Media and Information Literacy
FINALS EXAM REVIEWER
1   OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND POWER OF MEDIA
AND INFORMATION
1.1   ISSUES – IMAGE, TEXT AND AUDIO
•  Image manipulation: a process which uses
various techniques and editing tools to correct the
color, adjust the tone, crop a photograph either for
artistic merit or for deceiving people.
•  Plagiarism: the act of stealing from others their
thoughts or their writings and claiming them as
one’s own. This also covers images and
illustrations.
•  News values: determine how much prominence a
news story is given by a media outlet.
•  Tabloid journalism: the use of text manipulation
and story embellishments to sell more copies.
•  Tabloidization: a media phenomenon involving
the revision of traditional newspaper and other
media formats driven by reader preferences and
commercial requirements. May also include
populist content and design and the fascination
with the lives and antics of celebrities.
•  Envelopmental journalism: bribery of media
personnel usually through cash put in envelopes.
•  Sensationalism: subject matter, language, or style
designed to produce startling or thrilling
impressions or to excite and please vulgar tastes.
•  Yellow journalism: newspaper style that peaked
in the 1890s emphasizing high-interest stories,
sensational crime news, large headlines and
reports exposing corruption in business and
government, often marketed for their shock value.
•  AC-DC: “attack-and-collect, defend-and-collect;”
or the practice of radio commentators or
newspaper columnists of using their media
platform to attack or defend personalities and
collecting money from them after.
•  Payola: the unethical but not always illegal
practice of record promoters paying DJs or radio
programmers to favor particular songs over others.
This  reviewer  may  be  shared  with  your  friends  in  Grade  12  who  are  taking  Media  and  Information  Literacy.
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1.2   ISSUES – FILM AND TV
•  Monopoly: exclusive control of a commodity or
service in a particular market, or a control that
makes possible the manipulation of prices.
•  Monolith: something having uniform, massive,
redoubtable or inflexible quality or character.
•  Global media dominance: Combining the
meaning of monopoly and monolith in media
means audiences see the same set of images
carrying specific standards of messages and
content and are “forced” to subscribe to the
values and belief systems embedded in these
stories.
•  Mainstream vs. independent content: global
media overpowers other media cultures, making it
impossible for independent media to get as much
exposure as mainstream.
•  Exporting and importing culture: predominantly
western style of culture – in the Philippines
•  Metro Manila Film Festival: an annually held
festival to showcase Filipino films to give a chance
for people to watch locally-made films without
heavy competition from Hollywood.
•  Hollywood standards or Hollywood quality: a
film is deemed excellent only if it parallels the
quality of a Hollywood film in terms of artistic and
technical excellence.
•  CGI – Computer Generated Imagery
•  Genre: a formal system of storytelling giving
definite parameters of expectations using
expected elements with predetermined outcomes.
Includes both the story and technical aspects of
audiovisual production. It helps make sense of a
film.
•  Cookie-cutter style: stories which have been
used over and over with tiresome plotting devices
and the way stories develop and unfold.
•  Character: fictional people that appear in films or
TV shows, including heroes, heroines, villains,
supporting roles, minor and bit parts; reel
representations of ourselves.
   
