Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Que.-01 Why single-phase induction motors are not self-started? Explain double field
revolving theory for single phase induction motor.
Ans.-01
Why single-phase induction motors are not self-started?
• Single phase induction motor has single phase distributed winding in stator and a squirrel-cage
rotor.
• When Single phase supply is applied to single phase stator winding an alternating (pulsating)
flux (field) is produced in stator.
• Alternating flux varied with space(single) axis only and it’s not a constant magnitude
synchronously revolving (rotating) flux as in the case of a two or a three phase stator winding
fed from a 2 or 3 phase supply.
• Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel-cage rotor cannot produce
rotation due to rotor inertia (only a revolving flux can produce rotation).
• That is why a single phase motor is not self-starting.
Double field revolving theory of Single Phase Induction Motor: -
Statement: - an alternating uniaxial quantity can be represented by two oppositely rotating vectors
of half magnitude. So, an alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each
equal to half the value of alternating flux and each rotating synchronously in opposite directions.
• The induction motor responds to each magnetic field separately, and the net torque in the
motor is equal to the sum of the torques due to each of the two magnetic fields.
Y Y

A = Øm /2
A = Øm /2
+θ
Øm -θ Øm sinθ
B = Øm /2
B = Øm /2

Y Y
(a) (b)
Y Y B = Øm /2
A = Øm /2

A = Øm /2

-Øm
B = Øm /2

Y B = Øm /2 Y Y A = Øm /2
(c) (d) (e)

Fig. 3.1Double Field Revolving Theory

• As shown in Fig. 3.1 (a), let the alternating flux have a maximum value of Øm.
• Its two half magnitude (Øm /2 ) component fluxes are A and B will revolving in anticlockwise
and clockwise directions respectively.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 1
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• After some time when A and B would have rotated through the angles +θ and -θ as in Fig. 3.1
(b), the resultant flux would be
  2θ 
r = 2 × m × cos   = m × cosθ
2  2 
• After a quarter cycle of rotation, fluxes A and B will be oppositely directed as shown in Fig.
3.1(c) so that the resultant flux would be zero.

• After half a cycle, fluxes A and B will have a resultant of r = -2 × m = −m
2
• After three-quarters of a cycle, again the resultant is zero as shown in Fig. 3.1 (e) and so on.
• If we plot the values of resultant flux against θ
between limits θ=0° to θ=360°, then a curve similar
to the one shown in fig. 3.2 is obtained.
• That is why an alternating flux can be looked upon as
composed of two revolving fluxes each of half the
value and revolving synchronously in opposite
directions.
Fig. 3.2 Resultant Revolving Field.
• It may be noted that if the slip of the rotor is s with respect to the forward rotating flux (i.e. one
which rotates in the same direction as rotor) then its slip with respect to backward rotating
flux is (2-s).
• Each of the two component fluxes while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor, induces an
emf, and thus produces its own torque. Obviously, the two torques (called forward and
backward torques) are oppositely-directed so that the net or resultant torque is equal to their
difference.
• Hence, Tf and Tb are numerically equal but being oppositely directed, produce no resultant
torque. That explains why there is no starting torque in a single-phase motor.
• However, if the rotor is started somehow, say, in the clockwise direction, the clockwise torque
starts increasing and, at the same time, the anticlockwise torque starts decreasing. Hence, there
is a certain amount of net torque in the clockwise direction which accelerates the motor to full
speed.
Torque

2 1 0

SF=2 SF=1 SF=0

SB=0
Anti Clockwise SB=1 Clockwise SB=2
Slip

Fig. 3.3 Torque Slip Characteristic of double field revolving.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 2
Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Que.-02 Mention the types of single phase AC motors. Explain the construction and working
of shaded pole single phase motor.
Ans.-01
Types of Single-Phase AC Motors: -

Single Phase Motor

Induction Motor Synchronous Motor Commutator Motor

Reluctance Hysteresis
Motor Motor

Repulsion Motor
Split Phase Shaded Pole

Repulsion Induction Motor

Resistance Split Phase AC Series Motor

Capacitor Split Phase Universal Motor

Capacitor Start Motor

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

(Two Value Capacitor Motor)

