3 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance

3 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance
3.1 Types of transmission line

 A transmission line always has, series resistance, series inductive reactance and shunt
capacitive reactance.
 The resistance is dependent upon the material from which the conductor is made.
 The inductance is formed as the conductor is surrounded by the magnetic lines of force.
 The capacitance of the line is formed as the conductor is carrying current acts as a
capacitor with the earth which is always at lower potential then the conductor and the
air between them forms a dielectric medium.
 Thus, the performance of transmission lines is dependent upon these three line constants.
For instance, the voltage drop in the line depends upon the values of the above three line
constants.
 Similarly, the resistance of the transmission line conductors is the most important cause
of power loss in the line and determines the transmission efficiency.
 To determine the transmission line performance, it is classified as;
a. Short transmission lines: Up to 50 km – 80 km (<20 kV)
b. Medium transmission lines: Up to 80 km – 200 km (>20 kV - <100 kV)
c. Long transmission lines: More than 150 km or 200 km (>100 kV)
3.2 Performance of transmission lines
 While studying the performance of a transmission line, it is desirable to determine its
voltage regulation and transmission efficiency.
Voltage regulation
When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line due to
resistance and reactance of the line. The result is that receiving end voltage VR is generally
less than the sending voltage VS .
o The Voltage drop (VS  VR ) in the line expressed as a percentage of receiving end
voltage VR is called voltage regulation.
VS  VR
%Voltage Regulation   100
VR
o It is desirable that the voltage regulation of transmission line should be low i.e. the
increase in load current should make very little difference in the receiving end
voltage.
Transmission efficiency
The power obtained at receiving end of a transmission line is generally less than the
sending end power due to losses in the line resistance.
o The ratio of receiving end power to the sending end power of a transmission line
is known as the transmission efficiency of line.
Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 1

Receiving end power

%Transmission Efficency,    100
Sending end power
V I cosR
 R R  100
VS I S cosS
VR IR cosR
  100
VR IR cosR  losses
3.3 Performance of short transmission lines

 The capacitance of short lines is negligible and usually not considered. Therefore, only
resistance and inductance of the line are considered.
 Here, the line resistance and inductance are shown as lumped or concentrated instead of
being distributed.
 Let,
R  Resistance per phase
L  Inductance per phase
C  Capacitance per phase
X L  Inductive reactance per phase
X C  Capacitive reactance per phase
VR  Receiving end voltage per phase
VS  Sending end voltage per phase
IR  Receiving end current per phase
IS  Sending end current per phase
IC  Capacitive current per phase
cosR  Receiving end power factor
cosS  Sending end power factor
 =Angle between sending end and receiving end voltage
Solution under Vector Notation
R jXL
IS IR
C
VS
L IRXL
VS O
VR A IRR B
A VR
D
ΦS ΦR
IR
O E D
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 1 Short Transmission Line (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Current as Reference)

(OC )2  (OD)2  ( DC )2
 (OE  ED)2  ( DB  BC )2
VS2  (VR cosR  IR R )2  (VR sin R  IR X L )2
VS  (VR cosR  IR R )2  (VR sin R  IR X L )2
Solution under Complex Notation
 It is often convenient to make the line calculation in complex notation.
R jXL
IS IR
L
VS
VS VR O
IRZ IRXL
A
D δ VR
ΦR ΦS
IRR
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 2 Short Transmission Line (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
VR  VR 0  VR  j0
IR  IR   R  IR (cosR  j sin R )
Z  R  jX L
VS  VR  IR Z
 (VR  j0)  IR (cosR  j sin R )(R  jX L )
VS  VS S
 Hence,
VS  VR
VR
3VR IR cosR
% Transmission Efficiency   100
3VS IS cosS
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR  losses
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR  3IR2R
3.4 Characteristics of medium transmission line
 In short transmission line calculations, the effect of the line capacitance is neglected
because each line has smaller lengths and transmit power at relatively low voltages
(<20kV).
 As the length (usually >80 km) and voltage (usually >20 kV) of the line increases, the
capacitance gradually becomes of greater importance and cannot be neglected.

