Glass Container Defects: Causes & Remedies

Glass container defects
Causes & remedies

Table of Contents
Table of contents...............................................................ii Stones.............................................................................. 58
The examination of a container.......................................1 Tear under Finish............................................................ 60
The various parts of a container......................................2 Unfilled Finish................................................................. 62
Types of containers...........................................................6
How to read a container...................................................7
Section 2 Neck Defects 67
Bent Necks...................................................................... 68
Forming processes............................................................8
Choked Neck or Bore...................................................... 72
Main types of sealing systems.........................................9
Danny Neck or Tear on Neck.......................................... 76
Suggestions for remedying container defects............ 10
Dirty Neck....................................................................... 78
Definition of terms used............................................... 11
Hollow Finish or Neck.................................................... 80
Section 1 Finish Defects 13 Long Neck........................................................................ 82
Bent or Crooked Finish................................................... 14 Pinched Neck.................................................................. 84
Blisters (also Sidewall and Base)................................... 16 Seam on Neck Ring Parting Line................................... 86
Broken Finish.................................................................. 18 Stuck Glass Particles (also Sidewall and Base)............ 88
Bulged Finish.................................................................. 20
Checked Finish or Finish Tear........................................ 22
Section 3 Shoulder Defects 93
Shoulder Checks or Tears............................................... 94
Checks under Finish....................................................... 26
Sunken Shoulders........................................................... 98
Chipped Finish................................................................ 32
Thin Shoulders.............................................................. 102
Corkage Check or Tear.................................................... 36
Crizzled Finish................................................................. 38 Section 4 Sidewall and Body Defects 105
Dirty or Rough Finish..................................................... 40 Bird Cage or Bird Swing................................................ 106
Neck Ring Seam.............................................................. 42 Black Spots (also Base)................................................. 110
Offset Finish.................................................................... 44 Blank and Blow Mold Seam......................................... 114
Out-of-Round and Off-Gauge Finishes........................ 46 Bruise Checks................................................................ 118
Overpress or Wire Edge.................................................. 48 Brush Marks.................................................................. 122
Seeds (also Sidewall and Base)...................................... 50 Bulged Sides.................................................................. 124
Split Finish (also Sidewall and Base)............................. 52 Cold Molds.................................................................... 126
ii iii
Dirty Ware (also Base).................................................. 128 Section 6 Other Defects 183
Drag Marks.................................................................... 130 Broken Ware.................................................................. 184
Hot or Panel Checks..................................................... 132 Cords.............................................................................. 186
Lap Marks or Wrinkles.................................................. 134 Out-Of-Shape Ware or Leaner..................................... 188
Letter Checks................................................................ 136 Stuck Ware.................................................................... 190
Loading Marks.............................................................. 138 Uneven or Bad Distribution........................................ 192
Oil Marks (also Base).................................................... 140
Pressure Checks............................................................ 142 Alphabetical index of defects 194
Spikes............................................................................. 144
Stringy Glass................................................................. 146
Sunken Sides................................................................. 148
Thin Ware...................................................................... 150
Wash Boards................................................................. 154
Section 5 Base and Bottom Defects 159

Baffle Marks.................................................................. 160
Base Leaner or Rocker Bottom.................................... 162
Base Spikes.................................................................... 164
Bottom or Base Check.................................................. 166
Flanged Bottom............................................................ 170
Shear Marks.................................................................. 172
Swung Baffle................................................................. 174
Thick or Heavy Bottom................................................ 176
Thin Bottom.................................................................. 178
Wedge or Slug Bottom or Heel Tap............................. 180
iv v
The examination of a container
A good container is a container that will go through
the customer’s filling line without causing any
difficulty and will carry his product to the consumer.
Therefore, it is essential that before a container is
released for sale from the glass plant, it successfully
passes an inspection with standards set to meet
the customer’s needs.
There are approximately one hundred defects which
can develop in the container during the production
process, some beyond the control of the operator, for
example stones; but by far the largest number occur
either in the feeder or machine operation.
It Is important that all production personnel learn to
recognize the defects and understand what remedies
to use in order to eliminate them.
When a glass container fails on the customer’s filling
line because of a manufacturing defect, the reputation
of glass suffers, which results in a loss of customer
goodwill.
Remedies offered hopefully give you a basic
understanding of defects and their causes. In some
instances, several remedies may be needed to correct
the causes.
vi 1
The various parts of a container
Finish This is the top of the container above the neck
ring parting line.
It includes:
• Sealing surface
• Bore
Bore
• Bead or collar (ring)
The sealing device is in the finish (see next section),
Finish also the bore or mouth for filling and emptying.
Bead or Collar (Ring)
Neck Base of neck The bead or collar is used to assist In transferring the
parison into the blow mold.
Shoulder
Neck The part which extends from the parting
line to the curve at the base of the neck.
Upper Contact Shoulder This extends from the base of the neck to
the straight part of the body.
Body The main part of the container which holds the
Body product.
Bottom The part of the container on which it stands
when upright.
Insweep (Heel) The curve between body and bottom
Lower which helps to improve glass distribution and thus
Contact Point strength.
Push Up Insweep (Heel)
Bottom Push-Up The center of the bottom which is raised
up to provide a flat surface on the outer edge of the
bottom and thus provide a firm seating.
2 3
The various parts of a container (cont’d)
When producing a glass container, various mold
equipment items are used: blank mold, baffle, plunger,
neck ring, blow mold and bottom plate. Where these
items join, seams are produced in the container. If
the seams do not meet the standard specified, the
container is rejected. It is, therefore, essential that all
Bore mold equipment be examined in the mold shop and
again in the production department. It must be stored
correctly and handled with care at all times.
Finish
Bead or Collar (Ring) Neck ring parting line Where the NECK RING
Neck Base of neck neck ring and the blank mold join,
PARTING LINE
there is a seam. BLANK

Shoulder SEAM
Blank seam The blank mold is
in two parts. It closes around the MOLD
SEAM
Upper Contact neck ring and then receives the VERTICAL
hot gob of glass. Where the two
halves of the blank mold join,
there is a seam that may appear BOTTOM
PLATE
Body as a wavy line on the container. PARTING
LINE
Baffle mark The baffle sits on top of the blank when
counterblow takes place to form the parison. If there
is a bad match between blank mold and baffle, then
a baffle mark or seam may be seen in the container
Lower bottom.
Contact Point
Push Up Insweep (Heel) Mold seam The blow mold action is the same as the
Bottom blank except that it closes around the bottom plate.
Where the two halves join, there is a mold seam, which
runs vertically on the whole length of the container.
Bottom plate parting line Where the blow mold and
bottom plate join there is a seam.
4 5
Types of containers How to read a container
To identify defects in a container, it is useful to know Punt marks are used by glass manufacturers to identify
the various types and parts. their containers. You can learn about containers by
reading these punt marks.
Note: the illustrations below are representative of
a small sample of containers. Bucher Emhart Glass The term, punt mark, originated in the days of hand
machines make and inspect a complete range of glass processing when the bottom (or punt) of a bottle was
containers. held by a metal rod while the operator completed the
bottle making process.
Bottle narrow neck Jar wide mouth

1
3
2
1 Cavity Identification The bumps on the heel and/or

rings on the bottom enable inspection equipment
Round Non-round
to read the bottle information
2 Manufacturer’s mark
3 Additional information may include plant

identification, year manufactured, mold number,
container capacity and fill level
6 7
Forming processes Main types of sealing systems
The finish is one of the most vital parts of the
Blow and blow
container. It must be free of all serious defects to
guarantee complete sealing on the filling line. Some
defects, such as crizzles on the top sealing surface,
may cause a container to leak slowly; which will only
be discovered when opened and the contents found to
be stale or to have spoiled.
Blank side Blow side 1. Top Sealing
Crown Cork - The sealing surface is
on the top of the finish and used for
Wide mouth press and blow narrow neck containers being filled
under pressure.
Thread or Lug - The sealing surface
on the top of the finish is closed
by a screw type cap. Used for wide
mouth jars and narrow neck bottles.
Blank side Blow side 2. Side Sealing

The sealing surface Is on the side
of the finish and the cap is pressed
on to seal the contents. It is used
Narrow neck press and blow for wide mouth jars in the food
industry.
3. Cork Sealing
The seal is made on the inside of the
finish. It is used with narrow neck
bottles.
Blank side Blow side
8 9
Suggestions for remedying container defects Definition of terms used
It is essential that the machine operator be able to Incorrect Too high or too low
identify defects quickly and accurately, and to know how Too much or too little
to remedy them. In this handbook all the major defects Too long or too short
have been listed with an accurate description and sketch
indicating the appearance of the defect and the position Blank Blank mold
in the container where it is most commonly found.
On the left page, the causes of the defect have been Mold Blow mold
listed and in a corresponding position on the right hand
page are the remedies. Parison The shape of the hot glass as it
comes from the blank mold
The operator should frequently examine the containers
passing along the conveyor from machine to stacker.
Approximately once every 20 minutes, but depending on
production speed, one container from each mold should Alphabetical listing within sections-
be set out and allowed to cool so it can be handled and Causes and remedies:
thus examined more closely for defects.
A. Feeder
Before correcting a defect, always consider:
B. Machine setup and operation
1. How many of the particular defects are rejects? C. Mold equipment
2. If corrected, what other types of defects may be D. Conveyor
produced as a result of the adjustment made? E. Stacking equipment
3. Only make adjustments when certain it will produce a F. Inspection equipment
better container. For example: G. Lehr equipment
If a few checks were appearing in the finish, do not H. Vertiflow
immediately reduce settle blow pressure or time, if it
is known that the finish or bore will then be outside
specification.
10 11
Section 1 Finish Defects
12 Section 1 Finish Defects 13

Bent or Crooked Finish
Definition
A finish which has a bent or
crooked appearance.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass is too hot •• Adjust gob temperature
B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation
1. Finish equipment is running too hot •• Use finish cooling nozzle
2. Neck ring closing too soon on invert •• Adjust neck ring closing
3. Blowhead not set correctly •• Adjust blowhead setting
4. Blowhead equalizing holes blocked •• Change blowheads
5. Neck ring pulling to one side •• Change neck ring and when possible check the neck
6. Take out tongs not set properly or not in line ring mechanism setting
7. Machine speed too high •• Adjust take out tong setting over mold
8. Insufficient cooling of mold equipment •• Reduce the machine speed
9. Badly cushioned invert action •• Increase the cooling wind to the molds
10. Take out action too fast and badly cushioned •• Cushion invert action
11. Missing neck ring holder springs •• Slow down take out operation
12. Check for missing NR holder springs
C. Mold equipment C. Mold equipment
1. Blow mold neck diameter too large so that the •• Check dimensions in accordance with mold design
parison cannot settle properly in blow mold •• Depth of blowhead to be in accordance with mold
2. Blow mold neck diameter too small, causing the design book
parison to be held up and allowing distortion by •• Ensure finish dimensions are concentric with
the blowhead outside dimensions
3. Blowhead too deep
4. Neck ring incorrectly manufactured - finish and
outside dimensions not concentric
14 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 15