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor

(Single Value Capacitor Motor)

Fig. 3.4 Classification of Single-Phase Motors.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 3
Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Construction and Working of Shaded Pole Single Phase Motor: -

(a) Introduction: -
• A Shaded Pole motor is a simple split phase type of self-starting single phase induction
motor.
• The shaded pole motor is very popular for ratings below 0.05 HP (~ 40 W) because of its
extremely simple construction.
✓ Shaded pole induction motor has no commutator, brushes, collector rings, contactors,
capacitors or moving switch parts, so it is relatively Cheaper, Simpler and Extremely
Rugged in construction and Reliable.
✓ Absence of centrifugal switch eliminates the possibility of motor failure due to faulty
centrifugal switch mechanisms.
 Very Low Starting Torque developed in shaded pole motor.
 Losses are high hence low efficiency.
 Due to high reluctance offered by shading coil Low Power Factor.

(b) Construction: -
• It has salient poles on the stator excited
by single-phase supply and a squirrel UnShaded
Stator Pole
cage rotor. Pole
Shading
• Stator Salient pole are divided in to two Coil
part by cutting the lamination
Shaded
approximately one third distance from Pole
pole edge. 1-Phase Cage
Supply Rotor
(a) Unshaded part (without shading coil) Stator

(b) Shaded Part (with shading coil).

• A portion of each shaded pole is Main
surrounded by a short-circuited turn of Winding

copper strip called shading coil.

Fig. 3.5 2-Pole Shaded Pole Motor

• Rotor of this motor is normal squirrel cage rotor which rotor bar are skewed at 60° to obtain
an optimum starting torque and for limiting the torque dip during run up.
• A 2-Pole shaded pole motor diagram are shown in the fig. 3.5.

(c) Working: -
When an alternating current passes through the stator winding provided on
stator salient pole, the magnetic axis of the pole shifts from the Unshaded I
part to shaded part. Which equivalent to the actual physical movement of A B
the pole. Hence, rotor start to rotate in the direction of this shift.
• The above operation of the motor can be understood by referring to
C
figure which shows one pole of the motor with a shading coil. O t
Considering a one cycle of alternating current (fig. 3.6) applied to the Fig. 3.6
stator winding we will explain the working of shaded pole motor.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 4
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

During the portion OA During the portion AB During the portion BC

N N N

Ør Ør Ør
Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 3.9
• The flux begins to increase • The flux has reached almost • The flux begins to decrease
rapidly and an e.m.f. is maximum value and is not rapidly and an e.m.f. is
induced in the shading coil. changing. induced in the shading coil.
• The resulting current in the • Since almost no resulting • The resulting current in the
shading coil will be in such a current in the shading coil shading coil will be in such a
direction (Lenz’s law) so as and hence it’s not oppose direction (Lenz’s law) so as
to oppose the main flux. the main flux. to support the main flux.
• Thus the flux in the shaded • Thus flux distribution • Thus the flux in the shaded
portion of the pole is across the pole (shaded + portion of the pole is
weakened while that in the Unshaded) is uniform as strengthened while that in
unshaded portion is shown in fig. 3.8 the unshaded portion is
strengthened as shown in weakened as shown in fig.
fig. 3.7 3.9
• Resultant flux more • Resultant Flux is in center of • Resultant flux more
towards Unshaded pole main pole. towards Shaded pole side.
side.
• From above three cases, due to the shading coil, main flux shifts across the pole face from the
unshaded to the shaded portion.
• This shifting flux is like a rotating weak field moving in the direction from unshaded portion to
the shaded portion of the pole.
• This rotating flux link with squirrel-cage rotor and a small starting torque is developed. As soon
as this torque starts to revolve the rotor, additional torque is produced by single-phase
induction-motor action.

