 The death of GOMBURZA sparked the
movement of Filipino revolutionists and
A. SPANISH AMERICAN
TRANSITORY PERIOD
I. THE SECULARIZATION OF
FILIPINO PRIESTS
 Secular priests are not treated fairly.
 Filipino priests were ousted by
Spanish priests in chapels because
they lack education and have
inadequate experience.
 Spaniards were favoring their own
regular priests over Filipino priests.
II. THE CAVITE MUTINY
 January 20, 1872
 Filipino workers revolted together
with Filipino soldiers.
 Spanish officers were killed and they
barricaded themselves in Fort San
Filipe in Cavite.
 Mutineers captured the Fort on
January 21 but Spanish forces were
able to regain the fort and captured
the mutineers.
III. DEATH OF GOMBURZA
 The Spanish government implicated
the leaders of the secular movement
in the Cavite Mutiny.
 The governor-general ordered the
arrests of Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
 The three were accused of leading
the mutiny in the arsenal.
 They were also accused of inciting or
urging Filipinos to fight the
Spaniards.
 The three priests were executed at
Bagumbayan on February 17,1872
through the means of garrote.
IV. THE PROPAGANDA AND THE
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
reformists.
A. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 They were led by the illustrados.
 They aim to have a peaceful
campaign for reforms through
speeches and other forms of oral and
written expressions.
Objectives of the Propaganda Movement
1) To make the Philippines a regular
province of Spain.
2) To gain equal treatment for Filipinos.
3) To seek representation in the Spanish
Cortes.
4) To get Filipino priests appointed to local
parishes.
5) To achieve freedom of speech, freedom
of the press and freedom of assembly.
B. THE REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENT
 Led by revolutionists that are
composed of the lower class.
 Aims to gain independence from
Spain.
THE TWO OBJECTIVES OF THE
KATIPUNAN
1) To unite all Filipinos under one, strong
force.
2) To fight for freedom through a revolution.
V. THE EXILATION OF AGUINALDO
 Emilio Aguinaldo and other 25
revolutionary leaders sailed to Hong
Kong to be exile.
 Revolutionary movement was a
collaboration of Emilio Aguinaldo
(together with revolutionary leaders)
with Americans.
 The Hongkong Junta was formed by
Emilio Aguinaldo to reassess and
reorganize what historians call a decisive
phase of the revolution against Spain
which became an extension of Spanish-
American war.
VI. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 Involved both the Philippines and
Cuba.
 The Maine was destroyed by an
explosion killing 250 men.
 The United States declared war
against Spain on April 21, 1898.
 Orders were given to Commodore
George Dewey to attack the Spanish
fleet in the Manila Bay.
The Battle of Manila Bay
 Took place on May 1, 1898 at
Manila Bay.
 A squadron of 6 American ships was
commanded by Commodore George
Dewey.
 A total of 10 vessels of the Spanish
fleet was destroyed.
 The Spaniards finally surrendered on
August 13, 1898.
VII. THE TREATY OF PARIS
 Signed on December 10, 1898
between Spain and the United States.
PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY
A. Spain will cede the Philippines,
Puerto Rico and Guam to the United
States.
B. Spain will cease its governance of
the Philippines and Cuba.
C. The United States will pay Spain a
sum of $20,000,000.
D. The United States will decide on the
civil and political rights of the
territories won from Spain.
VIII. FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
 February 4, 1899
 Aguinaldo declared war on the
Americans.
 Broke out when a Filipino soldier
was shot by William Grayson, an
American sentry.
 Provinces slowly fell into American
hands.
 Americans won almost all aspects of
the war.
 Philippines’ only significant victory
was in Balangiga, Samar where 57
American soldiers were killed.
 Gregorio del Pilar and Antonio Luna
were among the main Filipino
generals who bravely fought against
the Americans.
IX. AGUINALDO’S ARREST
 Arrested by General Frederick
Funston in Palanan on March 3,
1901.
 The Americans was assisted by four
Filipinos incuding Cecilio
Seguismundo, Aguinaldo’s
messenger.
 Aguinaldo was brought to Manila
and was made to take his oath of
allegiance to the United States.
 Marked the end of the Filipino-
American war.
X. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE
AMERICAN PERIOD
A. Military Government
 August 14, 1898
 Aims to restore peace and order in
the Philippines.
 The military governor was appointed
by the United States President

 The military-governor is given the
executive, legislative and judicial
powers.
 General Wesley Merritt was the first
American military governor in the
Philippines.
B. Schurman Commission
 May 4, 1899
 Commissions were sent to the
Philippines to help in the
establishment of a sovereign
government.
 Headed by Jacob Schurman
 They were sent to study the peace
and order situation in the Philippines.
 A year after, the commissions
returned in the United States with a
report that Philippines was not yet
ready for independence.
C. Taft Commission
 March 16, 1900
 Headed by Judge William Howard
Taft.
 Paved the way for the establishment
of a civil government in the
Philippines.
 President McKinley issued the
Magna Carta of the Philippines
D. Civil Government
 July 4, 1901
 The civil government was
inaugurated with William Taft as its
first civil governor.