Blisters
Definition
Large bubbles in the glass.
May appear on the finish,
sidewall, or base.
Causes Remedies
1. Furnace glass level is too low
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Foreign matter or contamination in the forehearth •• Drain the forehearth channel
channel •• Increase the fire in the spout
2. Cold glass on the feeder plunger or channel walls •• Raise or lower plunger height and correct gob
3. Not enough heat around the plunger weight and shape (may need to change orifice ring)
4. Plunger too low or too high over the orifice ring •• Centralize the plunger
5. Plunger rubbing on the sides of the orifice ring •• Lower the shear height
6. Shears cutting too close to the plunger •• Change orifice ring to a smaller one
7. Orifice ring too large for the gob weight •• Change the feeder plunger
8. Point of the plunger is worn
1. Hot blanks and plungers •• Increase blank cooling and plunger cooling

Broken Finish
Definition
A finish which has cracks or actual
pieces of glass broken out of it.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold • Adjust the glass temperature
1. Plunger contact time too long •• Shorten plunger contact time
2. Finish equipment running too cold •• Use a smaller neck ring
3. Incorrect adjustment of plunger mechanism height •• Adjust plunger mechanism height
(too low - too high) •• Adjust mold to close earlier
4. Mold is closing too late •• Improve cushioning of transfer on blow mold side
5. Bad end of stroke cushioning of invert mechanism •• Realign take out tongs
on blow mold side •• Lower take out tongs
6. Take out tongs are out of line •• Slow down the action of take out tongs
7. Take out tongs are set too high •• Realign blowhead and cooling tube
8. Take out tongs are closing too hard •• Reduce speed of neck ring opening
9. Blowhead or internal cooling nozzle out of line
10. Neck ring is opening too fast
1. Bad match between blank and ring •• Check the blank mold and neck ring match with the
mold gauge
E. Stacking equipment E. Stacking equipment
1. Careless handling of cold ware •• Check the setting and operation of push bar and
tong heads on the stacker
F. Inspection equipment F. Inspection equipment
1. Faulty gauging heads •• Change the gauging heads
2. Incorrectly set gauging heads •• Reset the gauging heads
Bulged Finish
Definition
A finish which is bulged out of
shape, either by blowing or
mechanical action.
Note: It may prevent good

capping of the container, which
will spoil the product.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot • Adjust gob temperature
2. Incorrect gob shape • Reshape the gob
1. Finish is not set hard enough, caused by •• Increase settle blow time and swab the blank
insufficient time and/or pressure of settle blow, or •• Increase the plunger contact time
a dry blank, reducing the contact between glass •• Use the neck ring cooling nozzle
and finish mold equipment •• Use a smaller final blow tube and/or a larger
2. Plunger contact time is too short exhaust hole
3. Neck ring is too hot •• Realign the blowhead over the mold
4. Internal cooling tube too large, or too small •• Increase the counterblow
exhaust hole
5. Blowhead out of alignment
6. Not enough counterblow
1. Blowhead is too shallow, causing contact •• Increase the depth of blowhead
2. Equalizing holes blocked in blowhead •• Clear vent holes in blowhead
3. Neck of mold too small for parison, causing contact •• Check neck of mold for correct size
between blowhead and finish

Checked Finish or Finish Tear
Definition
A finish which has a light surface
crack in the threads or in the
middle of the finish.
Detection
A check can usually be seen by
turning the bottle in order to
catch the reflection of the light.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Adjust gob temperature
2. Bad shear mark •• Change shears
3. Gob too pointed •• Adjust gob shape

1. Neck ring set too low; rubbing on the top of the •• Set neck ring arms to neck ring setting gauge
mold causing the ring to be lifted in the neck ring •• Check invert mechanism with neck ring mechanism
arm aligning fixture
2. Neck ring arms not set at the same height causing •• Change the neck ring arms
a strain when the blank opens •• Reduce settle blow time and/or pressure
3. Neck ring arm not square •• Reduce plunger cooling time and/or pressure
4. Too much settle blow, pressure and/or time of •• Check cushioning of invert mechanism
application •• Reduce cooling wind
5. Neck ring or plunger too cold •• Fit drip pan to deflector
6. Improper invert mechanism end of stroke •• Reduce oil spray
cushioning •• Adjust neck ring opening
(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

Checked Finish or Finish Tear (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
7. Too much cooling wind from finish cooling nozzle, •• Adjust height of plunger mechanism
mainly on press and blow •• Adjust the speed of baffle mechanism
8. Too much oil and water running down from •• Change blank mold
deflector into the neck ring •• Reduce the vacuum time
9. Too much oil spray
10. Neck ring not releasing properly (too dry or opening
too fast or too slow)
11. Incorrect height adjustment of plunger
mechanism
12. Baffle down too hard causing additional deflection
of mold holder
13. Interlock between blank and ring dirty, causing
neck to open when blank opens
14. Too long vacuum time, resulting in cooling the
finish mold equipment
1. Neck ring radius too sharp, thread not relieved •• Relieve threads in neck ring
2. Neck ring cavity not polished •• Polish neck ring cavity
3. lmproper fittlng between blank and ring •• Check against mold gauges
4. No relief at blank and neck ring match •• Proper relief of blank and neck ring
5. Neck ring size too large •• Use a smaller neck ring mold

Checks under Finish
Definition
Surface cracks which
occur on or near the
parting line between
the neck and the finish.
Detection
It can usually be detected by turning the container and
catching the light as it is reflected.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob temperature incorrect •• Check setting of gob temperature. Adjust if
necessary.
1. Mold closes too soon or too fast •• Adjust mold closing action
2. Mold holders are badly worn •• Check mold holder for dimensions according to
3. Neck ring holders bent repair data
4. Neck ring arms not square •• Check neck ring holders to repair drawing
5. Take out tongs close too fast dimensions
6. Take out tongs are wet with oil •• Check Invert mechanism with neck ring aligning
7. Take out tongs are out of line fixture
8. Parison Is not setting down In mold so that •• Retard closing of take out tongs
blowhead pushes finish downward •• Take out tongs should be checked to remove any oil

Checks under Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
9. Worn blank linkage causes one side of blank to go •• Take out tongs should be checked for alignment
past the center, setting up a strain as blank opens •• Mold neck to be checked for correct size and shape
10. Neck ring holders set too low on blow mold •• Mold opening and closing linkage should be
causing strain on neck ring during blank opens renewed
11. Neck ring opening too fast •• Check neck ring, adjust using neck ring setting
12. Plunger mechanism too high or too low. If plunger gauge If necessary
is too high, it pushes up the neck ring and causes •• Adjust neck ring opening for smoother action
it to slide against the blank when opening. If too •• Check for relief on mold shoulder radius
low, the blank will lift the neck ring when closing or •• Adjust the setting of the bottom plate mechanism
opening. for correct height
13. Bottom plate too high or too low •• Reduce the cooling wind on the molds and check
14. Too much cooling wind on the nozzles the cooling wind setup
15. Poor and Irregular mold swabbing •• Swab regularly with a clean and dry swab of correct
16. Offset mold In top plate shape
17. Invert to slow-transfer on the fly
18. Invert bouncing over mold
19. Blowhead exhaust, too much finish cooling down
before takeover picks up
20. Check deflection bracket on mold side
1. Neck diameter of blank Is larger than neck diameter •• Ensure neck diameter of mold Is larger than neck
of mold diameter of blank
2. Take out tongs are faulty, wrong design or material •• Ensure take out tongs have correct clearance
3. Take out tong diameter too small •• Relieve take out tongs
4. Take out tongs are not relieved correctly •• Use new neck ring
5. Neck ring worn on the parting line

Checks under Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
6. Shoulder radius too sharp (high shoulder bottles) •• Check for relief on mold shoulder radius
7. Bottom plate too tight In mold recess •• Use mold gauges to check mold equipment
8. No radius on top of mold cavity •• Ensure radius on top of mold cavity
9. Radius of neck ring bead Is too sharp •• Relieve radius on neck ring head
1. Incorrect setting of tong head or gripping fingers at •• Check for correct setting of tong head or gripper
stacker pick-up point fingers
2. Wrong material or lack of insulation on tong head
or gripping fingers

Chipped Finish
Definition
A finish from which a small section
is broken on the top or side.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold • Adjust the feeder temperature
1. Neck ring closing too soon when reverting, •• Retard neck ring closing
pinching the finish •• Increase neck ring opening
2. Insufficient or unequal neck ring opening •• Adjust cushioning of invert mechanism
3. Incorrect cushioning of invert mechanism on the •• Adjust neck ring opening for smoother action
blow mold side •• Adjust blowhead over blow mold
4. Neck ring opening too hard •• Adjust outstroke cushioning on take out
5. Incorrect setting of blowhead (out of center) mechanism
6. End of outstroke cushioning on take out incorrect •• Adjust take out tongs, allowing them to close
7. Take out tongs are out of line or closing too hard slower
8. Incorrect setting of neck ring over the mold •• Set neck ring over blow mold to neck ring setting
9. Bottom plate too high gauge
•• Correct the bottom plate mechanism setting
1. Bottom plate too tight in mold recess (resulting in •• Check equipment against mold gauges
mold opening too hard) •• Ensure shoulder radius has some relief
2. Shoulder radius too sharp (for odd shape bottles)
causing bottles to rock on bottom plate, resulting
in damage from take out fingers

Chipped Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
1. Incorrect setting of stacker bar (pushbar stacker) •• Correct setting of stacker bar
2. Incorrect timing or setting of tong stacker head •• Correct setting and/or timing of stacker tong head
3. Incorrect positioning of ware on cross conveyor •• Correct positioning of ware on cross conveyor
(gang stacker or push bar stacker)
F. Inspection equipment F. Inspection equipment
1. Incorrect operation of gauging equipment •• Correct timing of gauging equipment (cold end
inspection)

