to
ensure they act together and distribute the load among them. The head made
over the piles is known as pile cap.

The piles used in deep foundation of Yamuna Bridge are the friction piles.

Type of pile = Friction Pile

Diameter of piles = 1200 mm

Length of piles = 40-48 M

No. of piles in one Pier = 12

Total no. of piles in all pier =

PILES
Steel Quantity =

Concrete Quantity =
Dimension Of Pile Cap =

Steel Quantity =

Concrete Quantity =

Pier:-
Pier is that part of a part of the substructure which supports the superstructure
at the end of the span and which transfers loads on the superstructure to the
foundations. Depending on aesthetics, site, space and economic constraints
various shapes of piers are adopted to suit to the requirement. Mostly
Reinforced Concrete or Prestressed concrete are adopted for the construction of
piers.

Height of pier =

Radius of pier =

Steel Quantity =

Concrete quantity =
 Pier Cap/ Headstock:-
Pier cap is a rectangular platform which is constructed over the piers. It is also
known as Head stock.
Pier cap is the component which transfers loads from the superstructure to the
piers.

Pier cap/ Headstock provides a sufficient seating space for the girders and for
other works as stressing, grouting, etc.

Bearing:-
Bearings are just used to transferring or transmitting the different loads (dead
load and live load) such as load of girders,slabs,vehicals ,etc to the pier caps.
Bearnigs can take the horizontal loads as well as vertical loads .Bearing is a
component which supports part of the bridge and which transmits forces from
that part to another part of the structure while permitting angular and linear
movement between parts.

Types Of Bearing Used In Yamuna Bridge:- In Yamuna Bridge

Structure We use three different types of bearings which are known as
*Pin Bearing or Fixed Bearing
*Free Bearing or Sliding Bearing

*Pin Bearing or Fixed Bearing:- Pin bearing is an expension bearing

composed of surface at bottom, which accommodate translational movement
and a pin at top make room for rotation movement. Pin bearing works at as a
fixed bearing. It has similar structure and component like rocker bearing which is
flat and fixed to concrete pier.
Free Bearing:- Free bearing is also known as sliding bearing. It consist of
two metal plate commonly stainless steel plate, that slide relative to each other
and hence makes a room for translational movement and lubricating material
between them. A friction force is generated in Free bearing and it is imposed on
sub structure, supers structure and sliding bearing itself. So it may required to
provide lubricant such as polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) to decline generated
friction.
 Girder Bridge:
A girder bridge, in general, is a bridge that uses girders as the means of
supporting the deck.[1] A bridge consists of three parts: the foundation
(abutments and piers), the superstructure (girder, truss, or arch), and the deck.
A girder bridge is very likely the most commonly built and utilized bridge in the
world. Its basic design, in the most simplified form, can be compared to a log
ranging from one side to the other across a river or creek. In modern girder steel
bridges, the two most common shapes are plate girders and box-girders. The
term "girder" is often used interchangeably with "beam" in reference to bridge
design.
A beam may be made of concrete or steel. Many shorter bridges, especially in
rural areas where they may be exposed to water overtopping and corrosion,
utilize concrete box beams. The term "girder" is typically used to refer to a steel
beam. In a beam or girder bridge, the beams themselves are the primary
support for the deck, and are responsible for transferring the load down to the
foundation. Material type, shape, and weight all affect how much weight a beam
can hold. Due to the properties of inertia, the height of a girder is the most
significant factor to affect its load capacity. Longer spans, more traffic, or wider
spacing of the beams will all directly result in a deeper beam. In truss and arch-
style bridges, the girders are still the main support for the deck, but the load is
transferred through the truss or arch to the foundation. These designs allow
bridges to span larger distances without requiring the depth of the beam to
increase beyond what is practical. However, with the inclusion of a truss or arch
the bridge is no longer a true girder bridge.

