Year 7 Essential Maths AC

ESSENTIAL
7
MATHEMATICS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM
SECOND EDITION
DAVID GREENWOOD | BRYN HUMBERSTONE

JUSTIN ROBINSON | JENNY GOODMAN
JENNIFER VAUGHAN | STUART PALMER
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-56882-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
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© Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Essential Mathematics for the
Introduction
This second edition of Essential Mathematics for the Australian Curriculum has been developed into a
complete resources pack comprising a revised and updated print textbook, a new interactive textbook with
a host of cutting-edge features, and an online teaching suite.
The successful elements of the first edition have been retained and improved upon. These include:
t logical sequencing of chapters and development of topics
t careful structuring of exercises according to the four Australian Curriculum proficiency strands
(Understanding, Fluency, Problem-solving, Reasoning) plus Enrichment
t graduated difficulty of exercise questions within the overall exercise and within proficiency groups
t Let’s Start and Key Ideas to help introduce concepts and key skills.
Additions and revisions to the text include:
t new topics reflecting updates to the Australian Curriculum and state syllabuses
t Revision and Extension topics marked as ‘Consolidating’ or ‘Extending’ to help customise the course
to the needs of each classroom
t working programs embedded in each exercise to differentiate three student pathways: Foundation,
Standard and Advanced
t ‘Progress quiz’ placed approximately two-thirds of the way into each chapter, allowing students to
check and consolidate their learning – in time to address misunderstandings or weaknesses prior to
completing the chapter
t pre-tests revised and moved to the interactive textbook.
Features of the all-new interactive textbook:
t seamlessly blended with Cambridge HOTmaths, allowing enhanced learning opportunities in blended
classrooms, revision of previous years’ work, and access to Scorcher
t all worked examples linked to a high-quality video demonstration, supporting both in-class learning
and the ‘flipped classroom’
t searchable dictionary of mathematical terms and pop-up definitions in the text
t hundreds of interactive widgets, walkthroughs and games
t automatically-marked quizzes and assessment tests, with saved scores
t printable worksheets (HOTsheets) suitable for homework or class group work.
Features of the online teaching suite, also powered by Cambridge HOTmaths:
t test generator, with ready-made tests
t printable worked solutions for all questions
t powerful learning management system with task-setting, progress-tracking and reporting functions.
The information on the next pages shows how the components of this resource are integrated.
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The working programs that were previously available in separate supporting documents have been
updated, refined and subtly embedded in the exercises for this second edition of Essential Mathematics
for the Australian Curriculum. The suggested working programs provide three pathways through the
course to allow differentiation for Foundation, Standard and Advanced students.
As with the first edition, each exercise is structured in subsections that match the four Australian
Curriculum proficiency strands (Understanding, Fluency, Problem-solving and Reasoning) as well as
Enrichment (challenge). The questions* Foundation Standard Advanced
suggested for each pathway are listed in
three columns at the top of each subsection. 1–2 2 —
UNDERSTANDING
t The left column (lightest shaded colour) 3–5(½) 3–6(½) 3–6(½)
FLUENCY
is the Foundation pathway 7–8 8–10 8–10
t The middle column (medium shaded
PROBLEM-SOLVING
11 11–13 13–15
colour) is the Standard pathway
REASONING
— — 16
t The right column (darkest shaded
ENRICHMEMENT
colour) is the Advanced pathway.
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The working programs make use of the
The working program for Exercise 3A in Year 7
gradients that have been carefully and (see pages 106-108)
considerately written into the exercises.
A gradient runs through the overall structure of each exercise – where there is an increasing level of
mathematical sophistication required from Understanding through to Reasoning and Enrichment – but
also within each proficiency strand; the first few questions in Fluency, for example, are easier than the last
few, and the last Problem-solving question is more challenging than the first Problem-solving question.
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Questions in the working programs are selected to give the most appropriate mix of types of questions for
each learning pathway. Students going through the Foundation pathway will likely need more practise at
Understanding and Fluency, but should also attempt the easier Problem-solving and Reasoning questions.
An Advanced student will likely be able to skip the Understanding questions, proceed through the
Fluency questions (often half of each question), focus on the Problem-solving and Reasoning questions,
and have a go at the Enrichment question. A Standard student would do a mix of everything.
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There are a variety of ways of determining the appropriate pathway for students through the course,
including using the chapter Pre-tests (now found online). Schools and individual teachers should follow
the method that works for them.
For schools that have ability grouping of classes, teachers may wish to set one of the Foundation,
Standard or Advanced pathways as their default setting for their entire class and then make individual
alterations depending on student need. For schools that have mixed-ability classes, teachers may wish to
set a number of pathways within the one class depending on previous performance and other factors.
* The nomenclature used to list questions is as follows:
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detail, see
Mathematics for the Australian

the guide in
the online
Interactive
CurriculumDPNQMFUFMFBSOJOHTVJUF Textbook
All non-core topics are marked Consolidating Examples with fully worked solutions and
or Extending to assist with course planning explanations show the thinking behind each step
✐ ✐
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print book comes with
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and HOTsheets in the key knowledge and students thinking critically Strand to provide three learning
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What
Chapter
you will learn

1 Whole numbers
Australian
curriculum
1A Number systems (Extending) NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
1B Place value (Consolidating) Number and place value
1C Addition and subtraction 16x16
Apply the associative, commutative and distributive laws to aid 32x
1D Addition and subtraction mental and written computation (ACMNA151)
algorithms
1E Multiplication
1F Multiplying larger numbers
1G Division
1H Estimating and rounding
(Consolidating)
1I Order of operations
Online
resources
• Chapter pre-test
• Videos of all worked
examples
• Interactive widgets
• Interactive walkthroughs
• Downloadable HOTsheets
• Access to HOTmaths
Australian Curriculum
courses
Whole numbers in the

ancient world and now
Whole numbers and number Here are some examples:
systems have been used for • Recording the number of points
thousands of years to help count in a game
objects and record information. • Calculating the number of
In ancient Egypt in about 3000 pavers required for a terrace
BCE if one hundred and twenty- • Counting the number of items
four blocks of stone were needed purchased at a shop
to build a monument, this number • Tallying the number of votes in
would have been represented as an election
• Calculating the approximate
Today we use whole numbers to distance between two towns.
help deal with all sorts of situations.
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Up for a challenge? If you

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The place value of 3 in 2 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 3 × 1
1327 is 300. is the expanded form of 273.
Place value
Ancient
number systems (Ext) Addition and
subtraction
Roman
LXXVI is 76 Algorithms 1
XCIV is 94 1
371 8
937
+_____
843 − 643
_____
Babylonian 1214 294
is 23
is 71
Mental strategies
Egyptian 172 + 216 = 300 + 80 + 8
= 388
is 21
98 − 19 = 98 − 20 + 1
is 143 = 79
Order of operations Multiplication

Whole numbers and division
Brackets ﬁrst, then ×
and ÷, then + and −
from left to right.
2 + 3 × 4 ÷ (9 ÷ 3) Algorithms
2
= 2 + 12 ÷ 3 29 68
=2+4 ×____
13
=6 3 2025
87
290 with 1
____
377 remainder
Mental strategies
7 × 31 = 7 × 30 + 7 × 1 = 217
Estimation 5 × 14 = 5 × 2 × 7 = 70
64 ÷ 8 = 32 ÷ 4 = 16 ÷ 2 = 8
156 ÷ 4 = 160 ÷ 4 − 4 ÷ 4
= 40 − 1
= 39
955 to the nearest 10 is 960 Leading digit approximation

950 to the nearest 100 is 1000 39 × 326 ≈ 40 × 300 = 12 000 Multiplying by 10, 100, ……
38 × 100 = 3800
38 × 700 = 38 × 7 × 100
= 26 600
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What
Chapter
you will learn

2 Geometry
Australian
curriculum
2A Points, lines and angles MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
(Consolidating) Geometric reasoning
2B Measuring angles Identify corresponding, alternate and cointerior angles when two
(Consolidating) parallel straight lines are crossed by a transversal (ACMMG163)
2C Angles at a point Investigate conditions for two lines to be parallel and solve simple
2D Transversal lines and numerical problems using reasoning (ACMMG164)
parallel lines
2E Problems with parallel lines
(Extending)
2F Circles and constructions
2G Dynamic geometry
Online
resources
examples
courses
Thales, pyramids
and the solar eclipse
From the Egyptian pyramids to use mathematical geometry to
modern architecture, points, calculate the height of an Egyptian
lines and angles are everywhere. pyramid using the sun’s rays and
Geometry is a very visual element of to accurately predict the timing of a
mathematics where the designs of solar eclipse.
buildings and the orbits of planets
can be studied using basic objects
like points, lines and circles.
Thales (624–546 BCE) is
known to be the founder of Greek
geometry. He was an astronomer
and philosopher, and records
show he was the first person to
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book to help you.
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Measuring angles Angles
acute 0° − 90°
right 90°
obtuse 90° − 180°
straight 180°
reflex 180° − 360° Angles at a point
revolution 360°
b°
Geometrical objects a°
c° d°
A
D Complementary
E C a + b = 90
B Supplementary
∠ABC F c + d = 180
ray BD Vertically opposite
line EF a =c
segment AB Revolution
collinear points B, C, D a + b + 90 + c + d = 360
vertex B
Geometry
Circle features
chord
ter
me
dia centre
Parallel lines
radius
minor
arc d°
a° c° tran
sve
b° rsa
l
a = b (corresponding)
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angle perpendicular
bisector line
If a = 120, b = 120,
d = 120 and c = 60.
triangle
3 cm 4 cm
5 cm
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3
Number
properties
Chapter and patterns
What Australian
you will learn curriculum
3A Factors and multiples NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Number and place value
3B Highest common factor and Investigate index notation and represent whole numbers as
lowest common multiple products of powers of prime numbers (ACMNA149)
(Consolidating) Investigate and use square roots of perfect square numbers
3C Divisibility (Extending) (ACMNA150)
3D Prime numbers Linear and non-linear relationships
3E Powers Given coordinates, plot points on the Cartesian plane, and find
3F Prime decomposition coordinates for a given point (ACMNA178)
3G Squares and square roots 16x16 and analyse graphs from32x32
Investigate, interpret authentic data
3H Number patterns (ACMNA180)
(Consolidating)
3I Spatial patterns
3J Tables and rules
3K The number plane and graphs
Online
resources
examples
courses
Number patterns around us:

Architecture
The Louvre Palace in Paris is the the ground by triangular-shaped glass
world’s largest museum and is visited panels. The trapezium-shaped entry
by over 8 million people a year. has a height of one rhombus and a
Visitors enter the museum through width of six triangles. The number
a giant glass pyramid that has a of glass panels used in the Louvre
square base of length 35.4 metres Pyramid can be determined using
and is 21.6 metres in height. It is said these facts and the related properties
that the pyramid contains 666 glass and patterns.
panels. Each rhombus panel is supported
To carefully count the number of by four segments of steel. Adjacent
glass panels, we can observe how the rhombuses share the ame steel
sides of the pyramid are constructed. segment for support. The number
Each triangular side of the pyramid of steel segments per row can be
has 17 rows of rhombus-shaped calculated, as well as the total number
glass panels. The base row is joined to of steel segments used.
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factors multiples
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e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 e.g. 12, 24, 36, 48, . . .
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.BOZ NBUIFNBUJDJBOT CFMJFWF UIBU FWFSZ FWFO OVNCFS HSFBUFS UIBO JT UIF TVN PG UXP QSJNF
OVNCFST 4IPX UIJT JT USVF GPS FWFO OVNCFST CFUXFFO BOE
(JWF UXP FYBNQMFT PG B QBJS PG QSJNFT UIBU BEE UP B QSJNF OVNCFS &YQMBJO XIZ BMM QPTTJCMF
QBJST PG QSJNFT UIBU BEE UP B QSJNF NVTU DPOUBJO UIF OVNCFS
1SJNF PS OPU QSJNF
&/3*$).&/5
%FTJHO B TQSFBETIFFU UIBU XJMM DIFDL XIFUIFS PS OPU BOZ OVNCFS FOUFSFE CFUXFFO BOE
JT B QSJNF OVNCFS
*G ZPVS TQSFBETIFFU JT TVDDFTTGVM TPNFPOF TIPVME CF BCMF UP FOUFS UIF OVNCFS BOE WFSZ
RVJDLMZ CF JOGPSNFE XIFUIFS PS OPU UIJT JT B QSJNF OVNCFS
:PV NBZ DIPPTF UP BEBQU ZPVS GBDUPS QSPHSBN &OSJDINFOU BDUJWJUZ &YFSDJTF " 2VFTUJPO

/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
& 1PXFST
8IFO SFQFBUFE NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PG UIF TBNF GBDUPS
PDDVST UIF FYQSFTTJPO DBO MPPL RVJUF DVNCFSTPNF
.BUIFNBUJDJBOT IBWF B NFUIPE GPS TJNQMJGZJOH TVDI
FYQSFTTJPOT CZ XSJUJOH UIFN BT QPXFST 5IJT JOWPMWFT
XSJUJOH UIF SFQFBUFE GBDUPS BT UIF CBTF OVNCFS BOE UIFO
JODMVEJOH BO JOEFY OVNCFS UP JOEJDBUF IPX NBOZ UJNFT
UIJT GBDUPS NVTU CF NVMUJQMJFE CZ JUTFMG 5IJT JT BMTP
LOPXO BT XSJUJOH B OVNCFS JO JOEFY GPSN
1PXFST BSF BMTP VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU WFSZ MBSHF BOE WFSZ
TNBMM OVNCFST 'PS FYBNQMF XPVME CF XSJUUFO BT ¤ 5IJT XBZ PG XSJUJOH
B OVNCFS JT DBMMFE TUBOEBSE GPSN PS TDJFOUJàD OPUBUJPO BOE ZPV XJMM DPNF BDSPTT UIJT DPODFQU JO GVUVSF
ZFBST
-FUT TUBSU " CFUUFS XBZy

• 8IBU JT B CFUUFS XBZ PG XSJUJOH UIBU JT OPU UIF BOTXFS
• 8IBU JT B CFUUFS XBZ PG XSJUJOH ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ UIBU JT OPU UIF BOTXFS
:PV NBZ OFFE UP BDDFTT UIF JOUFSOFU UP àOE PVU TPNF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BOTXFST
$PNQVUFST IBWF UIF DBQBDJUZ UP TUPSF B MPU PG JOGPSNBUJPO "T ZPV NPTU MJLFMZ LOPX DPNQVUFS NFNPSZ JT
HJWFO JO CZUFT
• )PX NBOZ CZUFT #
BSF JO B LJMPCZUF L#
• )PX NBOZ LJMPCZUFT BSF JO B NFHBCZUF .#
• )PX NBOZ NFHBCZUFT BSF JO B HJHBCZUF (#
• )PX NBOZ HJHBCZUFT BSF JO B UFSBCZUF 5#
• )PX NBOZ CZUFT BSF JO B HJHBCZUF

)JOU *U JT PWFS CJMMJPO BOE JU JT GBS FBTJFS UP XSJUF UIJT OVNCFS BT B QPXFS
• 8IZ EP DPNQVUFST GSFRVFOUMZ VTF CBTF CJOBSZ OVNCFST
,FZ 1PXFST BSF VTFE UP IFMQ XSJUF FYQSFTTJPOT JOWPMWJOH SFQFBUFE NVMUJQMJDBUJPO JO B TJNQMJàFE GPSN
JEFBT VTJOH JOEJDFT
'PS FYBNQMF ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ DBO CF XSJUUFO BT
8IFO XSJUJOH B CBTJD OVNFSBM BT B QPXFS ZPV OFFE B CBTF OVNCFS BOE BO JOEFY OVNCFS 5IJT JT
BMTP LOPXO BT XSJUJOH BO FYQSFTTJPO JO JOEFY GPSN
index number
85 = 32 768
base number basic numeral
BC SFBET BT AB UP UIF QPXFS PG C *O FYQBOEFE GPSN JU XPVME MPPL MJLF
!B ¤ B ¤ B ¤ B"#
¤ B . . . ¤ B$
B JT SFQFBUFE C UJNFT
1PXFST UBLF QSJPSJUZ JO UIF PSEFS PG PQFSBUJPOT
'PS FYBNQMF ¤ ¤

/PUF Ń ¤ UIFSFGPSF Ń 5IJT JT B DPNNPO NJTUBLF UIBU NVTU CF BWPJEFE
*OTUFBE ¤ ¤
&YBNQMF $POWFSUJOH UP JOEFY GPSN

4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTTJPOT CZ XSJUJOH UIFN JO JOEFY GPSN
B ¤¤¤¤¤ C ¤¤¤¤¤
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ 5IF OVNCFS JT UIF SFQFBUFE GBDUPS BOE JU

BQQFBST TJY UJNFT
C ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ JT XSJUUFO UXP UJNFT

JT XSJUUFO GPVS UJNFT
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
&YBNQMF &YQBOEJOH B QPXFS

&YQBOE BOE FWBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH UFSNT
B C ¤
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B ¤ ¤ ¤ 8SJUF EPXO GPVS UJNFT BOE NVMUJQMZ

C ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ 8SJUF UIF OVNCFS UISFF UJNFT BOE UIF

¤ OVNCFS UXP UJNFT

&YBNQMF &WBMVBUJOH FYQSFTTJPOT XJUI QPXFST

&WBMVBUF
B m C ¤
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B m ¤ m ¤ 8SJUF JO FYQBOEFE GPSN PQUJPOBM

m 1PXFST BSF FWBMVBUFE CFGPSF UIF TVCUSBDUJPO
PDDVST

C ¤ 8SJUF JO FYQBOEFE GPSN PQUJPOBM

¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ 'PMMPX PSEFS PG PQFSBUJPO SVMFT
¤¤¤¤
$BSSZ PVU UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO àSTU UIFO DBSSZ
PVU UIF BEEJUJPO
&YFSDJTF & o

6/%&345"/%*/(
4FMFDU UIF DPSSFDU BOTXFS GSPN UIF GPMMPXJOH BMUFSOBUJWFT

NFBOT
" ¤ # ¤¤ $ ¤¤
% ¤¤¤¤¤¤ & ¤¤¤¤¤¤ '
&
6/%&345"/%*/(
4FMFDU UIF DPSSFDU BOTXFS GSPN UIF GPMMPXJOH BMUFSOBUJWFT
¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ DBO CF TJNQMJàFE UP
" ¤ # ¤ $
% & '
$PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIF UBCMF

*OEFY GPSN #BTF OVNCFS *OEFY OVNCFS #BTJD OVNFSBM

o
o
o
o
o
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF B 4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTTJPOT CZ XSJUJOH UIFN BT QPXFST
B ¤¤ C ¤¤¤¤ D ¤ ¤ ¤
E ¤ ¤ ¤ F ¤ G ¤ ¤
H ¤¤¤¤¤ I ¤¤ J ¤
&YBNQMF C 4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTTJPOT CZ XSJUJOH UIFN BT QPXFST

B ¤¤¤ C ¤¤¤¤ D ¤ ¤ ¤
E ¤¤¤¤ F ¤¤¤¤¤ G ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
H ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ I ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ J ¤¤¤¤¤¤
4JNQMJGZ CZ XSJUJOH VTJOH QPXFST

¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤
&YBNQMF B &YQBOE UIFTF UFSNT %P OPU FWBMVBUF
B C D E
F G H I
&YBNQMF C &YQBOE UIFTF UFSNT %P OPU FWBMVBUF
B ¤ C ¤ D ¤ E ¤
F ¤ G ¤ ¤ H ¤ I ¤
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
&
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&WBMVBUF
B C D E ¤
F G ¤ H ¤ I ¤
&YBNQMF &WBMVBUF
B C ¤ m D m ¤
E m
F ¤ G m ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
H I m J
¤
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130#-&.40-7*/(
%FUFSNJOF UIF JOEFY OVNCFS GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH CBTJD OVNFSBMT
B C D E
F G H I
8SJUF POF PG UIF TZNCPMT PS JO UIF CPY UP NBLF UIF GPMMPXJOH TUBUFNFOUT USVF
B C D E
F G H I
" UFYU NFTTBHF JT TFOU UP àWF GSJFOET &BDI PG UIF àWF GSJFOET UIFO GPSXBSET JU UP àWF PUIFS
GSJFOET BOE FBDI PG UIFTF QFPQMF BMTP TFOET JU UP àWF PUIFS GSJFOET )PX NBOZ QFPQMF EPFT UIF
UFYU NFTTBHF SFBDI OPU JODMVEJOH UIPTF XIP GPSXBSEFE UIF NFTTBHF
+BOF XSJUFT B DIBJO FNBJM BOE TFOET JU UP àWF GSJFOET *G FBDI QFSTPO XIP SFDFJWFT UIF FNBJM
SFBET JU XJUIJO NJOVUFT PG UIF FNBJM BSSJWJOH BOE UIFO TFOET JU UP àWF PUIFS QFPQMF
B )PX NBOZ QFPQMF JODMVEJOH +BOF XJMM IBWF SFBE UIF FNBJM NJOVUFT BGUFS +BOF
àSTU TFOU JU
C *G UIF FNBJM BMXBZT HPFT UP B OFX QFSTPO BOE BTTVNJOH FWFSZ QFSTPO JO "VTUSBMJB IBT BO
FNBJM BEESFTT BOE BDDFTT UP FNBJM IPX MPOH XPVME JU UBLF VOUJM FWFSZPOF JO "VTUSBMJB
IBT SFBE UIF NFTTBHF "VTUSBMJBO QPQVMBUJPO JT BQQSPY NJMMJPO QFPQMF
D )PX NBOZ QFPQMF XJMM SFBE UIF FNBJM XJUIJO IPVS

E 6TJOH UIF TBNF BTTVNQUJPOT BT BCPWF IPX MPOH XPVME JU UBLF
VOUJM FWFSZPOF JO UIF XPSME IBT SFBE UIF NFTTBHF 8PSME
QPQVMBUJPO JT BQQSPY CJMMJPO QFPQMF
F )PX NBOZ QFPQMF XJMM IBWF SFBE UIF FNBJM JO IPVST
&
3&"40/*/(
8SJUF UIF DPSSFDU PQFSBUJPO m ¤
JO UIF CPY UP NBLF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT USVF
B C D
E F G
" DIBJO FNBJM JT JOJUJBUFE CZ BO JOEJWJEVBM BOE

TFOU UP Y OVNCFS PG SFDJQJFOUT 5IJT QSPDFTT JT
SFQFBUFE JF JT GPSXBSEFE UP Y OFX SFDJQJFOUT
Z UJNFT JODMVEJOH UIF àSTU TFOEJOH )PX NBOZ

QFPQMF SFDFJWF UIF FNBJM OPU JODMVEJOH UIPTF
XIP GPSXBSEFE UIF NFTTBHF
'JOE B WBMVF GPS B BOE GPS C TVDI UIBU B Ń C BOE BC CB
*OWFTUJHBUJOH GBDUPSJBMT
&/3*$).&/5
*O NBUIFNBUJDT UIF FYDMBNBUJPO NBSL
JT UIF TZNCPM GPS GBDUPSJBMT
¤ ¤ ¤
O O ¤ O m
¤ O m
¤ O m
¤ O m
¤ . . . ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
B &WBMVBUF BOE
'BDUPSJBMT DBO CF XSJUUFO JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN XIJDI JOWPMWFT QPXFST
'PS FYBNQMF ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
¤
¤ ¤ ¤
¤ ¤ ¤
¤ ¤
C 8SJUF UIFTF OVNCFST JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
J JJ JJJ JW
D 8SJUF EPXO UIF MBTU EJHJU PG
E 8SJUF EPXO UIF MBTU EJHJU PG
F 'JOE B NFUIPE PG XPSLJOH PVU IPX NBOZ DPOTFDVUJWF [FSPT XPVME PDDVS PO UIF SJHIUIBOE
FOE PG FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH GBDUPSJBMT JG UIFZ XFSF FWBMVBUFE )JOU $POTJEFS QSJNF
GBDUPS GPSN
J JJ JJJ JW
G ¤ ¤ JT BO FYBNQMF PG POF GBDUPSJBM FRVBM UP UIF QSPEVDU PG UISFF GBDUPSJBMT
&YQSFTT BT UIF QSPEVDU PG UXP PS NPSF GBDUPSJBMT
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
' 1SJNF EFDPNQPTJUJPO

"MM DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST DBO CF CSPLFO EPXO JF EFDPNQPTFE
JOUP B VOJRVF TFU PG QSJNF GBDUPST " DPNNPO
XBZ PG QFSGPSNJOH UIF EFDPNQPTJUJPO JOUP QSJNF GBDUPST JT VTJOH B GBDUPS USFF 4UBSUJOH XJUI UIF HJWFO
OVNCFS ACSBODIFT DPNF EPXO JO QBJST SFQSFTFOUJOH B QBJS PG GBDUPST UIBU NVMUJQMZ UP HJWF UIF OVNCFS
BCPWF JU5IJT QSPDFTT DPOUJOVFT VOUJM QSJNF GBDUPST BSF SFBDIFE
-FUT TUBSU $PNQPTJUJPO PG OVNCFST GSPN QSJNF GBDUPST