Corkage Check or Tear
Definition
A vertical surface check located in
the inside of the finish.
Note: It may cause leakage and

thus spoil the product.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass is too cold • Adjust the glass temperature
1. Too much settle blow, pressure, and/or time of •• Reduce settle blow pressure
application •• Adjust the plunger cooling
2. Plunger is too cold •• Adjust plunger contact time
3. Plunger contact time is not correct. If contact time •• Check internal cooling nozzle - correctly fitted and
is too long, the interior of the finish is cooled. If it straight
is too short. the plunger may run cold, thus causing •• Fit drip to deflector
checks.
4. Internal cooling nozzle loose or bent or not
properly set, causing it to rub the inside of finish
(by contact)
5. Drops of oil on the plunger
1. Plunger dirty, sticking In thimble guide ring •• Change plunger and thimble
2. Incorrect plunger design •• Adjust plunger design
3. Incorrect plunger and cooling tube design (press •• Adjust plunger and cooling tube design
and blow)

Crizzled Finish
Definition
A finish with many fine surface
fractures, mainly across the top.
Detection
It is difficult to detect these
crizzles, as they do not reflect
light very well. Extra care must
be taken to detect them.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Plunger is too cold •• Reduce plunger cooling air
2. Water in final blow air •• Blow out the final blow air line
3. Excessive off spray on plunger and neck ring doping •• Reduce doping oil
or blank doping •• Use final blow tube with smaller hole
4. Final blow air chilling the top of the finish when no •• Reduce the vacuum time
Internal cooling nozzle is used, or when orifice in •• Insulate take out tongs
blowhead is too large
5. Vacuum applied for too long
6. Take out tongs cold
1. Blowhead too shallow or too deep •• Correct the depth of blowhead
2. Take out tongs too tight •• Check take out tongs for clearance
3. Neck ring radius too sharp and form not polished •• Polish and relieve neck rlng form

Dirty or Rough Finish
Definition
A finish which has a scaly
appearance and which may
even have black spots on it.
Note: If it is badly pitted, it will
cause sealing problems on the
filling line.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Shears not cutting correctly • Correct the shear cut
1. Neck ring and plunger are being swabbed too much •• Change plunger and neck ring
2. Excessive sulphur powder on the neck ring •• Change neck ring
3. Swab is dirty or made of incorrect material •• Use a clean swab of correct shape
4. Excessive oil spray on finish equipment •• Reduce the oil spray
5. Wrong grade of lubricant on delivery equipment •• Use the correct grade of lubricating oil on delivery
6. Neck ring running too hot, causing scaling of the equipment
material •• Use neck ring cooling nozzle
7. Plunger running too cold
1. Wrong grade of mold material used •• Use better grade mold material
2. Poor surface on the finish equipment •• Improve polishing of mold and neck ring
3. Neck ring size too small (running too hot) •• Use a larger size neck ring

Neck Ring Seam
Definition
A fin or seam of glass lying across
the top or side of the finish.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass is too hot • Adjust feeder temperature
1. Neck ring not closing properly because of carbon •• Change neck ring
accumulation or glass in ring •• Change thimble and/or adjust height of plunger
2. Finish and locking thimble not engaging correctly mechanism
in the guide ring •• Reduce pressing pressure
3. Plunger up pressure too high (press and blow) •• Check blank closing pressure
4. Blank closing pressure too low (press and blow) •• Change blank supporting mechanism linkage
5. Blank supporting mechanism worn •• Change linkage on blank closing mechanism
6. Wear on mold opening and closing mechanism •• Check loading position and timing
linkage
7. Improper timing of the machine
1. Blank mold recess for neck ring too large or neck •• Check against gauges
ring diameter too small •• Renew neck ring
2. Neck ring, finish guide ring, or finish thimble worn, •• Check clearance between tongue and groove, neck
dirty, or out of dimension ring and blank
3. Interference between tongue and groove of neck •• Check blank/plunger volume (press and blow
ring process)
4. Blank volume too small for glass weight and
plunger size (press and blow process)

Offset Finish
Definition
A finish formed out of alignment,
either vertically or horizontally.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust the temperature of the glass
1. Neck ring out of alignment over top of mold •• Realign neck ring arm using neck ring setting gauge
2. Neck ring arms not square •• Check invert mechanism with neck ring aligning
3. Improper cushioning of transfer action fixture
4. Incorrect or insufficient cooling wind setting - neck •• Improve cushioning of transfer action
rings too hot •• Correct cooling wind setting
5. Loss of tension in neck ring spring •• Reset neck ring opening
6. Improper timing relationship between transfer and •• Correct timing between transfer and mold close
mold closing
Poor match between neck ring and blank mold •• Check with the mold gauge
1. Ring dovetail is too small •• Check dimensions against mold designs
2. Recess in blank is too large •• Replace the blow mold
3. Mold neck is too large •• Change the neck ring
4. Guide ring worn •• Realign the blowhead correctly over the mold
5. Blowhead out of alignment

Out-of-Round and Off-Gauge Finishes
Definition
Finish which is oval-shaped and
which may be pinched or flattened.
Detection
Gauges are usually supplied to
check for this defect.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass is too hot • Adjust gob temperature
1. Neck ring is running too hot •• Use neck ring cooling nozzle
2. Insufficient settle blow time or pressure •• Increase settle blow time and/or pressure
3. Too high production speed •• Reduce the machine speed
4. Excessive final blow pressure •• Reduce the final blow pressure
5. Take out tongs not in line, or incorrect timing •• Realign take out tongs and check the timing
6. Insufficient finish cooling •• Increase cooling wind
7. Plunger contact time too short (press and blow) •• Increase plunger contact time
8. Plunger up pressure too low (press and blow) •• Increase plunger up pressure
9. Blowhead not central •• Centralize the blowhead over the blow mold
1. Neck ring out-of-round due to poor cleaning •• Change neck ring
2. Blowhead improperly vented •• Correct venting of blowhead
3. Take out tongs too small •• Check take out tongs for dimensions
4. Equalizing vents not correct or plugged in •• Realign take out tongs for dimensions
blowhead •• Check mold neck for oval. Correct if necessary.
5. Take out tongs not square •• Change the neck ring holders
6. Neck ring spring weak

Overpress or Wire Edge
Definition
A finish which has excessive
glass projecting upward from
the inside edge of the finish.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob weight too high • Reduce gob weight
1. Plunger too late in loading position allowing glass •• Correct timing between feeder and machine for
to flow between plunger and neck ring correct loading position
2. Dirty thimble or guide ring preventing plunger from •• Change thimble, guide ring and neck ring
making complete stroke •• Adjust plunger mechanism height
3. Plunger mechanism Is set too low (blow and blow) •• Use correct loading screw length
4. Plunger loading screw too long (press and blow) •• Clean the top of the plunger cylinder
5. Dirt on top of plunger cylinder
6. Glass under invert barrel at the stop blocks
1. Plunger diameter is too small •• Check for correct clearance between plunger and
2. Plunger body too short (press and blow) guide ring
3. Parison volume too small •• Check for correct design of plunger
4. Plunger match with neck ring too loose •• Redesign parison

Seeds
Definition
Very small bubbles in the glass.
sidewall, or base.
Note: This defect cannot

always be remedied by the
production personnel.
Causes Remedies
1. Furnace pull is too high A. Feeder
2. Furnace temperatures too low •• Adjust air/gas mixture in the forehearth to give
3. Glass composition out of control “flameless” combustion
4. The atmosphere in the rear of the furnace contains
carbon monoxide (CO)

Split Finish
Definition
A finish which has a crack across
the top surface extending from the
top of the finish down towards
the neck.
Note: It causes leakage on
vacuum-packed or processed
foods and must be corrected at once.
Detection
It can be seen by catching the reflection of the light
while turning the bottle
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Adjust the gob temperature
2. Poor shear cut or too much water on shears, •• Change shear blades and/or reduce water on shears
resulting In cold gob tip •• Examine the feeder to find out reason for the
3. Gob weight variation weight variation
•• Check for line on finish
1. Plunger contact time too long resulting In cooling •• Shorten plunger contact time
the finish too much •• Reduce the settle blow pressure and/or time
2. Too much settle blow, either pressure or time of •• Reduce the plunger or neck ring cooling
application •• Reduce the air pressure on plunger down
3. Plunger or neck ring too cold (neck ring applies to •• Check alignment of neck ring
press and blow) •• Tighten the plunger adaptor

Split Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
4. Too much air on plunger down, for press and blow •• Change plunger locking plate
(mechanical action) •• Realign blowhead arm
5. The two neck ring halves not aligned (mechanical •• Delay final blow
action) •• Change internal cooling tube
6. Plunger and/or plunger adaptor loose (if quick •• Reduce the plunger pressing time or pressure
change Is used) •• Adjust the plunger cooling
7. Plunger locking plate loose (if plunger mech. 191- •• Realign plunger mechanism
5084 ls used) •• Cover take out tongs with a suitable material
8. Blowhead arm Incorrectly set (not aligned with •• Reduce the finish cooling over the blow mold
mold) •• Check cushioning and speed of baffle arm
9. Final blow air too early, before blowhead Is down •• Check for spring and tension In neck ring holder
10. Internal cooling nozzle bent, touching the finish
11. Excessive plunger pressure and/or time of
application, press and blow operation
12. Incorrect and excessive plunger cooling
13. Misalignment of plunger mechanism
14. Take out tongs too cold - cover with suitable
material
15. Too much finish cooling on the blow mold side
16. Baffle arm coming down too hard
17. Invert bouncing over mold during transfer
18. Plunger/thimble speed (blow and blow)
19. Candelabra could have broken spring(s) (blow and
blow)

Split Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
1. Neck ring jolnts worn, allowing counterblow to •• Change neck ring
blow on outslde of finish. •• Check for correct blowhead depth
2. Blowhead too shallow causing contact •• Change to a smaller neck ring
3. Blowhead too deep, causing parlson to bounce and •• Increase blank volume
hit the blowhead •• Correct the blank shape for easier pressing
4. Neck ring size Is too large •• Increase size of pressing gate
5. Insufficient blank volume •• Shorten plunger tip
6. Improper blank shape causing higher pressing
pressure to be used (press and blow)
7. Pressing gate too small
8. Plunger tip too long

Stones
Definition This page is intentionally left blank.
Small pieces of refractory or
unmelted batch materials.
sidewall, or base.
Note: The production

personnel cannot cure
this defect, but it must be
reported immediately as
it is symptomatic of more
serious trouble.
Some Possible Causes

1. Refractories from the furnace or forehearth are
falling into the molten glass
2. Batch materials are contaminated or Incorrectly
melted
3. Furnace pull may be too high
4. Flames impinging on furnace refractories
5. Contaminated cullet