(d) Application: -
• The most common applications are table fans, exhaust fans, hair driers, fans for
refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment’s, electronic equipment, cooling fans etc.
• They are also used in record players, tape recorders, slide projectors, photocopying
machines, in starting electric clocks and other single-phase synchronous timing motors.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 5
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Que.-03 Explain different methods of producing starting torque in 1-phase induction motor.
OR
Explain with winding and phasor diagram, working of different types of 1-Φ I.M.
Ans.-03
• The 1-Φ IM is not self-starting and hence needs an auxiliary means or equipment to start it.
• Mechanical methods are impractical and has many disadvantages.
• 1-Φ IM is started by electrical menace. It done by temporarily converting it into 2-Φ motor
(Main/running + Auxiliary/Starting).
• 1-Φ IM are usually classified according to the starting methods (auxiliary means used to start
the motor).

Single Phase Induction Motor

Split Phase Shaded Pole

Resistance Split Phase Capacitor Split Phase

Capacitor Start Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC)
Motor (Two Value Capacitor Motor) (Single Value Capacitor Motor)

Fig. 3.10 Classification of Single-Phase Induction Motors.

• Basic construction and working of 1-Φ IM are explained below. Once we know the basic we can
easily discriminant different 1-Φ IM.

Note:- Shaded pole motor explained in Que-2, here we discuss about split phase motor only.

IA Auxiliary Winding

IM
Centrifugal Switch (CS)

IA
Main Winding

1-Φ
AC NC
Supply
IM
Cage Rotor

Fig. 3.11 Schematic Diagram of 1-Φ IM Fig. 3.12 Vector diagram of Two stator Current.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 6
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Basic Construction of Split Phase :-

Stator:-
• It has two winding, Main (running) & Auxiliary (starting) windings. (in 3-Φ → 3 wdg. R-Y-B)
The two windings are spaced 90º electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the
1-Φ supply as shown in Fig. 3.11. (in 3-Φ → 120º & Y/∆)
• It has centrifugal switch (CS) in series with auxiliary (starting) winding to disconnect it after
starting period. (in 3-Φ → No Switch)
Rotor:-
• It has only cage rotor similar to 3-Φ IM. (No wound rotor) (in 3-Φ → Cage/Wound)

Basic Working of Split Phase :-

• Stator winding are so arranged (90º electrically & parallel) that the phase-difference
between the currents in the two stator windings is very large (ideal value being 90º). Fig.
3.12.
• Hence, the motor behaves like a 2-Φ motor & rotating magnetic field is produced (2-Φ r.m.f.
theory).
• This rotating field reacts with the cage rotor to provide the starting torque.
• When rotor reached at 70-80 % speed of the rated speed, the centrifugal switch (CS)
connected in series with auxiliary (starting) winding is open and starting winding is
disconnect from 1-Φ supply.

Note: everything is same like 3-Φ else there is 3-Φ r.m.f. due to permanent 3-Φ supply & hence no switch required.

(A) Split Phase Resistance Induction Motor:-

IA Auxiliary Winding

IM ΦA
R ΦM
Φ IA V 2TFL
Main Winding

IM TFL

I
NC CS
Cage Rotor

Fig. 3.13 Schematic Diagram of Split Phase Fig. 3.14 Vector Diagram of Fig. 3.15 T- N Characteristic of Split
Resistance 1-Φ IM Split Phase Resistance 1-Φ IM Phase Resistance 1-Φ IM

