LATIZA, CYREL MALLIE D.
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
1. Compare and contrast the government of Vietnam and Cambodia.
a. DIFFERENCES
VIETNAM
Head of State The president is the head of the
republic.
Head of the Government The prime minister is the head of the
government.
Legislative branch Vietnam has a unicameral
parliamentary system where the
National Assembly is the highest
representative organ.
It has both constitutional and
statutory powers.
The members are elected through
elections and serve for a term of five
years. It has seven committees which
are responsible for drafting laws,
examining bills, and preparing legal
reports.
Judicial branch The highest organ of the judiciary
is the Supreme People's Court which
consists of the chief justice, deputy
chief justice, jurors, and court
secretaries and is the highest court of
appeal.
The national assembly elects the
chief justice as the nominates other
judges.
CAMBODIA
The King serves as the head of
state.
The prime minister is the head of
government.
A bicameral (two-chamber)
parliament holds legislative power.
The more powerful lower house is
called the National Assembly.
The assembly consists of 122
members who serve five-year
terms. Members are chosen through
popular elections in which people
over 18 years of age are entitled to
vote.
The National Assembly may
dismiss cabinet members or the
entire cabinet with a two-thirds
majority vote.
The upper house, or Senate,
has 61-member Senate serves as an
advisory body to the National
Assembly; it has the power to
recommend amendments to
legislation passed by the assembly,
but the lower house can reject the
recommendations on a second vote.
Members of the Senate are
elected to a term of six years.
The highest court of judicial
branch is the Supreme Council of
the Magistracy.
The main duties of the
judiciary are to prosecute criminals,
settle lawsuits, and, most
importantly, protect the freedoms
and rights of Cambodian citizens.
It consists of nine members
 The judiciary is independent of the
executive, and they only have to obey
the laws drafted in the constitution. The
Supreme People's Prosecutor oversees
the work of the ministries, government
organs, local authorities, the security
forces, and the citizens of Vietnam.
National Government Socialist Republic of Vietnam, it is
a communist state. Vietnam is a unitary
Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist
republic.
It is a state governed as a single
power in which the central government
is ultimately supreme. It seeks to
establish a socialist state to develop
further into socialism and eventually
communism, a classless social system
with common ownership of the means
of production and with full social and
economic equality of all members of
society. Has type of state in which one
political party has the right to form the
government, usually based on the
existing constitution. It is a sovereign
state constitutionally dedicated to the
establishment of socialism.
Implementation of Human In its 2004 report on Human
rights Rights Practices, the U.S. State
Department characterized Vietnam's
human rights record as "poor" and cited
the continuation of "serious abuses."
In 2019, A crackdown on the
rights to freedom of expression,
association and peaceful assembly
continued. A new cybersecurity law
entered into force in January, aimed at
restricting human rights online. The
authorities subjected human rights
defenders and activists to harassment,
intimidation, and abusive restrictions
both online and offline. The government
prosecuted human rights defenders and
activists, using a range of criminal law
provisions. Prolonged pre-trial detention
was common. Prisoners of conscience
with a nine-year mandate. 3
members are appointed by the
King; 3 members by the National
Assembly and 3 others appointed
by SCM.
Royal Government of
Cambodia, a constitutional
monarchy.
A constitutional monarchy is a
form of monarchy in which the
sovereign exercises authority in
accordance with a written or
unwritten constitution.
The main goal of the Royal
Government is to ensure peace,
stability, and national unity. In
order to create a political stability
conducive to the economic and
social development, and the
alleviation of poverty, Cambodia
respect of human rights must be
firmly promoted.
In its report on Cambodia,
Human Rights Watch stated that
"Authorities continue to ban or
disperse most public
demonstrations. Politicians and
journalists critical of the
government face violence and
intimidation and are barred from
equal access to the broadcast
media.
Human rights defenders,
peaceful demonstrators, labor
activists and members of the
banned opposition party continued
to face harassment and intimidation
through misuse of the justice
system. The continuation of
widespread arrests of people
suspected of using or selling drugs
 were denied access to lawyers and
family members, lacked proper health
care, and in some cases were subjected
to torture.
Some issues about violation of
Human rights include Violence against
women and girls, Death penalty, Deaths
in custody, Enforced disappearance,
Arbitrary arrest and detention.
b. SIMILARITIES
VIETNAM & CAMBODIA
 Head of State