Tear under Finish
Definition
A finish which has a small surface
section of glass torn from under it.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Cold glass •• Adjust gob temperature
2. Gob too pointed •• Correct the gob shape - remove the point
1. Neck ring holder too loose or too tight or not set at •• Check with neck ring setting gauge
the proper height. If too tight, they may close on •• Slow down blank opening action
the neck ring past the center of the blank pulling •• Check setting of plunger mechanism relative to
out glass. If too loose, they may shake the neck neck ring and blank
ring causing pull out of glass. Not very common
and more usual on blow and blow than on press
and blow. The problem Is more acute if the glass Is
cold.
2. Blank opens too fast
3. Plunger mechanism incorrectly set; too high or too
low
4. Baffle coming off late
5. Thimble down and blank open
1. Poor blank and neck ring match •• Check against mold gauges

Unfilled Finish
Definition
A finish which is incompletely
filled in the top, the bead, or
the thread.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Adjust temperature of the glass
2. Gob weight is low (press and blow) •• Increase weight
3. Incorrect gob shape •• Reshape the gob

1. Insufficient settle blow time or pressure •• Increase settle blow
2. Baffle holds plugged with glass •• Change baffle
3. Improper loading, gob hanging up in delivery •• Improve loading by use of better grade of spray oil
4. Poor deflector alignment or smaller deflector
5. Too low pressing pressure (press and blow) •• Align deflector with center of blank mold
6. Neck ring or plunger or guide ring too dirty (only •• Increase pressing time and/or pressure
press and blow) •• Change neck ring and plunger
7. Counter blow too early (blow finish away) •• Retard counterblow
8. Insufficient blank swabbing and/or plunger or neck •• Swab blanks more frequently, adjust doping spray
ring doping •• Improve venting of finish equipment
9. Gas formation inside of the blank which does not •• Increase vacuum time
allow the gob to enter the neck ring •• Readjust baffle and funnel timing
10. Insufficient vacuum application time •• Use neck ring cooling nozzle

Unfilled Finish (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
11. Incorrect setting of baffle and funnel and •• Check if correct loading position is used
respective operating arms •• Reduce blank mold temperature - correct cooling
12. Neck ring running too hot and swab
13. Plunger too low (press and blow operation) •• Switch blanks around front to back
14. Hot blanks - hang ups
15. New neck ring and old plungers
16. Guide ring vacuum holes filled with glass
Note: After blanks get worn, the neck ring radius will
vary. You may need to switch equipment around to
find match.
1. Insufficient venting of finish equipment •• Improve venting of neck ring equipment
2. Dirty neck ring equipment •• Change neck ring
3. Unsuitable finish equipment (blow and blow) •• Change size of neck ring
4. Design of parison is unsuitable (press and blow) •• Use proper blank and plunger design
5. Funnel size too small •• Check funnel size

Section 2 Neck Defects
66 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 67

Bent Necks
Definition
A neck where the finish is tilted
to one side.
Note: It can cause trouble on

the filling line and should be
corrected at once.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob temperature too high •• Adjust gob temperature

1. Mold is running too hot, causing the container to •• Increase the cooling wind
be pulled to one side •• Reduce the machine speed
2. Machine speed too high •• Adjust blowhead setting on the mold
3. Blowhead not setting properly over the molds •• Adjust the take out height and adjust the
4. Take out operating too fast and swinging bottle cushioning
5. Incorrect counterblow pressure and time of •• Increase the counterblow time and/or pressure
application •• Adjust blank and mold cycle
6. Incorrect blank and/or blow mold cycle •• Shorten plunger contact time
7. Plunger contact time too long •• Increase blank contact time
8. Blank contact time too short •• Increase reheat and mold contact time
9. Insufficient reheat and mold contact time •• Change to a larger exhaust hole on blowhead
10. Blowhead exhaust holes too small •• Adjust the take out setting
11. Take out set too low •• Correct the opening of the neck ring
12. Neck rings not relieving correctly •• Increase the bottle blowing time
13. Bottle blowing time too short •• Realign the take out tongs
14. Take out tongs are out of line •• Increase the cooling to the neck ring

Bent Necks (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
15. Neck ring is running hot
C. Mold Equipment C. Mold Equipment

1. Incorrect plunger design (blow and blow) •• Correct plunger design
2. Blowhead not deep enough •• Check the depth of the blowhead cavity and correct
3. Take out tongs out of shape if necessary
•• Replace the take out tongs

Choked Neck or Bore
Narrow Neck Containers
Definition
A construction in the bore of
the neck.
Note: Bottles are usually filled
using filling tubes. If the
bore of the neck is too small
the filling tube will jam and either break itself or the
bottle. This will jam the filling line and cause loss of
production.
Detection
All narrow neck containers should be gauged with the
correct plug gauge.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Temperature of the glass is uneven and usually too •• Set temperature of forehearth so that the gob does
hot not curl
2. Gob is too pointed •• Adjust gob shape

1. Counterblow air on too soon (insufficient plunger •• Retard the counterblow
reheat time) •• Advance counterblow and cool the glass
2. Counterblow air on too late (too much plunger •• Reduce plunger cooling air
reheat time and glass too hot) •• Reduce plunger contact time
3. Too much cooling on the plunger (blow and blow) •• Fit drip pan to the deflector
4. Plunger contact time too long, chilling the glass •• Balance the cooling air on the two mold halves

Choked Neck or Bore (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
5. Too much oil or dope on the neck ring •• Increase blank cooling and swab as required
6. Uneven blank cooling (blow and blow) •• Change plunger and/or neck ring
7. Blanks hot and dry
8. Dirty plunger or neck ring
9. Plunger receiver too high - trapping gas
10. Counter blow valve sticking
11. Vacuum not coming on
12. Funnel too large. Drop hanging up on foot of blank.

2. Take out tongs too small •• Correct size of take out tongs
•• Take .002 increments from nose of plunger

Danny Neck or Tear on Neck
Definition
A small surface section of
glass torn from the neck of
the bottle.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Adjust the feeder temperature
2. Incorrect gob shape •• Correct the gob shape
3. Bad shear cut •• Reset the shears

1. Incorrect parison transfer •• Check neck ring setting
2. Plunger cylinder incorrectly set •• Check plunger cylinder setting
3. Excessive settle blow time •• Reduce the settle blow time
4. Bad loading - poor deflector adjustment •• Reset deflectors and check the gob loading
5. Dirty blank

1. Incorrect blank mold and neck ring match •• Check with mold gauges
2. Offset blank mold holder •• Change the blank mold holder

Dirty Neck
Definition
A neck which has a dirty or scaly
appearance.
Causes Remedies
1. Too much cooling on the blank mold •• Reduce the blank cooling
2. Buildup of carbon on neck of the blank due to •• Change blank
excessive swabbing •• Use a new clean swab of correct shape
3. Dirty swab •• Use a correct grade swabbing compound
4. Swabbing compound too thick •• Use a swab made from cotton
5. Swab made of incorrect material and wrong shape •• Use correct grade of mold lubricant
6. Wrong grade of mold lubricant •• Fit drip pan to deflector
7. Excessive oil on the delivery equipment

1. Poor surface of blank cavity •• Improve polish on mold equipment surfaces

Hollow Finish or Neck
Definition
A finish or a neck in which
the glass has blown away.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob temperature is too high •• Adjust gob temperature

1. Parison is too soft •• Advance counterblow and increase blank contact
2. Plunger contact time too short time
3. Counterblow too soon •• Increase plunger contact time
4. Counterblow pressure too high •• Retard counterblow timing
5. Plunger too hot •• Reduce counterblow pressure
6. Final blow too late •• Increase plunger cooling time
•• Advance the final blow time

1. Plunger tip too short •• Lengthen plunger tip
2. Incorrect plunger design •• Correct the plunger design

Long Neck
Definition
A neck that has been
stretched longer than
specified.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
•• Adjust feeder temperature

1. Blow mold contact time too short •• Increase blow mold contact time
2. Insufficient cooling wind application - especially on •• Increase cooling wind
the deadplate •• Increase final blow time and/or pressure
3. Bottle stretching in take out due to insufficient •• Check blank time. May need to take heat out of
final blow pressure and/or time of application glass on blank side (heat the glass backup).
4. Bottle held in the take out too long

1. Mold size too small (mold running too hot) •• Use a larger sized mold and holder
2. Insufficient venting of the blow mold •• Correct venting of blow mold

Pinched Neck
Definition
A neck which has been
pushed or pinched.
Causes Remedies
1. Neck ring arms set too high over the mold •• Use neck ring setting gauge
2. Parison swings too much on invert •• Adjust cushioning of transfer action
3. Mold closes too soon •• Delay mold closing action
4. Worn or poorly aligned mold linkage •• Change mold close linkage and align with mold and
5. Badly made take out tongs blank linkage-aligning fixture
6. Glass in blowhead •• Check take out tongs and realign
7. Bent blow tube
8. Vacuum not coming on
9. Tab broken on invert arm lock

1. Diameter of parison neck larger than diameter of •• Check parison neck is smaller than mold neck
blow mold neck •• Check correct transfer clearance (mold design)
2. Incorrect transfer clearance in mold design •• Change blank mold and have worn blank repaired
3. Blank mold worn at the joints or replaced
4. Take out tongs too small •• Check take out tongs and fit correct size

Seam on Neck Ring Parting Line
Definition
A seam which has a
fin of glass around the
parting line between
the finish and the neck
of the container.
Causes
B. Machine setup and operation Remedies
1. Dirt prevents the blank mold from completely B. Machine setup and operation
closing •• Change the dirty mold equipment
2. Neck ring and plungers are dirty •• Change all dirty neck rings and plungers

1. Neck ring diameter is too small for the blank mold •• Increase the neck ring diameter
2. Blank mold dovetail too large for the neck ring •• Check blank mold dovetail with the mold gauge
3. Neck rings are not correctly matched •• Change neck rings for a correctly matched pair

Stuck Glass Particles
Definition
Small glass particles stuck to
the inside of the container.
Most common in wide mouth
ware. May appear on the neck,
sidewall, or base.
Note: It is a serious fault and

must be corrected at once.
Detection
It can be seen as the container is rolled around and the
particle catches the light.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Shears not cutting properly •• Reset shears or change to new blades

1. Glass loading too deep into the ring equipment •• Check loading and machine differential setting
2. Take out not correctly adjusted •• Reset take out tongs
3. Excessive swabbing •• Reduce swabbing and use a dry, clean swab
4. Blowing out glass particles when changing mold •• Always practice good housekeeping
equipment •• Reduce machine speed
5. Machine speed too high •• Check mold equipment setup
6. Mold equipment incorrectly adjusted on the
machine
7. Internal fused or stuck glass particles

