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Anchor Rod Design – The


Home / Anchor Rods / Anchor Rod Design – The Complex ACI Provisions (Part 1)

Complex ACI Provisions (Part 1)

Anchor Rod Design – The Complex ACI Provisions (Part


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By: Javier Encinas | October 2, 2016

The design of anchor rods has become complex and cumbersome


Recent Posts
with the development of the ACI 318 provisions, originally in the
Appendix D of the ACI 318-11 and earlier, and now in the Chapter 17
of the ACI 318-14. This document covers the required steps in the  Are You
process of the design of the cast-in anchor rods normally Designing
encountered in column base plates. Your Anchor
Rods
The anchor rods are usually subjected to a combination of tension Correctly?
and shear forces. The ACI treats separately tension and shear, and February 13,
then it combines both effects in an interaction diagram. The Part 1 2019
of this post will discuss the anchor rods in tension. Our software
ASDIP Steel will be used to support our discussion.  How to Design
Uplift Footings
Using ASDIP
Design of anchor rods for tension. FOUNDATION
January 31,
Let’s assume a typical column base plate with anchor rods at the 2019
corners. For compression columns with no moments, the bearing
diagram is uniform, as shown in the left picture below. If now we  Biaxial Column
add a small moment, the bearing diagram varies but the full base Design
plate is still under compression, as shown in the center picture Example Using
below. In these two cases there’s no tension in the anchor rods, and ASDIP
basically they are provided to keep the base plate in place. As the CONCRETE
applied moment increases, only a portion of the plate is under January 8, 2019
compression and the anchor rods provide the required tension to
maintain the static equilibrium. as shown in the right picture below.  Counterfort
Retaining Wall
Design
Example Using
ASDIP RETAIN
December 5,
2018

 Combined
The calculation of the tension in the anchor rods depends of the Footing Real-
strain compatibility assumption for the base plate. For a discussion Life Example
of the different theories please refer to our blog post Base Plate Using ASDIP
and Anchor Rod Design. FOUNDATION
November 14,
Once the tension force has been calculated, the anchor rods should 2018
be checked for the following failure modes:

Categories

 Anchor Rods

 Foundation
Design

• Steel failure – This is a measure of the capacity of the anchor  Project


material, regardless of the anchoring conditions. The calculations Manager
are based on the properties of the anchor material and the
physical dimensions of the anchor. The nominal steel strength is:  Retaining Wall
Design

where Ase is the effective cross sectional area of the anchor.  Structural
ASDIP Steel uses an internal database with the properties of Concrete
different anchor sizes and materials. Design

• Concrete breakout – It assumes a failure forming a concrete  Structural Steel


cone based on a prism angle of 35 degrees. The CCD Method Design
predicts the strength of a group of anchors by using a basic
equation for a single anchor Nb, and multiplied by factors that
account for the number of anchors, edge distance, spacing,
eccentricity, etc.

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The denominator is the breakout area of a single anchor, and to our
the numerator is the group breakout area. The former can be
easily calculated, but the latter may be quite difficult, since it Blog!
depends on the geometric conditions of the support, as shown
below.
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A further complication arises when the plate is located less


than 1.5 hef from three or more edges, in which case the
effective depth hef needs to be recalculated. ASDIP Steel
accurately calculates, for any support conditions, the breakout
area Anc and the effective embedment depth hef and provides
a graphic view, as shown below.

The calculation of the breakout failure mode is particularly


important since a concrete failure would be non-ductile, and
therefore it should be avoided. To prevent this kind of failure,
the Code allows the use of reinforcing steel across the failure
surface. This anchor reinforcement, however, must be
designed and detailed carefully so that the strength of the
rebars can be developed at both sides of the failure surface.

• Pullout strength – It’s the load at which crushing of the concrete


occurs due to bearing of the anchor head. The nominal tension
pullout strength is:

The factor ψcp = 1.4 for anchors located in a region of a


concrete member where analysis indicates no cracking at
service load levels, otherwise its value is 1.0. Abrg is the net
bearing area of the anchor head.

• Concrete side-face blowout – It assumes splitting of the


concrete at anchors loaded in tension that are close to an edge
(hef > 2.5 Ca1). The nominal side blowout strength is:
where “s” is the distance between the outer anchors along the
edge.

What is the φ-factor for tension anchors?

The ACI 318 anchorage provisions follow the Ultimate Strength


Design, therefore the nominal strengths will be affected by a φ
factor in order to be compared to the factored tension force. The
φ-factor is affected by the ductility of the anchorage. If the
controlling failure mode is either the steel strength or the anchor
reinforcement strength, then the failure will be ductile. Any
concrete failure, either breakout, pullout or side blowout, will be a
brittle failure.

The ACI penalizes brittle failures with a lower φ-factor of 0.70, unless
a supplementary reinforcing is provided, in which case φ is 0.75,
except for pullout. For ductile failures, the φ-factor is 0.75. Unlike the
anchor reinforcement, the supplementary reinforcement does not
need to be designed and detailed to take the full tension load.

The Part 2 of this post deals with the design of anchor rods for
shear, as well as the tension-shear interaction. Detailed information
is available about this structural engineering software by visiting
ASDIP STEEL. You are invited to download a Free 15-Day Software
Trial or go ahead and Place Your Order.

Best regards,

Javier Encinas, PE
ASDIP Structural Software

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By Javier Encinas, PE | October 2nd, 2016 | Categories: Anchor


Rods | Tags: anchor bolts design, anchor rods design | 2 Comments

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2 Comments

Leslie Gunatilleka October 3, 2016 at 1:43 pm - Reply

Does your Softwave work with the IOS operating system

Javier Encinas, PE October 3, 2016 at 1:58 pm - Reply

No, the software works in Windows platforms.

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