ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY

BY:
MOHAMAD SHAHRIZAL BIN ALIAS
Definition for Comfortable:

“A situation of feeling or a thought of being

contented or relieve on something of the
surroundings”
 LIGHTING

COLD WATER
THE
VENTILATION

NEED
SYSTEM

HOT
WATER
SYSTEM
Necessary for:

1. Human Comfort

2. Machine production, processing and

operation efficiency.

3. Keeping artifact, antiques, relic, remains &

etc.
 Oxford dictionary :
◦ “A state of physical ease and freedom from pain or
constraint”

 Protection from weather, danger & etc.

 Basic human need.

 Safety purposes.
 Keeping the machine to last longer.

 Operation system running smoothly.

 The machine safety is secured.

 Secured place.

 To preserve its originality.

 To protect from surrounding elements that

may cause defect.
 Building users:
◦ Metabolic heat
◦ Activities.

 Environment & Surroundings.

◦ Temperature
◦ Relative Humidity
What will you do???
 Human
Activity

Building Source Body

Equipment
Of Heat Metabolism

Solar Ray
 Conduction

 Convection

 Radiation

 Evaporation
 The transfer of energy between objects that
are in physical contact.

 Rate of transfer depends on the heat

difference between body surface and object
in contact.

 Heat transfer from one object to another

colder object.
 The transfer of energy between an object and
its environment, due to fluid motion.

 A process of heat transfer through a gas or

liquid by bulk motion of hotter material into a
cooler region.

Air heated by a space heater rises and is

replaced by cool air, creating a convection
current that circulates hot air throughout a
room.
 The transfer of energy to or from a body by
means of the emission or absorption of
electromagnetic radiation

 It depend on the material temperature.

 An example of thermal radiation is the

infrared radiation emitted by a common
household radiator or electric heater.
 Changes from liquid to gas.

 When sweat evaporates from the skin it

carries away a great deal of heat at the same
time.
 Air temperature

 Air circulation

 Air relative humidity

 Can be controlled mechanically:
◦ Temperature
◦ Humidity.
◦ Air movement.

 Can also controlled by:

◦ Position of building.
◦ Construction material and set up.
 Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) is a indicator for
thermal environment.

 The temperature of air measured by a

thermometer freely exposed to the air but
shielded from radiation and moisture.

 The suitable DBT within 16°C – 28°C

 Radiation effect from the
environment surface.

 In thermal comfort application, it

refers to shape and characteristic of a
surface that radiate human body by
considering the environmental
surfaces.

 Mean-Radiant temperature is usually

measured with what it known as a
globe thermometer
 Developed by Houghten and Yagloglou

 It is defined as the temperature of a still,

saturated atmosphere, which would, in the
absence of radiation, produce the same effect as
the atmosphere in question.

 It combines the effect of dry air temperature and

humidity.

 Represented by a set of equal comfort lines

drawn on the psychometric chart.
 Temperature

 Air circulation

 Humidity
 As the air temperature rises, the mean
surface temperature will be colder.

 Dry bulb temperature (DBT) is used to

measure thermal surrounding.

 Comfortable DBT is within 16°C - 28°C range.

 With a speed of 3 to 5 m/minutes.

 Air circulation is useful during hot and

humid weather for cooling purposes.

 The ideal air speed in a air

conditioned room is under 0.3 – 0.4
m/s.
 Low humidity (<20%) can cause undesirable
effect.i.e ; wood shrinkage.

 High humidity (>60%) can cause condensation.

 For air conditioned room, relative air humidity

are within 50% - 60%.
 Evolution of OSH Legislation in Malaysia
◦ 1844 British Legislation – specific safety & health
◦ Piecemeal legislation and regulations for example
transporting machinery on the train

 1972 Lords Roben “Committee of Inquiry” –

Robens Report on OSH

 Factories and Machinery Act (139) in 1967

◦ Part II Safety, Health and Welfare – enforced 1970

 Occupational Safety and Health Act (514) 1994

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 In the year 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act was approved by
the Parliament of Malaysia.

 In 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act and eight regulations

under the act were enforced.

 This act was legislated to overcome the weaknesses in the

Machinery Ordinance 1953,
◦ They were not protected if they are working in a
workplace that doesn’t use machinery.