A$PNQPTF DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST GSPN UIF GPMMPXJOH TFUT PG QSJNF GBDUPST 5IF àSTU POF IBT CFFO EPOF
GPS ZPV
B ¤ ¤ C ¤¤¤¤
D ¤ E ¤ ¤
F ¤ ¤ G ¤ ¤
H ¤ ¤ I ¤ ¤
/PUF UIBU UIJT QSPDFTT JT UIF SFWFSTF PG EFDPNQPTJUJPO
&WFSZ DPNQPTJUF OVNCFS DBO CF FYQSFTTFE BT B QSPEVDU PG JUT QSJNF GBDUPST ,FZ
" GBDUPS USFF DBO CF VTFE UP TIPX UIF QSJNF GBDUPST PG B DPNQPTJUF OVNCFS JEFBT
&BDI ACSBODI PG B GBDUPS USFF FWFOUVBMMZ UFSNJOBUFT JO B QSJNF GBDUPS
1PXFST BSF PGUFO VTFE UP FGàDJFOUMZ SFQSFTFOU DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
'PS FYBNQMF
starting composite
48
a pair of number
‘branches’
4 12
2 2 4 3
2 2
‘branches’
terminate on
prime factors ∴ 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
= 24 × 3 expressed with powers
*U EPFT OPU NBUUFS XJUI XIJDI QBJS PG GBDUPST ZPV TUBSU B GBDUPS USFF 5IF àOBM SFTVMU PG QSJNF
GBDUPST XJMM BMXBZT CF UIF TBNF
*U JT DPOWFOUJPOBM UP XSJUF UIF QSJNF GBDUPST JO BTDFOEJOH JF JODSFBTJOH
PSEFS
'PS FYBNQMF ¤ ¤
&YBNQMF &YQSFTTJOH DPNQPTJUFT JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN

&YQSFTT UIF OVNCFS JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
60 " QBJS PG GBDUPST GPS BSF ¤

5IF CSBODI UFSNJOBUFT TJODF JT B QSJNF
5 12 GBDUPS
3 4 " QBJS PG GBDUPST GPS BSF ¤

5IF CSBODI UFSNJOBUFT TJODF JT B QSJNF
2 2
∴ 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 GBDUPS
60 = 22 × 3 × 5 " QBJS PG GBDUPST GPS BSF ¤
#PUI UIFTF CSBODIFT BSF OPX UFSNJOBUFE
)FODF UIF DPNQPTJUF OVNCFS DBO CF
XSJUUFO BT B QSPEVDU PG FBDI UFSNJOBUJOH
CSBODI
&YFSDJTF ' o
6/%&345"/%*/(
4PSU UIF GPMMPXJOH MJTU PG OVNCFST JOUP UXP HSPVQT DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST BOE QSJNF OVNCFST

'JMM JO UIF HBQT UP DPNQMFUF UIF GPMMPXJOH GBDUPS USFFT

B 40 C 30 D 100
8 5 10
2 2 5
3
2 2
$PNQMFUF FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH GBDUPS USFFT

B 90 C 56 D 220
9 10 4 14 55 4
8SJUF UIF GPMMPXJOH QSJNF GBDUPST VTJOH QPXFST

B ¤¤¤¤ C ¤¤¤¤¤
D ¤¤¤¤ E ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB

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&YBNQMF &YQSFTT UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
B C D E
F G H I
J K L M
&YQSFTT UIFTF OVNCFST JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN

B C D E
F G H I
o o
130#-&.40-7*/(
.BUDI UIF DPSSFDU DPNQPTJUF OVNCFS B UP E
UP JUT TFU PG QSJNF GBDUPST " UP %

B " ¤ ¤
C # ¤ ¤
D $ ¤
E % ¤¤¤¤
'JOE UIF TNBMMFTU DPNQPTJUF OVNCFS UIBU IBT UIF àWF TNBMMFTU QSJNF OVNCFST BT GBDUPST
B &YQSFTT BOE JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN

C #Z DPOTJEFSJOH UIF QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN EFUFSNJOF UIF )$' PG BOE
B &YQSFTT BOE JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN

C #Z DPOTJEFSJOH UIF QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN EFUFSNJOF UIF )$' PG BOE
o
3&"40/*/(
3FQSFTFOU UIF OVNCFS XJUI GPVS EJGGFSFOU GBDUPS
USFFT FBDI SFTVMUJOH JO UIF TBNF TFU PG QSJNF
GBDUPST /PUF UIBU TJNQMZ TXBQQJOH UIF PSEFS PG B
QBJS PG GBDUPST EPFT OPU RVBMJGZ JU BT
B EJGGFSFOU GPSN PG UIF GBDUPS USFF
0OMZ POF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH JT UIF DPSSFDU TFU PG QSJNF GBDUPST GPS
" ¤ ¤ # ¤ ¤ $ ¤ % ¤
J +VTUJGZ XIZ ZPV DBO FMJNJOBUF BMUFSOBUJWFT " BOE # TUSBJHIU BXBZ
JJ 8IZ DBO PQUJPO $ CF EJTDBSEFE BT BO PQUJPO
JJJ 4IPX UIBU PQUJPO % JT UIF DPSSFDU BOTXFS
'
3&"40/*/(
B 4UBUF UIF FSSPS JO FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QSJNF GBDUPS USFFT
J 60 JJ 60 JJJ 60
5 10 2 30 2 30
2 5 6 5 2 15
60 = 2 × 5 2
60 = 2 × 5 × 6
3 5
60 = 2 × 3 × 5
C 8IBU JT UIF DPSSFDU XBZ UP FYQSFTT JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
8SJUF EJGGFSFOU JF EJTUJODU

GBDUPS USFFT GPS UIF OVNCFS
'PVS EJTUJODU QSJNF GBDUPST o
&/3*$).&/5
5IFSF BSF DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST UIBU BSF TNBMMFS UIBO XIJDI IBWF GPVS EJTUJODU
JF EJGGFSFOU
QSJNF GBDUPST 'PS FYBNQMF ¤ ¤ ¤
#Z DPOTJEFSJOH UIF QSJNF GBDUPS QPTTJCJMJUJFT àOE BMM DPNQPTJUF OVNCFST BOE FYQSFTT
FBDI PG UIFN JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN
4VQFSDPNQVUFST MJLF UIJT IBWF CFFO VTFE UP TFBSDI GPS QSJNF

OVNCFST XJUI NJMMJPOT PG EJHJUT
" DPOKFDUVSF JT B TUBUFNFOU UIBU NBZ BQQFBS UP CF USVF CVU IBT OPU CFFO QSPWFE DPODMVTJWFMZ
(PMECBDIT DPOKFDUVSF TUBUFT A&WFSZ FWFO OVNCFS HSFBUFS UIBO JT UIF TVN PG UXP QSJNF
OVNCFST 'PS FYBNQMF
$IBMMFOHF 5SZ UIJT GPS FWFSZ FWFO OVNCFS GSPN UP
6TF UIF JOUFSOFU UP àOE UIF MBSHFTULOPXO QSJNF OVNCFS
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
QU
" 'JOE UIF DPNQMFUF TFU PG GBDUPST GPS FBDI PG UIFTF OVNCFST
B C
QU
" 8SJUF EPXO UIF àSTU GPVS NVMUJQMFT GPS FBDI PG UIFTF OVNCFST
B C
QU
# 'JOE UIF )$' PG UIF GPMMPXJOH HSPVQT PG OVNCFST
B BOE C BOE
QU
# 'JOE UIF -$. PG UIF GPMMPXJOH HSPVQT PG OVNCFST
B BOE C BOE
QU
$ 6TF UIF EJWJTJCJMJUZ SVMFT UP EFUFSNJOF XIFUIFS UIF GPMMPXJOH DBMDVMBUJPOT BSF QPTTJCMF
XJUIPVU MFBWJOH B SFNBJOEFS (JWF B SFBTPO GPS FBDI BOTXFS
&YU
B C D E
QU
$ 5IF HBNF PG ADMVTUFST JOWPMWFT B HSPVQ HFUUJOH JOUP TNBMMFSTJ[FE HSPVQT BT RVJDLMZ BT
QPTTJCMF PODF B QBSUJDVMBS DMVTUFS TJ[F IBT CFFO DBMMFE PVU *G B ZFBS MFWFM DPOTJTUT PG
&YU
TUVEFOUT XIJDI ADMVTUFS TJ[FT PG NPSF UIBO POF QFSTPO
XPVME FOTVSF OP TUVEFOUT BSF
MFGU PVU PG B HSPVQ
QU
% 4UBUF XIFUIFS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH JT B QSJNF 1
PS DPNQPTJUF $
OVNCFS PS OFJUIFS /

(JWF SFBTPOT
B C D E
QU
% 'JOE UIF QSJNF OVNCFST UIBU BSF GBDUPST PG
B C
QU
& 4JNQMJGZ UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTTJPOT CZ XSJUJOH UIFN BT QPXFST
B ¤¤¤ C ¤¤¤¤¤¤
QU
& &YQBOE BOE FWBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH UFSNT
B C ¤ D ¤ E m
F m ¤
QU
' &YQSFTT UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST JO QSJNF GBDUPS GPSN XSJUJOH UIFN JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS
B C
( 4RVBSFT BOE TRVBSF SPPUT

" TRVBSF OVNCFS DBO CF JMMVTUSBUFE CZ DPOTJEFSJOH UIF BSFB PG B TRVBSF XJUI B XIPMF OVNCFS BT JUT TJEF
MFOHUI
'PS FYBNQMF
"SFB PG TRVBSF DN ¤ DN DN
4 cm
5IFSFGPSF JT B TRVBSF OVNCFS
4 cm
"OPUIFS XBZ PG SFQSFTFOUJOH TRVBSF OVNCFST JT UISPVHI B TRVBSF BSSBZ PG EPUT
'PS FYBNQMF
/VNCFS PG EPUT SPXT PG EPUT
¤ EPUT
EPUT
EPUT
5IFSFGPSF JT B TRVBSF OVNCFS
5P QSPEVDF B TRVBSF OVNCFS ZPV NVTU NVMUJQMZ UIF OVNCFS CZ JUTFMG "MM TRVBSF OVNCFST XSJUUFO JO JOEFY
GPSN XJMM IBWF B QPXFS PG
'JOEJOH B TRVBSF SPPU PG B OVNCFS JT UIF PQQPTJUF PG TRVBSJOH B OVNCFS
√
'PS FYBNQMF BOE UIFSFGPSF
5P àOE TRVBSF SPPUT XF VTF PVS LOPXMFEHF PG TRVBSF OVNCFST " DBMDVMBUPS JT BMTP GSFRVFOUMZ VTFE
UP àOE TRVBSF SPPUT (FPNFUSJDBMMZ UIF TRVBSF SPPU PG B OVNCFS JT UIF TJEF MFOHUI PG B TRVBSF XIPTF BSFB JT
UIBU OVNCFS
0ME 5PXO 4RVBSF JO 1SBHVF 5IF TRVBSF SPPU PG JUT BSFB JT UIF MFOHUI PG POF PG
JUT TJEFT
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
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starting repeating
design design
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check out the 'Working
book to help you.
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Composite numbers Multiples Factor trees
10: factors 1, 2, 5, 10 Multiples are ³ number 90
62: factors 1, 2, 31, 62 20: 20, 40, 60, 80, ...
Composite numbers 15: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, ...
are not prime. Lowest common multiple 9 10
LCM = 60
3 3 2 5
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
90 = 2 × 32 × 5
Factors Powers base

number
Factors are £ number Number 243 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35
20: 1, 2, 4, 5 , 10, 20
15: 1, 3, 5 , 15 properties basic expanded
index
index number
Highest common factor numeral form form
HCF = 5
Square number First 10

square numbers
16 = 4 × 4 = 42 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,
25 = 5 × 5 = 52 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
Prime numbers
A prime number
only has two
factors: 1 and itself. Square root
5: factors 1 and 5 √16 = 4
17: factors 1 and 17
√25 = 5
Division Divisibility tests (Ext)

2: last digit even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
remainder 3: sum digits ÷ 3
1 is not dividend→ 52 1
a prime number. divisor→ 3 = 173 4: number from last two digits ÷ 4
5: last digit 0 or 5
quotient 6: ÷ by 2 and 3
52 = 3 × 17 + 1 8: number from last 3 digits ÷ 8
9: sum digits ÷ 9
10: last digit 0
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Sequence Common difference of minus 3
2, 4, 6, 8, ... 100, 97, 94, ...
↑↑↑ ↑
terms
Common ratio of times 2
3, 6, 12, 24, ...
Pair differences increase by 3

6, 7, 11, 18, 28, ...
Number patterns
Rules, graphs and tables show

a relation between two Common difference of an increase of 4
quantities that can vary.
Spatial pattern: ...
Number pattern: 4 8 12 ...
Rule: Number of sticks

= 4 times the number of diamonds
input 20 10 5
output 37 17 7 Sam = Mikaela + 5
output = 2 ´ input - 3 18
16
Sam’s age (years)
14
12
10
Sam is 5 years older than his sister Mikaela 8
6
Mikaela’s
Mikael ’s age 0 3 7 13 4
Sam’s age 5 8 12 18 2
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mikaela’s age (years)
5
This dot is
4
represented by
3
the vertical, 2 the coordinates
y-axis (2, 4)
1
x
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the origin
x-axis
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What
Chapter
you will learn

4 Fractions and
percentages
Australian
curriculum
4A What are fractions? NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Real numbers
4B Equivalent fractions and Compare fractions using equivalence. Locate and represent fractions and
simplified fractions mixed numerals on a number line (ACMNA152)
4C Mixed numbers Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions, including
(Consolidating) those with unrelated denominators (ACMNA153)
4D Ordering fractions Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient written
4E Adding fractions strategies and digital technologies (ACMNA154)
4F Subtracting fractions Express one quantity as a fraction of another with and without the use of
4G Multiplying fractions digital technologies (ACMNA155)
4H Dividing fractions Connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple
4I Fractions and percentages conversions (ACMNA157)
4J Percentage of a number Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage
4K Expressing a quantity as a of another, with and without digital technologies. (ACMNA158)
proportion Recognise and solve problems involving simple ratios. (ACMNA173)
Money and financial mathematics
Investigate and calculate ‘best buys’, with and without digital
16x16 32x32
technologies (ACMNA174)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Ancient Egyptian fractions

The ancient Egyptians used fractions over 4000 years 1
thought (eyebrow closest to brain)
ago. The Egyptian sky god Horus was a falcon-headed 8
man whose eyes were believed to have magical healing
1
hearing (pointing to ear)
powers. Egyptian jewellery, ornaments or clothing 16
1
decorated with the Eye of Horus design were regarded as smell (pointing to nose)
good luck charms for health and magical protection from
2
1
evil. sight (pupil of the eye)
4
The six parts in the Eye of Horus design represent 1
the six ways that information enters the brain. These six touch (leg touching the ground)
64
different parts or symbols represented the six fractions 1
taste (curled top of wheat plant)
used by ancient Egyptian mathematics. For example, 32
A proportion or fraction can be written using a
1
instead of writing , Egyptians would write , and combination of these symbols. For example:
2
1 3
instead of writing they would write . = and
8 4
Eye of Horus fraction symbols are found in ancient 3
Egyptian medical prescriptions for mixing ‘magical’ = .
16 7 1
medicine. Amazingly, modern doctors still use the eye Which symbols would represent ? Can be
of Horus ( ) symbolism when they write (Rx) at the 8 3
written using the Eye of Horus symbols?
start of a prescription.
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m XIPMF OPUF àMMT UIF XIPMF CBS
m TFNJCSFWF
m IBMG OPUF àMMT IBMG UIF CBS
m NJOJN
m RVBSUFS OPUF GPVS PG UIFTF UP B CBS
m DSPUDIFU
m FJHIUI OPUF FJHIU UP B CBS
m RVBWFS
m TJYUFFOUI OPUF TJYUFFO UP B CBS
m TFNJRVBWFS

B 8SJUF TJY EJGGFSFOU ACBST PG NVTJD JOUJNF

$BSSZ PVU TPNF SFTFBSDI PO PUIFS UZQFT PG NVTJDBM UJNF TJHOBUVSFT

C %P ZPV LOPX XIBU UIF UJNF TJHOBUVSF NFBOT

D 8SJUF UISFF EJGGFSFOU CBST PG NVTJD GPS B UJNF TJHOBUVSF

E 8IBU BSF UIF NVTJDBM TZNCPMT GPS EJGGFSFOU MFOHUI SFTUT
F )PX EPFT B EPU PS EPUT
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$ .JYFE OVNCFST $0/40-*%"5*/(
"T XF IBWF TFFO JO UIJT DIBQUFS B GSBDUJPO JT B

DPNNPO XBZ PG SFQSFTFOUJOH QBSU PG B XIPMF
OVNCFS 'PS FYBNQMF B QBSUJDVMBS DBS USJQ NBZ

SFRVJSF PG B UBOL PG QFUSPM

0O NBOZ PDDBTJPOT ZPV NBZ OFFE XIPMF OVNCFST
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JOUFSTUBUF DBS USJQ NBZ SFRVJSF UBOLT PG QFUSPM

8IFO ZPV IBWF B DPNCJOBUJPO PG B XIPMF OVNCFS
BOE B GSBDUJPO UIJT OVNCFS JT LOPXO BT B NJYFE
" MPOH DBS USJQ NBZ SFRVJSF B GVMM UBOL PG QFUSPM BOE BOPUIFS
OVNCFS GSBDUJPO PG B UBOL BT XFMM
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8JUI B QBSUOFS BUUFNQU UP TPMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH QJ[[B QSPCMFN 5IFSF JT NPSF UIBO POF BOTXFS
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BOE MBSHF QJ[[BT BSF DVU JOUP FJHIU FRVBM TMJDFT
'PS B DMBTT QBSUZ UIF UFBDIFS PSEFSFE QJ[[BT XIJDI UIF TUVEFOUT BUF XJUI FBTF "GUFS UIF MBTU TMJDF XBT
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2 35 is a mixed number
whole proper
number fraction
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DBO CF DPOWFSUFE UP NJYFE OVNCFST PS XIPMF OVNCFST
15 3 16
=3 =4
4 4 4
improper mixed improper whole
fraction number fraction number
/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
.JYFE OVNCFST DBO CF DPOWFSUFE UP JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT ,FZ

*O HFOFSBM JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT TIPVME CF XSJUUFO BT NJYFE OVNCFST XJUI UIF GSBDUJPO QBSU XSJUUFO JEFBT
JO TJNQMFTU GPSN
" OVNCFS MJOF IFMQT TIPX UIF EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG GSBDUJPOT
improper fractions
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 1 1 3 1 11 11 13 2 21 2 1 23 3
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
proper mixed
fractions numbers
&YBNQMF $POWFSUJOH NJYFE OVNCFST UP JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT

$POWFSU UP BO JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPO

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /

XIPMFT PG B XIPMF

= + + +

= + + +
PS

4IPSUDVU NFUIPE

.VMUJQMZ UIF XIPMF OVNCFS QBSU CZ UIF
EFOPNJOBUPS BOE UIFO BEE UIF OVNFSBUPS

¤
&YBNQMF $POWFSUJOH JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT UP NJYFE OVNCFST

$POWFSU UP B NJYFE OVNCFS

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
.FUIPE

RVBSUFST

= + + + + +
.FUIPE
+ + + + +
! SFN

= + +
4P

&YBNQMF 8SJUJOH NJYFE OVNCFST JO TJNQMFTU GPSN

$POWFSU UP B NJYFE OVNCFS JO TJNQMFTU GPSN

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
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¤✁
TJNQMJGZ UIF GSBDUJPO QBSU
PS
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¤ ✁ BOE UIFO DPOWFSU UP B NJYFE OVNCFS
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/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB
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6/%&345"/%*/(
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B C D

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B GPVS QJ[[BT DVU JOUP TJY QJFDFT FBDI
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D àWF KJHTBX QV[[MFT XJUI QJFDFT JO FBDI QV[[MF
E UISFF DBLFT DVU JOUP FJHIU QJFDFT FBDI

5IF NJYFE OVNCFS DBO CF SFQSFTFOUFE JO AXJOEPX TIBQFT BT

+ +

3FQSFTFOU UIF GPMMPXJOH NJYFE OVNCFST VTJOH AXJOEPX TIBQFT

B C D E

" AXJOEPX TIBQF DPOTJTUT PG GPVS QBOFT PG HMBTT )PX NBOZ QBOFT PG
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B C D E

F G H I

8IBU NJYFE OVNCFST DPSSFTQPOE UP UIF MFUUFST XSJUUFO PO FBDI OVNCFS MJOF
B A B C CD E
7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5
D F G H I
22 23 24 25 26
o
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B C D E F G

H I J K L M

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T U V W X Y

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R S T U

V W X Y

&YBNQMF $POWFSU UIFTF JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT UP NJYFE OVNCFST JO UIFJS TJNQMFTU GPSN

B C D E

F G H I

130#-&.40-7*/(
%SBX B OVNCFS MJOF GSPN UP BOE NBSL PO JU UIF GPMMPXJOH GSBDUJPOT

B C D

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B
@@@ @@@ @@@

C
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D
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B )PX NBOZ QJ[[B TMJDFT EP UIFZ FBU JO UPUBM
C )PX NBOZ QJ[[BT EP UIFZ FBU JO UPUBM (JWF ZPVS BOTXFS BT B NJYFE OVNCFS
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/VNCFS BOE "MHFCSB

$
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C 1IJMMJQ IBT àWF TBOEXJDIFT UIBU BSF DVU JOUP IBMWFT BOE IF FBUT BMM CVU POFIBMG )PX NBOZ
IBMWFT EPFT IF FBU
D $SZTUBM IBT Y TBOEXJDIFT UIBU BSF DVU JOUP RVBSUFST BOE TIF FBUT UIFN BMM CVU POFRVBSUFS )PX
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E #ZSPO IBT Z TBOEXJDIFT UIBU BSF DVU JOUP UIJSET BOE IF FBUT BMM CVU POFUIJSE )PX NBOZ UIJSET
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F 'FMJDJUZ IBT N TBOEXJDIFT UIBU BSF DVU JOUP O QJFDFT BOE TIF FBUT UIFN BMM )PX NBOZ QJFDFT
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&/3*$).&/5
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J 8SJUF EPXO UIF UISFF QPTTJCMF NJYFE OVNCFST
JJ 'JOE UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF TNBMMFTU BOE IJHIFTU NJYFE OVNCFST
C 3FQFBU QBSU B VTJOH UIF EJHJUT BOE
D 3FQFBU QBSU B VTJOH UIF EJHJUT BOE
E 1SFEJDU UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF MBSHFTU BOE TNBMMFTU NJYFE OVNCFS XIFO VTJOH POMZ UIF
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F 8SJUF EPXO B SVMF GPS UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF MBSHFTU BOE TNBMMFTU NJYFE OVNCFST XIFO
VTJOH BOZ UISFF DPOTFDVUJWF JOUFHFST
G &YUFOE ZPVS JOWFTUJHBUJPO UP BMMPX NJYFE OVNCFST XIFSF UIF GSBDUJPO QBSU JT BO JNQSPQFS
GSBDUJPO
H &YUFOE ZPVS JOWFTUJHBUJPO UP QSPEVDF NJYFE OVNCFST GSPN GPVS DPOTFDVUJWF EJHJUT
% 0SEFSJOH GSBDUJPOT
:PV BMSFBEZ LOPX IPX UP PSEFS B TFU PG XIPMF OVNCFST
'PS FYBNQMF BSF B TFU PG TJY EJGGFSFOU XIPMF OVNCFST UIBU ZPV DPVME QMBDF JO BTDFOEJOH
PS EFTDFOEJOH PSEFS
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*O UIJT TFDUJPO ZPV XJMM MFBSO IPX UP XSJUF EJGGFSFOU GSBDUJPOT JO BTDFOEJOH BOE EFTDFOEJOH PSEFS 5P CF BCMF
UP EP UIJT XF OFFE UP DPNQBSF EJGGFSFOU GSBDUJPOT BOE XF EP UIJT UISPVHI PVS LOPXMFEHF PG FRVJWBMFOU
GSBDUJPOT TFF 4FDUJPO #

3FNFNCFS B GSBDUJPO JT HSFBUFS UIBO BOPUIFS GSBDUJPO JG JU MJFT UP UIF SJHIU PG UIBU GSBDUJPO PO B OVNCFS MJOF

0 1 3 1
2 4
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• "T B XBSNVQ BDUJWJUZ BTL àWF WPMVOUFFS TUVEFOUT
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UIF TUVEFOUT JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS BDDPSEJOH UP UIFJS
GSBDUJPO DBSE *U JT B HSPVQ EFDJTJPO BOE OPOF PG
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'PS FYBNQMF

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5P PSEFS UXP GSBDUJPOT XJUI EJGGFSFOU OVNFSBUPST BOE EFOPNJOBUPST XF DBO VTF PVS LOPXMFEHF ,FZ
PG FRVJWBMFOU GSBDUJPOT UP QSPEVDF GSBDUJPOT XJUI B DPNNPO EFOPNJOBUPS BOE UIFO DPNQBSF UIF JEFBT
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JT UIF MPXFTU DPNNPO NVMUJQMF PG UIF EJGGFSFOU
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%FTDFOEJOH PSEFS JT XIFO OVNCFST BSF PSEFSFE HPJOH EPXO GSPN MBSHFTU UP TNBMMFTU
&YBNQMF $PNQBSJOH GSBDUJPOT