 Head of the Government
 Legislative branch
 Judicial branch
 National Government
 Implementation of Human rights
2. Compare and contrast the government of Laos and Cambodia.
A. DIFFERENCES
led to an increase in cases of
arbitrary detention and exacerbated
overcrowding in prisons. Forced
evictions and land expropriation by
the military acting on behalf of
powerful business elites remained a
major problem, and land rights
protestors continued to face
reprisals. Freedom of peaceful
assembly was arbitrarily
suppressed, and civil society
organizations faced ongoing
intimidation.
Some issues about violation
of Human rights include Unlawful
killings, Detention conditions,
Right to housing and forced
evictions
 LAOS
Head of State The president is the head of the The King serves as the head of
republic. state.
Head of the Government The prime minister is the head of the The prime minister is the head of
government. government.
Legislative branch The unicameral National
Assembly has 149 members (144 are
LPRP, 5 independents), directly elected
in multi-seat constituencies by simple
majority vote from candidate lists
provided by the Lao People's
Revolutionary Party and elected for a
five-year term.
Judicial branch The President of the People's
Supreme Court is elected by the
National Assembly on the
recommendation of the National
Assembly Standing Committee. The
Vice President of the People's Supreme
Court and the judges are appointed by
the National Assembly Standing
Committee.
CAMBODIA
A bicameral (two-chamber)
parliament holds legislative power.
The more powerful lower house is
called the National Assembly.
The assembly consists of 122
members who serve five-year
terms. Members are chosen through
popular elections in which people
over 18 years of age are entitled to
vote.
The National Assembly may
dismiss cabinet members or the
entire cabinet with a two-thirds
majority vote.
The upper house, or Senate,
has 61-member Senate serves as an
advisory body to the National
Assembly; it has the power to
recommend amendments to
legislation passed by the assembly,
but the lower house can reject the
recommendations on a second vote.
Members of the Senate are
elected to a term of six years.
The highest court of judicial
branch is the Supreme Council of
the Magistracy.
The main duties of the
judiciary are to prosecute criminals,
settle lawsuits, and, most
importantly, protect the freedoms
and rights of Cambodian citizens.
It consists of nine members
with a nine-year mandate. 3
members are appointed by the
King; 3 members by the National
Assembly and 3 others appointed
by SCM.
National Government The politics of the Lao People's
Democratic Republic, a communist
state. It takes place in the framework of
a one-party socialist republic.
It is a type of state in which one
political party has the right to form the
government, usually based on the
existing constitution. It is a sovereign
state constitutionally dedicated to the
establishment of socialism.
Implementation of Human The rights to freedom of
rights expression, association and peaceful
assembly remained severely restricted,
and the state exercised strict control
over media and civil society.
Some issues about human rights
violation include Enforced
disappearances, Freedoms of
expression, assembly and association,
Economic, social and cultural rights.
Royal Government of
Cambodia, a constitutional
monarchy.
A constitutional monarchy is a
form of monarchy in which the
sovereign exercises authority in
accordance with a written or
unwritten constitution.
The main goal of the Royal
Government is to ensure peace,
stability, and national unity. In
order to create a political stability
conducive to the economic and
social development, and the
alleviation of poverty, Cambodia
respect of human rights must be
firmly promoted.
In its report on Cambodia,
Human Rights Watch stated that
"Authorities continue to ban or
disperse most public
demonstrations. Politicians and
journalists critical of the
government face violence and
intimidation and are barred from
equal access to the broadcast
media.
Human rights defenders,
peaceful demonstrators, labor
activists and members of the
banned opposition party continued
to face harassment and intimidation
through misuse of the justice
system. The continuation of
widespread arrests of people
suspected of using or selling drugs
led to an increase in cases of
arbitrary detention and exacerbated
overcrowding in prisons. Forced
evictions and land expropriation by
the military acting on behalf of
powerful business elites remained a
major problem, and land rights
protestors continued to face
reprisals. Freedom of peaceful
 assembly was arbitrarily
suppressed, and civil society
organizations faced ongoing
intimidation.
Some issues about violation
of Human rights include Unlawful
killings, Detention conditions,
Right to housing and forced
evictions

B. SIMILARITIES

VIETNAM & CAMBODIA

 Head of State
 Head of the Government
 Legislative branch
 Judicial branch
 National Government
 Implementation of Human rights

3. What makes Covid 19 a global problem?

How Covid 19 affects Philippine’s political, economic and social aspect?
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