Stuck Glass Particles (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
8. Vacuum on too soon (blow and blow)
9. Plunger too late
10. Glass in blowhead

1. Bad baffle match •• Check baffle match when hot
2. Incorrectly matched mold equipment •• Check all mold equipment with gauge and fixtures

Section 3 Shoulder Defects
92 Section 3 Shoulder Defects Section 3 Shoulder Defects 93

Shoulder Checks or Tears
Definition
Surface cracks on the shoulder
of the containers. They are
usually wavy in appearance.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Incorrect glass temperature - can be either too hot •• Set feeder at correct temperature
or too cold

1. Bottom plate is set too high or too low, causing •• Lower or raise bottom plate mechanism
drag on bottle shoulder when mold is opening •• Apply more cooling wind to mold
2. Mold is running too hot, causing the bottle to stick •• Change mold holders. Check the old mold holders
to the mold against repair dimensions.
3. Mold holders are worn, causing the mold to drag •• Reduce final blow pressure
on the bottom plate when opening •• Adjust cooling wind application
4. Too much final blow pressure blowing the bottle •• Check and adjust blowhead timing
up too hard against the mold. (Final blow pressure •• Raise the height of take out tongs
should be regulated to be sufficient to keep the
bottle in shape.)
5. Incorrect cooling wind application - mold too hot
6. Blowhead timing incorrect - comes off before mold
cracks
7. Take out tongs set too low - hitting the shoulder
8. Mold opening too fast

Shoulder Checks or Tears (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
1. Mold not sufficiently relieved on bottom plate, •• Improve relief on bottom plate
causing bottle to drag on mold when mold is •• Ensure relief on mold shoulder
opened •• Ensure correct positioning of parting line in mold
2. Flat shoulder container with insufficient relief on
shoulder
3. Incorrect positioning of parting line (odd-shaped
containers)

Sunken Shoulders
Definition
A shoulder which is not fully blown up.
Note: Gives a bad appearance to the container and may

cause problems on the filling line. It can also cause
under-capacity.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob temperature is too low •• Increase gob temperature
2. Incorrect gob shape •• Improve shape of gob

1. Excessive counterblow time or excessive blank •• Shorten counterblow time and blank contact time
contact time - parison too hard •• Allow more reheat time before final blow
2. Insufficient reheat time on mold side prior to final •• Increase the final blow pressure and delay start of
blow final blow
3. Insufficient pressure, or application of final blow •• Change mold
too soon •• Reduce cooling wind application
4. Dirty shoulder vents •• Change the blow molds

Sunken Shoulders (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
5. Incorrect cooling wind application - blanks or blow •• Adjust blowhead on mold
molds too cool
6. Dirty mold
7. Blowhead not seated correctly on mold

1. Mold not properly vented •• Vent mold correctly
2. Top of mold damaged so that final blow enters the •• Change mold and have old mold repaired
mold •• Change blowhead and have old blowhead cleaned
3. Blowhead too deep •• Ensure venting of blow heat seat is correct
4. Unsuitable blowhead seat venting

Thin Shoulders
Definition
A shoulder which has a
thin section.
Detection
It can be seen by the
difference in color between thick and thin glass, or by
the appearance of a wave above and below the thin
section.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Uneven gob temperature •• Adjust forehearth temperature so that the gob does
2. Gob too long not curl
•• Shorten the gob

1. Glass is improperly loaded (off center) •• Adjust deflector to center of blank - check size of
2. Blank mold is not properly swabbed deflector
3. Final blow takes place too late, allowing excessive •• Swab blanks more frequently
run of parison •• Advance final blow
4. Blank mold too hot •• Adjust blank cooling

1. Incorrect blank design •• Check for correct blank design
2. Funnel size incorrect •• Check funnel size

Section 4 Sidewall and Body Defects
104 Section 4 Sidewall Defects Section 4 Sidewall Defects 105

Bird Cage or Bird Swing
Definition
A string of glass extending
across inside of the
container.
A bird swing from side-to-

side comes from the back
side (blanks). From seam
to seam front side.
Causes Remedies
1. Too much cooling wind used blowing sides of glass •• Ensure parison is not blown by cooling air before
together before final blow starts - incorrect cooling invert takes place - use cooling nozzles with larger
nozzles provided slots
2. Parison too soft - blank contact time too short •• Increase blank contact time
3. Insufficient counterblow used •• Increase counterblow
4. Insufficient cooling wind applied on blank •• Increase blank mold cooling wind - check cooling
5. Wind gate may be too high setup
•• Check deflector
•• Check for dirty blank

1. Insufficient venting of blank (increase depth of •• Increase hollow scraping and venting of blank and
hollow scraping or slotting) mold faces

Bird Cage or Bird Swing (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
H. Vertiflow H. Vertiflow
1. Caused by air leakage into mold cavity •• Check mold venting - recut and increase if
necessary
•• Check mold fits
•• Adjust height of bottom plate mechanism
•• Check seals under distributor plate
•• Check cooling air - is not connected to vents or
vacuum
•• Check vacuum system - is adequately vented
•• Check vacuum passages - are clear in mechanism
•• Check vacuum holes/vent holes - are clear in
bottom plate
•• Check cooling on time - is not on too early
•• Vertiflow on before revert on

Black Spots
Definition
Small black specs in the container.
May appear on the sidewall or base.
Note: They may come from oil,

rust, graphite, or even furnace
droppings.
Note: Check for contamination of the batch materials.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Foreign matter in glass •• Skim the glass
2. Bad combustion - air/gas ratio too low •• Adjust inspirators for flameless combustion
3. Oil or dirty shear blades •• Change shears
4. Foreign matter in the forehearth generally •• Check for oil/scale/carbon foreign matter, etc. in
5. Buildup of deposit on spout casing from the shear forehearth
sprays •• Clean the underside of the spout casing and adjust
shear spray

1. Dirty delivery equipment •• Clean delivery equipment
2. Insufficient cooling wind on all mold equipment •• Increase the cooling wind
3. Excessive use of oil doper •• Cut down on oil doper
•• Reduce amount of swabbing

Black Spots (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
4. Excessive swabbing •• Improve application of plunger cooling - metal
5. Plunger too hot and scaling spray the plunger
6. Dirty mold equipment •• Change mold
7. Check final blow •• Ensure that there is no dirt in final blow air - fit a
filter

1. Insufficient cleaning of mold equipment •• Clean the mold
2. Poor grade of plunger material •• Use better grade of castings
D. Conveyor
1. Oil blowing up through deadplate
2. Flight conveyor may have air blowing up from
internal manifold

Blank and Blow Mold Seam
Definition
Seams which are relatively large,
extending from the shoulder
to the bottom of the container.
Blank seams tend to veer off
from the mold seam.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold, causing •• Adjust feeder temperature
difficult pressing on ‘62’ •• Check gob weight
operation when producing
lightweight ware or tall jobs like milk bottles
2. Glass too hot
3. Gob weight too heavy (62 process)

1. Wear on blank and mold holders •• Change mold holders and check the old ones
2. Wear on blank and mold linkage against repair dimensions
3. Incorrect blank and blow mold linkage alignment •• Check blank and mold supporting for wear
4. Incomplete stroke of blank and blow mold piston in •• Check with mold and blank linkage aligning fixture
cylinder •• Realign the plunger mechanism
5. Misalignment of plunger mechanism •• Change mold and blank
6. Carbon deposit on blank and blow mold halves •• Clean the mold and blow out the glass
7. Glass in interlocking fit or blank or blow mold •• Check block lock fitting at operating temperature
8. Interference between blank and/or blow mold with for tightness
block lock at operational temperature

Blank and Blow Mold Seam (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
9. Plunger mechanism too high •• Adjust plunger mechanism height
10. Excessive plunger and counterblow pressure •• Reduce counterblow pressure
11. Neck ring incorrectly set •• Check invert mechanism with neck ring mechanism
12. Bottom plate running too hot aligning fixture
13. Blank mold too hot •• Apply cooling to bottom plate
14. Baffle too hot •• Increase the cooling on blank
•• Apply cooling to baffle

1. Recess on blank and mold for either plunger or •• Check fit for plunger lock or blank lock
block lock location incorrectly made or too tight fit •• Check the neck ring and blank mold with mold
2. Interference between neck ring and blank mold gauges
neck ring diameter too large •• Redesign parison with improper pressing gate
3. Unsuitable pressing gate on parison design (press •• Make sure that hollow face scraping is sufficient
and blow) •• Check volume of blank and plunger for gob weight
4. Blank and molds insufficiently hollow scraped •• Check bottom plate with gauges for faulty
- insufficient relief for interlocking fits and for manufacture, buildup of carbon, or glass in bottom
tongue and groove fits plate dovetail
5. Blank and mold warped and/or worn out •• Check selection of bottom plate size
6. Bottom plate holding blow mold open
7. Incorrect selection of bottom plate size

Bruise Checks
Definition
Fine and shallow checks which
appear on the body of the
container.
Causes Remedies
1. If more than single cavity machine, take out may
be coming out over the deadplate too fast causing
bottles to swing and collide at contact area
D. Conveyor D. Conveyor
1. Improper setting of pusher cams •• Correct setting of pusher cams
2. Worn pusher arms resulting in inconsistent •• Worn pusher arms should be replaced
pushing •• Correct spacing of bottles on conveyor
3. Bottles hitting each other at transfer or stacker •• Correct pusher shape
pickup point •• Use non-ferrous material or, if using steel, cover
4. Improper pusher shape with a carbon-based material for ware pushers
5. Pusher arm material unsuitable •• Adjust and improve transfer from machine conveyor
6. Ware hitting metal guides on stacker or conveyor to stacker conveyor

Bruise Checks (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
7. Incorrect transfer from machine conveyor to stacker •• Check operation of conveyor belt
conveyor
8. Conveyor belt slipping

1. Incorrect setting of bottle cam (tong stacker) •• Correct setting of bottle cam
2. Incorrect setting of pusher bar (push bar stacker) •• Correct setting of pusher bar
3. Push bar - bare metal at incorrect temperature •• Cover pusher bar with insulating material
4. Push bar speed too great •• Reduce speed of pusher bar to reduce bottle impact

Brush Marks
Definition
Fine vertical lines in the side or
neck of a container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass temperature too low •• Adjust temperature of the glass
2. Point of gob chilled •• Increase lifting action of plunger
3. Wrong gob shape - usually too long •• Correct gob shape
4. Excessive shear spray •• Reduce shear spray