1MBDF UIF DPSSFDU NBUIFNBUJDBM TZNCPM PS JO CFUXFFO UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG GSBDUJPOT UP NBLF
USVF NBUIFNBUJDBM TUBUFNFOUT

B C

D E

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
%FOPNJOBUPST BSF UIF TBNF UIFSFGPSF DPNQBSF

B
OVNFSBUPST
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C
4NBMMFTU GSBDUJPO IBT UIF CJHHFTU EFOPNJOBUPS
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D
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&YBNQMF 0SEFSJOH GSBDUJPOT

1MBDF UIF GPMMPXJOH GSBDUJPOT JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS

B C

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /

B -$% PG BOE JT 1SPEVDF FRVJWBMFOU

GSBDUJPOT XJUI EFOPNJOBUPS PG

0SEFS GSBDUJPOT JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS

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C &YQSFTT BMM GSBDUJPOT BT JNQSPQFS GSBDUJPOT

-$% PG BOE JT 1SPEVDF FRVJWBMFOU

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B C

D E

4UBUF UIF MPXFTU DPNNPO NVMUJQMF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TFUT PG OVNCFST
B C D E
F G H I
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B C D E

F G H I

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B C D E

F G H I

J K L M

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B C

D E

F G

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B C

D E

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B C

D E

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B C D

E F G

8SJUF UIF XIPMF OVNCFS WBMVFT UIBU DBO UBLF TP UIBU MJFT CFUXFFO

B BOE C BOE

5IPNBT BOE /BUIBO IBE B EPVHIOVU FBUJOH SBDF UP TFF
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B 8IP XPO UIF EPVHIOVU FBUJOH SBDF
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+ =

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+ =
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GPSN PG DPOWFSTJPO
B HPBMT HPBMT C HPBMT CFIJOET D SVOT XJDLFUT
E IPVST NJOVUFT F TFDPOET TFDPOET G NJOVUFT TFDPOET
H DN N I LN LN J LH H

K L M

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B C

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /

B 5IF EFOPNJOBUPST BSF UIF TBNF JF AMJLF

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B C

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3
So each of your four customers now receives half a loaf and one-quarter of a loaf, which is ( )
4
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2 numerator Equivalent fractions
5 denominator
2 parts selected 50 30 21 8 1
100
= 60
= 42
= 16
= 2
simplest form
5 parts in the whole
1 50 1
1% = 50% = 100
= 2
100
3 10 1 75 3
proper fraction 4 10% = = 75% = =
100 10 100 4
10
improper fraction 7 20 1 80 4
20% = 100
= 5
80% = 100
= 5
3
mixed numeral 5 4 25 1 100
25% = 100
= 4
100% = =1
100
Fractions
mixed improper
Simplify
2 35 = 10
+ 3
= 13
5 5 5 Recall 42 7×6 6 3×2 2
7 = = = =
7
=7÷7=1 63 7×9 9 3×3 3
or
improper mixed 42 21 × 2 2
63
= 21 × 3
= 3
40
15
= 2 10
15
= 2 23
or HCF of 42 and
5×8 Comparing fractions
40
15
= = 8
3
= 2 23 63 is 21.
5×3
Operation with 5
? 3
8 4
fractions
5 6
Adding fractions 8
< 8
4
+ 2 8 is the lowest common denominator
5 3 (LCD) which is the lowest common
Multiplying fractions
= 12
+ 10 multiple (LCM) of 4 and 8.
5 20
15 15
10
of 50
3 15 × 2 14
22 7
= = 1 15 5 1 20 2 16 4 9
15 = ×
10 50 5
= × 1
1 5 4
Dividing fractions
36
= 2 = 5
= 7 15
5 1 1
Subtracting fractions 46 ÷ 19
1 2
34 − 13 Or 1 2
34 − 13 = 25 10
÷ Reciprocal
6 9
2 54 1 23 13 5 Percentage of a quantity 10 9
= − = − 25 5 9 3 of is
4 3 = × 9 10
6 2 10 2
5 25% of $40 120% of
= (2 − 1) + ( − 23 ) = 39
−
20
50 minutes = 15
4 12 12 = 1 × 40
4 4
=1+( 15 8 39 − 20 120 1
12
− 12
) = = $10 = × 50 = 34
3
12 100 2
7
= 1 12 =
19
= 1 12
7 = 60 minutes
12
= 1 hour
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What
Chapter
you will learn

5 Algebra
Australian
curriculum
5A Introduction to algebra NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
5B Substituting and evaluating Patterns and algebra
5C Equivalent expressions Introduce the concept of variables as a way of representing
5D Like terms numbers using letters (ACMNA175)
5E Multiplying and dividing Create algebraic expressions and evaluate them by substituting a
expressions given value for each variable (ACMNA176)
5F Expanding brackets 16x16 to
Extend and apply the laws and properties of arithmetic 32x
(Extending) algebraic terms and expressions (ACMNA177)
5G Algebraic modelling
(Extending)
Online 3
resources
examples
courses
Designing robots
Algebra provides a way to describe everyday programmed robots can perform tasks cheaply,
activities using mathematics alone. By allowing accurately and consistently, without ever getting
letters like x or y to stand for unknown numbers, tired or sick or injured, or the need for sleep
different concepts and relationships can be or food! Robots can have multiple arms, reach
described easily. much farther than a human arm and can safely
Engineers apply their knowledge of algebra lift heavy, awkward objects.
and geometry to design buildings, roads, bridges, Robots are used extensively in car
robots, cars, satellites, planes, ships and manufacturing. At one plant that uses robots
hundreds of other structures and devices that we and humans, a finished car comes off the
take for granted in our world today. assembly line every 76 seconds.
To design a robot, engineers use algebraic Understanding and applying mathematics
rules to express the relationship between the has made car manufacturing safer and also
position of the robot’s ‘elbow’ and the possible extremely efficient.
positions of a robot’s ‘hand’. Although they
cannot think for themselves, electronically
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6 more than k: k + 6 are letters used to represent numbers
Product of 4 and x : 4x g: number of grapes in a bunch
10 less than b: b − 10 d: distance travelled (in metres)
q
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tripled: 3(a + b)
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e.g. 4x, 10y, 3a , 12
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b
10
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Algebraic expressions
Like terms have exactly the same
Combination of numbers, pronumerals pronumerals.
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x
−3 5a and 3a
2ab and 12ba
7ab and 2a
Substitution
Equivalent expressions
Always equal when pronumerals
Algebra Replacing pronumerals with values.
e.g. 5x + 2y when x =10 & y = 3
are substituted. becomes 5(10) + 2(3) = 50 + 6 = 56
e.g. 2x + 3 and 3 + 2x are equivalent. e.g. q2 when q = 7 becomes 72 = 49
4(3x) and 12x are equivalent.
Combining like terms gives a

way to simplify.
To simplify an expression, find a e.g. 4a + 2 + 3a = 7a + 2
simpler expression that is equivalent. 3b + 5c + 2b − c = 5b + 4c
12xy + 3x − 5yx = 7xy + 3x
Applications (Ext)
Commonly used expressions
A= l×w
P = 2l + 2w
Expanding brackets (Ext) w
l
3(a + 4) = 3a + 12
Cost is 50 + 90x
5k(10 − 2j ) = 50k − 10kj
Using the distributive law gives an call-out hourly
equivalent expression. fee rate
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What
Chapter
you will learn

6 Decimals
Australian
curriculum
6A Decimals and place value NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Real numbers
6B Rounding decimals Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient written
6C Addition and subtraction of strategies and digital technologies (ACMNA154)
decimals (Consolidating) Round decimals to a specified number of decimal places
6D Multiplying and dividing by (ACMNA156)
powers of 10 Connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple
6E Multiplication of decimals conversions (ACMNA157)
6F Division of decimals Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a
6G Decimals and fractions percentage of another, with and without digital technologies.
6H Decimals and percentages (ACMNA158)
Money and financial mathematics
16x16
Investigate and calculate ‘best 32x32
buys’, with and without digital
technologies (ACMNA174)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Swimming records
and decimal places
Swimming times are electronically There are many instances in our
measured and recorded with the seconds everyday lives in which accuracy of
given to 2 decimal places. Accuracy is measurement is highly important. For
very important so that the right decision example, bicycle, car and aeroplane
is made for placegetters and records. parts must be manufactured to precise
Sometimes winners are separated by measurements; medicine production
as little as one-hundredth of a second. requires measurement of chemicals in
Ian Thorpe, who set 13 world records, precise quantities; and investment rates,
had his 400 m freestyle record (3:40.06) stock market prices and values are
broken in 2009 by German swimmer measured to many decimal places (8%
Paul Biedermann, who swam only 0.01 per year equals 0.153 846% per week).
of a second faster than Thorpe. Can you think of any other
The decimal system allows us to quantities that require decimal
express quantities with great accuracy. measurement?
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‘cut’
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UIF MFGU 0.023
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B ¤
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6/%&345"/%*/(
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B )PX NBOZ QMBDFT BOE JO XIBU EJSFDUJPO EPFT UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF OVNCFS BQQFBS UP NPWF
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J ¤ JJ JJJ ¤ JW
W WJ ¤ WJJ ¤ WJJJ
C *G BMM PG UIF PQFSBUJPOT BCPWF IBE UBLFO QMBDF PO B OVNCFS POF BGUFS UIF PUIFS XIBU XPVME CF
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B ¤ C ¤ D ¤
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5IF XFJHIU PG B NBUDITUJDL JT LH 'JOE UIF XFJHIU PG CPYFT PG NBUDIFT XJUI
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B 3FQSFTFOU UIFTF OVNCFST JO TUBOEBSE GPSN
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J ¤ JJ ¤
D 5IF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF &BSUI UP UIF 4VO JT TUBUFE BCPWF BT NJMMJPO LJMPNFUSFT 5IF NPSF
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EJTUBODF TP BDDVSBUFMZ )JOU *U JT MJOLFE UP UIF TQFFE PG MJHIU
E $BSSZ PVU GVSUIFS SFTFBSDI PO WFSZ MBSHF OVNCFST $SFBUF B MJTU PG WFSZ MBSHF OVNCFST FH
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HBMBYZ UIF OVNCFS PG NFNPSZ CZUFT JO B UFSBCZUF. . .
3BOL ZPVS MBSHF OVNCFST JO
BTDFOEJOH PSEFS
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G 3FQSFTFOU UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFST JO TUBOEBSE GPSN
J JJ JJJ
$IBQUFS %FDJNBMT
& .VMUJQMJDBUJPO PG EFDJNBMT

5IFSF BSF DPVOUMFTT SFBMMJGF BQQMJDBUJPOT UIBU
JOWPMWF UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PG EFDJNBM OVNCFST
'PS FYBNQMF àOEJOH UIF BSFB PG B CMPDL PG MBOE
UIBU JT N MPOH BOE N XJEF PS QSJDJOH
B IPVS KPC BU B SBUF PG QFS IPVS *O
HFOFSBM UIF QSPDFEVSF GPS NVMUJQMZJOH EFDJNBM
OVNCFST JT UIF TBNF BT NVMUJQMZJOH XIPMF
OVNCFST 5IFSF JT IPXFWFS POF FYUSB àOBM
TUFQ XIJDI JOWPMWFT QMBDJOH UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU
JO UIF DPSSFDU QPTJUJPO JO UIF BOTXFS
'JOEJOH UIF BSFB PG B CMPDL PG MBOE VTVBMMZ JOWPMWFT NVMUJQMZJOH

-FUT TUBSU .VMUJQMJDBUJPO NVTJOHT EFDJNBMT
$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPOT XJUIJO ZPVS HSPVQ

• 8IBU IBQQFOT XIFO ZPV NVMUJQMZ CZ B OVNCFS UIBU JT MFTT UIBO
• $POTJEFS UIF QSPEVDU PG ¤ 8JMM UIF BOTXFS CF NPSF PS MFTT UIBO 8IZ
• &TUJNBUF BO BOTXFS UP ¤
• 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF OVNCFST BOE
• $BMDVMBUF ¤ )PX NBOZ EFDJNBM QMBDFT BSF UIFSF JO UIF BOTXFS
,FZ 8IFO NVMUJQMZJOH EFDJNBMT TUBSU CZ JHOPSJOH BOZ EFDJNBM QPJOUT BOE QFSGPSN UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO
JEFBT BT ZPV XPVME OPSNBMMZ 0O BSSJWJOH BU ZPVS BOTXFS OPX QMBDF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF DPSSFDU
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BOTXFS
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534
× 12 decimal points
1068 ignored here
5340
6408 5.34 × 1.2 = 6.408 3 decimal places in the answer
*U JT BMXBZT XPSUIXIJMF FTUJNBUJOH ZPVS BOTXFS 5IJT BMMPXT ZPV UP DIFDL UIBU ZPVS EFDJNBM QPJOU
JT JO UIF DPSSFDU QMBDF BOE UIBU ZPVS BOTXFS NBLFT TFOTF
8IFO NVMUJQMZJOH CZ NVMUJQMFT PG JOJUJBMMZ JHOPSF UIF [FSPT JO UIF NVMUJQMJFS BOE BOZ EFDJNBM
QPJOUT BOE QFSGPSN SPVUJOF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO 0O BSSJWJOH BU ZPVS BOTXFS QPTJUJPO ZPVS EFDJNBM
QPJOU SFNFNCFSJOH UP NPWF ZPVS EFDJNBM QPJOU BDDPSEJOH UP UIF SVMFT PG NVMUJQMZJOH CZ
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&YBNQMF .VMUJQMZJOH EFDJNBMT

$BMDVMBUF
B ¤ C ¤
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B 1FSGPSN NVMUJQMJDBUJPO JHOPSJOH EFDJNBM

¤ QPJOU
5IFSF BSF EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF RVFTUJPO TP
UIFSF XJMM CF EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF BOTXFS
¤ &TUJNBUJPO JT MFTT UIBO ł ¤

C *HOPSF CPUI EFDJNBM QPJOUT

¤ 1FSGPSN SPVUJOF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO
5PUBM PG EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF RVFTUJPO TP
UIFSF NVTU CF EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF BOTXFS

¤ &TUJNBUJPO JT MFTT UIBO ł ¤

&YBNQMF .VMUJQMZJOH EFDJNBMT CZ NVMUJQMFT PG

$BMDVMBUF
B ¤ C ¤
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B ¤ *HOPSF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU BOE [FSPT
.VMUJQMZ ¤
¤ 1PTJUJPO UIF EFDJNBM QMBDF JO ZPVS BOTXFS
5IFSF BSF EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF RVFTUJPO
TP NVTU IBWF EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO UIF BOTXFS
∴ 10.60 × 10 000 = 106000.
.PWF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU QMBDFT UP UIF SJHIU
C ¤ *HOPSF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU BOE [FSPT

.VMUJQMZ ¤
¤ 1PTJUJPO EFDJNBM QMBDF JO UIF BOTXFS
4IJGU EFDJNBM QMBDF QMBDFT UP UIF SJHIU
CFDBVTF UIFSF BSF UXP [FSPT JO UIF RVFTUJPO
∴ 0.192 × 100 = 19.2
$IBQUFS %FDJNBMT
&YFSDJTF & o
6/%&345"/%*/(
8PSL PVU UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG EFDJNBM QMBDFT JO FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QSPEVDU TUBUFNFOUT
B ¤ C ¤ D ¤
E ¤ F ¤ G ¤
H ¤ I ¤ J ¤
*OTFSU UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JOUP FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH BOTXFST TP UIBU UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO JT USVF
B ¤ C ¤ D ¤
8IZ JT JU XPSUIXIJMF UP FTUJNBUF BO BOTXFS UP B NVMUJQMJDBUJPO RVFTUJPO JOWPMWJOH EFDJNBMT
B 8IBU JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO B EFDJNBM QPJOU BOE B EFDJNBM QMBDF

C )PX NBOZ EFDJNBM QPJOUT BOE IPX NBOZ EFDJNBM QMBDFT BSF JO UIF OVNCFS
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5IF UPUBM OVNCFS PG EFDJNBM QMBDFT NVTU FRVBM UIF OVNCFS PG
JO UIF BOTXFS
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B ¤ C ¤ D ¤
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B ¤ C ¤ D ¤
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B *G ¤ XIBU JT UIF BOTXFS UP ¤ 8IZ

C *G ¤ XIBU JT UIF BOTXFS UP ¤ 8IZ
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E 8IBU JT ¤ 8IBU JT UIF BOTXFS UP ¤ 8IZ
$SFBUJOH B TJNQMF DBTI SFHJTUFS
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8IFO ZPVS TQSFBETIFFU JT TFU VQ FOUFS UIF GPMMPXJOH JUFNT

DIPDPMBUF CBST ! FBDI UPPUIQBTUF !
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¤ MJUSFT PG NJML ! FBDI XBTIJOH QPXEFS !
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EJWJTJPO PG EFDJNBM OVNCFST )PXFWFS VOMJLF NVMUJQMZJOH EFDJNBM OVNCFST XIFSF XF CBTJDBMMZ JHOPSF
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$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPOT XJUIJO ZPVS HSPVQ
• 8IBU IBQQFOT XIFO ZPV EJWJEF CZ B OVNCFS UIBU JT MFTT UIBO
• $POTJEFS UIF BOTXFS PG 8JMM UIF BOTXFS CF NPSF PS MFTT UIBO 8IZ
• &TUJNBUF BO BOTXFS UP
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• $BO ZPV UIJOL PG BO FBTJFS XBZ UP DBMDVMBUF
,FZ %JWJTJPO PG EFDJNBM OVNCFST CZ XIPMF OVNCFST

JEFBT • $PNQMFUF BT ZPV XPVME OPSNBMMZ XJUI BOZ PUIFS EJWJTJPO RVFTUJPO
• 5IF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF RVPUJFOU BOTXFS
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!

%JWJTJPO PG EFDJNBM OVNCFST CZ PUIFS EFDJNBMT
• $IBOHF UIF EJWJTPS JOUP B XIPMF OVNCFS
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'PS FYBNQMF
24.562 ÷ 0.02 = 2456.2 ÷ 2
• 8IFO EJWJEJOH CZ NVMUJQMFT PG JOJUJBMMZ JHOPSF UIF [FSPT JO UIF EJWJTPS BOE QFSGPSN SPVUJOF
EJWJTJPO 0O BSSJWJOH BU ZPVS BOTXFS ZPV NVTU UIFO SFQPTJUJPO ZPVS EFDJNBM QPJOU BDDPSEJOH
UP UIF SVMFT PG EJWJEJOH CZ QPXFST PG 'PS FBDI [FSP JO UIF RVFTUJPO UIBU ZPV JHOPSFE
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&YBNQMF %JWJEJOH EFDJNBMT CZ XIPMF OVNCFST

$BMDVMBUF
B C
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B $BSSZ PVU EJWJTJPO SFNFNCFSJOH UIBU UIF

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! BCPWF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF EJWJEFOE

C 3FNFNCFS UP QMBDF [FSPT JO UIF BOTXFS FWFSZ

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$BMDVMBUF
B C
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62.316 ¸ 0.03
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$BSSZ PVU UIF EJWJTJPO RVFTUJPO
C .VMUJQMZ EJWJTPS BOE EJWJEFOE CZ

0.03152 ÷ 0.002
! .PWF FBDI EFDJNBM QPJOU QMBDFT UP UIF SJHIU
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$BMDVMBUF
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
! *HOPSF UIF UISFF [FSPT JO UIF

%JWJEF CZ
8.38 ÷ 1000 /PX EJWJEF CZ SFTVMUJOH JO NPWJOH UIF
EFDJNBM QPJOU QMBDFT UP UIF MFGU
&YBNQMF &WBMVBUJOH VTJOH PSEFS PG PQFSBUJPOT

$BMDVMBUF VTJOH UIF PSEFS PG PQFSBUJPOT
m ¤
40- 65* 0/ &91- " /" 5* 0/
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Mathematics for the
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© Greenwood, © Greenwood
Humberstone, Robinson, Goodman, et al. 2015
Vaughan 2016 Cambridge
Cambridge University
University Press Press
Australian Curriculum Year
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What
Chapter
you will learn

7 Negative
numbers
Australian
curriculum
7A Integers (Consolidating) NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
7B Adding and subtracting Number and place value
positive integers Compare, order, add and subtract integers (ACMNA280)
7C Adding and subtracting Linear and non-linear relationships
negative integers 16x16
Given coordinates, plot points on the Cartesian plane, and find 32x32
7D Multiplication and division coordinates for a given point (ACMNA178)
of integers (Extending)
7E Order of operations
(Extending)
7F Substituting integers
(Extending)
7G The number plane
Online
resources
examples
courses
The coldest place on Earth

The coldest place on Earth is The surrounding ice sits both above
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temperatures below 0° Celsius difficult for ships to reach their
are commonplace. The coldest destinations. Like the temperature
temperature ever recorded on scale, heights above and below sea
Earth was about –89°C in 1983 level can be recorded using both
at the Russian Vostok Station in positive and negative numbers.
Antarctica. Temperatures on the
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Adding and subtracting
positive integers
−3 + 5 = 2
Number line −4 + 3 = −1 Adding and subtracting
5 − 7 = −2 negative integers
negative positive −1 −10 = −11
2 + (−3) = 2 − 3 = −1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −5 + (−4) = −5 − 4 = −9
−2 < 3 1 > −1 4 − (−3) = 4 + 3 = 7
−10 − (−6) = −10 + 6 = −4
Cartesian plane
y
Multiplication (Ext)
3 2×3=6
2 (0, 2)
(3, 1) Integers 2 × (−3) = −6
1 −2 × 3 = −6
(−3, 0) …, −3, −2, −1, −2 × (−3) = 6
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If a = −2 and b = 4, then: 10 ÷ 5 = 2
b − a = 4 − (−2) = 6 10 ÷ (−5) = −2
ab + 2a = −2 × 4 + 2 × (−2) −10 ÷ 5 = −2
= −8 + (−4) −10 ÷ (−5) = 2
= −12 Order of operations (Ext)
First brackets, then × or ÷
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3 × (5 − (−2)) + 8 ÷ (−4)
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What
Chapter
you will learn

8 Statistics and
probability
Australian
curriculum
8A Collecting and classifying S TAT I S T I C S A N D P R O B A B I L I T Y
data Chance
Construct sample spaces for single-step experiments with equally likely
8B Summarising data
outcomes (ACMSPA167)
numerically
Assign probabilities to the outcomes of events and determine probabilities for
8C Dot plots and column graphs events (ACMSPA168)
8D Line graphs Data representation and interpretation
8E Stem-and-leaf plots Identify and investigate issues involving continuous or large count data
8F Pie charts and divided bar collected from primary and secondary sources (ACMSPA169)
graphs (Extending) Construct and compare a range of data displays including stem-and-leaf
plots and dot plots (ACMSPA170)
8G Describing chance
Calculate mean, median, mode and range for sets of data. Interpret these
(Consolidating) statistics in the context of data (ACMSPA171)
8H Theoretical probability Describe and interpret data displays and the relationship between the
8I Experimental probability median and mean (ACMSPA172)
(Extending) NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Linear and non-linear relationships
32x32data
16x16and analyse graphs from authentic
Investigate, interpret
(ACMNA180)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Codes and ciphers

Cracking codes and deciphering in the English language. ‘T’ is the
secret messages involves a lot of second most common letter and ‘A’
maths, from simple addition and is the third most commonly used
subtraction to data handling and letter.
logical thinking. All that Elizabeth’s spymaster
One style of code replaces had to do to crack the code was to
letters with symbols or pictures. look through the coded message
This type of code was used in the and count the number of times each
sixteenth century by Mary Queen symbol came up. The symbol that
of Scots, when she was plotting came up the most would probably
against Queen Elizabeth I and stand for the letter ‘E’. The next
sending coded messages about letter that occurred most often
her plans to her co-conspirators. was probably ‘T’, and so forth. This
Unfortunately for Mary, there was method, called ‘frequency analysis’,
a simple mathematical way of gave the spymaster enough
cracking the code. The letter ‘E’ information to decode Mary’s
is the most commonly used letter messages and foil her plans.
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Favourite colour
Favourite colour
20
15
Number of students
Number of students
10
0
green
yellow
blue
red
pink
ue
nk
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llo
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Colour Colour
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Favourite colour
red
green
Colour
yellow
blue
pink
0 5 10 15 20
Number of students
As a column graph (horizontal)
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20
Number of students
15
10
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each axis Colour any non-numerical data
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Pets at home survey
Number of children
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of pets
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140
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Height (cm)
100
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80
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40
20
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Name
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70
Height (cm)
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50
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Child
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Favourite colours in 7B
pink
Favourite colour
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yellow
green
red
0 2 4 6 8 10
Number of students
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score out of 10
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CJSUIEBZT
Joan’s height at different birthdays
180
160
140
120
Height (cm)
100
80
60
40
20
0
8 9 10 11 12
Joan’s age ( years)
B )PX UBMM XBT +PBO PO IFS UI CJSUIEBZ
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$
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Transport methods
70
Number of employees
60 public transport
50 car
40 walk/bicycle
30
20
10
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year of survey
B $PQZ UIF GPMMPXJOH UBCMF JOUP ZPVS XPSLCPPL BOE DPNQMFUF JU VTJOH UIF HSBQI