 The capacitance of the line is uniformly distributed over its entire length. However, to
make the calculations simple, the capacitance of the system is assumed to be divided up
in lumped or concentrated form of capacitors across the line at one or more points.
 The most common methods of representations of medium transmission lines are
(i) End condenser method
(ii) Nominal T method
(iii)Nominalπ method
3.5 Performance of medium transmission line using end condenser method
 In this method, the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving end.
This method of localizing the line capacitance at the load end overestimates the effect of
capacitance.
R jXL
IS IR
VS
IC IC
ISZ
L
O ΦS δ ISXL
VS -jXC VR
A VR
D ΦR ISR
IS
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 3 End Condenser Method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
 Let,
 Hence,

VR  VR 0  VR  j0
VR
IC  90  VRC 90  jVRC  jVR 2 fC
XC
I S  I R  IC
 IR (cosR  j sin R )  j2 fCVR
 IR cosR  jIR sin R  j2 fCVR
 IR cosR  j( IR sin R  2 fCVR )
VS  VR  I S Z
 VR  I S (R  jX L )
 VR  j0   IR cosR  j( IR sin R  2 fCVR )(R  jX L )
 Also,
VS  VR
VR
VR IR cosR
VS IS cosS
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR  3I S2R
3.6 Performance of medium transmission line using Nominal T method

 In this method, the whole line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the middle
point of the line.
 Half of the line resistance and reactance are lumped on the both side and full charging
current flows over half the line.
VS
R/2 jXL/2 R/2 jXL/2
IS IR
IC
VC ISXL/2
IC
δ VR
ISR/2
L ΦR
O ΦS IRXL/2
VS -jXC VC VR IRR/2
A
D IS
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 4 Nominal T method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
 Let,


 Hence,
VR  VR 0  VR  j0
Z R X 
VC  VR  IR  VR  j0  IR (cosR  j sin R )  j L 
2 2 2 
VC
IC  90  VC C 90  jVC C  jVC 2 fC
XC
I S  I R  IC
 IR (cosR  j sin R )  j2 fCVC
 IR cosR  jIR sin R  j2 fCVC
 IR cosR  j( IR sin R  2 fCVC )
Z
VS  VC  I S
2
 R X  R X 
  VR  j0  IR (cosR  j sin R )  j L     IR cosR  j( IR sin R  2 fCVC )   j L 
 2 2  2 2 
Also,
VS  VR
VR
VR IR cosR
VS I S cosS
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR
  100
2 R 2 R
3VR IR cosR  3IS  3IR
2 2

3.7 Performance of medium transmission line using Nominal π method

 In this method, the capacitance of each conductor i.e. line to neutral is divided into two
halves; one half being lumped at the sending end and the other half at the receiving end.
 It is obvious that capacitance at the sending end has no effect on the line drop. However,
it’s charging current must be added to the line current to obtain the total sending end
current.
R jXL
IS IL IR
IC1 VS
IC2
IC2 IC1
ILXL
ΦS δ ILZ
L
VS -jXC2 -jXC1 O IS VR
VR
A ΦR ILR
D
IL
(a) IR (b)
Figure 1. 5 Nominal π method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
 Let,
VR  VR 0  VR  j0
VR C C C
IC 1  90  VR 90  jVR  jVR 2 f
XC 1 2 2 2
VS C C C
IC 2  90  VS  90  jVS   jVS 2 f
XC 2 2 2 2
I L  I R  IC 1
I S  I L  IC 2
VS  VR  I L Z  VR  I L  R  jX L 

 Also,
VS  VR
VR
VR IR cosR
VS IS cosS
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR
  100
3VR IR cosR  3I L2R
3.8 Characteristics of long transmission lines
IS IR
L
VR O
VS
A
D
Figure 1. 6 Equivalent Circuit of Long Transmission Line

 In equivalent circuit of a 3-phase long transmission line on a phase-neutral basis, the
1
whole line is divided into n sections, each section having line constants th of those for
n
the whole line.
 The line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length of line.
 The resistance and inductive reactance are series elements.
 The leakage susceptance (B) i.e. due to capacitance between line and neutral and leakage
conductance (G) i.e. due to energy losses through leakages over the insulators or corona
loss are shunt elements. Hence, admittance= G2  B2
 The leakage current through shunt admittance is maximum at the sending end of the line
and decreases continuously as the receiving end of the circuit is approached