1. Poor delivery •• Improve delivery of gob
2. Excessive scoop cooling •• Reduce scoop cooling air
3. Inadequate lubrication of delivery equipment •• Improve lubricating of delivery equipment
4. Misalignment of delivery equipment •• Realign delivery equipment

1. Funnel diameter too small - gob hangs up •• Increase funnel diameter
2. Incorrect blank design •• Correct blank design

Bulged Sides
Definition
The sides of a container (usually
panel shape) which are pushed
out.
Note: This may cause trouble on

the filling line, by jamming up
in the bottle guides. It may also
be difficult to label and it will be
overcapacity.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust glass temperature

1. Excessive swabbing of molds •• Reduce the mold swabbing and use a clean “dry”
2. Blow mold opening before final blow finished swab
3. Container not hanging in the take out long enough •• Check timing of final blow off and blow mold open
4. Blow mold too hot •• Increase time in take out
•• Increase blow mold cooling wind

1. Incorrect blow mold dimensions •• Check blow mold dimensions against the
specifications

Cold Molds
Definition
Dappled or wavy appearance in
the body of the container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Adjust the temperature of the glass
2. Uneven gob temperature •• Balance the temperature of forehearth so gob does
not curl

1. Machine speed too low •• Increase the machine speed
2. Blanks running too cold •• Reduce cooling air on blank
3. Incorrect blank cycle •• Adjust blank cycle
4. Excessive cooling wind on mold •• Reduce cooling wind on mold
5. Excessive final blow pressure •• Reduce final blow pressure
6. Excessive plunger cooling (press and blow) •• Reduce the plunger cooling (press and blow)
7. Counter blow incorrect •• Correct counterblow time and pressure
8. Dirty mold equipment •• Change the mold equipment
9. Blowhead not seating properly •• Readjust the blowhead seating
10. Blowhead vents stopped up •• Change the blowhead
11. Excessive settle blow •• Reduce the settle blow time
12. Plunger contact time too long •• Reduce plunger contact time

1. Incorrect mold design - molds too heavy •• Correct mold design - reduce mold weight
2. Insufficient venting of mold •• Increase venting of mold
3. Incorrect venting of blowhead •• Check venting of blowhead

Dirty Ware
Definition
Ware which has carbon
or dirty deposits on
it. May appear on the
sidewall or base.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Excessive oil on the shears •• Check oil in shear spray

1. Excessive swabbing or oil spray •• Reduce frequency of swabbing - use correct type
2. Blank and/or blow mold dirty and shape of swab
3. Excessive sulphur •• Change blank and/or mold
4. Dirty delivery equipment •• Use less sulphur
5. Insufficient cooling wind •• Keep all delivery equipment clean
6. Dirt or scale on the delivery equipment •• Adjust mold cooling wind
•• Clean or change the delivery equipment

1. Poor quality mold castings •• Check quality of mold castings - change as required

Drag Marks
Definition
A series of fine vertical laps
near the shoulder or neck of the
container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob too long and too small •• Reduce length of gob and increase its diameter
in diameter •• Increase feeder temperature
2. Glass too cold

1. Insufficient swabbing •• Swab correctly
2. Blank molds too cold •• Reduce blank mold cooling wind
3. Delivery equipment dirty •• Change or clean the delivery equipment
4. Blank molds dirty •• Change the blank molds
5. Excessive spray in the scoop and trough •• Reduce the spray on the delivery equipment
6. Blank overworked

1. Incorrect blank mold shape •• Check for correct blank mold design
2. Funnel too small •• Check the funnel size and increase opening as
necessary

Hot or Panel Checks
Definition
Cracks in the container body
on the edge or side, deep
V-shaped, going through the
wall.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust the glass temperature

1. Machine speed too high •• Reduce the machine speed
2. Improper cooling wind setup or insufficient cooling •• Correct the cooling wind application
wind applied •• Remove final blow before the mold open
3. Final blow pressure on after mold opens •• Air off ‘mold close’ later
4. Air off ‘mold close’ too early •• Reduce final blow pressure
5. Excessive final blow pressure •• Use larger exhaust hole on blowhead arm
6. Exhaust hole on internal cooling blowhead arm too •• Change blow molds
small
7. Dirty blow molds

1. Mold size too small •• Use larger size mold holder
2. Mold not properly vented •• Improve venting of blow mold
3. Rough mold seams •• Change molds and repair faulty seams

Lap Marks or Wrinkles
Definition
A lap or fold on the outside of
the bottle (can also be found in
the finish).
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass temperature too low •• Adjust the gob temperature
2. Incorrect setting of shears •• Adjust setting of shears
3. Incorrect gob shape - too •• Adjust gob shape
long and too small diameter •• Check shear mechanism. It may be worn or plunger
4. Inconsistent gob drop may be loose in the holder.
5. Cords near the glass surface •• Check for cordy condition and correct if possible

1. Poor delivery - incorrect loading •• Use a good grade of spray oil - adjust the deflector
2. Settle blow on too long •• Reduce settle blow time and/or pressure
3. Blank too hot and dry •• Increase cooling wind on blank and swab
4. Uneven blank temperature •• Apply the cooling to the two blank mold halves
5. Dirty mold equipment evenly
6. Gob hanging up in the funnel •• Change blank
•• Swab funnel and check for correct size

1. Incorrect funnel design •• Check for correct funnel design and size
2. Incorrect blank design •• Check the blank design

Letter Checks
Definition
Small cracks or fissures which
occur from any lettering or
embossing.
Causes Remedies
1. Incorrect mold temperature •• Adjust mold cooling
2. Too much final blow pressure •• Reduce final blow pressure
3. Bottom plate setting too high or too low - bottle •• Adjust the bottom plates so that bottle stays steady
dropping or lifting when mold opens when mold opens
4. Vent holes blocked •• Clean vent holes
•• Swab letters lightly

1. Check relief in lettering •• Letters should be relieved correctly
2. Engraving should be relieved •• Engraving should be relieved
3. Shape of engraving does not correspond to •• Engraving should have clearance for mold opening
clearance requirement for mold opening •• Use best grade cast iron
4. Poor mold material •• Ensure letters are clean and not too deep
5. Letters are dirty or too deep

Loading Marks
Definition
Vertical laps on the surface of
the container. May be in the
body or neck or both.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
2. Gob improperly shaped - •• Adjust gob shape
usually too blunt or insufficiently pointed - mainly •• Change the plunger cam and adjust the differential
at the tip, and too thin at the shear end
3. Plunger not pulling the glass into the orifice -
insufficient reheat of the tip of the gob

1. Delivery equipment incorrect - mainly the deflector •• Use correct size delivery equipment
2. Delivery equipment not properly lubricated •• Lubricate with a good grade of spray oil
3. Dirty delivery equipment - reducing speed of the •• Clean delivery equipment
gob •• Reduce cooling wind on blank
4. Too much wind cooling on blank •• Swab correctly with a clean dry swab and correct
5. Incorrect swabbing swabbing compound

1. Blank size too large - blank remains too cold •• Use a smaller size blank
2. Blank improperly shaped - loading condition was •• Alter the blank shape to give easier loading
not considered •• Check for correct size of funnel
3. Funnel too small or too large
Oil Marks
Definition
Strings of small bubbles
in the container.
May appear on the

sidewall or base.
Causes Remedies
1. Oil accumulation on shears, delivery equipment •• Clean shears, delivery equipment and mold
and mold equipment equipment
2. Oil accumulation on take out

Pressure Checks
Definition
Checks characterized
by thin, vertical cracks
appearing at the seam.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder

1. Blank contact time too long •• Shorten blank contact time
2. Counterblow time too long •• Shorten counterblow time
3. Excessive final blow pressure •• Reduce final blow pressure
4. Insufficient parison reheat time •• Increase reheat time
5. Molds too hot •• Adjust mold cooling
6. Excessive machine cooling
7. Blowhead exhaust holes (equalizer) plugged

1. Molds not correctly vented •• Correct the mold venting
2. Rough mold seams •• Change molds and repair the seams

Spikes
Definition
A small projection of glass in
the body of the container.
Note: The effect of a spike

can be produced by a glass
particle falling or being
blown into a hot container
and sticking to the bottom.
Good housekeeping is
required to remove all
possible particles from the
machine.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Reduce the glass temperature

1. Plunger is too hot (press and blow operation) •• Correct cooling air to plunger for timing and
2. Plunger dirty (press and blow process) pressure
3. Plunger adapter has become loose •• Change the plunger
4. Restriction of the cooling and/or exhaust air •• Plunger adaptor must be tight on the piston rod
(plunger cooling) •• Use larger exhaust hole
5. Partially formed birdswing

1. Incorrectly designed plunger cooling tube and •• Check design of plunger cooling adaptor and tube
adaptor •• Change plunger material
2. Poor type of plunger material

Stringy Glass
Definition
Usually runs from top to bottom.
Size of stringy glass varies.
Causes Remedies
1. Overlap on shear is problem •• Usually, l or 2 clicks will remedy occasional
area stringing
2. Maybe 1 or 2 clicks need to be
added to overlap
3. If defects occur occasionally, you may need to
observe shear operation for 10 to 15 minutes
4. Overlap could be starting to wear out and
mechanism will need to be checked during next
shutdown or job change
5. Inspect cam follower for excessive play

Sunken Sides
Definition
The side of a container (usually panel
shape) that is not fully blown up or
may have sunk after release from the
blow mold.
Note: This may make the container

under capacity, difficult to fill and label.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder

1. Insufficient blow mold cooling wind •• Increase blow mold cooling wind
2. Too long in take out tongs •• Reduce the time in the take out
3. Too little time in the blow mold •• Increase the time in the blow mold
4. Too low final blow pressure •• Increase final blow pressure - decrease rate of
5. Blowhead vents blocked with glass internal cooling
•• Change the blowhead

1. Insufficient or incorrect blow mold venting •• Check and correct blow mold venting
2. Faulty blow mold dimensions •• Check the blow mold dimensions against the
specification
1. Too much wind on the deadplate •• Reduce deadplate cooling and redrill deadplate
2. Container rubbing against the pushout or a guide cooling vents so the air blows up the side of the
wire container rather than directly onto it
•• Adjust or redesign pushout - check all guide wires
Thin Ware
Definition
Thin spots in the container
which are below the minimum
acceptable level.
Detection
They can be detected by one of
the following:
1. Heavy bottom
2. Blank seams out of line
3. Heavy ware
4. Swung baffle mark
5. Difference in color of the
glass, e.g., dark amber and
light amber
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust the feeder temperature
2. Uneven glass temperature •• Adjust forehearth temperature until the gob does
3. Incorrect gob shape - usually too long not curl
•• Adjust the gob shape