 
•  Cardboard or cookie-cutter characterization: 1.4   AESTHETICS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING
characters are similar with those that have existed
in certain films with predictable formulas. •  Networking: a supportive system of sharing
information and services among individuals and
•  Stereotype: common form of media
groups with common interests.
representation that uses instantly recognized
characteristics to label members of a social or •  Kinds of Social Media
cultural group, with both negative and positive
o  Print-based – uncensored publication of thoughts
connotations in their portrayals; magnified biases
in new media platforms
of society.
§  Blogs (e.g. Tumblr, Wordpress)
1.3   ISSUES – NEW AND SOCIAL MEDIA §  microblogging sites - (e.g. Twitter) post lengths
with 140-character limit; gave rise to problems
•  Digital divide: the socioeconomic disparity with shortening of words and producing “text
between those who do and those who do not have vocabulary”
access to digital technology and media, such as
o  Social networking sites: enable people to connect
the internet.
with other people
•  Copyright: a set of rights granted to the author or
o  Audio-based (e.g. Spotify, TuneIn)
creator of a work, to restrict others’ ability to copy,
redistribute or reshape the content. May be owned o  Photo-based (e.g. Instagram)
by someone other than the creator. o  Video-based (e.g. YouTube, Vine)
•  Royalties: a percentage of revenue from the sale •  Relevance of Social Media
of copyrighted content such as books, theatrical
works, patented inventions, among others. o  Personal Communications (e.g. Viber, WeChat,
Line, Skype, and Kakao Talk)
•  Hacking: to break into a server or website from a
o  Business and Customer Care Tools (e.g. Cebu
remote location to steal or damage data.
Pacific and Meralco, video conferences)
•  Cyberbullying: to bully someone online by
o  Social Services and Governance (e.g. DOST,
sending or posting mean messages usually
MMDA, DepEd)
anonymously.
o  Education Tools (e.g. blogging, Facebook, DepEd)
•  Othering: treating women as “the other” meaning
inferior to men.
1.5   MEDIA, FREEDOMS, AND THE LAW
•  Meme: a cultural item in the form of an image,
•  Human rights: set of entitlements and protections
video or phrase spread via the internet and often
regarded as necessary to protect the dignity and
altered in a creative or humorous way.
self-worth of a human being.
•  Flaming: to send angry, critical or disparaging
•  Equality: the idea that everyone is entitled to the
electronic messages.
same rights, irrespective of age, gender, religion
•  Trolling: to post deliberately inflammatory articles and ethnicity.
on an internet discussion board.
•  Ethics: the rules or standards that govern
•  Identity theft: people stealing other people’s someone’s conduct.
profile information and using that profile to fool
•  Code of ethics: set of principles of conduct for
others.
journalists which describe the appropriate
•  Identity fakers: those who pose as another behavior between various existing codes.
person to fool people, usually to steal money from
those who fall for their scam.
This  reviewer  may  be  shared  with  your  friends  in  Grade  12  who  are  taking  Media  and  Information  Literacy.    
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•  Censorship: the practice of suppressing material
that is considered morally, politically or otherwise
objectionable.
•  MTRCB: Movie and Television Review and
Classification Board; the government body where
films and TV shows are submitted to be rated.
•  Constitutional provisions
o  Article 3 or the Bill of Rights
§  Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of
grievances.
§  Section 7: The right of the people to information
on matters of public concerns shall be
recognized…
•  Libel Law – Article 353 of the Revised Penal
Code
o  Libel: “a public and malicious imputation of a
crime, or a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any
act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance
tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or
contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
blacken the memory of one who is dead.”
o  Slander: Art. 358 of the RPC, “Oral defamation
shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum
period to prision correccional in its minimum
period if it is of a serious and insulting nature;
otherwise the penalty shall be arresto menor or a
fine not exceeding 200 pesos.”
•  Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act 8293): the overall law protecting
copyrights and all kinds of intellectual property
creations including patents and trademarks.
•  Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act
No. 8792): protects mostly financial and
commercial transactions online. This also covers
hacking and illegal downloading of copyrighted
materials.
•  The Optical Media Act of 2003 (Republic Act
No. 9239): to ensure the protection of specific
media products subjected to illegal duplication or
piracy.
This  reviewer  may  be  shared  with  your  friends  in  Grade  12  who  are  taking  Media  and  Information  Literacy.
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•  The Anti-Camcording Law (Republic Act No.
10088): aims to prevent the illegal video camera
recording of movies currently shown in theaters.
•  The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
(Republic Act No. 10175): covers all other online
anomalies such as identity theft, child
pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting, and
other computer-related and internet-facilitated
practices.
2  CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
•  Media ownership
o  Most media run as business
o  Mainstream media: media disseminated via
largest distribution channels, which are therefore
representative of what majority of media
consumers are likely to encounter; top-down
organizational model.
o  Independent media: artists are free to create their
work independent of the top-down dictates of the
profit-oriented mainstream media producer. Mostly
used to refer to non-mainstream film.
3  TEXT, VISUAL AND AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA
•  Framing: to construct, compose or imagine
something; to create with a solid plan and specific
structure in mind.
•  News: the communication of information on
current events via print, broadcast, internet or
word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.
•  Newspaper: regularly scheduled publication
containing news, information and advertising,
usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade
paper.
•  Broadsheet: major newspapers printed in long
paper format.
•  Tabloid: smaller, easy-to-read and thinner
newspaper format.
•  Comics: cheap, accessible, colorful and highly
entertaining with panels of visual drawings.
   
 
•  Magazine: the intersection of the newspaper,
book and comics, contains printed stories, essays,
illustrations, photographs and advertising.
•  Photography: process of recording images
through a chemical interaction caused by light rays
hitting a sensitized surface.
•  Digital photography: image is captured or
encoded as electronic signals, stored in the
camera’s memory storage unit and later decoded
as digital computer image files.
•  Radio: most popular form of mass media all over
the world; economical and practical; the
background in our daily life.
o  Animation: oldest film format, encompasses the
frame-by-frame shooting and projection of fictional
films using puppets, clay figures, drawings or
sketches, shadows, and now computer-generated
images or characters.
o  Experimental: usually strays away from the
traditional narrative format or the typical
documentary format. It plays around with the
physicality of the film form, shooting styles,
production process and concept.
Source: Cantor, O. (2016). Media and information
literacy. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

4  MOTION AND MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION

•  Movies: shortened from “moving pictures,” since

its precursor, photography involved still or non-
moving pictures.
•  Cinema: specific bodies of work in film that carry
specific thematic topics.
•  Film formats according to length
o  Short film: less than one hour
o  Feature-length or full-length: two to three hours
•  Modes of Film Production
o  Preproduction Stage: planning stage, concept
development, script writing, financing, casting, set
design, shooting details, and other concerns
o  Production Stage: actual shooting of the film or
the principal photography phase
o  Postproduction Stage: editing, film scoring,
dubbing
•  Film formats
o  Narrative: fictional in nature, meaning the
characters and situations were made up by the
film’s scriptwriter.
o  Documentary: presents non-fictional or factual
characters and situations in the film usually made
to present a specific issue or societal concerns to
its viewers.

This  reviewer  may  be  shared  with  your  friends  in  Grade  12  who  are  taking  Media  and  Information  Literacy.    
Good  luck!