• The Split Phase Resistance Motor is also known as a Resistance Start Induction Run Motor.
• It has two winding, Main (running) & Auxiliary (starting) windings. The two windings are
spaced 90º electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the 1-Φ supply as shown
in Fig. 3.13.
• A high value resistor is connected in series (or choosing a high-resistance fine copper wire for
winding purposes) with the auxiliary winding and hence its known as Split Phase Resistance
Motor.
Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 7
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• The main winding has low resistance but high reactance. The current in the main winding IM
lag behind the supply voltage V almost by the 90-degree angle (ΦM). Fig. 3.14
• The auxiliary winding has a high resistance, but low reactance. The current in the auxiliary
winding IA is approximately in phase with the line voltage (small angle ΦA).
• Starting torque of a split-phase motor is proportional to sin α . where ⍺ is the time difference
between the currents of the two windings
• Phase angle (Φ) between IM and IA is small around 30-40 degrees. Hence, the starting torque
is small, 1.5 to 2 times of the running torque. (Fig.3.15)
• Starting current of 6 to 8 times the full-load current.
• As motor start and reached speed around 70-80 % (n0) of full load speed, the centrifugal
switch (CS) connected in series with auxiliary (starting) winding is open and starting winding
is disconnect from 1-Φ supply.
• For small rating motor relay is used for the disconnecting of the auxiliary winding.
• Staring, due to heavy current in main winding relay get closed hence auxiliary winding in the
circuit.
• As motor start rotating, current will decrease in main winding, which release the relay coil and
auxiliary winding is disconnected.

Ratting: Range from 40 to 250 W (1/20 to 1/3 h.p.)

Application:Fans, Blowers, Centrifugal pumps, Separators, Washing machines, Small machine

tools, Domestic refrigerators etc….

✓ Cheap in Cost compare to costlier capacitor motors.

× Low Starting Torque.
× High Starting Current.
× Low running Power Factor.
× Centrifugal switch maintenance and failure.
× Low efficiency.

(B) Capacitor Start Induction Motor: -

IA Auxiliary Winding 7TFL

6TFL
IM IA V 5TFL
Cs ΦA
Main Winding

4TFL
1-Φ ΦM Φ
3TFL
AC I
Supply 2TFL

IM TFL
NC CS
Cage Rotor

Fig. 3.16 Schematic Diagram of Capacitor Start Fig. 3.17 Vector Diagram Fig. 3.18 T- N Characteristic of
1-Φ IM of Capacitor Start 1-Φ IM Capacitor Start 1-Φ IM

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 8
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• It has two winding, Main (running) & Auxiliary (starting) windings. The two windings are
spaced 90º electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the 1-Φ supply as shown
in Fig. 3.13.
• A capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. Due to capacitor, current IA lead
the line voltage by an angle ΦA. (Fig. 3.17)
• The main winding has low resistance but high reactance. The current in the main winding IM
lag behind the supply voltage V almost by the 90-degree angle (ΦM). (Fig. 3.17)
• Phase angle (Φ) between IM and IA is large around 80-90 degrees (compare to split phase, 30-
40 degrees) due to capacitor in auxiliary winding. Hence, the High starting torque (T ⍺ sinα)
is produced, 3 to 4.5 times of the running torque. (Fig.3.18)
• As motor start and reached speed around 70-80 % (n0) of full load speed, the centrifugal
switch (CS) connected in series with auxiliary (starting) winding is open and Capacitor &
starting winding is disconnected from 1-Φ supply.
• As capacitor is disconnected after starting period, its known as Capacitor Start Motor.
• Intermediate duty (use only in starting) Electrolytic Capacitor is used to reduced cost of the
capacitor.

Application: Pumps. Compressors, Refrigerator, Air conditioner, Conveyors and Machine tools

× High Cost as extra capacitor is added.

× Low running Power Factor as capacitor is connected only during starting.
✓ High Starting Torque.
✓ Low Starting Current.
✓ Centrifugal switch maintenance and failure.
✓ High efficiency.

(C) Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor: -

IA

IM IA V
ΦA 2TFL
Main Winding

1-Φ ΦM Φ
AC CP
Supply I TFL

IM
Cage Rotor

Fig. 3.19 Schematic Diagram of PSC 1-Φ IM Fig. 3.20 Vector Diagram of Fig. 3.21 T- N Characteristic of PSC
PSC 1-Φ IM 1-Φ IM

• It also has two winding, Main (running) & Auxiliary (starting) windings similar to that of a
other split phase motors as shown in Fig. 3.19.
• It has only one capacitor connected in series with the starting winding & No centrifugal switch
to disconnect auxiliary winding.
Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 9
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• Hence, the capacitor CP is permanently connected in the circuit both at the starting and the
running conditions and known as Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor or Single Value
Capacitor Motor.
• As the capacitor is always in the circuit, motor operates as the balanced two-phase motor and
offer following advantages and disadvantages compare to split phase and capacitor start motor.
✓ The motor produces a uniform torque and has noise free operation.
✓ High Power Factor in running as well as in starting.
✓ Higher pullout torque.
✓ No Maintenance & failure of Centrifugal switch, as its not available.
✓ High Efficiency, as running power factor is good.