 Gave Filipinos the opportunity for
greater participation in the
government.
Filipinos who were appointed to
government positions
Cayetano Arellano – Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
Gregorio Araneta- Secretary of Finance and
Justice
Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, and Jose
Luzzuriaga as members of the Philippine
Commission.
E. Philippine Bill of 1902
 July 1, 1902
 Also known as the Cooper Act
 Written by Representative Henry
Allan Cooper.
 It laid the foundation for the
establishment of a democratic form
of government in the Philippines.
July 30, 1907
 Election for the 80 seats of
Philippine Assembly was held.
 Sergio Osmena was elected as
speaker
 Manuel Quezon was elected as
majority floor leader.
F. American Peace Policies
Sedition Law
 November 4, 1901
 Prohibits all activities that incite the
people to revolt against the
Americans.
 Banned activities that may harbor
seditious themes.
 It became the basis in banning the
establishment of political parties,
especially those with nationalistic
agenda.
Brigandage Law
 November 12, 1902
 All Filipino guerillas and groups that
worked for independence were
branded as bandit and thieves.

 Punishment for those giving any
form of aid to these men was
imprisonment for not less than 10
years while members of an armed
band were subjected to not less than
20 years imprisonment.
Reconcentration Act
 Aims to corner all guerillas hiding in
the outlying areas.
Flag Law
 The Americans prohibited the raising
and flying of the Philippine flag
anytime and anywhere.
G. Jones Law
 August 29, 1916
 Also known as the Philippine
Autonomy Act.
 A law that promised the granting of
Philippine independence as soon as a
stable government is established.
H. Tydings-McDuffie Law
 Authored by Senator Millard
Tydings and Representative John
McDuffie
 The Philippines would gain its
independence after a ten-year period
of Commonwealth government.
 Filipinos should form a constitution
that would serve as the basic law of
the country that would contain the
bill of rights for all Filipinos.
XI. THE COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT
 The 1935 Constitution was drafted
and ratified.
 Manuel L. Quezon became the
President and Sergio Osmenia as the
Vice President
 There were three branches of
government under the
commonwealth government.
Executive Branch
 Headed by the President
 There were only nine departments
that composed the executive branch:
interior, finance, justice, agriculture
and commerce, public works and
communications, public education,
national defense, labor health and
public welfare.
Legislative Branch
 Represented by the Philippine
Assembly.
 It is composed of 98 representatives
with a term of three years.
Judiciary Branch
 Composed of the supreme court and
other lower courts
 Courts have the power to try, hear
and decide the cases referred to
them.
 The Court of Appeals and the Court
of Industrial relations was created.
 Only seven justices composed the
supreme court.
PROVISIONS OF THE
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
A. Ten years of preparation and training of
self-government before the granting of
independence to the country.
B. Gradual imposition of taxes on products
exported by the Philippines on the seventh
year of the Commonwealth.
C. The United States’ control of trade,
finance and diplomatic relations of the
Philippines with other countries.
D. Holding of a convention that would draft
the Philippine Constitution
E. Declaration of Philippine independence
on July 4, 1946.
THE FIRST NATIONAL ELECTION
OF THE COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT
 September 17, 1935
 It was contested by three parties.
The Coalition Party
 Led by Manuel Quezon and Sergio
Osmenia for the presidency and vice
presidency respectively.
Nationalist Socialist Party
 Led by the tandem of Emilio
Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza
for the aim to take the office of the
president and vice-president.
Republican Party
 Led by Gregorio Aglipay and
Norberto Nabong.
 Quezon and Osmenia won the
election and were inaugurated on
November 15, 1935.
January 2, 1942
The Japanese Occupation Interrupted the
Government
April 23, 1946
Roxas became the last President of the
Commonwealth Government
July 4, 1946
The United States recognized the
independence of the Philippines.
B. THE JAPANESE-AMERICAN
TRANSITORY PERIOD
I. THE ATTACK OF PEARL HARBOR
 December 8, 1941
 Japanese bombed a base in Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii
 Destroyed 20 American Naval
vessels and over 300 planes.
 Killed more than 2,400 Americans.
 Japanese strategic plan to capture
American held territory in the Asian
region.
II. JAPANESE BOMBINGS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 In December 8, 1941 Japanese
attackers bombed Davao, Baguio,
Tuguegarao, Iba, Pampanga and
Tarlac.
 DECEMBER 10, 1941- Legazpi,
Albay.
 DECEMBER 12, 1941 - Davao and
Jolo.
 DECEMBER 20, 1941- Lingayen,
Pangasinan
 DECEMBER 22, 1941- Quezon
Province
‘
III. THE JAPANESE INVASION
 Japan invaded the Philippines ten
hours after the attack on Pearl
Harbor
 About 40,000 Japanese troops landed
in the country
 MacArthur and Quezon escaped to
Australia
 Aerial bombardment continued to
surge areas in the Philippines.
 Aerial bombardment continued to
surge areas in the Philippines.