 A rolled steel girder is a girder that has been fabricated by rolling a blank
cylinder of steel through a series of dies to create the desired shape. These
create standardized I-beam and wide flange beam shapes up to 100 feet in
length.

 A plate girder is a girder that has been fabricated by welding plates

together to create the desired shape. The fabricator receives large plates
of steel in the desired thickness, then cuts the flanges and web from the
plate in the desired length and shape. Plate girders can have a greater
height than rolled steel girders and are not limited to standardized shapes..
 Plate girder can be used for spans between 10 metres and more than 100
metres (33 feet to more than 330 feet).

 A box girder or "tub girder" is, as the name suggests, a box shape. They
consist of two vertical webs, short top flanges on top of each web, and a wide
bottom flange connecting the webs together. A box girder is particularly
resistant to torsion and, while expensive, are utilized in situations where a
standard girder might succumb to torsion or toppling effects.

Definition of Prestress:
Prestress is defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the
stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam
tension developed due to external load which is more than the permissible
limits of the plain concrete. The precompression applied (may be axial or
eccentric) will induce the compressive stress below the neutral axis or as a
whole of the beam c/s. Resulting either no tension or compression.

Basic Concept Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal

stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the
stresses resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
Terminology

1. Tendon: A stretched element used in a concrete member of structure to

impart prestress to the concrete.

2. Anchorage: A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and

maintain prestress in concrete.

3. Pretensioning: A method of prestressing concrete in which the tendons are

tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the concrete is
introduced by bond between steel & concrete.

4. Post-tensioning: A method of prestressing concrete by tensioning the

tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to
concrete by bearing.
Materials for prestress concrete members:

1. Cement: The cement used should be any of the following

(a) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS269

(b) Portland slag cement conforming to IS455. But the slag content should not
be more than 50%.

(c) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS8041.

(d) High strength ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS8112.

2. Concrete: Prestress concrete requires concrete, which has a high compressive

strength reasonably early age with comparatively higher tensile strength than
ordinary concrete. The concrete for the members shall be air-entrained concrete
composed of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates, admixtures and
water. The air-entraining feature may be obtained by the use of either air-
entraining Portland cement or an approved air-entraining admixture. The
entrained air content shall be not less than 4 percent or more than 6 percent.
Minimum cement content of 300 to 360 kg/m3 is prescribed for the durability
requirement. The water content should be as low as possible.

3. Steel:- High tensile steel , tendons , strands or cables The steel used in
prestress shall be any one of the following:-

(a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire conforming to IS1785 (Part-I & Part-III)

(b) Cold drawn indented wire conforming to IS6003

(c) High tensile steel wire bar conforming to IS2090 (d) Uncoated stress relived
strand conforming to IS6006 High strength steel contains: 0.7 to 0.8% carbons,
0.6% manganese, 0.1% silica Durability, Fire Resistance & Cover Requirements
For P.S.C Members:- According to IS: 1343-1980 20 mm cover for pretensioned
members 30 mm or size of the cable which ever is bigger for post tensioned
members. If the prestress members are exposed to an aggressive environment,
these covers are increased by another 10 mm. Necessity of high grade of
concrete & steel: Higher the grade of concrete higher the bond strength which is
vital in pretensioned concrete, Also higher bearing strength which is vital in
post-tensioned concrete. Further creep & shrinkage losses are minimum with
high-grade concrete.

Generally minimum M30 grade concrete is used for post-tensioned & M40 grade
concrete is used for pretensioned members. The losses in prestress members
due to various reasons are generally in the range of 250 N/mm2 to 400 N/mm2 .
If mild steel or deformed steel is used the residual stresses after losses is either
zero or negligible. Hence high tensile steel wires are used which varies from
1600 to 2000 N/mm2 .

Advantage of Prestressed Concrete

1. The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in
lighter and slender members than is possible with RC members.

2. In fully prestressed members the member is free from tensile stresses under
working loads, thus whole of the section is effective.