1. Gob not loading correctly •• Adjust deflector for correct delivery
2. Uneven mold cooling wind setting •• Reset mold cooling wind correctly
3. Dirty mold equipment •• Change all dirty mold equipment
4. Parison too soft •• Increase counterblow time or pressure

Thin Ware (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
5. Counterblow time or pressure insufficient •• Advance the final blow
6. Final blow too late •• Increase the blank contact time
7. Blank contact time too short •• Reduce parison reheat time - this also reduces
8. Parison reheat time too long parison stretch
9. Scoop returning too early •• Check and adjust the scoop timing and cushioning
10. Too long settle blow time - bad settle wave •• Reduce settle blow time and advance timing if
possible
•• Check settle blow air pressure at machine

1. Shoulder of blank mold too small (high shouldered •• Increase diameter of blank mold shoulder
blanks)

Wash Boards
Definition
A series of horizontal waves
or folds on the side of the
container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Uneven gob temperature •• Adjust forehearth temperature so gob does not curl
arising from improper •• Check shape of gob
temperature condition of •• Check setting of drop guide
forehearth •• Locate source of cords and correct if possible.
2. Gob improperly shaped - too long or too large in
diameter
3. Inconsistent setting of dropguide
4. Cordy glass

1. Gob hanging up in delivery equipment •• Use good grade of spray oil
2. Incorrect size delivery equipment, causing gob to •• Use correct size delivery equipment
slow down, or vary in loading •• Make sure that spray nozzles are spraying correctly
3. Inadequate lubrication of delivery equipment on deflectors
4. Deterioration of delivery equipment surface •• Use clean deflectors, troughs and scoops
5. Deflector not centralized - bad loading •• Centralize deflectors of center of blank
6. Trailing or lower end of trough too low - gob not •• Raise end of trough by the trough adjusting screw
using full curve of the deflector •• Lower end of trough

Wash Boards (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
7. Lower end of trough too high •• Tighten spray nozzles
8. Spray nozzle loose •• Check funnel setting is correct
9. Incorrect funnel setting •• Apply cooling blank evenly
10. Uneven blank temperature •• Increase cooling to blank
11. Blank too hot •• Change blank
12. Dirty blanks •• Change funnel
13. Dirty funnel

1. Improper blank design •• Check blank design
2. Incorrect funnel diameter •• Correct funnel diameter

Section 5 Base and Bottom Defects
158 Section 5 Base Defects Section 5 Base Defects 159

Baffle Marks
Definition
A seam occurring between the
baffle and the blank mold.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob too heavy •• Check gob weight
B. Machine setup and B. Machine setup and operation

operation •• Reduce counter blow
1. Parison is too cold •• Increase reheat time
2. Reheat time insufficient so that the skin on parison •• Reduce pressing pressure
is too cold to blow out completely •• Check baffle for glass embedded in it
3. Pressing pressure too high •• Check the setting of baffle
4. Glass under baffle •• Check the baffle arm for squareness
5. Incorrect setting of baffle •• Check fit of lock ring
6. Distorted baffle arm •• Adjust timing of baffle mechanism
7. Badly fitted lock ring •• Retard counter blow time (blow and blow)
8. Incorrect timing of baffle mechanism •• Retard plunger up time (press and blow) or advance
9. Counter blow too early (blow and blow) baffle on time
10. Plunger up time too early (press and blow) •• Advance machine differential, if possible, and
11. Incorrect machine differential advance baffle on time
12. Revert height
13. Bad baffle cup on baffle arm

1. Incorrect match between baffle and blank •• Check blank and baffle match when blank is cold
2. Oval or misshaped blank at baffle match and hot
3. Baffle is incorrectly designed •• Check fit between baffle and blank
•• Check size of baffle cavity with regard to baffle and
size of blank
Base Leaner or Rocker Bottom
Definition
A bottom which has sagged so
that the container is unstable
when placed on a flat surface.
Note: The center of the bottom is

lower than the outside rim of the
bottle.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust feeder temperature

1. Too long in take out with insufficient cooling •• Shorten time in take out tongs
2. Machine speed too fast •• Reduce machine speed
3. Heavy baffle seam across the bearing surface of the •• Check for badly seating baffle or bad blank and
bottom baffle match
4. Dirty equipment - blank side •• Check take out in - not picking up bottles

1. Incorrect design of bottom plate pushup •• Check bottom plate pushup design
1. Insufficient deadplate cooling •• Increase the deadplate cooling wind
2. Incorrect deadplate timing •• Reset the deadplate cooling time
3. Badly worn deadplates •• Change the worn deadplates

Base Spikes
Definition
A small projection of glass in
the bottom of the container.
Note: The effect of a spike

can be produced by a glass
particle falling or being
blown into a hot container
and sticking to the bottom.
Good housekeeping is
required to remove all
possible particles from the
machine.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder

1. Plunger is too hot (press and blow operation) •• Correct cooling air to plunger for timing and
2. Plunger dirty (press and blow process) pressure
3. Plunger adapter has become loose •• Change the plunger
4. Restriction of the cooling and/or exhaust air •• Plunger adaptor must be tight on the piston rod
(plunger cooling) •• Use larger exhaust hole
5. Partially formed birdswing

1. Incorrectly designed plunger cooling tube and •• Check design of plunger cooling adaptor and tube
adaptor •• Change plunger material
2. Poor type of plunger material

Bottom or Base Check
Definition
Small checks that occur on
or near the rounded port of
the bottom contact
surface.
Note: A bottom check can

cause the bottom to break,
especially if the container
is filled with a hot liquid or is subject to heat during
processing the contents.
Detection
It can be detected by catching the reflection of light as
the bottle is rotated.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too cold •• Correct the feeder temperature

1. Bottom plate incorrectly set •• Set bottom plate correctly
2. Worn mold holders •• Check dimensions of mold holders against repair
3. Bottom plates running too hot dimensions
4. Bottom plate is too cold •• Apply cooling to bottom plate
5. Final blow pressure is too high •• Reduce cooling to bottom plate
6. Blowhead off before mold cracks open •• Reduce final blow pressure
•• Retime the blowhead off

Bottom or Base Check (cont’d)
Causes Remedies
7. Oil on dead plate •• Clear or replace the deadplates
8. Take out going in as it picks up the bottle. Bottle •• Adjust the take out arm. If check is towards the
will rock ever so slightly to area that has bottom front, move take out arm towards back.
parting line.

1. Incorrect relief of bottom plates •• Ensure bottom plate is properly relieved
2. Mold not relieved correctly •• Relieve mold correctly
1. Dirty or worn conveyor belt •• Change the conveyor belt
2. Conveyor too long •• Warm the conveyor belt or change to a machine
3. Ware pusher set too low with a shorter conveyor
4. Excessive use of guide wire on the conveyor •• Raise the ware pushers
5. Incorrect insulation of transfer plates •• Remove unnecessary guide wires from the conveyor,
6. Too long time on the deadplates or insulate
•• Reduce surface area of transfer plates or insulate
with suitable material
•• Shorten time on the deadplates

1. Incorrect timing at stacking pick-up points •• Adjust timing of stacker

Flanged Bottom
Definition
A fin or rim of glass around
the bottom of the container
at the mold parting line.
Note: They can easily be

chipped or may even cause
the bottom to break.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder

1. Glass in fitting between mold and bottom plate •• Clean recess of mold and bottom plates
2. Parison not blown up in the blank mold •• Increase counter blow pressure and/or counter blow
3. Bottom plate height incorrect time
•• Correct the bottom plate height

1. Bottom plate and blow mold are not matched due •• Use mold gauges to check mold and bottom plate
to incorrect manufacture fit
2. Bottom plate locating pin worn or missing •• Check locating pin for fit or missing
3. Bottom plate and blow mold not matched due to •• Check for wear with the mold gauges
wear •• Check blank and baffle match
4. Blank mold and baffle do not fit properly

Shear Marks
Definition
A C-shaped mark in the
glass, attributable to the
action of the shears.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Defective shear blades •• Change shear blades
2. Worn shear arms •• Change shear arm gear sectors
3. Incorrect shear blade tension •• Correct tension of shear blades
4. Defective shear mechanism •• Change shear mechanism
5. Wrong shear cam - too slow •• Change shear cam
6. Incorrectly adjusted shear arm - not cutting •• Centralize shear arm properly
centrally •• Adjust shear spray heads
7. Inefficient shear spray operation •• Reshape the gob
8. Dirty shear blades - accumulation of carbon or oil •• Adjust the feeder temperature
9. Improper gob shape •• Adjust for correct overlap
10. Glass too cold •• Tighten shear blades in the holder
11. There is not enough or too much shear overlap •• Raise the shear mechanism
12. Shear blades loose
13. Shears cutting too low

Swung Baffle
Definition
The baffle mark has swung
to one side and is not
central in the bottom of
the container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder

1. Speed of invert too great •• Correct speed of invert and final cushioning
2. Insufficient parison stretch in blow mold before •• Delay time of final blow or advance invert
final blow •• Adjust neck ring opening for speed and distance
3. Neck ring opening too quickly and too wide at •• Check parison transferring cleanly into the blow
transfer mold
4. Parison not hanging straight in blow mold •• Increase counter blow time and/or pressure
5. Parison too soft •• Increase blank mold contact time and/or blank
6. One neck ring arm set higher than the other cooling wind
•• Correct neck ring setting

1. Neck of parison diameter too large for blow mold •• Check design of parison neck diameter and blow
neck diameter mold neck diameter
2. Baffle running too hot •• Check thickness of the baffle

Thick or Heavy Bottom
Definition
A bottom thicker than
specified.
Note: Mainly an appearance

defect. May cause thin spots
in other parts of the bottle.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass is too hot •• Adjust the temperature
2. Gob is over weight •• Reduce the weight

1. Too much reheat time •• Reduce reheat time
2. Final blow is too late •• Advance final blow
3. Parison is too soft •• Increase counter blow
4. Baffle end of blank dirty •• Change blank
5. Plunger too cold (press and blow) •• Reduce cooling on plunger
6. Baffle too cold •• Check cooling wind setup, reduce weight or baffle
7. Bottom plate too cold •• Reduce cooling wind
8. Excessive swabbing of the blank •• Reduce the amount of swabbing on blank or baffle

1. Insufficient blank overcapacity •• Increase blank overcapacity
2. Baffle too large and heavy •• Baffle too large and heavy
3. Bottom plate too large and heavy •• Bottom plate too large and heavy