× low starting torque compare to capacitor start motor.

× High Cost & Large Size motor. The Paper Capacitor is used in the motor as an Electrolytic
capacitor cannot be used for continuous running.

Application: Ceiling Fans, Air conditioner, Blower, Washing Machine etc…

(D) Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor: -

IA Auxiliary Winding

IM IA V
ΦA
Cs
Main Winding

1-Φ ΦM Φ
AC CR
Supply I
Cage Rotor
NC CS IM

Fig. 3.22 Schematic Diagram of Capacitor Fig. 3.23 Vector Diagram of Fig. 3.24 T- N Characteristic of Capacitor
Start Capacitor Run Motor 1-Φ IM Capacitor Start Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor 1-Φ IM
Run Motor 1-Φ IM

• Capacitor start motor has high starting torque but low running power factor.
• PSC motor has low starting torque but good running power factor.
• Capacitor start capacitor run (Two valve Capacitor Motor) motor is the combo of capacitor
star & PSC motor. It achieves both, High starting torque & good running power factor.
• The Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor has a cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known
as Main and Auxiliary Windings.
• The two windings are displaced 90 degrees in space & connected in parallel.
• There are two capacitors connected in parallel as shown in fig. 3.22.
• One is used at the time of the starting and is known as starting capacitor (CS). It is Large Value,
Intermediate duty (use only in starting) Electrolytic Capacitor which create high starting
torque.
• As the motor reaches around 70-80 % (n0) of full load speed, the starting capacitor Cs is
disconnected from the circuit by a centrifugal switch (CS).

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 10
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• The other one is used for continuous running of the motor and is known as Running Capacitor
(CR). It is Small Value, Continuous duty (use in starting & running) Oil Filled Paper Capacitor
which provide good running power factor & torque.
• Fig. 3.23 shows the phasor diagram. During starting When both the capacitor are in the circuit,
ϕ > 90⁰ while in running (starting capacitor is disconnected) ϕ=90⁰.
• Torque-Speed characteristic shown in Fig. 3.24 is combo of Capacitor star & PSC motor, which
gives high starting (2-2.5 times) torques and smooth-running torque.
• Following are the advantages and disadvantages compare to other spit phase motor.
✓ The motor produces a uniform torque and has noise free operation.
✓ High Power Factor in running as well as in starting.
✓ Higher Starting & Pullout torque (both together as two capacitors are used).
✓ High Efficiency, as running power factor is good.

× Maintenance & failure of Centrifugal switch, as its available.

× High Cost & Large Size motor, as two capacitors are used.

Application: They are used for the following requirement, higher inertia load, frequent starts,
high pullout torque & High Efficiency. E.g. Pumping equipment, Refrigeration, Air compressors,
etc..
Que.-04 Explain Torque Slip Characteristics of 1-phase induction motor.
Ans.-04
• It may be noted that if the slip of the rotor is S with respect to the forward rotating flux (i.e. one
which rotates in the same direction as rotor) then its slip with respect to backward rotating
flux is (2-S).
• Each of the two component fluxes while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor, induces an
emf, and thus produces its own torque. Obviously, the two torques (TF & TB) are oppositely-
directed so that the net or resultant torque is equal to their difference.
Torque

2 1 0

SF=2 SF=1 SF=0

SB=0
Anti Clockwise SB=1 Clockwise SB=2
Slip

Fig. 3.25 Torque Slip Characteristic of 1-phase induction motor.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 11
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• Hence, TF and TF are numerically equal (in starting N=0, S=1) but being oppositely directed,
produce no resultant torque. That explains why there is no starting torque in a single-phase
motor.
• However, if the rotor is started somehow, say, in the clockwise direction, the clockwise torque
starts increasing and, at the same time, the anticlockwise torque starts decreasing. Hence,
there is a certain amount of net torque in the clockwise direction which accelerates the motor
to full speed.