3.9 Performance of long transmission line

IS I + dI zdx I
IR
L
VS ydx V VR O
V + dV
A
D
dx x
Figure 1. 7 Small Element of a Long Transmission Line
 Consider a small element in the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the receiving
end.
z=Series impedance of the line per unit length
y=Shunt admittance of the line per unit length
Z =Total series impedance of the line
Y =Total shunt admittance of the line
zdx =Series impedance of the small element dx
ydx =Shunt admittance of the small element dx
V =Voltage at end of the element towards receiving end
V  dV =Voltage at the end of element towards sending end
I  dI =Current entering the small element dx
I =Current leaving the small element dx
 As current entering the element is I + dI and leaving the element is I. Hence voltage drop
across small element dv and current through the shunt element is dI.
dv
dv  Izdx   Iz
dx
dI
dI  Vydx   Vy
dx
 Now differentiating above equation
d 2V dI d 2V
 z  Vyz   Vyz  0
dx dx dx
 The solution of this differential equation is
V  K 1Cosh  x yz   K 2Sinh  x yz 
 Differentiating this equation, we get

dV
  yz  K 1 Sinh  x yz    yz  K 2Cosh  x yz 
dx
 Iz   yz  K 1 Sinh  x yz    yz  K 2Cosh  x yz 
 y  y
I    K 1 Sinh  x yz     K 2Cosh  x yz 
 z  z
I 
y
z

K 1 Sinh  x yz   K 2Cosh  x yz  
 The values of K1 and K2 can be found by applying end conditions at x=0, V=V R and I=IR.
z
K 1  VR & K 2  IR
y
 Substituting the values of K1 and K2 in equations
z
V  VRCosh x yz   IR Sinh x yz 
y
y 
 VR Sinh x yz  
z
I IRCosh x yz  
z y 
 The sending end voltage VS and sending end current IS can be obtained by putting x = l in
the above equations.
z
VS  VRCosh l yz   IR Sinh  l yz 
y
y 
 VR Sinh  l yz  
z
IS  IRCosh  l yz  
z y 
 Let,
l yz  l 2 yz   ly   lz   YZ
y ly Y
 
z lz Z
 So,
Z
VS  VRCosh YZ   IR Sinh YZ 
Y
Y
IS  VR Sinh YZ   IRCosh YZ 
Z
 Where,
 YZ Y 2 Z 2 
Cosh YZ    1    
 2 24 
  
3

YZ
Sinh YZ    YZ 
2
 
 6 
 Also,

VS  VR
VR
VR IR cosR
VS IS cosS
3.10Generalized circuit constants of a transmission lines
 In any four terminal network, the input voltage and input current can be expressed in
terms of output voltage and current.
 When voltage VR and current IR are selected as independent variable and voltage V S and
current IS are dependent variable, network can be characterized by following set of
equation. A, B, C and D are the generalized circuit constants of the transmission line and
are complex numbers.
VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
V S   A B  VR 
I   
 S   C D   IR 
 The constants A and D are dimensionless whereas the dimensions of B and C are ohms
and siemens respectively. For a given transmission line A=D and AD-BC=1.
A. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of short transmission lines
R jXL
IR IR
L
VS
VS VR O
IRZ IRXL
A
D δ VR
ΦR ΦS
IRR
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 8 Short Transmission Line (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
 For short transmission line,
VS  VR  IR Z
I S  IR
 Comparing these equation with basic equation of generalized circuit constants
VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
 Hence,
A1 B  Z
C 0 D 1

B. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

End condenser method
 In this method, the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving end.
This method of localizing the line capacitance at the load end overestimates the effect of
capacitance.
R jXL
IS IR
VS
IC IC
ISZ
L
O ΦS δ ISXL
VS -jXC VR
A VR
D ΦR ISR
IS
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 9 End Condenser Method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
VS  VR  IS Z I S  IC  I R
 VR   IC  IR  Z I S  YVR  IR
 VR  ZIC  ZIR
 VR  Z YVR   ZIR
VS  1  YZ VR  ZIR

VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
 Hence,
A  1  YZ BZ
C Y D 1

C. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

Nominal T method
 In this method, the whole line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the middle
point of the line.
 Half of the line resistance and reactance are lumped on the both side and full charging
current flows over half the line.
VS
R/2 jXL/2 R/2 jXL/2
IS IR
IC
VC ISXL/2
IC
δ VR
ISR/2
L ΦR
O ΦS IRXL/2
VS -jXC VC VR IRR/2
A
D IS
IR
(a) (b)
Figure 1. 10 Nominal T method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
Z I S  I R  IC
VS  VC  I S
2  IR  VCY
Z
 VC   IR  IC   Z
2  IR   VR  IR Y
 2
Z
 VC   IR  VCY   YZ 
2 IS  YVR   1  IR
 2 
 YZ  Z
 VC  1    IR
 2  2
 Z  YZ  Z
  VR  IR  1    IR
 2  2  2
 YZ   Z YZ 2 Z 
 1  V      IR
2 
R
 2 4 2
 YZ   YZ 2 
VS   1  VR   Z   IR
 2   4 

VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
 Hence,
YZ YZ 2
A 1 BZ
2 4
YZ
C Y D 1
2

D. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

Nominal π method
R jXL
IS IL IR
IC1 VS
IC2
IC2 IC1
ILXL
ΦS δ ILZ
L
VS -jXC2 -jXC1 O IS VR
VR
A ΦR ILR
D
IL
(a) IR (b)
Figure 1. 11 Nominal π method (a) Circuit and (b) Vector Diagram (Voltage as Reference)
 In this method, the capacitance of each conductor i.e. line to neutral is divided into two
halves; one half being lumped at the sending end and the other half at the receiving end.
 It is obvious that capacitance at the sending end has no effect on the line drop. However,
it’s charging current must be added to the line current to obtain the total sending end
current.
VS  VR  I L Z I S  I L  IC 2
 VR   IR  IC 1  Z  I R  IC 1  IC 2
 Y Y Y
 VR   IR  VR  Z  IR  VR  VS
 2 2 2
Y Y
 YZ   IR  VR  VR  IL Z 
VS   1  VR  ZIR
2 
2 2

Y Y YZ
 IR  VR  VR  IL
2 2 2
Y Y  Y  YZ
 IR  VR  VR   IR  VR 
2 2  2 2
Y Y YZ Y 2Z
 IR  VR  VR  IR  VR
2 2 2 4
 Y 2Z   YZ 
IS   Y  VR   1   IR
 4   2 
VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
 Hence,
YZ
A 1 BZ
2
Y 2Z YZ
C Y  D 1
4 2

E. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of long transmission lines

 By rigorous method, the sending end voltage and current of a long transmission line are
given by
Z
VS  VRCosh YZ   IR Sinh YZ 
Y
Y
IS  VR Sinh YZ   IRCosh YZ 
Z
VS  AVR  BIR
I S  CVR  DIR
 Hence,
Z
A  Cosh YZ  B Sinh YZ 
Y
Y
C Sinh YZ  D  Cosh YZ 
Z
3.11Power flow through a transmission line
Vs δ VR 0
G
SS=PS+jQS
SR=PR+jQR
Figure 1. 12 Transmission Line Power Flow
 Let,

 Generalized line constants (ABCD parameter) are

A  A B  B
C  C  D  D
 Relation for receiving end power can be derived with the use of relation of sending end voltage
in terms of ABCD parameters of transmission line.
VS  AVR  BIR
BIR  VS  AVR
VS  AVR
IR 
B
VS    A  VR 0

B
VS   A  VR 0
 
B B
V AV
 S        R     
B B
V AV
IR*  S        R      
B B
S R  PR  jQR
S R  VR IR*
V AV 
 VR 0  S        R       
B B 
2
VV AV
 R S       R     
B B
  AV 
2
V V VV AVR2
  R S Cos       j R S Sin         R Cos       j Sin      
 B B   B B 
V V AV 2
 V V AVR2

  R S Cos       R Cos        j  R S Sin       Sin      
 B B   B B 
VRVS AV 2
 PR  Cos       R Cos     
B B
VV AV 2
QR  R S Sin       R Sin     
B B
 Relation for sending end power can be derived with the use of relation of sending end current in
terms of ABCD parameters of transmission line.