Thin Bottom
Definition
A bottom thinner than
specified.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Gob temperature is too low •• Adjust gob temperature
2. Gob is under weight •• Increase weight
3. Uneven gob temperature •• Adjust forehearth temperature so that gob is not
curling

1. Plunger contact time too long •• Shorten the plunger contact time
2. Parison reheat time is too short, not allowing the •• Increase reheat time in blow mold
glass to stretch •• Delay counter blow
3. Counterblow takes place too early, not allowing the •• Delay final blow
neck of the bottle to reheat enough •• Increase the machine speed
4. Final blow too early •• Apply cooling wind to bottom plate
5. Machine speed too low •• Adjust speed of invert
6. Bottom plate running too hot •• Decrease blank time
7. Speed of invert too fast or too slow
8. Dirty blank and baffle

1. Blank size is too large •• Use a smaller size blank
2. Incorrect plunger design •• Correct plunger design
3. Excessive overcapacity •• Reduce overcapacity
4. Incorrect parison design (press and blow) •• Correct parison design

Wedge or Slug Bottom or Heel Tap
Definition
A localized thick area at
one side of the bottom.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Forehearth glass temperature is uneven •• Adjust forehearth temperature so that gob does
not curl

1. Incorrect speed of invert •• Invert should be cushioned so that parison does not
2. Parison not hanging straight in blow mold swing when transferred to blow mold
3. Wear between rack and 48-tooth gear on neck ring •• Ensure neck rings are set correctly to neck ring
4. Incorrect setting of cooling wind mold side gauge
5. Excessive reheat time •• Check 48-tooth gear on neck ring mechanism for
6. Blank temperature is uneven wear. Change if necessary. Change piston and rod
7. Parison blown too soft on invert mechanism if worn.
8. One neck ring arm set higher than the other •• Adjust setting of cooling wind nozzle
9. Bad loading blank mold - not central •• Reduce reheat time
10. Baffle with excessive oil •• Adjust settings of blank mold cooling
•• Increase counter blow pressure and/or time
•• Check neck ring setting
•• Adjust deflector to give central gob loading
•• Raise or lower down trough
•• Check for dirty blank and baffle

1. Blank design too short •• Check blank design and decrease run-down
2. Neck of blow mold smaller than blank, causing bad •• Check dimensions of blank mold neck and blow
transfer mold opening
Section 6 Other Defects
182 Section 6 Other Defects Section 6 Other Defects 183

Broken Ware
Definition
Ware which is cracked or broken into
pieces.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Cold glass •• Adjust feeder temperature

1. Machine speed too low •• Increase the machine speed
2. Improper timing setup for forming cycle •• Check timing setup for forming cycle
3. Too much final blow pressure •• Reduce final blow
4. Ware too cold •• Reduce cooling wind
5. Excessive swabbing •• Reduce swabbing and use a clean, dry swab
6. Blank and blow mold are too cold •• Adjust cooling wind setup

1. Incorrect mold design •• Check for correct mold design.
2. Blanks and baffles not correctly matched •• Check blank and baffle match when the equipment
is hot
1. Containers on the conveyor too long •• Increase the conveyor speed - that is increase the
spacing
G. Lehr operation G. Lehr operation

1. Poor lehr loading •• Improve lehr loading
2. Incorrect lehr temperature - unstable •• Adjust lehr temperature and/or speed
3. Unsuitable lehr belt •• Use a more suitable lehr belt
4. Excessive draughts or wind due to position of lehr •• Protect from draughts, wind, etc.
and prevailing winds
Cords
Definition
Streaks of glass having a
composition different from the
main body of glass.
Causes Remedies
1. Batch is incorrectly •• This defect cannot be remedied by the production
proportioned personnel but it must be reported as soon as it
2. Batch scales are faulty is observed. It is a serious defect and can cause
3. Batch segregation is occurring trouble in the customer’s plant.
4. Faulty batch charging into the furnace
5. Foreign cullet is being used

Out-Of-Shape Ware or Leaner
Definition
Containers which are tilted to one
side due to bottom not being level.
Note: They must be corrected at

once, as they may cause trouble on
the customer’s filling line, when
washing, filling or labeling.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust feeder temperature

1. Insufficient final blow time and/or pressure •• Increase final blow time and/or pressure
2. Incorrect application of cooling wind - mold too hot •• Adjust mold cooling wind
3. Machine speed is too high •• Adjust machine speed
4. Blow mold cycle too short •• Increase blow mold cycle
5. Unsuitable ware pusher design •• Improve ware pushers design
6. Container not hanging in the take out long enough •• Reduce time in the take out position
•• Increase run time

1. Incorrect blow mold shape •• Change the blow mold
2. Incorrect blank design •• Correct blank design
1. Incorrect cooling over the deadplate •• Adjust cooling over the deadplate
2. Pushout moving bottle onto the conveyor too soon •• Delay bottle moving onto the conveyor
3. Container rubbing against the pushout arm or •• Check movement of container on the conveyor
guide wire
Stuck Ware
Definition
A rough piece of glass on the
outside of the container.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Glass too hot •• Adjust the glass temperature

1. Machine speed too high •• Reduce machine speed
1. Containers pushed onto conveyor too soon •• Increase differential on the conveyor wipe-out
2. Incorrect conveyor spacing •• Check conveyor spacing
3. Conveyor belt slipping •• Increase conveyor belt tension
4. Transfer to stacker conveyor incorrectly timed •• Adjust the transfer to the stacker conveyor
D. Lehr Operation D. Lehr Operation

1. Containers too hot when placed in the lehr •• Increase deadplate cooling or reduce conveyor
2. Lehr too hot speed
•• Adjust the lehr temperature

Uneven or Bad Distribution
Definition
Uneven wall thickness.
Causes Remedies
A. Feeder A. Feeder
1. Incorrect glass temperature •• Adjust the glass temperature
2. Uneven gob temperature •• Adjust the forehearth temperature so that the gob
does not curl

1. Uneven cooling of blank molds •• Apply cooling air evenly on the blank molds
2. Incorrect drum setting •• Adjust drum setting
3. Excessive blank cooling •• Adjust blank cooling
4. Settle blow time too long - corkage reheat too short •• Reduce settle blow
5. Counter blow time too short •• Increase counter blow time
6. Machine speed too low •• Increase machine speed
7. Incorrect timing of gob delivery •• Check loading position and gob delivery

1. Blank design unsuitable - incorrect blank shape •• Adjust blank design

Alphabetical index of defects
B Crizzled Finish................................................................. 38
Baffle Marks.................................................................. 160
D
Base Leaner or Rocker Bottom................................... 162
Danny Neck or Tear on Neck.......................................... 76
Base Spikes.................................................................... 164
Dirty Neck....................................................................... 78
Bent Necks...................................................................... 68
Dirty or Rough Finish..................................................... 40
Bent or Crooked Finish................................................... 14
Dirty Ware..................................................................... 128
Bird Cage or Bird Swing................................................ 106
Drag Marks.................................................................... 130
Black Spots.................................................................... 110
Blank and Blow Mold Seam......................................... 114 F
Blisters............................................................................. 16 Flanged Bottom............................................................ 170
Bottom or Base Check.................................................. 166
Broken Finish.................................................................. 18 H
Broken Ware.................................................................. 184 Hollow Finish or Neck.................................................... 80
Bruise Checks................................................................ 118 Hot or Panel Checks..................................................... 132
Brush Marks.................................................................. 122 L
Bulged Finish.................................................................. 20 Lap Marks or Wrinkles.................................................. 134
Bulged Sides.................................................................. 124 Letter Checks................................................................ 136
C Loading Marks.............................................................. 138
Checked Finish................................................................ 22 Long Neck........................................................................ 82
Checks under Finish....................................................... 26 N
Chipped Finish................................................................ 32 Neck Ring Seam.............................................................. 42
Choked Neck or Bore...................................................... 72
Cold Molds.................................................................... 126 O
Cords.............................................................................. 186 Offset Finish.................................................................... 44
Corkage Check or Tear.................................................... 36 Oil Marks....................................................................... 140
Out-of-Round and Off-Gauge Finishes........................ 46
194 Index Index 195

Out-Of-Shape Ware or Leaner..................................... 188 Thin Ware...................................................................... 150
Overpress or Wire Edge.................................................. 48
U
P Uneven or Bad Distribution........................................ 192
Pinched Neck.................................................................. 84 Unfilled Finish................................................................. 62
Pressure Checks............................................................ 142
W
S Wash Boards................................................................. 154
Seam on Neck Ring Parting Line................................... 86 Wedge or Slug Bottom or Heel Tap............................. 180
Seeds................................................................................ 50
Shear Marks.................................................................. 172
Shoulder Checks or Tears............................................... 94
Spikes............................................................................. 144
Split Finish....................................................................... 52
Stones.............................................................................. 58
Stringy Glass................................................................. 146
Stuck Glass Particles...................................................... 88
Stuck Ware.................................................................... 190
Sunken Shoulders........................................................... 98
Sunken Sides................................................................. 148
Swung Baffle................................................................. 174
T
Tear under Finish............................................................ 60
Thick or Heavy Bottom................................................ 176
Thin Bottom.................................................................. 178
Copyright © 2017 Bucher Emhart Glass
Thin Shoulders.............................................................. 102 Hartford Division
All Rights Reserved
196 Index Index 197

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Glass Container Defects: Causes & Remedies

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Glass Container Defects: Causes & Remedies

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Glass container defects

Causes & remedies

Section 5 Base and Bottom Defects 159

there is a seam. BLANK

Bottle narrow neck Jar wide mouth

1 Cavity Identification The bumps on the heel and/or

3 Additional information may include plant

Blank side Blow side 2. Side Sealing

12 Section 1 Finish Defects 13

14 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 15

16 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 17

Note: It may prevent good

20 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 21

B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation

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(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

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Note: It may cause leakage and

36 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 37

38 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 39

40 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 41

42 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 43

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46 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 47

48 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 49

Note: This defect cannot

50 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 51

(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

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(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

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Note: The production

Some Possible Causes

58 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 59

60 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 61

B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation

(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

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64 Section 1 Finish Defects Section 1 Finish Defects 65

66 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 67

Note: It can cause trouble on

B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation

(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

68 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 69

C. Mold Equipment C. Mold Equipment

70 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 71

B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation

(Continued on next page) (Continued on next page)

72 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 73

C. Mold Equipment C. Mold Equipment

74 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 75

B. Machine setup and operation B. Machine setup and operation

C. Mold equipment C. Mold equipment

76 Section 2 Neck Defects Section 2 Neck Defects 77