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B %FTDSJCF JO POF TFOUFODF XIBU IBT 5
IBQQFOFE UP UIF JODPNF PWFS UIJT QFSJPE 4
PG UJNF 3
C &TUJNBUF XIBU UIF JODPNF JO UIJT UPXO 2
NJHIU IBWF CFFO JO 1
D &TUJNBUF XIBU UIF BWFSBHF JODPNF 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NJHIU CF JO JG UIJT USFOE DPOUJOVFT Year
" TVSWFZ JT DPOEVDUFE PG TUVEFOUT GBWPVSJUF TVCKFDUT

GSPN B DIPJDF PG "SU .BUIT &OHMJTI )JTUPSZ BOE 30
4DJFODF 4PNFPOF IBT BUUFNQUFE UP EFQJDU UIF SFTVMUT
JO B DPMVNO HSBQI
B 8IBU JT XSPOH XJUI UIF TDBMF PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT 25
C (JWF BU MFBTU UXP PUIFS QSPCMFNT XJUI UIJT HSBQI 20
D 3FESBX UIF HSBQI XJUI BO FWFO TDBMF BOE 5
BQQSPQSJBUF MBCFMT 0
ish
e
hs
rt
E 5IF PSJHJOBM HSBQI NBLFT .BUIT MPPL UXJDF BT
or
nc
A
at
gl
ist
ie
M
En
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H
QPQVMBS BT "SU CBTFE PO UIF DPMVNO TJ[F
"DDPSEJOH UP UIF TVSWFZ IPX NBOZ UJNFT NPSF QPQVMBS JT .BUIT
F 5IF PSJHJOBM HSBQI NBLFT &OHMJTI MPPL UISFF UJNFT NPSF QPQVMBS UIBO .BUIT "DDPSEJOH UP
UIF TVSWFZ IPX NBOZ UJNFT NPSF QPQVMBS JT &OHMJTI
G "TTVNF UIBU .VTJD JT OPX BEEFE UP UIF TVSWFZT DIPJDF PG TVCKFDUT 'JWF TUVEFOUT XIP IBE
QSFWJPVTMZ DIPTFO )JTUPSZ OPX DIPPTF .VTJD BOE TUVEFOUT XIP IBE QSFWJPVTMZ DIPTFO
&OHMJTI OPX DIPPTF .VTJD 8IBU JT UIF NPTU QPQVMBS TVCKFDU OPX
$
130#-&.40-7*/(
.S .BSUJO BOE .ST 4UFWFOTTPO BSF
UIF UXP :FBS UFBDIFST BU B TDIPPM 7
'PS UIF MBUFTU BSJUINFUJD RVJ[ UIFZ 6
Class 3M
IBWF QMPUUFE UIFJS TUVEFOUT TDPSFT PO 5
B TQFDJBM EPU QMPU DBMMFE B QBSBMMFM EPU 4
QMPU TIPXO CFMPX 3
Number of students
B 8IBU JT UIF NFEJBO TDPSF GPS 2
DMBTT . 1
C 8IBU JT UIF NFEJBO TDPSF GPS Score
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DMBTT 4 1
D 4UBUF UIF SBOHF PG TDPSFT GPS FBDI 2
DMBTT 3
4
5
6
7 Class 3S
E #BTFE PO UIJT UFTU XIJDI DMBTT IBT B HSFBUFS TQSFBE PG BSJUINFUJD BCJMJUJFT
F *G UIF UXP DMBTTFT DPNQFUFE JO BO BSJUINFUJD DPNQFUJUJPO XIFSF FBDI DMBTT JT BMMPXFE POMZ
POF SFQSFTFOUBUJWF XIJDI DMBTT JT NPSF MJLFMZ UP XJO +VTUJGZ ZPVS BOTXFS

3&"40/*/(
"U B DFOUSBM DJUZ USBJO TUBUJPO UISFF Train passengers at Urbanville Station
2500
UZQFT PG TFSWJDFT SVO m MPDBM DPVOUSZ
No. of passengers
2000
BOE JOUFSTUBUF 5IF BWFSBHF OVNCFS PG
QBTTFOHFS EFQBSUVSFT EVSJOH FBDI XFFL 1500
JT TIPXO JO UIF TUBDLFE DPMVNO HSBQI 1000
B "QQSPYJNBUFMZ IPX NBOZ QBTTFOHFS 500
EFQBSUVSFT QFS XFFL XFSF UIFSF JO 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
C "QQSPYJNBUFMZ IPX NBOZ QBTTFOHFS interstate country local
EFQBSUVSFT XFSF UIFSF JO UPUBM EVSJOH

D %PFT UIJT HSBQI TVHHFTU UIBU UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG QBTTFOHFS EFQBSUVSFT IBT JODSFBTFE PS
EFDSFBTFE EVSJOH UIF QFSJPE m
E "QQSPYJNBUFMZ IPX NBOZ QBTTFOHFST EFQBSUFE GSPN UIJT TUBUJPO JO UIF QFSJPE m
&YQMBJO ZPVS NFUIPE DMFBSMZ BOE USZ UP HFU ZPVS BOTXFS XJUIJO PG UIF BDUVBM OVNCFS
$
3&"40/*/(
&YQMBJO XIZ JU JT JNQPSUBOU UP BMJHO EPU QPJOUT JO B EPU QMPU *MMVTUSBUF ZPVS FYQMBOBUJPO XJUI UXP
EPU QMPUT PG UIF TFU PG EBUB CFMPX
"DUJWJUZ /FUCBMM %BODJOH 5FOOJT $IFTT
/VNCFS PG TUVEFOUT
)PX NBOZ XBZT
&/3*$).&/5
"T XFMM BT CFJOH BCMF UP ESBX B HSBQI IPSJ[POUBMMZ PS WFSUJDBMMZ UIF PSEFS PG UIF DBUFHPSJFT DBO CF
DIBOHFE 'PS JOTUBODF UIF GPMMPXJOH UISFF HSBQIT BMM SFQSFTFOU UIF TBNF EBUB
Animal sightings Animal sightings

Number of sightings
8
dingo
6
cougar
4
Animal
antelope
2
bear
0
elephant
o
pe
nt
ar
ar
ng
ha
be
ug
lo
di
te
ep
0 2 4 6 8
co
an
el
Animal Number of sightings

)PX NBOZ EJGGFSFOU DPMVNO HSBQIT DPVME CF VTFE Animal sightings
Number of sightings
UP SFQSFTFOU UIF SFTVMUT PG UIJT TVSWFZ "TTVNF 8

UIBU ZPV DBO POMZ DIBOHF UIF PSEFS PG UIF DPMVNOT 6
BOE UIF IPSJ[POUBM PS WFSUJDBM MBZPVU
5SZ UP MJTU 4
UIF PQUJPOT TZTUFNBUJDBMMZ UP IFMQ XJUI ZPVS DPVOU 2
0
pe
o
nt
ar
ar
ng
ha
ug
lo
be
di
te
ep
co
an
el
Animal
% -JOF HSBQIT
" MJOF HSBQI JT B DPOOFDUFE TFU PG QPJOUT KPJOFE XJUI TUSBJHIU MJOF TFHNFOUT 5IF WBSJBCMFT PO CPUI
BYFT TIPVME CF DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM EBUB *U JT PGUFO VTFE XIFO B NFBTVSFNFOU WBSJFT PWFS UJNF JO XIJDI
DBTF UJNF JT DPOWFOUJPOBMMZ MJTUFE PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT 0OF BEWBOUBHF PG B MJOF HSBQI PWFS B TFSJFT
PG EJTDPOOFDUFE QPJOUT JT UIBU JU DBO PGUFO CF VTFE UP FTUJNBUF WBMVFT UIBU BSF VOLOPXO
-FUT TUBSU 3PPN UFNQFSBUVSF

"T BO FYQFSJNFOU UIF UFNQFSBUVSF JO UXP SPPNT JT NFBTVSFE IPVSMZ PWFS B QFSJPE PG UJNF 5IF SFTVMUT
BSF HSBQIFE CFMPX
Room B
Room A 35
Temperature (°C )
30 30
Temperature (°C)
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (hours) Time (hours)
• &BDI SPPN IBT B IFBUFS BOE BO BJS DPOEJUJPOFS UP DPOUSPM UIF UFNQFSBUVSF "U XIBU QPJOU EP ZPV UIJOL
UIFTF XFSF TXJUDIFE PO BOE PGG JO FBDI SPPN
• 'PS FBDI SPPN XIBU JT UIF BQQSPYJNBUF UFNQFSBUVSF NJOVUFT BGUFS UIF TUBSU PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU
• 8IBU JT UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG UJNF UIBU SPPN " JT IPUUFS UIBO SPPN #
,FZ 5IF WBSJBCMFT PO CPUI BYFT TIPVME CF DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM EBUB

JEFBT " MJOF HSBQI DPOTJTUT PG B TFSJFT PG QPJOUT KPJOFE CZ TUSBJHIU MJOF
weight
TFHNFOUT
5JNF JT PGUFO TIPXO PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT
time
" DPNNPO UZQF PG MJOF HSBQI JT B USBWFM
60
HSBQI
Distance (km)
50 at rest
• 5JNF JT TIPXO PO UIF IPSJ[POUBM BYJT 30 km in 3 hours
40
• %JTUBODF JT TIPXO PO UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT 30 or 10 km/h
• 5IF TMPQF PG UIF MJOF JOEJDBUFT UIF SBUF 20
BU XIJDI UIF EJTUBODF JT DIBOHJOH PWFS 10 30 km in 1 hour or 30 km/h
UJNF 5IJT JT DBMMFE TQFFE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
&YBNQMF %SBXJOH B MJOF HSBQI

5IF UFNQFSBUVSF JO B SPPN JT OPUFE BU IPVSMZ JOUFSWBMT
5JNF BN BN BN QN QN
5FNQFSBUVSF ¡$

B 1SFTFOU UIF SFTVMUT BT B MJOF HSBQI
C 6TF ZPVS HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF SPPN UFNQFSBUVSF BU QN
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B Room temperature • 5IF WFSUJDBM BYJT JT GSPN UP 5IF TDBMF

JT FWFO JF JODSFBTJOH CZ FBDI UJNF

Temperature (°C )
25 • %PUT BSF QMBDFE GPS FBDI NFBTVSFNFOU BOE

20
KPJOFE XJUI TUSBJHIU MJOF TFHNFOUT
15
10
5
0
am
am
am
pm
pm
9
10
11
12
Time
C "CPVU ◦ $ #Z MPPLJOH BU UIF HSBQI IBMGXBZ CFUXFFO
QN BOE QN BO FTUJNBUF JT GPSNFE
&YBNQMF *OUFSQSFUJOH B USBWFM HSBQI

5IJT USBWFM HSBQI TIPXT UIF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE CZ B DZDMJTU PWFS IPVST
30
B )PX GBS EJE UIF DZDMJTU USBWFM JO UPUBM
Distance (km)
25
C )PX GBS EJE UIF DZDMJTU USBWFM JO UIF àSTU IPVS 20
D 8IBU JT IBQQFOJOH JO UIF TFDPOE IPVS 15
10
E 8IFO JT UIF DZDMJTU USBWFMMJOH UIF GBTUFTU 5
F *O UIF àGUI IPVS IPX GBS EPFT UIF DZDMJTU USBWFM 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B LN 5IF SJHIU FOE QPJOU PG UIF HSBQI JT BU

C LN "U UJNF FRVBMT IPVS UIF EJTUBODF DPWFSFE
JT LN
D BU SFTU 5IF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE EPFT OPU JODSFBTF JO UIF
TFDPOE IPVS
E JO UIF àSTU IPVS 5IJT JT UIF TUFFQFTU QBSU PG UIF HSBQI
F LN *O UIF MBTU IPVST UIF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE JT
LN TP JO IPVS LN JT USBWFMMFE
&YFSDJTF %
6/%&345"/%*/(
5IF MJOF HSBQI TIPXT UIF XFJHIU PG B DBU PWFS B NPOUI Cat’s weight over time
QFSJPE *U JT XFJHIFE BU UIF TUBSU PG FBDI NPOUI 4UBUF UIF DBUT
XFJHIU BU UIF TUBSU PG 6
B +BOVBSZ 5
Weight ( kg)
C 'FCSVBSZ 4
3
D .BSDI
2
E "QSJM
1
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr
Month
&YBNQMF B " EPH JT XFJHIFE PWFS B QFSJPE PG NPOUIT

%SBX B MJOF HSBQI PG JUT XFJHIU
+BOVBSZ LH 'FCSVBSZ LH .BSDI LH "QSJM LH
o o o

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF C 5IF HSBQI TIPXT -JMMJBOT IFJHIU PWFS B ZFBS QFSJPE GSPN XIFO TIF XBT CPSO
B 8IBU XBT -JMMJBOT IFJHIU XIFO TIF XBT Lillian’s height
CPSO
C 8IBU XBT -JMMJBOT IFJHIU BU UIF BHF PG 160
ZFBST 140
D "U XIBU BHF EJE TIF àSTU SFBDI DN 120
Height (cm)
UBMM 100
E )PX NVDI EJE -JMMJBO HSPX JO UIF ZFBS 80
XIFO TIF XBT ZFBST PME 60
F 6TF UIF HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF IFS IFJHIU BU 40
20
UIF BHF PG ZFBST

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age (years)
%
'-6&/$:
$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH HSBQI XIJDI TIPXT UIF PVUTJEF UFNQFSBUVSF PWFS B IPVS QFSJPE UIBU
TUBSUT BU NJEOJHIU
B 8IBU XBT UIF UFNQFSBUVSF BU NJEEBZ Temperature during a day
C 8IFO XBT UIF IPUUFTU UJNF PG UIF EBZ
D 8IFO XBT UIF DPPMFTU UJNF PG UIF 30
Temperature ( °C)
EBZ 25
E 6TF UIF HSBQI UP FTUJNBUF UIF 20
UFNQFSBUVSF BU UIFTF UJNFT PG UIF EBZ 15
J BN 10
JJ BN 5
JJJ QN 0
JW QN
2 t
am
am
am
10 m
m am
2 y
pm
pm
pm
1 m
id m
t
gh
gh
da
a
p
m 0p
ni
ni
id
4
6
8
4
6
8
id
m
Time
0MJWFS NFBTVSFT IJT QFU EPHT XFJHIU PWFS UIF DPVSTF PG B ZFBS CZ XFJHIJOH JU BU UIF TUBSU PG
FBDI NPOUI )F PCUBJOT UIF GPMMPXJOH SFTVMUT
+BO 'FC .BS "QS .BZ +VO +VM "VH 4FQ 0DU /PW %FD
8FJHIU LH

B %SBX B MJOF HSBQI TIPXJOH UIJT
JOGPSNBUJPO NBLJOH TVSF UIF
WFSUJDBM BYJT IBT BO FRVBM TDBMF
GSPN LH UP LH
C %FTDSJCF BOZ USFOET PS QBUUFSOT
UIBU ZPV TFF
D 0MJWFS QVU IJT EPH PO B XFJHIU
MPTT EJFU GPS B QFSJPE PG
NPOUIT 8IFO EP ZPV UIJOL
UIF EPH TUBSUFE UIF EJFU +VTUJGZ
ZPVS BOTXFS
&YBNQMF 5IJT USBWFM HSBQI TIPXT UIF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE CZ B WBO PWFS
IPVST 200
Distance (km)
B )PX GBS EJE UIF WBO USBWFM JO UPUBM 160

C )PX GBS EJE UIF WBO USBWFM JO UIF àSTU IPVS 120
D 8IBU JT IBQQFOJOH JO UIF GPVSUI IPVS 80
E 8IFO JT UIF WBO USBWFMMJOH UIF GBTUFTU 40
F *O UIF TJYUI IPVS IPX GBS EPFT UIF WBO USBWFM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
%
'-6&/$:
5IJT USBWFM HSBQI TIPXT UIF EJTUBODF USBWFMMFE CZ B CVTIXBMLFS
20
Distance (km)
PWFS IPVST
B 'PS IPX MPOH XBT UIF CVTIXBMLFS BU SFTU 15
C )PX GBS EJE UIF CVTIXBMLFS XBML JO UIF TFDPOE IPVS 10
D %VSJOH XIJDI IPVS EJE UIF CVTIXBMLFS XBML UIF GBTUFTU 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)

130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF XBUFS TUPSBHF MFWFMT GPS B Water storage levels
HJWFO DJUZ BSF HSBQIFE CBTFE PO UIF
QFSDFOUBHF PG XBUFS BWBJMBCMF PO 50
UIF àSTU EBZ PG FBDI NPOUI 'PS UIJT 45
RVFTUJPO BTTVNF UIBU UIF BNPVOU 40
PG XBUFS VTFE EPFT OPU DIBOHF GSPN 35
Percentage
NPOUI UP NPOUI 30
B %VSJOH XIJDI NPOUI EJE JU SBJO UIF 25
NPTU JO UIJT DJUZ 20
C "U XIBU UJNF T
JO UIF ZFBS 15
JT UIF XBUFS TUPSBHF 10
CFMPX 5
D 'SPN "VHVTU UP 4FQUFNCFS JU 0
SBJOFE B UPUBM PG NFHBMJUSFT PG
n
b
Ar
pr
Ju y
Ju e
ly
ug
p
ct
ov
ec
a
n
Ja
Fe
Se
O
M
D
M
XBUFS )PX NVDI XBUFS EJE UIF

Month
QFPQMF JO UIF DJUZ VTF EVSJOH UIJT
QFSJPE
E *T JU NPSF MJLFMZ UIBU UIJT DJUZ JT MPDBUFE JO UIF /PSUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF PS UIF 4PVUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF +VTUJGZ ZPVS BOTXFS
%
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF UFNQFSBUVSF JO B MPVOHF SPPN JT NFBTVSFE GSFRVFOUMZ UISPVHIPVU B QBSUJDVMBS EBZ 5IF
SFTVMUT BSF QSFTFOUFE JO B MJOF HSBQI BT TIPXO CFMPX 5IF JOEJWJEVBM QPJOUT BSF OPU JOEJDBUFE PO
UIJT HSBQI UP SFEVDF DMVUUFS
Temperature in a lounge room
30
Temperature ( °C)
20
10
0
am
10 m
m am
2 y
pm
pm
pm
1 m
id m
t
gh
da
a
p
m 0p
ni
id
6
8
4
6
8
Time
B 5XJDF EVSJOH UIF EBZ UIF IFBUJOH XBT TXJUDIFE PO "U XIBU UJNFT EP ZPV UIJOL UIJT
IBQQFOFE &YQMBJO ZPVS SFBTPOJOH
C 8IFO XBT UIF IFBUJOH TXJUDIFE PGG &YQMBJO ZPVS SFBTPOJOH
D 5IF IPVTF IBT B TJOHMF PDDVQBOU XIP XPSLT EVSJOH UIF EBZ %FTDSJCF XIFO ZPV UIJOL UIBU
QFSTPO JT
J XBLJOH VQ JJ HPJOH UP XPSL JJJ DPNJOH IPNF JW HPJOH UP CFE
E 5IFTF UFNQFSBUVSFT XFSF SFDPSEFE EVSJOH B DPME XJOUFS NPOUI %SBX B HSBQI UIBU TIPXT XIBU
UIF MPVOHF SPPN UFNQFSBUVSF NJHIU MPPL MJLF EVSJOH B IPU TVNNFS NPOUI "TTVNF UIBU UIF
SPPN IBT BO BJS DPOEJUJPOFS XIJDI UIF QFSTPO JT IBQQZ UP VTF XIFO BU IPNF
B 3&"40/*/(
%SBX USBWFM HSBQIT UP JMMVTUSBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH KPVSOFZT

B " DBS USBWFMT
• LN JO UIF àSTU IPVST
• LN JO UIF UIJSE IPVS
• LN JO UIF GPVSUI IPVS
• LN JO UIF àGUI IPVS
C " KPHHFS SVOT
• LN JO UIF àSTU IPVS
• LN JO UIF TFDPOE IPVS
• LN JO UIF UIJSE IPVS
• BU B SBUF PG LN QFS IPVS GPS
IPVST
8IJDI IFNJTQIFSF
%
&/3*$).&/5
5IF GPMMPXJOH MJOF HSBQI TIPXT UIF BWFSBHF NPOUIMZ UFNQFSBUVSF JO B DJUZ
Temperature in a year
40
Average temperature (°C)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
n
b
Ar
pr
ay
Ju e
ly
ug
p
ct
ov
ec
a
n
Ja
Fe
Se
O
M
D
M
Ju
N
Month
B *T UIJT DJUZ JO UIF /PSUIFSO PS 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF &YQMBJO XIZ
C *T UIJT DJUZ DMPTF UP UIF FRVBUPS PS GBS GSPN UIF FRVBUPS &YQMBJO XIZ
D 3FESBX UIF HSBQI UP TUBSU UIF NPOUI QFSJPE BU +VMZ BOE àOJTI JO +VOF
E %FTDSJCF IPX UIF OFX HSBQIT BQQFBSBODF JT EJGGFSFOU GSPN UIF POF TIPXO BCPWF
F *O BOPUIFS DJUZ TPNFCPEZ HSBQIT UIF UFNQFSBUVSF PWFS B NPOUI QFSJPE BT TIPXO CFMPX
*O XIJDI IFNJTQIFSF JT UIJT DJUZ MJLFMZ UP CF &YQMBJO ZPVS BOTXFS
Temperature in a year
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
& 4UFNBOEMFBG QMPUT

" TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU JT B VTFGVM XBZ PG
QSFTFOUJOH OVNFSJDBM EBUB JO B XBZ UIBU BMMPXT
USFOET UP CF TQPUUFE FBTJMZ &BDI OVNCFS JT TQMJU
JOUP B TUFN UIF àSTU EJHJU PS EJHJUT
BOE B MFBG
UIF MBTU EJHJU

4UFN -FBG
JT
JT
JT
#Z DPOWFOUJPO MFBWFT BSF TIPXO JO JODSFBTJOH

PSEFS BT ZPV XPSL BXBZ GSPN UIF TUFN BOE
TUFNT BSF TIPXO JO JODSFBTJOH PSEFS HPJOH EPXO
UIF QBHF
5IF BEWBOUBHF PG QSFTFOUJOH EBUB MJLF UIJT DPNFT
XIFO NVMUJQMF OVNCFST IBWF UIF TBNF TUFN 'PS 4UFN -FBG
FYBNQMF UIF MJTU
DBO CF SFQSFTFOUFE BT TIPXO PQQPTJUF
-FUT TUBSU 5FTU TDPSF BOBMZTJT

*O B DMBTT TUVEFOUT NPTU SFDFOU UFTU SFTVMUT PVU PG BSF SFDPSEFE
Test 1 results Test 2 results

43, 47, 50, 26, 38, 20, 25, 20, 50, 44,
Stem Leaf
33, 47, 47, 50, 37, 28, 28, 22, 21, 29
1 8
2 7 8
• 'PS FBDI UFTU USZ UP àOE IPX NBOZ TUVEFOUT
o BDIJFWFE B QFSGFDU TDPSF JF
3 2 2 4 5 5 7 9
o GBJMFE UIF UFTU JF MFTT UIBO
4 0 1 2 3 3 6 8 8
o BDIJFWFE B NBSL JO UIF T 5 0 0
• *G UIFSF BSF UFTU SFTVMUT UIBU ZPV XJTI UP BOBMZTF XPVME
ZPV QSFGFS B MJTU PS B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
• 8IBU JT JU UIBU NBLFT B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU FBTJFS UP XPSL
XJUI %JTDVTT
,FZ " TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU JT B XBZ UP EJTQMBZ OVNFSJDBM EBUB

JEFBT &BDI OVNCFS JT VTVBMMZ TQMJU JOUP B TUFN UIF àSTU EJHJU PS EJHJUT
BOE B MFBG UIF MBTU EJHJU

'PS FYBNQMF
4UFN -FBG
5IF OVNCFS JT
5IF OVNCFS JT
5IF OVNCFS JT
-FBWFT TIPVME CF BMJHOFE WFSUJDBMMZ MJTUFE JO BTDFOEJOH PSEFS BT ZPV NPWF BXBZ GSPN UIF TUFN
"OZ PVUMJFST DBO CF JEFOUJàFE CZ MPPLJOH BU UIF MPXFTU WBMVF PS IJHIFTU WBMVF UP TFF JG UIFZ BSF GBS
BXBZ GSPN BMM UIF PUIFS OVNCFST
&YBNQMF *OUFSQSFUJOH B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU

"WFSBHF EBJMZ UFNQFSBUVSFT BSF TIPXO GPS TPNF EJGGFSFOU DPVOUSJFT
4UFN -FBG

B 8SJUF PVU UIF UFNQFSBUVSFT BT B MJTU

C )PX NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UFNQFSBUVSFT BSF SFQSFTFOUFE
D 8IBU BSF UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSFT
E 8IBU JT UIF SBOHF PG UFNQFSBUVSFT SFDPSEFE
F 8IBU JT UIF NFEJBO UFNQFSBUVSF SFDPSEFE
40- 65* 0/ &91- " /" 5* 0/
B &BDI OVNCFS JT DPOWFSUFE GSPN B TUFN BOE B MFBG UP B