 Japanese troops launched an all-out
offensive on the island of Corregidor
 Filipino and American soldiers
surrendered on April 9 1942 and
 were forced to March to Capas,
Tarlac.
 Filipino and American soldiers
surrendered on April 9 1942 and
were forced to March to Capas,
Tarlac
 Corregidor falls on May 6, 1942
 Japanese military occupation begins
IV. THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH
 April 9,1942
 Captured Americans and
Filiipino soldiers were forced by
the Japanese to march from
Mariveles, Bataan to San
Fernando, Pampanga.
 Those who survived the march
were ordered to ride a train that
would bring them to camp O’
Donnel in Capas, Tarlac where
they were imprisoned.
V. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE
JAPANESE REGIME
A. JAPANESE SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT (JMA)
 Established a day after the
occupation of Manila
 Headed by the director-general
DIRECTIVES OF THE JMA
1) Declaration of Martial Law in Manila
2) Imposition of curfew and black-out
3) Confiscation of all ammunition and fire
arms among Filipinos and Americans
4) Filipinos are disallowed to use radios and
other forms of communication that would
keep them informed of American activities
JAPANESE EXECUTIVE
COMMISSION
 January 23, 1942
 Headed by Jose B. Vargas as
chairman and six others who
composed his government.
Cabinets under the Commission
Benigno S. Aquino Sr- Secretary of Interior
Antonio de la Alas- Secretary of Finance
Jose P. Laurel- Secretary of Justice
Rafael R. Alunan- Secretary of agriculture
and commerce
Claro M. Recto- Secretary of Education
Quintin Paredes- Public works and
communications.
 Each department had a Japanese
adviser and several Japanese
assistants.
 Advising the Executive Commission
was the council of state that are
composed of 32 Filipinos appointed.
KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod
ng Bagong Pilipinas)
 December 30, 1942
 Established to be the main
propaganda of the Japanese
 Served as labor recruitment service
in its initial stages before taking on
an expanded role in mid 1943.
 A Japanese-Sponsored constitution
was signed by PCPI and ratified by
117 KALIBAPI delegates on
September 7.
 Dr. Jose P. Laurel was elected as the
new president of the Republic of the
Philippines.
C. JAPANESE-AMERICAN
TRANSITORY PERIOD
I. THE GUERILLA MOVEMENT
 Composed of Filipino and American
soldiers who escaped from Bataan
and Corregidor
 Japanese maltreatment of Filipinos
and Americans was the biggest
 reason why the guerrilla was
established.
 Most guerrillas established
headquarters in the mountains.
 They staged ambushes on Japanese
garrisons and installations.
 Establishment of the
HUKBALAHAP
SOME NOTED FILIPINOS DURING THE
JAPANESE PERIOD.
1. Jose P Laurel
 Was the president of the Japanese-
sponsored Philippine Republic.
 Many Filipinos regarded him as a
traitor to the country.
 After the war, he was tried in court
for collaborating with the Japanese.
 He was granted amnesty by the court
by his explanation that he did
everything to serve his country and
his countrymen.
2. Vicente Lim
 Finished his military education at
West Point Academy in the United
States.
 He is known for his bravery in
fighting the Japanese forces in
Bataan and Samar
 Also regarded as a messenger of the
guerrillas.
 Captured and executed in Mindoro.
3. Josefa Llanes Escoda
 Was a teacher and a social worker.
 Joined the Volunteer Social Aid
Committee which helped Filipino
prisoners by giving them food,
medicine and clothing.
 Arrested and detained in Fort
Santiago and was granted amnesty
after seven months.
4. Jose Abad Santos
 Was the chief justice when the war
broke out .
 He refused to dialogue with the
Japanese because he doubted their
intentions
 He was put into prison in Malabang,
Lanao and executed on May 2, 1942.
5. Roque Ablan
 He refused to help the Japanese
when the latter arrived in Ilocos
Norte in January 1942.
 Became a guerilla member in
Solsona where he and other Filipinos
killed 50 Japanese soldiers.
 He was arrested and executed in
Cagayan.
II. THE RETURN OF THE
AMERICANS
 October 20, 1944- American forces
landed on Leyte together with Gen.
MacArthur and Sergio Osmena.
 January 9, 1945- American forces
landed on Lingayen, Pangasinan.
 Towns from Central Luzon to
Manila were easily recaptured by
Americans.
 Japanese forces of Gen. Yamashita
retreated to Sierra Madre but
surrendered on August 3, 1945.
 Japanese forces totally surrendered
in the Philippines after full
intervention of American forces.
REFERENCES:
Agoncillo, T. (1990). History of Filipino
People. 8th edition. Garo Books Inc: Quezon
City.
Capina C. (2002). One Country One People.
3rd edition, Vibal Publishing House Inc:
Quezon City.
Malit, T. (n.d.) The Japanese occupation of
the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit/the-
japanese-occupation-of-the-philippines-
68407515

MEMBERS:
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Cadiogan, Joshua
Herry, Jomar
Malicdem, Jean Camille
Manao, Jim
Oriondo, Christian
Palityan Mhar