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 This legislation was made considering the fact that the Factory
and Machinery Act 1967 only covers occupational safety and
health in the manufacturing, mining, quarrying and
construction industries, whereas the other industries are not
covered.

 The purpose of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is to

promote and encourage occupational safety and health
awareness among workers and to create organization along with
effective safety and health measures.

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 Main principles that had been taken as the
foundation in the drafting of this Act.

1. Self-regulation
To handle issues relating to occupational safety
and health, employers must develop a good and
orderly management system. Starting with
formation of a safety and health policy and
consequently employers have to make the proper
arrangements to be carried out.

30
2. Consultation- tri partite
where employers, employees and the government must
negotiate to settle issues and problems relating to
occupational safety and health at the workplace.

3. Co-operation
where employers and employees must co-operate to take
care, nurture and to increase the quality of occupational
safety and health at the workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and employees,
none of the occupational safety and health programmes
carried out would succeed.

31
Apply throughout Malaysia to the industries as follows (First Schedule
)
» Manufacturing;
» Mining and Quarrying;
» Construction;
» Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing;
» Utilities such as Electricity, Gas, Water and sanitary Services;
» Transport, Storage and Communication;
» Wholesale and Retail Trades;
» Hotels and Restaurants;
» Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
» Public Services and Statutory Authorities

32
NOTES :
» Not applicable to work on board ships governed by the
Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the Merchant
Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah and Sarawak
» Not applicable to armed forces
» This Law is in addition to previous law pertaining
to occupational safety and health. If there is any
conflict, this Law shall supersede the previous law.

33
 FMA 1967 OSHA 1994
Scope Only cover OSH in the Cover all economic activities &
manufacturing, mining, quarrying, government except armed forces
works of engineering and & seafarers
construction Cover 90% of the man power
Cover 24 % of the man power
Approach - Prescriptive - self regulation
- Too dependent on - supported by code of
government practices, guidelines etc
- Concern for inspection by - tripartite responsibilities
regulation authorities - worker cooperation &
participation

Objective - focus on control of factories - to safeguard, health &

& machinery welfare of employees &
- registration & inspection of those at the place of work
machines for example visitors,
- less provision for health contractors etc

34
1. To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work
against risks
2. To protect persons at a place of work other than persons at
work against risks
3. To promote an occupational environment for persons at
work which is adapted to their physiological and
psychological needs.
4. To provide the means whereby the associated occupational
safety and health legislations may be progressively replaced
by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of
practice operating in combination with the provisions of
this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of
safety and health.

35
“Responsibilities to ensure the safety and health
at the workplace lies with those who create the
risk and with those work with the risk”

36
 Accident prevention is an essential part of
good management and workmanship
 Management and workers must cooperate
 Top management must take the lead
 A define and known safety and health policy
 Organization and resources to achieve policy
 Best available knowledge and methods

37
 Safety control on machine and equipment.
 Cleaning the working area.
 Storing flammable substance in a safe place.
 Smoking room
 Enforcement of safe working regulations.
 Provide emergency routes.
 Provide fire prevention equipment.
 Prepare evacuation plan.
 To ensure no accident occurs.

 To ensure the work is running smooth and

organized.

 To prevent loss due to accident.

◦ Machine & equipment
◦ Labor and professional.
 To improve productivity.
ASSIGNMENT 1
 INSTRUCTION

1. Form a group with a maximum 3 person.

2. Determine the sources of accident and danger to
health which often occur at work due to:
i. Person's own negligence.
ii. Workplace environment
iii. The condition of machine and equipment
iv. Management and administration attitudes
v. The quality of material used.
vi. Neatness of worker apparel.

3. Determine the measures taken to prevent accidents

and danger to health at work.
 FORMAT

 The report will be consist of cover, list of contents and

contents.
FONT TYPE ARIAL

FONT SIZE 12

SPACING 1.5

PAGE NUMBER MIDDLE (1/6)

COVER COLOR DARK BLUE

TEXT ALIGNMENT LEFT

 MARKING SCHEME

 Marks for the assignment is based on:

ITEM MARKS
Format compliance / neatness. 20
Content 60
Figure 10
Creativity 10
TOTAL 100
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shahrizal@polikk.edu.my