!
TJOHMF OVNCFS 'PS FYBNQMF ! JT DPOWFSUFE UP
C 5IF FBTJFTU XBZ JT UP DPVOU UIF OVNCFS PG MFBWFT m FBDI
MFBG DPSSFTQPOET UP POF DPVOUSZ
!
D NJOJNVN 5IF àSTU TUFN BOE MFBG JT ! BOE UIF MBTU TUFN BOE
!
NBYJNVN MFBG JT !
E SBOHF 3BOHF NBYJNVN m NJOJNVN m
!
F NFEJBO 5IF NJEEMF WBMVF JT IBMGXBZ CFUXFFO UIF OVNCFST !
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Distance (km)
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8IFO VTJOH UIF &OHMJTI MBOHVBHF UP EFTDSJCF DIBODF UIFSF BSF B OVNCFS PG QISBTFT UIBU DBO CF ,FZ
VTFE JEFBT
100% certain
likely more likely
50% even chance
unlikely less likely
0% impossible
*G UXP FWFOUT IBWF UIF TBNF DIBODF PG PDDVSSJOH UIFO ZPV TBZ UIBU JU JT FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ UIFZ XJMM
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C *U JT BO FWFO DIBODF GPS B GBJS DPJO UP EJTQMBZ UBJMT
D 3PMMJOH B PO B TJEFE EJF BOE HFUUJOH IFBET PO B DPJO BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
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UIF MBXT NJHIU DIBOHF JU JT WFSZ
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E 3PMMJOH BO FWFO OVNCFS JT MJLFMZ
F 5IFSF JT BO FWFO DIBODF PG SPMMJOH BO PEE OVNCFS
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E 3PMMJOH B PS B PO B TJEFE EJF
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JT SFTQVO VOUJM JU MBOET PO B DPMPVS
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B 4UBUF XIFUIFS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH JT USVF PS GBMTF
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JW *U JT FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ UIBU UIF TQJOOFS XJMM QPJOU UP SFE PS CMVF
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green blue
red blue
green red
red
TQJOOFS TQJOOFS TQJOOFS

B )BT BO FWFO DIBODF PG SFE CVU CMVF JT VOMJLFMZ
C #MVF BOE HSFFO BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ CVU SFE JT VOMJLFMZ
D )BT BO FWFO DIBODF PG CMVF BOE HSFFO JT JNQPTTJCMF
%SBX TQJOOFST UP NBUDI FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH EFTDSJQUJPOT VTJOH CMVF SFE BOE HSFFO
BT UIF QPTTJCMF DPMPVST
B #MVF JT MJLFMZ SFE JT VOMJLFMZ BOE HSFFO JT JNQPTTJCMF
C 3FE JT DFSUBJO
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E #MVF SFE BOE HSFFO BSF BMM FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
F #MVF JT UXJDF BT MJLFMZ BT SFE CVU SFE BOE HSFFO BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
G 3FE BOE HSFFO BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ BOE CMVF JT JNQPTTJCMF
H #MVF SFE BOE HSFFO BSF BMM VOMJLFMZ CVU OP UXP DPMPVST BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
I #MVF JT UISFF UJNFT BT MJLFMZ BT HSFFO CVU SFE JT JNQPTTJCMF
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TPNFPOF DPVME EFUFSNJOF XIJDI TQJOOFS JT CFJOH EFTDSJCFE 6TF UIF DPMPVS OBNFT BOE UIF
MBOHVBHF PG DIBODF JF AMJLFMZ AJNQPTTJCMF FUD
JO ZPVS EFTDSJQUJPOT
B C D
red
red green red
green
blue green
green red blue
E F G
blue red blue
blue red red blue
green blue

(
3&"40/*/(
" DPJO DPOTJTUT PG UXP TJEFT UIBU BSF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ UP PDDVS XIFO UPTTFE *U JT NBUDIFE VQ XJUI B
TQJOOFS UIBU IBT FYBDUMZ UIF TBNF DIBODFT BT TIPXO CFMPX
heads red blue
5PTTJOH UIF DPJO XJUI IFBET MBOEJOH VQQFSNPTU JT FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ UP TQJOOJOH SFE PO UIF TQJOOFS
5PTTJOH UIF DPJO XJUI UBJMT MBOEJOH VQQFSNPTU JT FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ UP TQJOOJOH CMVF PO UIF TQJOOFS
)FODF XF TBZ UIBU UIF DPJO BOE UIF TQJOOFS BSF FRVJWBMFOU
B %SBX B TQJOOFS UIBU JT FRVJWBMFOU UP B GBJS TJEFE EJF )JOU 5IF TQJOOFS TIPVME IBWF TJY
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C )PX DBO ZPV UFMM GSPN UIF TQJOOFS ZPV ESFX UIBU JU JT FRVJWBMFOU UP B GBJS EJF
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BSF TUJMM FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ %SBX B TQJOOFS UIBU JT FRVJWBMFOU UP TVDI B EJF
E )PX DPVME ZPV NBLF B EJF FRVJWBMFOU UP UIF TQJOOFS TIPXO JO UIF EJBHSBN
1
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red
green blue green blue
blue
red red
TQJOOFS TQJOOFS TQJOOFS

3BUIFS UIBO EFTDSJCJOH UIJT JO XPSET XF DPVME HJWF UIF GSBDUJPO PS EFDJNBM PS QFSDFOUBHF
PG UIF
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G &YQMBJO XIZ BMM UIF GSBDUJPOT PDDVQJFE CZ B DPMPVS NVTU CF CFUXFFO BOE
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MJLFMZ JU JT GPS BO FWFOU UP PDDVS *U JT PGUFO XSJUUFO BT B GSBDUJPO BOE DBO JOEJDBUF IPX GSFRVFOUMZ UIF FWFOU
XPVME PDDVS PWFS B MBSHF OVNCFS PG USJBMT 'PS FYBNQMF JG ZPV UPTT B GBJS DPJO NBOZ UJNFT ZPV

XPVME FYQFDU IFBET UP DPNF VQ IBMG UIF UJNF TP UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ JT *G ZPV SPMM B GBJS TJEFE EJF

NBOZ UJNFT ZPV TIPVME SPMM B BCPVU POFTJYUI PG UIF UJNF TP UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ JT

5P CF NPSF QSFDJTF XF TIPVME MJTU UIF QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT PG SPMMJOH UIF EJF %PJOH UIJT
TIPXT VT UIBU UIFSF JT B PVU PG DIBODF UIBU ZPV XJMM SPMM B BOE UIFSF JT B PVU PG
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red blue
green blue
red blue
green red
red
• 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TQJOOJOH CMVF GPS FBDI PG UIFTF TQJOOFST

• 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TQJOOJOH SFE GPS FBDI PG UIFTF TQJOOFST

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TQJOOJOH CMVF JT
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PS B DPMMFDUJPO PG PVUDPNFT FH SPMMJOH
B PS

5IF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG BO FWFOU JT B OVNCFS CFUXFFO BOE JODMVTJWF UP SFQSFTFOU UIF DIBODF PG UIF
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8F XSJUF 1S HSFFO
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more likely
1
probability: 0 2 1
word impossible even certain

description: chance
&YBNQMF $BMDVMBUJOH QSPCBCJMJUZ

" GBJS TJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE
B -JTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SPMMJOH B HJWJOH ZPVS BOTXFS BT B GSBDUJPO
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E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SPMMJOH B OVNCFS MFTT UIBO HJWJOH ZPVS BOTXFS BT B QFSDFOUBHF
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B TBNQMF TQBDF \ ^ 'PS UIF TBNQMF TQBDF XF MJTU BMM UIF QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
5FDIOJDBMMZ UIF TBNQMF TQBDF JT \SPMM B SPMM B
SPMM B SPMM B SPMM B SPMM B ^ CVU XF EP OPU VTVBMMZ
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Data types
• Numerical
e.g. number of people (discrete), height of trees (continuous)
• Categorical
e.g. colours, gender
Data collection
• Primary source (firsthand) or secondary source (collected by someone else)
• Census (whole population) or sample (selection)
Graphical representations
Column graphs
Height chart title Line graphs
Height (cm)
Dot plots
Child
Time is often displayed on the
axis labels horizontal axis.
Pie charts Divided bar graphs Stem-and-leaf plots

number width of bar = proportion ´ total width
proportion = Stem Leaf
total basketball tennis squash hockey
2 3 6 7
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Þ 23, 26, 27
angle = 360° ´ proportion
Summarising data numerically Statistics and

range = 10 - 1 probability
= 9 Experimental probability (Ext)
1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10 Use an experiment or survey
mode = 4 median = 5 or simulation to estimate
(most common value) (middle value) probability.
e.g. Spinner lands on blue 47
sum of values
mean = times out of 120
number of values 47
Experimental probability = 120
78
= = 5.2
15
Probability: how likely an event is

Outcome: possible result unlikely 1 likely
of an experiment 0 2 1
Event: either a single
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of outcomes more likely
Sample space: e.g. red
{red, green, blue}
green
Experiment/trial: e.g. roll a fair die Expected number is Pr(spin red) = 13 blue
2
Sample space: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Pr(event) × number of trials Pr(don’t spin blue) = 3
Pr(roll a 5) = 16 e.g. Flip coin 100 times,
Pr(roll odd number) = 36 = 12 expected number of heads
1
= 2
´ 100 = 50
e.g. Roll die 36 times,
expected number of 5s
1
= 6 ´ 36 = 6
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9
Polygons,
solids and
Chapter transformations
What Australian
you will learn curriculum
9A Polygons MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
9B Triangles Location and transformation
9C Constructing triangles Describe translations, reflections in an axis, and rotations of
(Extending) multiples of 90° on the Cartesian plane using coordinates. Identify
9D Triangle angle sum line and rotational symmetries (ACMMG181)
9E Quadrilaterals Geometric reasoning
9F Quadrilateral angle sum Classify triangles according to their side and angle properties and
9G Symmetry describe quadrilaterals (ACMMG165)
9H Reflection and rotation Demonstrate that the angle sum of a triangle is 180° and use this
9I Translation to find the angle sum of a quadrilateral (ACMMG166)
9J Drawing solids Shape
9K Nets and the Platonic solids 16x16
Draw different views of prisms and solids formed from 32x32
(Extending) combinations of solids (ACMMG161)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Crystals and viruses

The geometry of shapes and solids after the Greek philosopher and
occurs naturally in many forms. The mathematician Plato. They have
way in which atoms and molecules faces that are identical, regular
are arranged in crystalline solids polygons.
gives rise to three-dimensional Early in the twentieth century, it
(3D) shapes with flat surfaces and was discovered that many viruses
straight edges. These types of take the shape of regular polyhedra.
solids are called polyhedra. Some A more modern example is the
common crystal solids are based human immunodeficiency virus
on the tetrahedron, cube and (HIV), which is enclosed by a layer
octahedron. These are examples of protein cells arranged in the
of a special group of solids that shape of a regular icosahedron (i.e.
are regular polyhedra, and are a 20-sided regular polyhedron and
called the Platonic solids named Platonic solid).
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regular convex irregular scalene isosceles equilateral • SSS
octogon non-convex pentagon • SAS
60° • AAS
• RHS
acute right obtuse
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Angle sum
a°
5 lines of symmetry
110°
rotational symmetry
of order 5
Triangles 30°
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pentagon a + 140 = 180
a = 40
Solids
cylinder net
Polygons and
transformations Exterior angle
c°
a°
b°
70°
a = 70
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b = 40
c + 40 = 180
c = 140
Reflection Special quadrilaterals
y
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2
1 - rhombus
O
x - square
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line -2
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A B
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rotation 2 D C
1 A′ B′ a + 20 + 40 + 30 = 360
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x
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rotation -3
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What
Chapter
you will learn

10 Australian
curriculum
Equations
10A Introduction to equations NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

10B Solving equations by Linear and non-linear relationships 16x16 32x32
inspection (Consolidating) Solve simple linear equations (ACMNA179)
10C Equivalent equations
10D Solving equations
algebraically
10E Equations with fractions
(Extending)
10F Equations with brackets
(Extending)
10G Formulas
10H Applications
Online
resources
examples
courses
Theme park equations

Equations are used widely in to deal safely with the combined
mathematics and in many other fields. forces of weight, speed and varying
Whenever two things are equal, or movement. Passengers might
should be equal, there is the potential scream with a mixture of terror and
to use the study of equations to help excitement but they must return
deal with such a situation. unharmed to earth!
Knowledge of mathematics and At Dreamworld on the Gold
physics is vitally important when Coast, Queensland, ‘The Claw’
designing theme park rides. Engineers swings 32 people upwards at 75
use equations to ‘build’ model rides on km/h to a maximum height of
a computer so that safety limits can 27.1 m (9 storeys), simultaneously
be determined in a virtual reality in spinning 360° at 5 r.p.m.
which nobody gets injured. (revolutions per minute). ‘The Claw’
Algebraic equations are solved is the most powerful pendulum ride
to determine the dimensions and on the planet. It is built to scare!
strengths of structures required
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B Y C B D N m E Z
QU
& 4PMWF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT BMHFCSBJDBMMZ
D B I N
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QU
& 8SJUF BO FRVBUJPO GPS FBDI PG UIFTF TJUVBUJPOT BOE TPMWF JU UP àOE UIF OVNCFS
B " OVNCFS N JT EJWJEFE CZ BOE UIFO JT BEEFE HJWJOH B SFTVMU PG
&YU
C JT BEEFE UP Y BOE UIF SFTVMU JT IBMWFE HJWJOH B SFTVMU PG
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VTJOH UIF PCTFSWBUJPO TIPXO BU SJHIU BCPVU SFDUBOHMFT BSFBT
4P Y
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3 3 × x = 3x 3 × 5 = 15
8IFO TPMWJOH Y
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BOE Y

C 6TF UIFTF UP TIPX UIBU Y
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Y

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a(b + c) = ab + ac FH Y
Y
a(b − c) = ab − ac FH C m
C m
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B Y
C R m
D B
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4(x + 3) = 4x + 12
C R m
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6(q − 4) = 6q − 24
D B
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5(3a + 4) = 5 × 3a + 20
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B Y Y C B B m B
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C R m
D C
C
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3(x + 2) = 18
3x + 6 = 18 4PMWF UIF FRVBUJPO CZ QFSGPSNJOH UIF TBNF
−6 −6 PQFSBUJPOT UP CPUI TJEFT
3x = 12
÷3 ÷3
x=4
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7 7(4q 3)
7 28q 21 4PMWF UIF FRVBUJPO CZ QFSGPSNJOH UIF TBNF
+ 21 + 21 PQFSBUJPOT UP CPUI TJEFT
28 28q
28 28
1 q
So q 1 is the solution.
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Finding pronumeral values
to make equation true
e.g. 15 + x = 20
solution: x = 5
Equivalent equations
are obtained by performing
Formulas or rules are types of the same operation to
equations. both sides
e.g. F = ma, A = l × w, e.g.
P = 4x 12 + 3x = 5
+8 +8
20 + 3x = 13
e.g.
−5 3x + 5 = 38 −5 Equations
3x = 33
÷3 x = 11 ÷3 To solve algebraically, use equivalent
equations and opposite operations.
e.g. x
=7
4
×4 ×4 Main expression First step
x = 28
3x + 5 −5
e.g.
+ 2 5x − 2 = 33 +2 12x ÷12
÷ 5 5x = 35 ÷5 5x − 2
x
+2
x=7 4 ×4
Equations with fractions are solved Brackets should be expanded

by multiplying by the denominator and like items collected.
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expand. (Ext)
e.g. 4(x + 2) = 4x + 8
e.g. 2+ x
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x
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×7 7 ×7
x = 14 5x + 15 + 2x = 29
−15 7x + 15 = 29 −15
7x = 14
e.g. 3x + 9
=6 ÷7 x = 2 ÷ 7
×4 4 ×4
3x + 9 = 24
−9 −9
3x = 15
÷3 x = 5 ÷3
Applications
1 Use a pronumeral for the unknown.
2 Write an equation.
3 Solve the equation.
4 Answer the original question.
e.g. John’s age in 3 years will be 15. How old is he now?
1 Let j = John’s current age in years

2 j + 3 = 15
3 j + 3 = 15
−3 −3
j = 12
4 John is currently 12 years old.
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What
Chapter
you will learn

11 Australian
curriculum
Measurement
11A Measurement systems MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY

(Extending) Using units of measurement
11B Using and converting metric Establish the formulas for areas of rectangles, triangles
lengths (Consolidating) and parallelograms and use these in problem solving
11C Perimeter (Consolidating) (ACMMG159)
11D Areas and rectangles Calculate volumes of rectangular prisms (ACMMG160)
11E Area of a triangle Shape
11F Area of a parallelogram 16x16
Draw different views of prisms and solids formed from 32x32
11G Area of composite shapes combinations of prisms (ACMMG161)
(Extending)
11H Volume of rectangular
prisms
11I Capacity (Consolidating)
11J Mass and temperature
(Consolidating)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Measurement everywhere
Imagine trying to describe facts about around 2500 BCE and includes about
the world around us without using any 2 300 000 blocks of stone, each
form of measurement. We use units of weighing about 2500 kg.
length to describe distance and degrees • The world’s smallest country is
Celsius (°C) to describe temperature. Vatican City in Rome, with an
Other units are used for area, volume, area of 0.44 km2.
time, capacity and mass. • The maximum temperature during
Here are some examples of facts that the day on Mars is about 20°C.
use different units of measurement. • The distance between the orbits of
• The Eiffel Tower in France is painted Mars and the Earth around the Sun is
with 50 tonnes of paint every 7 years. about 78 000 000 km.
• The Great Wall of China is more than • The volume of water in Sydney Harbour
6000 km long. is about 500 gigalitres or five hundred
• The Great Pyramid of Giza was built thousand million litres or 0.5 km3.
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B C BOHMFT TIPVME BEE UP ¡ D DPNQMFNFOUBSZ M Y = WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
B C BOHMFT TIPVME BEE UP ¡ B 7FSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM

D TVQQMFNFOUBSZ C ◦
D ◦
B C BOHMFT TIPVME BEE UP ¡
D WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF BOHMFT
&YFSDJTF %
B ∠#0$ C ∠"0% BOE ∠#0$
D ∠$0% B C OP
B C D E B C ZFT
F G H I B FRVBM C TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
J D FRVBM E FRVBM
B / C / D 4 E / B ∠%&) C ∠#&' D ∠%&# E ∠$#(
F $ G $ H $ I 4

B ∠'&( C ∠%&# D ∠(&# E ∠"#$ B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
B ∠$'( C ∠#$' F ◦ G ◦
"OTXFST
B DPSSFTQPOEJOH C DPSSFTQPOEJOH B C D
D BMUFSOBUF E BMUFSOBUF B C D
F WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF G WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF B C D E
H DPJOUFSJPS I DPJOUFSJPS F G
J DPSSFTQPOEJOH K WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF B C D
L DPJOUFSJPS M BMUFSOBUF
B C D E
B B = C = D = F G
C B = C = D =
D B = C = D = E =
E B = C = D = &YFSDJTF '
F B = C = D =
BoF
G B = C =
B /P DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT TIPVME CF FRVBM
C :FT BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM O B
D :FT DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BSF TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
A minor arc
E :FT DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
:PVS UXP DJSDMFT TIPVME KVTU UPVDI
F /P BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT TIPVME CF FRVBM
∠#"$ BOE ∠"#$ TIPVME CF FRVBM
G /P DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT TIPVME CF TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
∠"&$ TIPVME CF ¡
B C D E
∠#"% TIPVME CF ¡
F G
∠"0& BOE ∠#0& TIPVME CF FRVBM
B C D E B $POTUSVDU UIF UXP DJSDMFT TP UIBU UIFZ IBWF UIF TBNF
F G H I SBEJVT
J C 6TF UXP DJSDMFT PG UIF TBNF TJ[F 1PJOU & TIPVME CF UIF
B BOHMFT C UXP BOHMFT NJEQPJOU PG "#
B $POTUSVDU B ¡ BOHMF TFF 2VFTUJPO
BOE UIFO CJTFDU UIJT
B J 5IF BOHMF NBSLFE B JT BMUFSOBUF UP UIF ¡ BOHMF BOHMF CZ DPOTUSVDUJOH UIF BOHMF CJTFDUPS UP GPSN UXP ¡
JJ 5IF BOHMF NBSLFE C JT BMUFSOBUF UP UIF ¡ BOHMF BOHMFT TFF 2VFTUJPO

C J B = C = JJ B = C = C $POTUSVDU BO BOHMF CJTFDUPS PG POF PG UIF ¡BOHMFT GSPN
JJJ B = C = QBSU B
B B = C = C B 'JSTU DPOTUSVDU B ¡ BOHMF CZ DPOTUSVDUJOH B
D PQQPTJUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM QFSQFOEJDVMBS MJOF BOE UIFO DPOTUSVDU UIF BOHMF CJTFDUPS
B #PUI BOHMFT EP OPU BEE UP ¡ PG UIF ¡ BOHMF
C $POTUSVDU UIF BOHMF CJTFDUPS PG POF PG UIF ¡ BOHMFT GSPN
C 5IF DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT EP OPU BEE UP ¡
QBSU B
D "MUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF OPU FRVBM
/P UIF DJSDMFT NVTU PWFSMBQ
B J ∠#%& BMUFSOBUF JJ ∠#&% BMUFSOBUF
B :FT GPMMPX UIF QSPDFEVSF BT JO 2VFTUJPO
C BEE UP ¡
C :FT DPOTUSVDU BT GPS BO BDVUF PS PCUVTF BOHMF BOE ESBX
D 5ISFF JOTJEF BOHMFT PG B USJBOHMF BEE UP ¡ XIJDI JT
UIF BOHMF CJTFDUPS PO UIF SFWFSTF TJEF PG UIF WFSUFY
BMXBZT USVF
B C
&BDI USJBOHMF BEET UP ¡ TP UIF UPUBM JT ¡
&YFSDJTF &
B B = C = C B = C = B
C B
D B = C = A A
B ∠#&% B = C ∠&#% B =
D ∠"%$ PS ∠"#% B =
B C D E
F G H I
J K L M

D &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT
"OTXFST
B J ¡ JJ ¡ JJJ ¡
JW ¡
C J DPSSFTQPOEJOH JJ DPJOUFSJPS
JJJ TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
A B D J ¡ JJ ¡ JJJ ¡
B QJFDFT
C
D J JJ JJJ
&YFSDJTF (
JW
o "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ BOE DBO CF DIFDLFE CZ UFTUJOH UIF
QSPQFSUJFT PG UIF DPOTUSVDUJPOT

$IBQUFS
¡
¡

&YFSDJTF "
B . C / D ' E /
F ' G ' H . I '
J / K . L / M '
B ' C / D . E /
F / G / H / I .
J ' K . L ' M /
¡
B
C
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT D
E
$ # % $ % F
& $ " & # G
H
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT I
B TFHNFOU $% C ∠"0# D QPJOU 1 J
E QMBOF F SBZ "$ G MJOF 45 B
B BDVUF ¡ C PCUVTF ¡ D SFþFY ¡ C
D
B ¡ C ¡ D ¡ E ¡
E
B C D E
F
F ¡ G H I
G
J
H
B B◦ BOE C◦ C B◦ BOE E◦ I
D B◦ BOE D◦ E C◦ BOE D◦ J
F D◦ BOE E◦ PS C◦ BOE E◦
B C D
B :FT DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BSF FRVBM E
C /P BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT TIPVME CF FRVBM
B C D E
D /P DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT TIPVME CF TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
B C D
B C D E
B ¨ C ¨
F G
D ¨ E ¨
B ¡ C ¡ D ¡
F ¨ PS ¨ PS ¨
B 5IF BOHMF TIPVME CF EJWJEFE JO IBMG G ¨ PS ¨
C 5IF BOHMF TIPVME CF ¡
B NJO C MBQT D MBQT

B C D B NJO
E C "OESFX MBQT #SZBO MBQT $ISJT MBQT
"OTXFST
F D UJNFT JODMVEJOH UIF ýOJTI
B GBMTF C USVF D GBMTF E GBMTF B C

F USVF BOE BOE BOE BOE BOE BOE
B C BOE
OP
B
C B
C
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ CVU UIFZ TIPVME CF NVMUJQMFT PG
5IF MBSHFS OVNCFS HJWFT UIF SFQMZ "OZ OVNCFS JT B NVMUJQMF D *EFOUJDBM BOTXFST JT BMSFBEZ EJWJTJCMF CZ TP
BEEJOH UP MJTU EPFT OPU BMUFS -$.
PG JUT GBDUPST 4P UIF BOTXFS JT AZFT
E ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
$IFDL UIF PVUQVU FBDI UJNF
&YFSDJTF $
&YFSDJTF #
B OPU FWFO
B C
C EJHJUT EP OPU TVN UP B NVMUJQMF PG
'BDUPST PG BSF BOE
D JT OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ
'BDUPST PG BSF BOE
E MBTU EJHJU JT OPU PS
5IFSFGPSF UIF )$' PG BOE JT
F OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ TVN PG EJHJUT JT OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ
B C
G JT OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ BOE JU JT OPU FWFO
H TVN PG EJHJUT JT OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ
I MBTU EJHJU JT OPU
5IFSFGPSF UIF -$. PG BOE JT
B C D E B C D E
F G H I BOE
J K L M BOE
B J ZFT JJ OP JJJ ZFT
B C D E
JW ZFT W OP WJ ZFT
F G
WJJ OP WJJJ ZFT JY OP
B C D E
Y ZFT YJ OP YJJ ZFT
F G H I
YJJJ ZFT YJW OP YW OP
J K L M
YWJ ZFT YWJJ
⎫ OP YWJJJ OP
B C D E B , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
F G ⎪
⎪
C , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
B )$' = -$. = C )$' = -$. = D , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
D )$' = -$. = E )$' = -$. = ⎪
⎪
E , , , , ⎬ PUIFS BOTXFST QPTTJCMF

F , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
-$. = )$' = G , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
H , , , , ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭
I , , , ,
/VNCFS %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF

CZ CZ CZ CZ CZ CZ CZ CZ
✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓
✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

B OP C + = BOE + = "MM QSJNFT PUIFS UIBO BSF
PEE BOE UXP PEET TVN UP HJWF BO FWFO OVNCFS UIBU JT OPU B
"OTXFST
QSJNF 4P BOZ QBJS UIBU TVNT UP B QSJNF NVTU DPOUBJO BO FWFO
QSJNF XIJDI JT
$IFDL ZPVS TQSFBETIFFU VTJOH TNBMMFS QSJNFT

B ZFT
&YFSDJTF &
C .VMUJQMFT PG BEEJOH B NVMUJQMF PG EPFT OPU DIBOHF UIF &
SFTVMU PG UIF EJWJTJCJMJUZ UFTU GPS %
D #BTF *OEFY #BTJD
B C 7BMVF OVNCFS OVNCFS OVNFSBM

B C D E F
B
C
D
E FRVBMT UIF DFOUSF EJHJU PS QMVT UIF DFOUSF EJHJU
F EJGGFSFODF JT PS
G 4VN UIF PEE BOE FWFOQMBDFE EJHJUT *G UIF EJGGFSFODF B C D E
CFUXFFO UIFTF UXP TVNT JT PS JT EJWJTJCMF CZ UIFO UIF F G H I
OVNCFS JT EJWJTJCMF CZ J
H J ZFT JJ ZFT JJJ OP B ¨ C ¨ D ¨
JW ZFT W ZFT WJ ZFT E
¨ F ¨ G ¨
H ¨ ¨ I ¨ J ¨ ¨
&YFSDJTF % ¨ ¨
OP B ¨¨¨
ZFT C ¨
D ¨¨
E ¨¨¨¨¨¨
F ¨ ¨ ¨
G ¨¨¨¨¨¨¨
B $ C 1 D $ E 1 H ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
F $ G $ H 1 I 1 I ¨ ¨
J $ K $ L $ M 1 B ¨¨¨¨¨¨¨
N 1 O 1 P $ Q 1 C ¨¨¨¨¨¨
B C D E D ¨¨¨¨
F G E ¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨
F ¨¨¨¨
B
G ¨¨¨¨¨
C
H ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
D
I ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨

B C D E B C D E
F G F G H I
B C D E
BOE BOE BOE BT XFMM BT PUIFS QBJST F G H I
BOE BT XFMM BT PUIFS QBJST J

BT XFMM BT PUIFS HSPVQT B C D E
= + = + = + = + F G H I
= + = + = + = + B C D = E
= + F G H I

JJJ ∴ = × 424
B C NJO D
"OTXFST
E NJO F "QQSPY
4 106
B + C ¨ D − E
F ¨ G − 2 2 2 53
YZ B J ¨ ô JJ JT OPU B QSJNF OVNCFS
B C JJJ " IBT CFFO MFGU PGG
B C = ¨ ¨
C J ¨ ¨ ¨ JJ ¨ ¨ ¨ 72 72
JJJ ¨ ¨¨ JW ¨ ¨ ¨
D
2 36 2 36
E
F *U JT UIF JOEFY OVNCFS PO UIF CBTF
J JJ JJJ JW 2 18 2 18
G FH ¨
2 9 3 6
&YFSDJTF ' 3 3 2 3
DPNQPTJUF QSJNF 72 72
B C D
B C D 2 36 2 36
B ¨ C ¨ D ¨ ¨
E ¨ ¨

3 12 3 12
B ¨ C ¨ D ¨ E ¨
F ¨ G ¨ H ¨ I 2 6 3 4
J ¨ K ¨ L M ¨
2 3 2 2
B ¨ ¨ C ¨ D ¨
72 72
E ¨ ¨ F ¨ G ¨ ¨
H ¨ ¨
I ¨ ¨ ¨ 2 36 2 36
B % C " D $ E #
4 9 6 6
B = ¨ = ¨
2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
C )$' = ¨ =
72 72
B = ¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨
C )$' = ¨ ¨ =
3 24 3 24
24 24
3 8 6 4
4 6 2 12
4 2 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 3
2 6
2 2
2 3 72 72
24 24
3 24 3 24
2 12 3 8
2 12 2 12
3 4 4 2
6 2 4 3
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2
J DBOOPU IBWF B GBDUPS PG
JJ JT OPU B QSJNF OVNCFS

72 72 B × × × =
C ×××××=
"OTXFST
D × × × × =
4 18 4 18
E × =
2 2 9 2 2 2 6 3 F × − × × × = −
=
3 3 2 3
B = × × ×
72 72
= ×
C = × ×
6 12 6 12
2 3 6 2 2 3 4 3 &YFSDJTF (
DN B TRVBSF OVNCFS
2 3 2 2
= = = = = =
72
= = = = = =
= = =
8 9 B " TRVBSF JT OPU QPTTJCMF
C ESBX B CZ TRVBSF
4 2 3 3
B C D E
2 2 F G
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ = B C D E DN
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ = B C D E
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ = F G H I
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ = J K L M
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ =
B C D E
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ =
F G H I
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ =
J K L M
¨ ¨ ¨ = ¨ ¨ ¨ =
B C D E
B C D E
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
F G H I
B J
C

B C
B BOE C BOE PUIFS BOTXFST QPTTJCMF
B C
BOE
B C B C D B = C =
B OP MBTU EJHJUT OPU ÷ E "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ FH ¨ BOE
C ZFT TVN PG ÷ B + = + = C
D ZFT TVN PG ÷ BOE FWFO ÷ D E
E ZFT TVN PG ÷ B BOE C
D

OP =
B $ MBSHF OVNCFS PG GBDUPST B GBMTF C GBMTF D USVF
C / POMZ POF GBDUPS E USVF F USVF JG B ≥
G GBMTF
D 1 POMZ UXP GBDUPST BOE JUTFMG H GBMTF I GBMTF
E /
&YFSDJTF )
B
C B C
B D E
C × B C
D E

B SBUJP PG C EJGGFSFODF TVCUSBDUJOH C
D EJGGFSFODF BEEJOH E OFJUIFS
"OTXFST

F SBUJP PG G OFJUIFS

H OFJUIFS I EJGGFSFODF TVCUSBDUJOH
B C
D E D
F G
H I
B C
D E
F E
G
H I
B C
F
D E
F G
H I
B C
D E
F G
H I
B TRVBSF OVNCFST
C 'JCPOBDDJ
D DVCFT JF QPXFST PG
E QSJNFT
F DPNQPTJUF
G QBMJOESPNFT
B C
D E
UPUBM =
B C
D E

EJGGFSFODF JT SBUJP JT +FNJNB
B C D E
B C D E
F O ¨ O −

B C D
B
BOE
&YFSDJTF *
B C
BOE
D
BOE
E
BOE

F B
BOE
"OTXFST
G
BOE
B J C /P PG DSPTTFT
/P PG TUJDLT SFRVJSFE
D /VNCFS PG TUJDLT = ¨ OVNCFS PG DSPTTFT
E TUJDLT
JJ
B
JJJ TUJDLT BSF SFRVJSFE UP TUBSU UIFO BSF BEEFE
C J
JJ
C /P PG GFODF TFDUJPOT

JJJ TUJDLT BSF SFRVJSFE BU UIF TUBSU UIFO BSF BEEFE
D J /P PG QMBOLT SFRVJSFE
D /VNCFS PG QMBOLT = ¨ OVNCFS PG GFODF TFDUJPOT +
E QMBOLT
B /P PG UBCMFT
/P PG TUVEFOUT
C /VNCFS PG TUVEFOUT = ¨ OVNCFS PG UBCMFT +
D TUVEFOUT
JJ E UBCMFT
JJJ TUJDLT BSF SFRVJSFE UP TUBSU UIFO BSF BEEFE B 4QB MFOHUI
E J /P PG UJMFT
C /VNCFS PG UJMFT = ¨ TQB MFOHUI +
D UJMFT
E VOJUT
"
"
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
B
JJ
C
F J
D
JJ
E
G J
JJ

G E JOQVU
PVUQVU
"OTXFST
B PVUQVU = JOQVU + C PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU
D PVUQVU = JOQVU + E PVUQVU = JOQVU
PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU
PVUQVU = JOQVU −
B JOQVU
PVUQVU
C JOQVU
PVUQVU
B C D H + E
D JOQVU
B N + O
C OVNCFS PG QJFDFT GPS FBDI OFX QBOFM PVUQVU
D E JOQVU
PVUQVU
B JOQVU D E Q C XXX
PVUQVU D + E + Q + C + XXX +
C JOQVU U L Q G BC
PVUQVU U o L o Q o G o BC o
JOQVU C E F H NO Y D
PVUQVU CD DE FD H D DNO YD D D
C PVQVU = D ¨ JOQVU
/P PG TUSBJHIU DVUT
/P PG TFDUJPOT DSFBUFE B PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU + PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU o
D C JOýOJUF
E B J PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU o
JJ PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU +
&YFSDJTF + JJJ PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU o
JW PVUQVU = JOQVU +
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E USVF
W PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU +
$
WJ PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU o
#
B " C % D # E $
&YFSDJTF ,
B JOQVU
y
PVUQVU
C JOQVU 6
PVUQVU 5
4
D JOQVU 3
PVUQVU 2
E 1
JOQVU
x
PVUQVU O 1 2 3 4 5 6
B y
JOQVU
PVUQVU 4
C 3
JOQVU
2
PVUQVU
1
D JOQVU x
O 1 2 3 4
PVUQVU

$ C y
$
"OTXFST
6
B YBYJT C ZBYJT
5
D PSJHJO E ýSTU
Output
4
F ZDPPSEJOBUF G Y Z Y Z
3
y
2
5 1
4 F x
O 1 2 3 4 5
3 C Input
2 D A y
1 B E
H G 5
x
1 2 3 4 5 4
B "
#
$
%
&
'
(
3
)
2
C .
/
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
x
O 1 2 3 4 5
B JOQVU Y
PVUQVU Z
y

8
7
6
5
C y
4
5 3
4 2
Output
3 1
2 x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
x B y
O 1 2 3 4 5
Input 10
B 9
JOQVU Y
PVUQVU Z
8

7

6
5
4
C y 3
2
5
1
4
x
Output
3 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 C

CVU BOTXFST NBZ WBSZ
1
D "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 E "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
Input B #
$
%
B JOQVU Y
PVUQVU Z
C y
4
3
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4

B )&-1 B C
C

B C ¨
"OTXFST
D LFZ VOEFS QPU QMBOU
B C ¨ D ¨
E
B C D
B %
C %
D %
E %
B C D E
B PVUQVU JOQVU +
B OP C ZFT D OP
C PVUQVU JOQVU ¨
B %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF
D PVUQVU JOQVU
B
PS BOZ XJUI Y /VNCFS CZ CZ CZ CZ
C BOZ QPJOU PO B WFSUJDBM MJOF XJUI Y ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
D
%JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF %JWJTJCMF
B .
/VNCFS CZ CZ CZ CZ
C
✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
D 'JOE UIF BWFSBHF PG UIF Y WBMVFT UIFO UIF BWFSBHF PG UIF Z &YQMBOBUJPO
WBMVFT JT BO FWFO OVNCFS UIFSFGPSF JT EJWJTJCMF CZ
E
IBT B EJHJU TVN PG UIFSFGPSF JT EJWJTJCMF

F
CZ CVU OPU CZ
G − −
JT EJWJTJCMF CZ BOE UIFSFGPSF JT

H
EJWJTJCMF CZ
5IF MBTU UXP EJHJUT BSF XIJDI JT EJWJTJCMF CZ
1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT 5IF MBTU UISFF EJHJUT BSF XIJDI JT EJWJTJCMF CZ
5IF MBTU EJHJU JT B UIFSFGPSF OPU EJWJTJCMF CZ PS
B (, , , , ) C NBOZ QPTTJCMF BOTXFST
C , , , , , , , , D "OZ TJYEJHJU OVNCFS FOEJOH JO XJUI TVN PG EJHJUT =
B UVMJQT QFS CVODI B C D E
C SFE QJOL BOE ZFMMPX CVODIFT F G
+ = B C D
= + , = +
B C D
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ $IFDL UIBU UIF BOTXFS JT UIF XIPMF
B
OVNCFS UIBU ZPV BSF MPPLJOH GPS
C

, , , , , , , , , , , B
# & $ & #
# % " $ &
# %
C /P PG SIPNCVTFT
/P PG TUJDLT SFRVJSFE
B D 'PVS TUJDLT BSF SFRVJSFE UP TUBSU UIF QBUUFSO BOE BO
BEEJUJPOBM UISFF TUJDLT BSF SFRVJSFE UP NBLF FBDI OFYU UFSN
C 'PS FYBNQMF JO UIF QBUUFSO
B B C D H +
E XJOEPXT

C B JOQVU
B J JJ JJJ PVUQVU
C J JJ JJJ C JOQVU
B DPNQPTJUF QSJNF
PVUQVU
C POMZ POF

B PVUQVU = JOQVU + D

FBDI Z WBMVF JT NPSF UIBO UIF Y WBMVF
C PVUQVU = ¨ JOQVU + E EBZT PG UIF NPOUI JO B MFBQ ZFBS
"OTXFST
√ √ √
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F G H I DSJUJDBM EJHJU JT UIF TFDPOE XIJDI JT MFTT UIBO UIFSFGPSF
B C SPVOEFE UP EFDJNBM QMBDF =
4BNBSB IBT B þBX PG SPVOEJOH BO BMSFBEZ SPVOEFE OVNCFS
D
E $BTTBOESB JT DPSSFDU
EFQFOET PO ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS
B 8BVHI #PSEFS (JMDISJTU 5BZMPS )VHIFT
EFQFOET PO ZPVS TPGUXBSF QBDLBHF
C ýSTU
B EBZ C EBZ D EBZT BOE
&YFSDJTF $
B D.D, D.B, C.D, C.B, B.D, B.C
$
C D.CD, D.BC, C.DB, C.CC, B.DB, B.CD, B.BB, CB.DB, BC.BC
#
B B C B D BB E B.BB
B C D E
B J XBZT
B C D E

JJ
F G
XBZT
B C D E

JJJ
B C D E
F G
B C D E

NN

XBZT

C XBZT

&YFSDJTF #
B C D E

B C D E
F G H I
B J JJ JJJ JW
C J JJ JJJ JW B C D E
B C D E B "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ FH + +
F G H I C "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ FH + + =
B C D E "MXBZT FOE VQ XJUI VOMFTT UIF TUBSUJOH WBMVF IBT UIF
F G H I TBNF ýSTU EJHJU JO XIJDI DBTF XF FOE VQ XJUI [FSP 5IF
J K L M GPSNT BT JU DPNFT GSPN BEEJOH UXP T 5IJT QSPEVDFT B
B C D E UP CF DBSSJFE PWFS XIJDI SFTVMUT JO UIF BOTXFS CFJOH B
F G H I BOTXFS SBUIFS UIBO B BOTXFS
B C D E
B C D E &YFSDJTF %
F G H I B C D E
B C D E

B J SJHIU QMBDFT JJ MFGU QMBDF B 5IF EFDJNBM QPJOU JT UIF BDUVBM AEPU EFDJNBM QMBDFT
JJJ SJHIU QMBDFT JW OP DIBOHF BSF UIF OVNCFST BGUFS UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU
"OTXFST
W MFGU QMBDFT WJ SJHIU QMBDFT C EFDJNBM QPJOU EFDJNBM QMBDFT
WJJ SJHIU QMBDF WJJJ MFGU QMBDFT JO UIF RVFTUJPO EFDJNBM QMBDFT
C SJHIU QMBDF B C D E
B C D E F G H I
F G H I J K L M
J K L M B C D E
B C D E F G H I
F G H I J
J K L M B C
B C D E D E
F G F G
H I
B C D E
J
F G H I
N
J
LH
B C D E
LN
F G H I
B N C

B N-
B LN C ZFT
C
D - MFGU JO UIF UBOL
D
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ

"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
LH
B C D E
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
4UBSUJOH 1PTTJCMF UXPTUFQ &YFSDJTF '

OVNCFS "OTXFS PQFSBUJPOT
#
¨ EJSFDUMZ BCPWF UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF EJWJEFOE
B C D E
C "O JEFOUJDBM DIBOHF IBT PDDVSSFE JO CPUI UIF EJWJEFOE BOE
UIF EJWJTPS
¨ ¨ B C
D E
CBD.EGH CB.DEGH ¨
B C D E
E.TXLL ETXLL ¨ F G H I
J K L M
GXZ G.XZ ¨
B C D E
F G H I
B J × JJ . × JJJ . × J K L M
C J × JJ . × B C D
F . × − E F G
G J × − JJ × − JJJ . × − B LH C D
E H F - G
&YFSDJTF &
B C D
B C D E F E F G
G H I J
B C D E
B C D -
*U IFMQT ZPV DIFDL UIF QPTJUJPO PG UIF EFDJNBM QPJOU JO UIF
BOTXFS


GSBNFT B 5BO = = . -JMMJBO = = .

DBO CF ýMMFE IFODF 5BO JT UIF CFUUFS DIFTT QMBZFS
"OTXFST
B C C UXP PS NPSF
BQQMFT LH CBOBOBT LH IFODF CBOBOBT BSF
NN NN
CFUUFS WBMVF
B NT C LNI D ZFT ˙ .
˙
B C D
, , , , , , , ,
E F G
B C D E F
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ , ,
G "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ

, , = . SFQFBUJOH QBUUFSO
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
B IVOESFEUIT C VOJUT &YFSDJTF )

B C D
B C D E

$ # "
B C D
B C
B C D E D J JJ JJJ JW
B C E J JJ JJJ JW
B C D E B C
F G H I D PVU PG
J K B C D E
B C F G H I
B C QFS LH D LH J K L M
B C D E
&YFSDJTF ( F G H I
B C D E J K L M
B C D E B C D E

F G H I
B GBMTF C USVF D USVF E GBMTF
J K L M
F USVF G USVF
B
B C D E C

F G H I
B C
B C D E HJHBMJUSFT
F G H I B BC.DE C BBD D BCED
E E.E F DEC.B G DD.DEEE
B = . C = . D = .
B BC C C.DE D BD
E EB F BC.CC G .EEE
E = . F = . G = .

B OP

H = . I = . C "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ &YBNQMFT JODMVEF QFSDFOUBHF TDPSF

PO B .BUIT UFTU QFSDFOUBHF PG EBNBHFE GSVJU JO B DSBUF
B C D E
QFSDFOUBHF PG TQFDUBUPST XFBSJOH B IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG UIF
F .˙ G H .˙ I .
EBZ TQFOU TMFFQJOH
B D "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ &YBNQMFT JODMVEF QFSDFOUBHF QSPýU
˙ .
C . ˙ .˙ (.... = )
QFSDFOUBHF JODSFBTF JO QSJDFT QFSDFOUBHF JODSFBTF JO UIF
D QSJDF PG B IPVTF QFSDFOUBHF TDPSF PO B .BUIT UFTU XJUI B
E CPOVT RVFTUJPO

B , ., , , ., .

C , ., , ., , .

B ' " ¨
C ' QPJOUT TDPSFE GPS UIF UFBN " QPJOUT TDPSFE BHBJOTU UIF %FDJNBM 'SBDUJPO 1FSDFOUBHF
"OTXFST
UFBN
D
=
E QPJOUT
F ZFT )BXUIPSO 1PSU "EFMBJEF

=


B C " D =

E PS

F × DPJOT × DFOU QJFDFT BOE × DFOU QJFDFT =

)FJHIU PG SVOHT N N N N N

N N N N N
B " = # = $ =

C " = # = $ = % = =

D " = # =
E " = # =
=

B J JJ JJJ
C J JJ
=


=
% # $ & "
% % # " $
B +FTTJDB +BD[JOEB IFODF +BD[JOEB FBSOT
B C IJHIFS QBZ SBUF CZ D QFS IPVS
D C UP UIF OFBSFTU DFOUT
B C D E D
E
B IVOESFEUIT = C UIPVTBOEUIT = B C

D POFT = NJO BOE TFDPOET PO BWFSBHF
B GBMTF C GBMTF D USVF
E USVF F GBMTF G USVF 4FNFTUFS SFWJFX

8IPMF OVNCFST

B C D E
F G H & # % $ "
I
B C D B C -99*7 D
E F G
B C
B USVF C GBMTF D GBMTF E GBMTF
F USVF B C D

B C D E E F G

B C D E B GBMTF C USVF D USVF
F G H
B C D E
B C D E
F G H I
F G
J .˙ ˙

B GBMTF C USVF D GBMTF E USVF

F USVF G USVF
"OTXFST
GBMTF
¨ +
B C D
UJNFT
B C D B C

JOQVU
PVUQVU
B C D E I "
#
$
%
&
(FPNFUSZ &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT

.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT B
" # # # %
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT C D UI E

B "$ ]] '% PS &# ]] %$
'SBDUJPOT
C #' BOE #%
D $% &% #% BU % PS BOZ UISFF PG "$ #% #& PS
#' BU # # $ & % "
E " BOE #
F & 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT
B ¡ C ¡ D ¡

¡ , , ,

¡

B B = C B = D B = E B =
F B = G B =
B = C = D = E = F = B C D E

G = H =
F G
#FDBVTF UIF DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BEE UP NPSF UIBO ¡

$IFDL XJUI ZPVS UFBDIFS

B USVF C USVF D USVF E GBMTF
B J Y = JJ Z = JJJ [ =

C Y + Z + [ =
/VNCFS QSPQFSUJFT BOE QBUUFSOT

.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT B C D

E TFDPOE EPTF PO 4VOEBZ XFFL
$ " # & %
"MHFCSB
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT .VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT
B
C # " $ & %
D
B C
D B C ZFT D E
BOE B Y+ C B D Y + Z
X
E F Z − Y
B C D
B N C Y D Q
Z
E

B C D E D
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6
F G
"OTXFST
E
−32 −31 −30 −29 −28 −27 −26 −25
B B C Y D B B − −
E N F + B G Y + Z C − − − − − − −
B Y + C (Y + ) = Y + D − − E − − − −
B CD C C D Q F − − − G − − − − − −
B B + C B − C D N + B C D E
YZ F G H I
J K L M
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT B ¡$ C −¡$ D −¡$ E −¡$
B J JJ (Y + ) JJJ (Y + Z) B − − − −

C ( − Y − Z) C − − −
B − − C −
D − − − E − − −
%FDJNBMT
F − − − G − − −
B C −
& $ % " # B − N C − N D N
B C D E
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT F G H I
B C D B − C D −
E − F − G
B VOJUT C D

B C D &YFSDJTF #
B C D B SJHIU C SJHIU D MFGU E MFGU
E F G B % C " D # E $
B C D B C D E
B C D F − G − H − I −
B C D J − K − L − M
N O − P Q −
B C D
B − C − D − E −
B USVF C GBMTF D GBMTF F − G − H − I −
E USVF F GBMTF G USVF J − K − L − M −
N − O − P − Q −
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT B C D E
B C D E D F G H I
F *U CFDPNFT SBUIFS UIBO J K L − M −
N − O − P − Q −
B C − D E −
$IBQUFS
F G − H − I −
&YFSDJTF " B C D
B − C D − − E − − B ¡$ C −¡$ D −¡$
B − C − D E ¡$
F G − H − I B N C N
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
B HSFBUFS C MFTT D HSFBUFS E MFTT
B J QPTJUJWF JJ QPTJUJWF JJJ OFHBUJWF JW [FSP
B
−2 −1 0 1 2 C J OP JJ ZFT
C 0UIFS DPNCJOBUJPOT NBZ CF QPTTJCMF
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 B − + C + − − D + + − +
E − + + + − F + + − G − + − −

&YFSDJTF $ &YFSDJTF %
"OTXFST
C − D − E − − F B
G − H − I − − ¨ − −
B C TVCUSBDUJOH D − − − −
E TVCUSBDUJOH F G BEEJOH
− − −
B GBMTF C USVF D USVF E GBMTF

F GBMTF G USVF H GBMTF I GBMTF
− −
B C D E
− −
F − G − H − I −
J − K − L − M − C
N − O − P − Q − ¨ − −
B C D E − − −
F − G − H − I − − − −
J K L M
N O P − Q −
− −
B − C − D − E
− −
F − G H − I −
J − K L M − B C − D − E −
N − O − P Q B QPTJUJWF C QPTJUJWF D OFHBUJWF
B C − D E E QPTJUJWF F QPTJUJWF G OFHBUJWF
F − G H − I − B − C − D − E −
J − K L M F G H I −
− N J − K − L M −
− N O − P Q
− B − C − D − E −
B J JJ − F G H − I −
C J − K − L − M
B C N O P − Q
− − − −
B C D − E
− − − −
F G − H I
− − − − J K − L − M −
B + C − + −
D − −
B − C D − E
E − −
F B + (−C) G B − (−C) F G − H I −
B C − D − J − K − L − M
B J OP JJ ZFT B − C − D E
C J ZFT JJ OP F G H − I −
D :FT JG C B UIFO TVCUSBDUJOH C UBLFT UIF SFTVMU UP B OVNCFS
B C D E
CJHHFS UIBO [FSP
F G H I
B C D − E −
B