3. In prestressed members, dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric

prestressing.

4. Prestressed concrete member posses better resistance to shear forces due to

effect of compressive stresses presence or eccentric cable profile.

5. Use of high strength concrete and freedom from cracks, contribute to

improve durability under aggressive environmental conditions.

6. Long span structures are possible so that saving in weight is significant & thus
it will be economic.

7. Factory products are possible.

8. Prestressed members are tested before use.

9. Prestressed concrete structure deflects appreciably before ultimate failure,
thus giving ample warning before collapse.

10. Fatigue strength is better due to small variations in prestressing steel,

recommended to dynamically loaded structures.

Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete

1. The availability of experienced builders is scanty.

2. Initial equipment cost is very high.

3. Availability of experienced engineers is scanty.

4. Prestressed sections are brittle

5. Prestressed concrete sections are less fire resistant..

The various methods by which pre-compression are imparted to

concrete are classified as follows:
1. Generation of compressive force between the structural elements and its
abutments using flat jack.

2. Development of hoop compression in cylindrically shaped structures by

circumferential wire binding.

3. Use of longitudinally tensioned steel embedded in concrete or housed in

ducts.

4. Use of principle of distortion of a statically indeterminate structure either by

displacement or by rotation of one part relative to the remainder.

5. Use of deflected structural steel sections embedded in concrete until the

hardening of the latter.

6. Development of limited tension in steel and compression in concrete by using

expanding cements. The most widely used method for prestressing of structural
concrete elements is longitudinal tensioning of steel by different tensioning
devices. Prestressing by the application of direct forces between abutments is
generally used for arches and pavements, while flat jacks are invariably used to
impart the desired forces.
Tensioning Devices The various types devices used for tensioning steel are
grouped under four principal categories, viz.

1. Mechanical devices: The mechanical devices generally used include weights

with or without lever transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with
pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear devices and wire-winding
machines. These devices are employed mainly for prestressing structural
concrete components produced on a mass scale in factory.

2. Hydraulic devices: These are simplest means for producing large prestressing
force, extensively used as tensioning devicesd

3. Electrical devices: The wires are electrically heated and anchored before
placing concrete in the mould. This method is often referred to as thermo-
prestressing and used for tensioning of steel wires and deformed bars.

4. Chemical devices: Expanding cements are used and the degree of expansion
is controlled by varying the curing condition. Since the expansive action of
cement 90 while setting is restrained, it induces tensile forces in tendons and
compressive stresses in concrete.
Grouting:
The purpose of grouting is to provide permanent protection to the post-
tensioned steel against corrosion and to develop bond between the Prestressing
cables and the surrounding structural concrete. Grouting shall be carried out as
early as possible, but generally not later than two weeks of stressing. Whenever
this stipulation cannot be completed with for unavoidable reasons adequate
temporary protection of the cables against corrosion by methods or products,
which will not impair the ultimate adherence of the injected grout shall be
ensured till grouting.

Material 
1. Water : Only Clean potable water free from impurities shall be used.
2. Cement : Ordinary port land cement 43Grade shall be used. It should be as
fresh as possible and free from any lumps. 3. Admixture : Non-
shrink powder compound. (Intra Plast N-200 of Sika Brand).

Equipments
1. Grout Mixer Mechanical type

2.Grout Pump J-600

 3. Grout Screen
4. Connection and air vents
5. Generator

6. Thermometer, Stopwatch etc.

Concrete Boom Placer:-

It is known as a boom concrete pump because it uses a remote controlled
articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place the concorete accurately. Boom
pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable
of pumping at very high volumes and because of labour saving nature of the
placing boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to line-concrete pumps.
 CONCRET BOOM PLACER

Hopper:-
A hopper is a large pyramidal, shaped container used in industrial process to
hold particulate matter that has been collected from expelled air. Hoppers are
usually installed in a groups to allow a greater collection quantity
Hoppers are generally used to pour concorete in a less amount or in other words
it used to concreting for a small amount. It is also known as concrete pouring
bucket.
These are made up of iron and steel.