I S  CVR
IS  CVR  DIR  IR 
D
VS  AVR  BIR
B
 AVR  IS  CVR 
D
DVS  ADVR  B  I S  CVR 
 ADVR  BIS  BCVR
  AD  BC VR  BI S
DVS  VR  BIS
DVS  VR
IS 
B
 D  VS    VR 0

B
 D  VS   VR 0
 
B B
DV V
 S         R    
B B
DV V
IS*  S          R    
B B
S S  PS  jQS
S S  VS IS*
 DV V 
 VS    S          R     
 B B 
2
DV VV
 S       S R     
B B
 DV 2
DV 2  V V VV 
  S Cos       j S Sin         S R Cos       j S R Sin      
 B B   B B 
 DV 2
VV   DV 2
VV 
  S Cos       S R Cos        j  S Sin       S R Sin      
 B B   B B 
DVS2 VV
 PS  Cos       S R Cos     
B B
2
DV VV
QS  S Sin       S R Sin     
B B
3.12Power circle diagram for transmission line
 For transmission line analysis, it is required to find sending end voltage and sending end current
while receiving end voltage and receiving end current is known.
 Unique feature of transmission line power circuit is that it operates at fixed frequency, hence it
follows all the mathematical function of circle.

A. Receiving end power circle diagram

 The circle drawn with receiving end active power component as horizontal coordinate and
receiving end reactive power component as vertical coordinate is called the receiving end power
circle diagram.
 Receiving end active power component and receiving end reactive power component are
VRVS AV 2
PR  Cos       R Cos     
B B
2
AV VV
 PR  R Cos       R S Cos     
B B
2
VV AV
QR  R S Sin       R Sin     
B B
2
AV VV
QR  R Sin       R S Sin     
B B
 Taking square on both the side of equation and adding it.
2 2 2 2
 AVR2   AVR2  V V  V V 
 PR  Cos         QR  Sin         R S Cos         R S Sin      
 B   B   B   B 
2 2
 AVR2   AVR2  VR2VS2
               2 Cos       Sin      
2 2
P
 R Cos Q
  R Sin
 B   B  B
2 2
 AVR2   AV 2  V 2V 2
 PR  Cos         QR  R Sin        R 2S
 B   B  B
 Equation of circle is
 x  h   y  g 
2 2
 r2
 The coordinates of the centre of the circle and radius of the circle can be given as
AVR2
x-Coordinate of the centre of circle   Cos     
B
AV 2
y-Coordinate of the centre of circle   R Sin     
B
VV
Radius of circle  S R
B
Reactive
Power
X-coordinate
Active
O Q Power
Y-coordinate Radius
Figure 1. 13 Receiving end Circle Diagram

 Construction of circle diagram

o Plot centre of circle with suitable scale.
o From centre draw an arc with calculated radius.
o Draw load line OP from origin at an angle  R with horizontal and let it cut the circle
at point P.
o Measure line OQ i.e. receiving end active power
o Measure line PQ i.e. receiving end reactive power
o Draw a horizontal line from centre of circle intersecting vertical axis at point L and
circle at the point M.
o Measure line LM i.e. maximum power for receiving end.
 When sending end voltage and receiving end voltages are the phase quantity then power
indicted on x-axis and y-axis are watts and VAR per phase values.
 When sending end voltage and receiving end voltages are the line quantity then power
indicted on x-axis and y-axis are watts and VAR for all three phases.
B. Sending end power circle diagram
 The circle drawn with sending end active power component as horizontal coordinate and
sending end reactive power component as vertical coordinate is called the sending end
power circle diagram.
 Sending end active power component and sending end reactive power component are
DVS2 VV
PS  Cos       S R Cos     
B B
2
DV VV
 PS  S Cos        S R Cos     
B B
2
DV VV
QS  S Sin       S R Sin     
B B
2
DV VV
QS  S Sin        S R Sin     
B B
 Taking square on both the side of equation and adding it.
2 2 2 2
 DVS2   DVS2   VV   VV 
 PS  Cos         QS  Sin          S R Cos          S R Sin      
 B   B   B   B 
2 2
 DVS2   DVS2  VS2VR2
P
 S  Cos       S
 Q  Sin        2 Cos2       Sin2      
 B   B  B
2 2
 DVS2   DVS2  VS2VR2
P
 S  Cos       Q
  S  Sin        2
 B   B  B
 Equation of circle is
 x  h   y  g 
2 2
 r2
 The coordinates of the centre of the circle and radius of the circle can be given as