Note: Self Start 1-Phase induction Motor Torque – Speed Characteristic may ask specifically. Explain it from Que-03

Que.-05 Difference Between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motor.
Ans.-05
The Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motor is differentiated on following factors.
Factors Single Phase IM Three Phase IM
Supply Single phase supply Three phase supply
Stator Two winding are placed. Main & Auxiliary Three winding are placed. R-Y-B
Rotor Only Cage rotor used. Cage or Wound rotor used.
Features Simple in construction, reliable and Complex in construction and
economical as compared to 3-Φ IM. costly.
Maintenance They are easy to repair and maintain. Difficult to repair and maintain.
R.M.F 2-Φ ununiform rotating magnetic field is 3-Φ rotating magnetic field of
produced as ⍺≠90 degree always. constant magnitude is produced.
Starting Not Self Started. (Aux wdg used for Self-Started machine.
starting)
Starting The starting torque is low. (Zero without The starting torque is high. (even
torque auxiliary winding) more with wound rotor)
Efficiency Efficiency is less Efficiency is high
Power factor Power factor is low Power factor is high
Application They are mostly used in domestic Three phase induction motors are
appliances such as mixer grinder, fans, mostly used in industries.
compressors etc

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 12
Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Que.-06 Explain the construction and working of Universal Motor.

Ans.-06

(A) Basic Introduction of Universal Motor:-

• The universal motor is modified DC Series motor.
such that, it can operate on either dc or 1-Ф AC supply at approximately the same speed and
output.
• Hence advantages of series motor like high starting torque and variable speed characteristics
can obtain by applying 1-Ф AC supply.
• How to make Universal motor from a DC series motor?
The following modification required to compensate the drawback created when 1-Φ AC supply
is applied to DC Series Motor.

Troubles or Drawback Modification Required

(when 1-Φ AC supply is applied to DC Series Motor) (to make Universal motor).
• Its efficiency will poor due to hysteresis and eddy Use – Laminated Core Structure.
current losses.
• Power factor of the motor is low due to inductive Use – Reduced number of turns &
reactance of the field and armature windings. Increase it Thickness.
• The sparking at the brushes will be excessive due to the Use – Compensating Winding.
effect of armature reactance.

(B) Construction of Universal Motor:-

• Construction & connections diagram of the universal motor is shown in Fig. 6.6.

Fig. 6.6 Constuction & Connection Diagram of Universal Motor with Compensating winding.
• The construction & connections of the universal motor is similar to the dc series motor (with
few modifications).
▪ The series field winding is connected in series with the armature.
▪ The armature is of wound type with commutator and brushes.
▪ The whole magnetic field structure is laminated to reduce the eddy current and hysteresis
losses.
▪ In order to improve commutation and hence reduce sparking, high resistance brushes are
used.
• The universal motors are of two type :
(1) Uncompensated type (Concentrated field) – Used for Low Power ratings
(2) Compensated type (Distributed field) – Used for High Power ratings

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 13
Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• In case of large rating universal motors, a compensating winding is used for reducing the
armature reaction and to improve commutation.
• This winding may be connected in series with armature as shown in Fig. 6.6 or maybe short-
circuited in itself.
• The compensated winding is placed in the slots at 90˚ (elect.) with the main field axis.
(C) Working of Universal Motor:-
• When a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on the
conductor which tends to rotate it.
• In universal motors, both the armature and field windings are connected in series. Hence, the
same current flows through the armature and field windings.
Connected to DC Supply Connected to AC Supply
The flux due to field winding and the armature Since the direction of current in the armature
current produces a unidirectional torque, winding and field winding reverses at the same
which causes the armature to rotate time (series connection), the unidirectional
torque is produced.
• Hence regardless of dc or ac supply, the universal motor can develop unidirectional torque.