Welding Machine:-
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural that joins materials, usually metals, by
causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining
techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In
addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint
to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that
is usually stronger than the base material. Filler material is used in the form of
welding rods.

Transit Mixer:-
Transit mixture are used to transport ready mixed concrete to site and hoist and
pumping machine are used to transport concrete to upper floors and where
transit mixture can’t reach easily. Wheel borrows and dumpers are used for
handling small quantity of concrete and tower short distances. Transit mixer is
also known as Miller or TM in short. The capacity of a TM is 6 m3 and also have a
extra tank water holding of 500 litres capacity.

The interior of the transit drum is fitted with spiral blade. These spiral blade are
able to move in two directions. During clockwise movement drum is charged
with concrete and in counterclockwise direction movement concrete is
discharged out from the transit drum.

Bar Cutting Machine:-

It is a type of mechanically treated or operated instrument which is used to
cutting the steel reinforcement bars. It is also known as grinder machine.
 Bar Bending Machine:-
Bar Bending Machine is generally used to bend the steel bars at any angles. This
is an electric machine which can rotate or bend the bars in 360 0.

D.G. Set:-
A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric
generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy. This is a specific
case of engine-generator. A diesel compression-ignition engine often is designed
to run on fuel oil, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural
gas.

Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to a power grid, or
as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex
applications such as peak-lopping, grid support and export to the power grid.
 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
First Aid & Medical Facilities:- First Aid and Medical Facilities
shall be provided to meet emergencies both at work spot and labour colonies.
Periodical medical checkup will be made to take care of the health of all the
employees and labour. Nearest competent medical consultants cotacts details
will be made available at respective site and camp locations for emergency
purpose. Similarly, fire prevention arrangements including portable fire
extinguishers will be made available at site and camps.

Quality Control Plan:- The project has specific Field Quality Plan. This
document shall be prepared in accordance with project/ contract specification,
relevant IS/IRC codes, RDSO Drawing and our company management system
guidelines. The objective of quality plan is to ensure that conformity of each
component of the works with the whole is in accordance with the documents
comprising the contract and is to the satisfaction of client. Document created as
a part of the quality control process and record documents, retained for a
specific period of time, readily accessible available for the Engineer’s perusal at
any time.

Routine test as required by approved FQP, shall be conducted at the

eastablished quality control Laboratories, Qualified QMD Engineer will take care
of all these activities. For nonstandard items third party testing or Manufactur’s
test certificates shall be accepted as per FQP. Wherever required third party
quality certificates shall be arranged as per approved FQP.
Safety Control Plan:- Zero tolerance on SAFTY shall be implemented. It is
the responsibility of TPL to safeguard the health and safety of its employees,
together with others who may be associated with the works, and public at large.

The project safety plan is supported by established safety procedures, which are
implemented by all the staff and enforced by safety officers with authority
appropriate to the position.

Detailed job specific safety plan for major activities shall be prepared which
include risk assessment, evaluation and necessary actions. Identified action are
taken together with the party responsible for the action.

After concreting overflow concrete will be chipped out. Waste concrete shall be
disposed on the lying area.
 Conclusion:
1. The training is an important course because it closes the gap between the
scientific study and practical study.
2. Learning you how to deal with other.
3. Finding that team work is the most important element in every successful
project.
4. Learned you that the civil engineer is capable of a lot of work such as
supervision, implementation, the calculation of quantities and design
engineering apperentice engineer and in the future can work as consultant
and contractor.
5. Learning you how to control & manage the site and how behaves when
their problems by take a professional decision.
6. Plans must be clear and easy to read for those who used.
7. Successful engineer will find the economic design and the project is
implemented less time.
8. The site engineer responsibility to make sure that everything is right on
schedule and every member is doing on the right way.