DVS2
x-Coordinate of the centre of circle  Cos     
B
DV 2
y-Coordinate of the centre of circle  S Sin     
B
VV
Radius of circle  S R
B
Reactive
Power
Radius
Y-coordinate
ΦS Active
O Q Power
X-coordinate
Figure 1. 14 Sending end Circle Diagram

 Construction of circle diagram
o Plot centre of circle with suitable scale.
o From centre draw an arc with calculated radius.
o Draw load line OP from origin at an angle  S with horizontal and let it cut the circle
at point P.
o Measure line OQ i.e. sending end active power
o Measure line PQ i.e. sending end reactive power
o Draw a horizontal line from centre of circle intersecting vertical axis at point L and
circle at the point M.
o Measure line LM i.e. maximum power for sending end.
 When sending end voltage and receiving end voltages are the phase quantity then power
indicted on x-axis and y-axis are watts and VAR per phase values.
 When sending end voltage and receiving end voltages are the line quantity then power
indicted on x-axis and y-axis are watts and VAR for all three phases.

1 Current and Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line
3.13Comparison between different methods for performance of transmission lines

Different types of transmission line ABCD Parameters
R jXL
IR IR
L
O
VS A1 B  Z
VS VR IRZ IRXL
A
δ VR
C 0 D 1
D
ΦR ΦS
IRR
IR
R jXL
IS IR
VS
IC IC
ISZ
L
O ΦS δ ISXL
A  1  YZ BZ
VS -jXC VR
A VR
ISR C Y D 1
D ΦR
IS
IR
VS
R/2 jXL/2 R/2 jXL/2
IS IR
IC
VC ISXL/2
IC YZ YZ 2
δ VR A 1 BZ
L ΦR
ISR/2
2 4
O ΦS IRXL/2
-jXC
VS VC VR
A
IRR/2
YZ
D IS
C Y D 1
2
IR
Prof. Vicky Doshi, EE Department Electrical Power System - II (2160908) 21

1 Current and Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line
R jXL
IS IL IR
IC1 VS
IC2
IC2 IC1
ILXL YZ
L ΦS δ ILZ A 1 BZ
VS -jXC2 -jXC1 VR
O IS VR 2
A ΦR ILR Y 2Z YZ
D C Y  D 1
IL 4 2
IR
IS IR
Z
A  Cosh YZ  B Sinh YZ 
Y
L
Y
VS VR O C Sinh YZ  D  Cosh YZ 
A Z
D
Prof. Vicky Doshi, EE Department Electrical Power System - II (2160908) 22

3 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance

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3 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance

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3 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance

3.1 Types of transmission line

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 1

Receiving end power

3.3 Performance of short transmission lines

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 2

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 3

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 4

3.6 Performance of medium transmission line using Nominal T method

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 5

R  Resistance per phase

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 6

3.7 Performance of medium transmission line using Nominal π method

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 7

3.8 Characteristics of long transmission lines

Figure 1. 6 Equivalent Circuit of Long Transmission Line

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 8

3.9 Performance of long transmission line

 Differentiating this equation, we get

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 9

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 10

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 11

B. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

 Comparing these equation with basic equation of generalized circuit constants

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 12

C. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

 Comparing these equation with basic equation of generalized circuit constants

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 13

D. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of medium transmission lines -

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 14

E. Generalized circuit constants (ABCD parameters) of long transmission lines

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 15

 Generalized line constants (ABCD parameter) are

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 16

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 17

A. Receiving end power circle diagram

Figure 1. 13 Receiving end Circle Diagram

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 18

 Construction of circle diagram

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 19

Figure 1. 14 Sending end Circle Diagram

Shital Patel, EE Department Power System - II (3150911) 20

3.13Comparison between different methods for performance of transmission lines

Prof. Vicky Doshi, EE Department Electrical Power System - II (2160908) 21

Prof. Vicky Doshi, EE Department Electrical Power System - II (2160908) 22

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