− −
− −
C

− −
− −
− −
F G H − I −
D −
−
E −
−
−
−
−
−

J K L M
−
−

N − O − P Q − B ¨ C ¨ D ¨ ¨ E ¨

B −
−
C −
−
B J − JJ JJJ −
JW
C QBSUT JJ BOE JW FWFO OVNCFS PG OFHBUJWF GBDUPST
D QBSUT J BOE JJJ PEE OVNCFS PG OFHBUJWF GBDUPST
B −BC C −BC D BC


B − C − D − E C *G UIFSF JT BO FWFO OVNCFS PG OFHBUJWF GBDUPST UIF SFTVMU XJMM

CF QPTJUJWF JG PEE UIFO OFHBUJWF
"OTXFST
F − G − H I
B C D − E −
J − K L − M F − G H I −
J −
1SPHSFTT RVJ[ ,FWJO TIPVME IBWF UZQFE −
UP SBJTF − UP UIF QPXFS PG
− JT − ¨
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
B − < C − > D > − &YFSDJTF '
−
−, −, , , $ # OP
B C − D − E − B C D − E
B C − D − E F G H − I
B C J K − L − M
B − C D − E B − C − D E −
B C − D E − F − G H I
B C − D E − B C D E −
%FCU PG PS − F − G −
B C − D − E −
&YFSDJTF & B N C N
B EJWJTJPO C NVMUJQMJDBUJPO D NVMUJQMJDBUJPO B NFUSFT QFS TFDPOE
E EJWJTJPO F BEEJUJPO G TVCUSBDUJPO C NFUSFT QFS TFDPOE
H NVMUJQMJDBUJPO I NVMUJQMJDBUJPO J NVMUJQMJDBUJPO D NFUSFT QFS TFDPOE
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF B J JJ −
E GBMTF F GBMTF G USVF C " OFHBUJWF XJEUI JT OPU QPTTJCMF
B − C D E "OTXFS NBZ WBSZ
F G H I − "OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
J − K − L − M − B B − B = BOE −C + C =
N − O P B
C =
B
B − C − D − E D B−B=
F G H I BC
E DBODFMT UP TJNQMZ HJWF B.
J − K − L M − C
N O − P − B J ◦ $ JJ −◦ $ JJJ −◦ $
$
C '= +

−
B (− + ) × = C − ÷ ( + ) = − &YFSDJTF (
D (− + ) × − = −
B % C # D " E $
E (− − ) ÷ (−) =
F & G ) H ' I (
F ( − ) ÷ + =
G × ( − ) × (−) = B C D E
H − × ( − (−)) − = − F G H
I (− + ) ÷ (− + ) = − "(, ), #(, −), $(−, −), %(−, ), &(, ), '(, −),
J ( − (−)) ÷ (− + ) = ((−, −), )(−, )
UISFF BOTXFST − − −
B OP C OP D ZFT
E ZFT F OP G ZFT
B USVF C USVF D USVF
E USVF F GBMTF G GBMTF
B J OFHBUJWF JJ OFHBUJWF JJJ OFHBUJWF
JW QPTJUJWF W OFHBUJWF WJ OFHBUJWF

B C y C y
"OTXFST
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
B "(, ), #(, −), $(−, ), %(, ), &(, ), '(, ) B Z = \− − − − ^
((, −), )(−, ) C D y
B y
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5
C 5IFZ MJF JO B TUSBJHIU MJOF −6
B y −7
5 E 5IFZ BSF JO B TUSBJHIU MJOF

4
3
2
1 B − − C −
x D − − − E − − −
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
B C −
−2
D
−3
−4 B − × ( + (−)) = − PS − × ÷ (−) = −
−5 C − × × (−) + = PS
−6 − × ÷ (−) + =
−7 D × ÷ (−) − (−) = −
B BOE − C BOE −
C 5IFZ MJF JO B TUSBJHIU MJOF QBJST
B USJBOHMF C SFDUBOHMF D USBQF[JVN E LJUF B = , C = −, D = −, E = −, F =
B TRVBSF VOJUT C TRVBSF VOJUT
−
D TRVBSF VOJUT E TRVBSF VOJUT
B Q + U > R + U C U − Q < U − R D QU < RU
LN
BMM OVNCFST MFTT UIBO FYDFQU
Z =
Z =
B # C $ D # " $
B J BOE JJ JJJ BOE JW
$ & # % $
" & $ # $

4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT F TBNQMF
G TBNQMF VTJOH TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDF EBUB
"OTXFST
B C D E
H DFOTVT UIJT RVFTUJPO BQQFBST PO UIF QPQVMBUJPO DFOTVT
B − C − D − E
I DFOTVT PG UIF DMBTT
F − G − H I −
J TBNQMF
J − K L − M
K SFTVMUT GSPN UIF QPQVMBUJPO DFOTVT
B − C − D − E L PCTFSWBUJPO
F − G − H − I M PCTFSWBUJPO
B − C − D E − N TBNQMF
F − G H I − O TBNQMF
B − C − D − E − B TFDPOEBSZ o B NBSLFU SFTFBSDI DPNQBOZ
B − C D − E C TFDPOEBSZ o EFQBSUNFOU PG FEVDBUJPO EBUB
F G D QSJNBSZ EBUB DPMMFDUJPO WJB B TBNQMF
E TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDF VTJOH SFTVMUT GSPN UIF DFOTVT
B C − D − E −
F TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDF VTJOH /"1-"/ SFTVMUT PS TJNJMBS
"(, ), #(, ), $(−, ), %(−, −), &(, −), '(, −)
B 1SPYJNJUZ UP UIF *OEJBO 0DFBO NBLFT ýSTU IBOE DPMMFDUJPO
PG UIF EBUB EJGýDVMU
C 5PP NBOZ QFPQMF UP BTL BOE B TFOTJUJWF UPQJD NFBOT UIBU
B ◦ $ C −◦ $ D ◦ $ E ◦ $ F ◦ $ VTJOH UIF DFOTVT SFTVMUT BT ZPVS TPVSDF XPVME CF CFUUFS
SPDLFU D &YUSFNFMZ MBSHF QPQVMBUJPO NBLFT QSJNBSZ EBUB EJGýDVMU
UP DPMMFDU
$IBQUFS E 4FOTJUJWF UPQJD NJHIU NBLF TUVEFOU MFTT LFFO UP HJWF
IPOFTU BOE SFMJBCMF BOTXFST
F $VMUVSBM JTTVFT BOE UIF EJGGFSFOU DVMUVSBM HSPVQT UIBU FYJTU
&YFSDJTF "
JO UIF DPNNVOJUZ NBLFT DPMMFDUJPO EJGýDVMU
B JJJ C JW D J 5IF EBUB JT PGUFO DPMMFDUFE CZ B NBSLFU SFTFBSDI DPNQBOZ
E W F WJ G JJ *U JT OPU BMXBZT QPTTJCMF UP LOPX IPX UIF EBUB JT DPMMFDUFE
B DBUFHPSJDBM C OVNFSJDBM D OVNFSJDBM UIF BSFBT JU JT DPMMFDUFE GSPN BOE XIFUIFS UIFSF XBT B CJBT
E DBUFHPSJDBM F OVNFSJDBM G OVNFSJDBM JOUSPEVDFE JO UIF TVSWFZT
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ B 1PQVMBUJPO JT UIF FOUJSF HSPVQ PG QFPQMF CVU B TBNQMF JT B
B EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM TFMFDUJPO GSPN XJUIJO JU
C DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM C *G UIF QPQVMBUJPO JT TNBMM FOPVHI FH B DMBTT
PS UIFSF JT
D DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM FOPVHI UJNFNPOFZ UP TVSWFZ UIF FOUJSF QPQVMBUJPO
E DBUFHPSJDBM FH OBUJPOBM DFOTVT

F DBUFHPSJDBM D 8IFO JU JT UPP FYQFOTJWF PS EJGýDVMU UP TVSWFZ UIF XIPMF
G DBUFHPSJDBM QPQVMBUJPO FH UFMFWJTJPO WJFXJOH IBCJUT PG BMM PG /48
H EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM B 5IF BOTXFST TUBOE GPS EJGGFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT BOE BSF OPU
I EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM USFBUFE BT OVNCFST 5IFZ DPVME IBWF CFFO "o& SBUIFS UIBO
J DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM o
K DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM C J = TUSPOHMZ EJTBHSFF = TPNFXIBU EJTBHSFF
L DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM = TPNFXIBU BHSFF = TUSPOHMZ BHSFF
M EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM JJ = QPPS = TBUJTGBDUPSZ = TUSPOH =
N DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM FYDFMMFOU
O EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM JJJ = OFWFS = SBSFMZ = TPNFUJNFT = VTVBMMZ
P DBUFHPSJDBM = BMXBZT
Q EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM JW = TUSPOHMZ EJTBHSFF = EJTBHSFF = OFVUSBM
R EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM = BHSFF = TUSPOHMZ BHSFF
S DBUFHPSJDBM
B &YDMVEFT QFPQMF XIP IBWF POMZ NPCJMF OVNCFST PS XIP
B PCTFSWBUJPO
BSF PVU XIFO QIPOF JT SVOH DPVME CJBT UPXBSET QFPQMF
C TBNQMF PG EBZT VTJOH PCTFSWBUJPO PS TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDF
XIP IBWF NPSF GSFF UJNF
SFDPSET XJUIJO FBDI EBZ
C &YDMVEFT QFPQMF XIP EP OPU SFTQPOE UP UIFTF UZQFT PG
D DFOTVT PG UIF DMBTT
NBJM PVUT CJBT UPXBSET QFPQMF XIP IBWF NPSF GSFF UJNF
E TBNQMF

D &YDMVEFT XPSLJOH QBSFOUT CJBT UPXBSET TIJGU XPSLFST PS F J JJ JJJ JW
VOFNQMPZFE G J JJ JJJ JW
"OTXFST
E &YDMVEFT BOZPOF XIP EPFT OPU SFBE UIJT NBHB[JOF CJBT
H J JJ JJJ JW
UPXBSET HJSMT
I J JJ JJJ JW
F &YDMVEFT QFPQMF XIP EP OPU VTF 'BDFCPPL CJBT UPXBSET
ZPVOHFS QFPQMF PS QFPQMF XJUI BDDFTT UP UFDIOPMPHZ B C D
B 'PS FYBNQMF OVNCFS PG CBCJFT BU B MPDBM QMBZHSPVOE B #SFOU C #SFOU D "MJ E #SFOU
0UIFS BOTXFST QPTTJCMF
C $PVOU B TBNQMF FH KVTU POF þPPS PG POF DBS QBSL B C D
*U HJWFT PXOFSTIJQ BOE FTUBCMJTIFT USVTU XIFSF UIFSF NBZ OPU E F G
IBWF CFFO BOZ *U BMTP FOTVSFT B EFFQFS VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF B C D TBWFT
QSPDFTT BOE OFFE GPS IPOFTUZ JO UIF DPMMFDUJPO BOE VTF PG BOZ B \ ^ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
EBUB C \ ^ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
B 5PP FYQFOTJWF BOE EJGýDVMU UP NFBTVSF UFMFWJTJPO WJFXJOH D \ ^ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
JO NJMMJPOT PG IPVTFIPMET E \ ^ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
C /PU FOPVHI QFPQMF o SFTVMUT DBO CF NJTMFBEJOH B WBMVFT FH \ ^
D 1SPHSBNT UBSHFUFE BU ZPVUI BSF NPSF MJLFMZ UP CF XBUDIFE C ZFT FH \ ^
CZ UIF TUVEFOUT UIF NFBO EJTUBODF UIF NFEJBO JT CBTJDBMMZ VOBGGFDUFE
E 3FTFBSDI SFRVJSFE B NFBO NFEJBO NPEF SBOHF

B 5PP FYQFOTJWF BOE QFPQMF NJHIU SFGVTF UP SFTQPOE JG JU C J JODSFBTFT CZ JJ JODSFBTFT CZ
DBNF UPP PGUFO JJJ JODSFBTFT CZ JW OP FGGFDU
C &OHMJTI BT B TFDPOE MBOHVBHF DBO JNQBDU UIF DPMMFDUJPO D J EPVCMFT JJ EPVCMFT JJJ EPVCMFT
PG EBUB TJNQMF VOBNCJHVPVT &OHMJTI JT SFRVJSFE
4PNF JW EPVCMFT
QFPQMF GSPN QBSUJDVMBS DVMUVSFT NBZ OPU CF LFFO UP TIBSF E :FT FH JG UIF TFU XFSF EVQMJDBUFE
JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU UIFNTFMWFT
D 4PNF QFPQMF DBOOPU BDDFTT EJHJUBM UFDIOPMPHJFT BOE UIFZ B BOE C
XPVME CF FYDMVEFE GSPN UIF SFTVMUT D 5IFZ NVTU CF BOE
E -BSHFS QPQVMBUJPOT BOE B HSFBUFS QSPQPSUJPO PG QFPQMF JO (Y + )
QPWFSUZ DBO NBLF DFOTVT EBUB IBSEFS UP PCUBJO /VNCFST BSF Y Y + Y + NFBO = =Y+

%JGGFSFOU QFPQMF BSF DIPTFO JO UIF TBNQMFT -BSHFS SBOEPNMZ = NFEJBO
TFMFDUFE TBNQMFT HJWF NPSF BDDVSBUF HVJEFT B SBOHF = NFBO = C SBOHF = NFBO =
B J BOE
JJ "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ B J PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
JJJ 3BOEPN QSPDFTTFT HJWF EJGGFSFOU SFTVMUT JJ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
C J %JGGFSFOU WPXFMT IBWF EJGGFSFOU GSFRVFODJFT PG JJJ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
PDDVSSJOH JW PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
JJ *G B IJHI GSFRVFODZ XPSE IBT BO VOVTVBM SBOHF PG C *U JT QPTTJCMF )JOU %JWJEF FWFSZ OVNCFS CZ UIF DVSSFOU
WPXFMT FH B XFCQBHF PO .JTTJTTJQQJ SBOHF
&YFSDJTF # &YFSDJTF $
B C B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E USVF F GBMTF

D E B C D TQPSU E
B C D E B C D SFE E
B C D E
B J JJ JJJ JW
C J JJ JJJ JW
D J JJ JJJ JW
E J JJ JJJ JW

F Favourite colour in 7B B
60
"OTXFST
Number of births
50
40
Number of students
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
boys girls
C D E F CPZT
blue
yellow
green
pink
red
B *U IBT JODSFBTFE TUFBEJMZ C BQQSPY

D BQQSPY
Colour
B *U JT VOFRVBM
B C D E F C 5IF BYFT IBWF OP MBCFMT BOE JU EPFT OPU IBWF B UJUMF
B DN C DN D DN D Favourite subjects
E ZFBST PME 35
B 30
Mitchell’s height
Number of votes
160 25
140 20
120 15
Height (cm)
100 10
80 5
60 0
y
ish
rt
hs
e
or
nc
40
A
at
gl
ist
ie
M
En
Sc
20
0 Subject
8 9 10 11 12 E GPVS UJNFT BT QPQVMBS
Age (years) F POF BOE B IBMG UJNFT BT QPQVMBS
C Fatu’s height G .VTJD
160
140 B C D . 4
120 E . F . CFDBVTF CFTU TUVEFOU HPU
Height (cm)
100 B C D JODSFBTFE

80 E BQQSPY QBTTFOHFST
60 )FMQT UP DPNQBSF EJGGFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT RVJDLMZ CZ DPNQBSJOH
40 IFJHIUT
20
0
8 9 10 11 12
Age (years) &YFSDJTF %
B B LH C LH D LH E LH

Dog’s weight
6TJOH QVCMJD USBOTQPSU over time
%SJWJOH B DBS
8BMLJOH PS DZDMJOH
Weight (kg)
10
C BOE

5
D BOE
E &OWJSPONFOUBM DPODFSOT PUIFST BOTXFST QPTTJCMF 0
F 1VCMJD USBOTQPSU VTBHF JT JODSFBTJOH PUIFS BOTXFST
n
b
Ar
pr
ay
a
Ja
Fe
M
QPTTJCMF
Month

B DN C DN D ZFBST B $JUZ JT JO 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF CFDBVTF IPU JO +BOVBSZ
E DN F DN %FDFNCFS
"OTXFST
B ¡$ C $JUZ JT RVJUF DMPTF UP FRVBUPS CFDBVTF XJOUFS UFNQFSBUVSFT
C QN SFBTPOBCMZ IJHI
D BN D Temperature in a year
E J ¡$ JJ ¡$ JJJ ¡$ 40

JW ¡$ 35
B 30
10 25
Weight (kg)
8 20
6 15
4 10
2 5
0 0
ay
ug
ov
ar
ec
ov
ug
M r
Mr
ay
b
ar
ct
ec
ct
b
n
p
l
n
n
n
p
p
Ju
Fe
Se
Fe
M
Ju
Ju
Se
Ja
Ju
Ja
O
A
A
O
N
D
M
N
A
D
Month Month
C 8FJHIU JODSFBTFT GSPN +BOVBSZ VOUJM +VMZ UIFO HPFT E .BYJNVN PDDVST JO UIF NJEEMF
EPXO TVEEFOMZ F *U EFQFOET PO XIBU .POUI NFBOT *G JU NFBOT +BOVBSZ

D +VMZ UIFO UIJT JT UIF /PSUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF *G JU NFBOT +VOF
B LN C LN D "U SFTU UIFO UIJT JT UIF 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF

E *O UIF ýSTU IPVS F LN
B IPVST C LN D 'JGUI IPVS
&YFSDJTF &
B +VMZ B C
C :FBS TUBSUT +VMZ BOE FOET 0DUPCFS B C D
D NFHBMJUSFT CFDBVTF UIF MFWFM TUBZFE UIF TBNF
E 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF CFDBVTF XJOUFS PDDVST JO NJEEMF PG B
ZFBS C
B BU BN BOE QN D J GBMTF JJ USVF JJJ USVF
C BU BN BOE QN JW GBMTF
D J BSPVOE BN IFBUFS HPFT PO
B SBOHF = NFEJBO = C SBOHF = NFEJBO =
JJ BSPVOE BN UVSOT IFBUFS PGG
D SBOHF = NFEJBO =
JJJ BSPVOE QN IFBUFS QVU CBDL PO
B
4UFN -FBG
JW BSPVOE QN IFBUFS UVSOFE PGG
E "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ

B
300

Distance (km)
240
C
180 4UFN -FBG
120
60
O 1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)
C D
30 4UFN -FBG
Distance (km)
24
18
12

6

O 1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)

E
4UFN -FBG B &BTJFS UP DPNQBSF TJ[FT PG EJGGFSFOU TUFNT WJTVBMMZ
"OTXFST
C )FMQT JO OPUJDJOH USFOET BOE DBMDVMBUJOH UIF NFEJBO
B J JJ
JJJ CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST PME
JW CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST W

WJ CFUXFFO BOE

C J USVF JJ GBMTF JJJ USVF
JW USVF W GBMTF WJ GBMTF
D $BOOPU EFUFSNJOF IPX NBOZ QFPQMF BSF FYBDUMZ BHFE
ZFBST
B E DMPTF UP ZFBST
4UFN -FBG
B NJOJNVN −¡$ NBYJNVN ¡$
CJ JJ JJJ
D #FDBVTF − BOE BSF EJGGFSFOU OVNCFST
E −.◦ $
F −◦ $ JU JT ◦ $ IJHIFS UIBO UIF NFBO
C
4UFN -FBG &YFSDJTF '

B QMBZJOH TQPSU C XBUDIJOH UFMFWJTJPO

D NPSF

B SVHCZ C CBTLFUCBMM D E

B

C J JJ JJJ
D
4UFN -FBG
JW

D J ¡ JJ ¡ JJJ ¡

JW ¡
E France

E China
4UFN -FBG

USA

United
Kingdom

B C # D E # B pink
F G / H I
J / red
B C D
E F TFDPOET
B J ZFBST JJ ZFBST blue
C SBEJP TUBUJPO green
D J UP ZFBST JJ UP ZFBST yellow
C
B J JJ pink red
C HJSMT
D J DN JJ DN
E CPZT
blue
F QFSIBQT :FBS PS green
G #PUI XPVME IBWF B TNBMMFS SBOHF BOE B IJHIFS NFEJBO
B C
D B JT PS C JT D JT PS E JT yellow

D )JHIFS QSPQPSUJPO PG :FBS T MJLF SFE IJHIFS QSPQPSUJPO PG 1SPHSFTT RVJ[
:FBS T MJLFT ZFMMPX
"OTXFST
B DBUFHPSJDBM C DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM
E D EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM E DPOUJOVPVT OVNFSJDBM
B J JJ JJJ JW
C J JJ JJJ JW
red green yellow blue pink B DIJMESFO C DIJMESFO D
B
E DIJMESFO F DIJMESFO
B Outside temperature
30
food drinks household items other
25
C other
Temperature (°C)
20
household
items 15
10
food 5
0
9 am 11 am 1 pm 3 pm
Time
drinks C BSPVOE ◦ $
B J JJ JJJ JW
B LN C LN D BU SFTU
C
E LN F UI IPVS
fruit
B UPXOT
C NBYJNVN ◦ $ NJOJNVN ◦ $
chips D ◦ $
choc
olate E ◦ $
pies
4UFN -FBG NFBOT

D J DIJQT JJ GSVJUT BOE QJFT
JJJ DIPDPMBUF

B J JJ JJJ B
History
English Car
Public
Cycle transport
Maths
Science
B ,SJTIOB C /JLPMBT
D *U NFBOT /JLPMBT BMTP TQFOET NPSF UJNF QMBZJOH TQPSU
C Methods of transport
B C

D #JSE XBT DIPTFO CZ XIJDI XPVME CF QFPQMF Public transport Cycle Car

E &BDI QPSUJPO JT CVU PG JT OPU B XIPMF OVNCFS

F PS QFPQMF QBSUJDJQBUFE JO TVSWFZ &YFSDJTF (
B
B % C " D # E $
C D A B B DFSUBJO C FWFO DIBODF
D VOMJLFMZ E JNQPTTJCMF
C D
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E GBMTF
F USVF G GBMTF

B % C $ D " E # JJ
B J USVF JJ GBMTF JJJ GBMTF
"OTXFST
JW USVF W USVF blue
C J TQJOOFS MBOEJOH PO ZFMMPX PUIFS BOTXFST QPTTJCMF
Other answers possible
JJ TQJOOFS OPU MBOEJOH PO SFE
JJJ TQJOOFS MBOEJOH PO HSFFO CMVF PS SFE green
JW TQJOOFS MBOEJOH PO CMVF PS PO SFE
B TQJOOFS C TQJOOFS D TQJOOFS
E J JJ JJJ
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
JW
B #MVF SFE BOE HSFFO FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
F *G UIF UXP GSBDUJPOT BSF FRVBM UIF UXP FWFOUT BSF
C 3FE BOE HSFFO CPUI IBWF BO FWFO DIBODF
FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
D (SFFO BOE CMVF FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ SFE BOE CMVF BSF OPU FRVBMMZ
G 5IF QSPQPSUJPO PG UIF TQJOOFST BSFB DBOOPU FYDFFE
MJLFMZ
PS
BOE NVTU CF HSFBUFS UIBO PS FRVBM UP
E #MVF JT DFSUBJO
F #MVF SFE BOE HSFFO BMM QPTTJCMF CVU OP UXP DPMPVST BSF
&YFSDJTF )
FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
G 3FE BOE CMVF CPUI IBWF BO FWFO DIBODF B $ C " D % E #
B B TBNQMF TQBDF C D DFSUBJO
2 E NPSF F FWFO DIBODF
3
1 B \ ^ C \ ^ D

B SFE HSFFO CMVF
4 6

5 C D E F

B \ ^
C "MM TFDUPST IBWF UIF TBNF TJ[F JF ¡
D C D E F G

H /VNCFS DIPTFO JT MFTT UIBO PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
6
B \. " 5 ) 4^ C D
E
1 5

B C D
2 4
3

E F
E CZ SFQMBDJOH UIF XJUI B TP UIBU UIFSF BSF UXP GBDFT
G $IPPTJOH B MFUUFS JO UIF XPSE 301& PUIFS TPMVUJPOT
XJUI

QPTTJCMF
F XJUI FRVBM TFHNFOUT
B C D
B TQJOOFS TQJOOFS TQJOOFS
B \ ^

C C

D J D J JJ JJJ
E 1PTTJCMF TQJOOFS TIPXO
red 2
5
31
B J SFE CMVF ZFMMPX HSFFO

JJ

C J SFE CMVF ZFMMPX HSFFO

JJ

D D /P UFDIOJRVF GPS ýOEJOH UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ IBT CFFO