(D) Applications of Universal Motor:-

• Universal motors are cheaper and are available for the power ratings upto 500W.
(1) vacuum cleaners
(2) Drink and food mixers
(3) Portable tools and drills
(4) Electric shavers
(5) Domestic sewing machine
(6) Blenders

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 14
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

Que.-07 Explain the construction and working of Repulsion Motor.

Ans.-07

(A) Construction of Repulsion Motor:-

A repulsion motor is a 1-Ф commutator motor and operates on the principle of repulsion between
two magnetic fields.
The repulsion motor consists of following parts:
(1) Stator or field structure
▪ The stator has non salient poles with slots.
▪ It has field windings of distributed type.
▪ It is usually wound for 4, 6 or 8 poles.
▪ The winding is supplied by a 1-Ф AC supply and produces the main field.
(2) Rotor or armature
▪ It is similar to that of a dc motor.
▪ It has a drum type winding (lap or wave type) connected to the commutator.
(3) Commutator and brushes
▪ The brushes are not connected to the supply but are short circuited and remain in contact
with commutator surface.
▪ The carbon brushes are short-circuited by a low resistance jumper and are used to conduct
the current through the armature.
(B) Working of Repulsion Motor:-
• When the stator winding is supplied by a 1-Ф AC supply, an alternating field is produced and
this field induces emf in the armature conductors by induction (transformer action).
• This emf causes the flow of current in the armature. The direction of induced emf is given by
Lenz’s law. However, the direction of the currents induced in the armature conductors depends
on the position of short-circuited brushes.
• Consider a 2-pole repulsion motor with its two short circuited brushes as shown in Fig. 6.7.
• If the brush axis is along the
direction of field axis i.e. the
angle between field axis and
brush axis is zero, the direction
of the induced currents will be
as indicated in Fig. 6.7.
• Due to the current flowing
through the armature
conductors, it produces its own
magnetic field with the poles as
Fig. 6.7 2-pole repulsion motor with brushes along field axis.
shown in Fig.

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 15
 Unit-2 Single-Phase Induction Motors

• The armature behaves like an electromagnet with N-pole is formed directly under the N-pole of
the main field and S-pole is formed directly under the S-pole of the stator. Due to equal force of
repulsion exists between like poles, no torque will be developed.
• Alternatively, it can also be explained as the armature to be divided into four quadrants
developing four torques which are equal, which neutralize each other and hence the net torque
is zero.
• Now consider the brush position shown in Fig. 6.8, where the brush axis is neither along the
field axis nor at angle of 90˚ to the field axis.
• The brush axis is displaced at
an angle of α to the field axis.
Under this situation, the emf
will produce in the armature
and there will be a net
voltage across brush
terminals, which will
produce current in the
armature. Hence the
armature will also produce
its own magnetic field with
the poles as shown in Fig. 6.8 Fig. 6.8 2-pole repulsion motor brushes shifted at an angle α with field axis.

• The N-pole of the field will repel the N-pole of the rotor and similarly the S-pole of main field
will repel the S-pole of the rotor field and hence the armature (rotor) runs in clockwise
direction.
• As the forces are of repulsion, which contributes in the rotation, the name of the motor is
repulsion motor.
• If the brushes are shifted in the opposite direction from field axis, the motor will run in
anticlockwise direction. Hence, the direction of rotation of the motor depends on the brush
position and the torque developed by the motor depends on the angle of brush shift (α).

(C) Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications of Repulsion Motor:-

Advantages Disadvantages Applications

✓ It has high starting torque
(3 to 4 times the full-load
torque)
✓ Relatively low starting
current.
✓ The speed and torque can
be controlled by the brush
shift.
× Because of brushes and The motor is used where high
commutator, it requires starting torque and adjustable
more maintenance speed is required.
× Possibility of sparking at the • Machine tools.
brushes • Compressors.
× Very high speed at No-load • Hoists.
× Poor power factor • Floor polishing & grinding
× The motor is expensive devices

Assi. Prof. Bhavesh. A. Dave, Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Machines – II (3150910) 16