E /P CFDBVTF JU JT BMXBZT − − − UBVHIU ZFU
"OTXFST

E MFTT BDDVSBUF

B B = C = D = E = F = G = F NPSF BDDVSBUF

B 'BMTF UIFSF JT OP HVBSBOUFF JU XJMM PDDVS FYBDUMZ IBMG PG UIF
H= I=
UJNF

C C 'BMTF FH JO UXP SPMMT B EJF NJHIU MBOE POF UJNF 5IF

UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT OPU UIPVHI
D
D 'BMTF QFSIBQT UIF FWFOU EJE OPU IBQQFO ZFU CVU JU DPVME
E 5SVF JG JU JT UIFPSFUJDBMMZ JNQPTTJCMF JU DBOOPU IBQQFO JO BO
B ZFT C D

B J FYQFSJNFOU
F 'BMTF FYQFSJNFOU NJHIU IBWF CFFO MVDLZ
red G 5SVF JG JU JT DFSUBJO UIFO JU NVTU IBQQFO JO BO FYQFSJNFOU
B SFE HSFFO CMVF
C 'JGUI TFU JT GVSUIFTU GSPN UIF ýOBM FTUJNBUF
green blue D IBWF HSFFO TFDUPST CMVF BOE SFE TFDUPST
E SFE ¡ HSFFO ¡ CMVF ¡
JJ $BOOPU CF EPOF CFDBVTF BEET UP NPSF UIBO 1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT
JJJ $BOOPU CF EPOF CFDBVTF BEET UP MFTT UIBO
JW
B C D E

red /P PG DBST
green /P PG TUVEFOUT
blue 130#"#-& PS 1&##-*&3
B ◦
C − . = .◦
C − Y − Z "MTP Y Z BOE − Y − Z NVTU BMM CF CFUXFFO

BOE D PS

E PS
&YFSDJTF *

B C D F PS

" TQJOOFS XJUI UIFTF TFDUPS BOHMFT IBT BDUVBM

B C D QSPCBCJMJUJFT DMPTF UP UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT

B C D E 4FDUPS DPMPVS 3FE (SFFO 1VSQMF :FMMPX

F /P KVTU UIBU OPCPEZ EJE JU XJUIJO UIF HSPVQ TVSWFZFE 4FDUPS BOHMF ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
B
"DUVBM QSPCBCJMJUZ
C
D J UBJMT JJ NPSF &YQFSJNFOUBM
B C
QSPCBCJMJUZ
D ZFT CVU UIJT JT WFSZ VOMJLFMZ
E GSPN SPMMT
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ

B C D E
yellow
B C D red

E F G 90º 120º

60º 90º
B SFE HSFFO BOE CMVF purple
C J ZFT JJ ZFT JJJ ZFT
JW ZFT W OP green
B $ C % D # E "
B "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
C "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT
"OTXFST
# % & % $ B 12
$ " $ $ #
No. of rainy days

10
8
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT 6
4
30 2
25 0
Age (years)
20
n
b
ay
n
l
ug
p
ct
ov
ar
pr
ec
Ju
Ja
Fe
Ju
Se
O
M
A
M
N
D
15 Month
10

5 C D =

0 E EJTDSFUF OVNFSJDBM F DBUFHPSJDBM
Sven Dane Kelly Hugo Frankie
B
Name
B C D IPVST C DIFFTFDBLF

E 18 D

15 E J ZFT JJ OP JJJ ZFT
No. of students
12 JW ZFT
9 F
6
3
0
$IBQUFS
8 9 10 11 12
TV watched (hours) &YFSDJTF "
B TUVEFOUT C TUVEFOUT B QFOUBHPO
D QN E TUVEFOUT C J BOE JJJ BMM JOUFSJPS BOHMFT BSF MFTT UIBO ◦
B ¡ C D JJ UIFSF JT POF JOUFSJPS BOHMF HSFBUFS UIBO ◦
D E SFHVMBS QFOUBHPO
chicken B C
Chinese
pizza
hamburgers
D
B C D E
B C D E
B C D E
B C D E F G H I

F J K
B \ ^ C \IFBET UBJMT^ B J JW BOE WJ
D \% & 4 * ( /^ E \CMVF ZFMMPX HSFFO^ C J RVBESJMBUFSBM JJ QFOUBHPO JJJ IFYBHPO
B JW PDUBHPO W PDUBHPO WJ USJBOHMF
B RVBESJMBUFSBM "#$%
C J JJ JJJ
C QFOUBHPO "#$%&

JW W WJ D IFQUBHPO %&'()*+

DJSDMF PWBM DZMJOEFS DVCF MJOF TFHNFOU
B C D E
B J JJ
B C C J JJ
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ 4PNF QPTTJCJMJUJFT BSF HJWFO
B C D E

B C &YFSDJTF #
"OTXFST
B C
D E
D E
F G
F G
B USVF C GBMTF D GBMTF E USVF

B J JJ
B " C #$ D "$ BOE "#
E ∠"$# BOE ∠"#$
B FRVJMBUFSBM C JTPTDFMFT D TDBMFOF
B SJHIU C PCUVTF D BDVUF
C /PODPOWFY BT BU MFBTU POF EJBHPOBM XJMM DSPTT PWFS TQBDF
$IFDL NFBTVSFNFOUT XJUI B SVMFS BOE QSPUSBDUPS
PVUTJEF UIF TIBQF
B ZFT
/P B SFDUBOHMF JT FRVJBOHVMBS
/P
B
/P PG TJEFT
/P PG EJBHPOBMT C ZFT

OPU BMMPXFE UP DSPTT
/P PG EJBHPOBMT

BMMPXFE UP DSPTT
D OP
O
C J O− JJ (O − ) E ZFT

B C D E
5SJBOHMFT 4DBMFOF *TPTDFMFT &RVJMBUFSBM
"DVUF
3JHIU
0CUVTF

B ZFT C JTPTDFMFT &YFSDJTF %
5IF UXP TIPSUFS TJEFT UPHFUIFS NVTU CF MPOHFS UIBO UIF MPOHFTU
"OTXFST
C 5IF UISFF BOHMFT TIPVME BEE UP ◦
TJEF
B 5IF ◦ BOHMF BOE B BSF PO B TUSBJHIU MJOF XIJDI TIPVME
B ZFT C /P UIF UISFF TJEFT XJMM OPU KPJO
BEE UP ◦
B OPU VOJRVF BT USJBOHMFT DBO CF UIF TBNF TIBQF CVU
C B + C + = TP JG B = C NVTU CF
EJGGFSFOU TJ[F
¡
C VOJRVF BT POMZ POF USJBOHMF JT QPTTJCMF
B 5IF UXP CBTF BOHMFT JO BO JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF BSF FRVBM
D OPU VOJRVF BT "$ DPVME CF PG BOZ MFOHUI
C 5IF TVN NVTU CF ◦ JF ◦ + ◦ + ◦ = ◦

E OPU VOJRVF BT UXP USJBOHMFT BSF QPTTJCMF
B C D
C E F G
B C D
E F G
4 cm B C D
C E F G
4 cm B C D
50° E F G
A B
5 cm B C D
E F G
&YFSDJTF $ ◦
$IFDL ZPVS BOTXFST CZ NFBTVSJOH SFRVJSFE MFOHUIT BOE B ◦ C
BOHMFT D 5IFZ BSF UIF TBNF
B ZFT 444
C OP D ZFT 4"4
E ZFT BMXBZT USVF
E OP F ZFT 3)4
G ZFT ""4
B BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
$IFDL CZ EPJOH QBSUT E BOE F C BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
$IFDL CZ EPJOH QBSUT E BOE F D 5IFZ NVTU BEE UP ◦
$IFDL UIBU ∠$"# = ◦ B ∠%$" = B ("MUFSOBUF UP ∠#"$
B 4UBSU XJUI POF TJEF BOE UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UXP BSDT UP HJWF BOE %& JT QBSBMMFM UP "#.)
UIF PUIFS UXP MFOHUIT ∠&$# = C ("MUFSOBUF UP ∠"#$ BOE %&
C 4UBSU XJUI UIF CBTF BOE VTF UXP BSDT PG FRVBM SBEJVT JT QBSBMMFM UP "#.)
D 4UBSU XJUI UIF CBTF BOE VTF UXP BSDT XJUI UIF TBNF SBEJVT ∠%$" + ∠"$# + ∠&$# = ◦ "OHMFT PO B MJOF BEE
BT UIF CBTF UP ◦
E 4UBSU XJUI UIF DN TFHNFOU DPOTUSVDU B SJHIU BOHMF TFF ∴ B + C + D =

2
UIFO UIF IZQPUFOVTF C B + C + D = ("OHMFT JO B USJBOHMF TVN UP ◦ .)
B 4UBSU XJUI UIF CBTF BOE VTF UXP BSDT XJUI UIF TBNF SBEJVT
B + C = − D
BT UIF CBTF
C 4UBSU XJUI UIF CBTF BEE B QFSQFOEJDVMBS CJTFDUPS BOE QMBDF "MTP ∠"$# + ∠#$% = ◦ ("OHMFT JO B TUSBJHIU MJOF
UIF BQFY PO UIJT MJOF TVN UP ◦ .)
D 4UBSU XJUI UIF CBTF BEE B QFSQFOEJDVMBS MJOF GPS POF TJEF D + ∠#$% = ◦
UIFO BEE UIF IZQPUFOVTF
∠#$% = ( − D)◦
B 5SJBOHMFT XJUI UIF TBNF BOHMFT DPVME CF PG EJGGFSFOU TJ[F 'SPN

BOE
XF IBWF ∠#"$ = B◦ + C◦
C 5IF BOHMF CFUXFFO UIF UXP TJEFT DPVME WBSZ
C USJBOHMFT UIFSF BSF UXP QPJOUT PO UIF SBZ "& UIBU DPVME
&YFSDJTF &
CF VTFE UP DSFBUF UIF UIJSE TJEF
D 5IF JOGPSNBUJPO EPFT OPU HJWF B VOJRVF USJBOHMF B C
a° a° a° a°
B $IFDL UIBU UIF EBTIFE MJOFT GPSN BO FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF
C 6TF UIF EJBHSBN UP BTTJTU a° a° a° a°
D E
b° a° b° a°
a° b° a° b°

F G B C D
a°
B QPTTJCMF C JNQPTTJCMF
"OTXFST
a° D JNQPTTJCMF E QPTTJCMF
F JNQPTTJCMF
B B + C + G = (TVN PG BOHMFT JO B USJBOHMF)
D + E + F = (TVN PG BOHMFT JO B USJBOHMF)
5PUBM TVN = B + C + G + D + E + F
= +
=
C
B C D
B DPOWFY C OPODPOWFY D OPODPOWFY
E F G
B TRVBSF C USBQF[JVN D LJUF
E SIPNCVT F SFDUBOHMF G QBSBMMFMPHSBN 1SPHSFTT RVJ[
B SFDUBOHMFT LJUF QBSBMMFMPHSBN
C SIPNCVT QBSBMMFMPHSBN B DPODBWF JSSFHVMBS QFOUBHPO
D TRVBSF SFDUBOHMF SIPNCVT QBSBMMFMPHSBN C DPOWFY SFHVMBS IFYBHPO
E USBQF[JVN D DPOWFY JSSFHVMBS SFDUBOHMF
F LJUF E OPODPOWFY JSSFHVMBS EFDBHPO
B B = C = B JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF
C B = C = C SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF
D B = C =
B C D E
'PSNJOH B TRVBSF JT QPTTJCMF
B TRVBSF SFDUBOHMF 6 cm 6 cm
C TRVBSF SIPNCVT LJUF
B " TRVBSF JT B UZQF PG SFDUBOHMF CFDBVTF B SFDUBOHMF DBO CF
DPOTUSBJOFE UP GPSN B TRVBSF
6 cm
C :FT B QBSBMMFMPHSBN DBO CF DPOTUSBJOFE UP CF B SIPNCVT
◦
D OP
B C
B 6TF HJWFO EJBHSBN BOE DIFDL UIBU BMM TJEFT BSF UIF TBNF
MFOHUI B C
C 6TF HJWFO EJBHSBN BOE DIFDL UIBU UIF EJTUBODF CFUXFFO B TRVBSF C USBQF[JVN
UIF MJOFT BSF BMXBZT FRVBM D SIPNCVT E QBSBMMFMPHSBN
B C D
&YFSDJTF ' B C D
"OTXFS NBZ WBSZ CVU UIF TVN PG BOHMFT TIPVME CF WFSZ DMPTF B C D E
UP ◦
"OTXFS NBZ WBSZ CVU UIF TVN PG BOHMFT TIPVME CF WFSZ DMPTF &YFSDJTF (
UP ◦
B XBZT C XBZT D XBZT
B B + = TP B =
E XBZ F XBZT G XBZT
C C + + + = TP C =
B C D
B C D
E F G
B B = C = C B = C =
B BOE C BOE D BOE
D B = C = E B = C =
E BOE F BOE G BOE
F B = C = G B = C =
B FRVJMBUFSBM C JTPTDFMFT D TDBMFOF
B B = C B = C =
B J LJUF JJ SFDUBOHMF SIPNCVT
D B =
JJJ OPOF JW TRVBSF
B C D
B C D

C J USBQF[JVN LJUF F G
JJ SFDUBOHMF SIPNCVT QBSBMMFMPHSBN
"OTXFST
JJJ OPOF JW TRVBSF
B MJOF BOE SPUBUJPOBM TZNNFUSZ PG PSEFS
C MJOF BOE SPUBUJPOBM TZNNFUSZ PG PSEFS
D MJOF BOE SPUBUJPOBM TZNNFUSZ PG PSEFS
E MJOF BOE SPUBUJPOBM TZNNFUSZ PG PSEFS B (−, ) C (−, ) D (, −) E
B " # $ % & , . 5 6 7 8 :
B OP C OP
C ) * 0 9
B "′
#′
$′
%′
D ) * / 0 4 9 ;
C "′ (−, ) #′ (−, ) $′ (−, ) %′ (−, )
B C D
D "′ (−, −) #′ (−, −) $′ (−, −) %′ (−, −)
E "′ (, −) #′ (, −) $′ (, −) %′ (, −)
F "′ (−, ) #′ (−, ) $′ (−, ) %′ (−, )
G "′ (−, −) #′ (−, −) $′ (−, −) %′ (−, −)
B C B (−, −) C (, −) D (−, )
E (−, ) F
G (−, −)
B "′ (, −) #′
%′ (, −)
C "′
#′
%′
D E
D "′
#′ (−, ) %′
B "′ (−, ) #′ (−, ) %′ (−, )

C "′ (, −) #′ (, −) %′ (−, −)
D "′
#′
%′ (, −)
B C
F
B BOE C BOE D BOE

B C
D E
B J OP JJ OP
C JTPTDFMFT USBQF[JVN
B C D
E F JOýOJUF G JOýOJUF
F G
&YFSDJTF )
B C
(, −)
B (, −) C
D (−, )
D E B ◦ C ◦ D ◦
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦
B (, −) C (, −)
D UIF TBNF QPJOU E
GPS CPUI

5IF USJBOHMF IBT CFFO TIJGUFE OPU SPUBUFE &YFSDJTF +
"OTXFST
B C
&YFSDJTF *
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
D
B VQ C MFGU D EPXO E VQ
F MFGU G MFGU H SJHIU I SJHIU
B VOJUT
B C D
C VOJUT
B C
JD VOJUT JJ VOJUT
B C
D E
D E
F G
4FF HJWFO EJBHSBNT

B
C (−, ) D (−, ) E (−, −) 4FF HJWFO EJBHSBNT JO 2VFTUJPO
F (−, ) G
H
I
B C
J (, −) K (−, ) L (−, ) M (−, −)
B VOJUT VQ C VOJUT EPXO
D VOJUT EPXO E VOJUT VQ
F VOJUT MFGU G VOJUT SJHIU
H VOJU MFGU BOE VOJUT VQ B (two squares)
I VOJUT SJHIU BOE VOJUT VQ
J VOJUT SJHIU BOE VOJUT EPXO ,
C (square and rectangle with the same
K VOJUT MFGU BOE VOJUT VQ
top side length)
L VOJUT SJHIU BOE VOJUT EPXO ,
M VOJUT MFGU BOE VOJUT EPXO
D (circle, isosceles triangle)
B VOJUT MFGU BOE VOJUT VQ
C VOJUT MFGU BOE VOJUT VQ
D VOJU SJHIU BOE VOJUT EPXO ,
E VOJUT SJHIU BOE VOJUT EPXO E (square, isosceles triangle)
B C
,
QPJOUT
*U JT OFJUIFS SPUBUFE OPS FOMBSHFE F (square, diamond)
B SJHIU BOE EPXO C SJHIU BOE VQ ,
D MFGU BOE EPXO E SJHIU BOE VQ
G (2 circles)
B (−, −) C (−, −) D (−, )
E (−, −) F (, −) ,

H (square, triangle on square)
"OTXFST NBZ WBSZ
"OTXFST
B C
,
I (circle in square, semicircle on rectangle)
,
J (circle, triangle on semicircle)
, D E

B C
(4-sided pyramid)
F G
(8-sided double pyramid)

D
(pyramid with 5-sided base) B UFUSBIFESPO PDUBIFESPO JDPTBIFESPO

:FT POF DBO CF SPUBUFE UP NBUDI UIF PUIFS C JDPTBIFESPO
B $ C " D # E % D PDUBIFESPO
B J front left E UFUSBIFESPO
top
F IFYBIFESPO PDUBIFESPO
G IFYBIFESPO PDUBIFESPO
B PDUBIFESPO C IFYBIFESPO
D EPEFDBIFESPO E JDPTBIFESPO
F UFUSBIFESPO
JJ front left top B C D

E F
B C
B C
C J JJ
B C :FT
D 5IFSF JT OPU UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG GBDFT NFFUJOH BU
FBDI WFSUFY
B J JJ
&YFSDJTF , C
O TJEF MFOHUI

B FRVBM C SFHVMBS D QMBUPOJD O OVNCFS PG

" BOE $ DN DVCFT
B FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF C TRVBSF /VNCFS PG JOTJEF DVCFT

D FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF E SFHVMBS QFOUBHPO
/VNCFS PG PVUTJEF DVCFT
F FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF
B DVCF C DZMJOEFS D J O JJ (O − ) JJJ O − (O − )
D USJBOHVMBS QZSBNJE

1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT
"OTXFST
UFUSBIFESPO B ◦ C ◦ D
E *U TUBZT UIF TBNF
y
c 4
3
B C 2
1

x
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT a
−3
b
& # $ % $ −4
" & $ & $
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT $IBQUFS

B C D
&YFSDJTF "
B C
$IFDL MFOHUIT BOE BOHMFT XJUI B SVMFS BOE QBJS PG DPNQBTTFT B & C / D & E & F &
$IFDL MFOHUIT BOE BOHMFT XJUI B SVMFS BOE QBJS PG DPNQBTTFT G / H & I & J /
B ZFT ""4 C OP D ZFT 3)4 B USVF C GBMTF D GBMTF
B C D USVF
E F G B C D USVF
H I J B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E USVF
B USBQF[JVN C SIPNCVT D LJUF F GBMTF G GBMTF H USVF I GBMTF
B C D J USVF K USVF L GBMTF M USVF
E F G N GBMTF O GBMTF P USVF
B C D B GBMTF C USVF D GBMTF E USVF

B "′ (−, −) #′ (−, −) $′ (−, −) B USVF C USVF D GBMTF E USVF
C "′
#′
$′
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E USVF
B "′ (, −) #′ (−, ) %′ (−, −) F USVF G GBMTF H GBMTF I USVF
C "′
#′ (, −) %′ (, −) J USVF
D "′ (−, ) #′
%′ (−, ) B + Y = C L = D B + C =
B "′ (, −) #′ (, −) $′
E E = F Y = G Q =
C "′ (−, ) #′ (−, ) $′ (−, ) U
H = I R+Q=R×Q
B
B D = C Y = . D B + C =

E G + = F K + + N + =
N =
L = L =
Y = BOE Z = Y = BOE Z = Y = BOE
Z = Y = BOE Z = Y = BOE Z =
C B 4 C 4 D " E "
F / G / H " I 4
J " K 4 L / M /
B = × PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF

C − = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
D ÷ = − PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
E − = ÷ PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF

B B (Y + ) = C = (B + )
C D E = E ( + B) =
"OTXFST
D :FT JG JT DIBOHFE UP UIFO + = JT B F (Z + ) = G (Y + ) =
USVF FRVBUJPO B & (+) C " (+) D % (÷) E # (−)
E :FT JG + JT DIBOHFE UP − UIFO − = JT B F $ (×)
USVF FRVBUJPO
B × UIFO + C × UIFO − D ÷ UIFO −
&YFSDJTF # E − UIFO ÷
B R = C Y =
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF E GBMTF
D + Y = E Y =
B C D E
B 3x + 2 = 14 C 5x − 3 = 32
B C D E −2 −2 +3 +3
F G H I 3x = 12 5x = 35
B Y C D D C E E ÷3 ÷3 ÷5 ÷5
x=4 x=7
B Z= C M= D M= E E=
× 10 × 10 +2 +2
F M = G B= H T = I Y= 10x = 40 x+2=9
J F= K S = L T= M [= +1 +1
B Q= C Q= D R= E W= 10x + 1 = 41
F C= G V= H H= I F= D (x ÷ 2) + 4 = 9
J E= K E= L N= M P= −4 −4
x÷2=5
B Y= C Y= D Y=
×2 ×2
E Y= F Y= G Y= x = 10
B C D +8 +8
E F G x + 8 = 18
B Y = C Y = ÷2 ÷2
(x + 8) ÷ 2 = 9
B X = C X = B J = JJ = JJJ =
B .Y = . C Y= C 3FHBSEMFTT PG PSJHJOBM FRVBUJPO XJMM BMXBZT SFTVMU
B Z + = Z C Z= JO =
B Y = C Y + = TP Y = B x=3 C x=3
×7 ×7 ×2 ×2
B Y = TP BOE BSF UIF OVNCFST 7x = 21 2x = 6
C -)4 JT Y + PS (Y + ) XIJDI XJMM BMXBZT CF B NVMUJQMF
+2 +2 +8 +8
PG 7x + 2 = 23 8 + 2x = 14
B Y = BOE Z = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF B 5SVF ZPV DBO + UP CPUI TJEFT BOE UIFO − UP HFU UIF
C Y = BOE Z = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF PSJHJOBM FRVBUJPO BHBJO
D Y = BOE Z = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF C 5SVF TJNQMZ QFSGPSN UIF PQQPTJUF PQFSBUJPOT JO UIF
E Y = BOE Z = . PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF SFWFSTF PSEFS TP + CFDPNFT −
F Y = BOE Z = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF D 5SVF VTF UIF PQFSBUJPOT UIBU UBLF FRVBUJPO UP FRVBUJPO
G Y = BOE Z = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF BOE UIFO UIF PQFSBUJPOT UIBU UBLF FRVBUJPO UP FRVBUJPO
E GBMTF FH FRVBUJPO Y = FRVBUJPO Y =
&YFSDJTF $ FRVBUJPO Y =
B E + = C F + =
D B + = E Y + =
&YFSDJTF %
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF
B $ C % D & E # F "
E GBMTF F GBMTF
B + Y = C Y = D = R
B C Y=
E + B = F + C = G = C +
H=
H =+B I Y + = J Q =
B − C ÷ D × E +
B TVCUSBDUJOH C BEEJOH D EJWJEJOH CZ
B N= C H = D T= E J =
E NVMUJQMZJOH CZ F EJWJEJOH CZ G BEEJOH
F U= G R= H Z = I T =
H EJWJEJOH CZ I BEEJOH

J K= K M= L W= M Z = B 'JSTU TUFQ Y+ JT OPU DPNQMFUFMZ EJWJEFE CZ
N L= O Z= P [= Q U = C 4FDPOE TUFQ -)4 EJWJEFE CZ 3)4 IBT TVCUSBDUFE
"OTXFST
R C = S Q = T B= U O= D 'JSTU TUFQ 3)4 IBT BEEFE OPU TVCUSBDUFE
B 7a + 3 = 38 C 4b − 10 = 14 E 'JSTU TUFQ -)4 IBT B TVCUSBDUFE OPU
−3 −3 + 10 + 10 B Y = C Y= D M= E U=
7a = 35 4b = 24 F T= G C = H K= I E=
÷7 ÷7 ÷4 ÷4
a= 5 b=6
D E
&YFSDJTF &
2(q + 6) = 20 5=
x
+3
÷2 ÷2 10 B USVF C GBMTF D USVF
−3 −3
q + 6 = 10 x E GBMTF F USVF G GBMTF
−6 −6 2=
×10 10 B C D GBMTF
q=4 ×10
20 = x B C = C E = D I = E Q =
B TVCUSBDU C BEE D EJWJEF CZ E EJWJEF CZ B # C $ D " E %
B G = C L= D Y= E B= B N = C D = D T = E S =
F L= G B= H O = I O= F V = G Z = H Y= I B =
J H= K R = L [ = M Q= J I = K K = L W= M R=
N E= O U= P V= Q D= B I= C Z= D K= E C=
R R = S Z = T R= U V = F V= G U= H X= I S=
J R= K T= L M= M [=
B Y= C L= D X=
N W = O G= P Y= Q E=
R O= S N = T Q= U B=
E Y= F Y= G Y=

B Z = − C B = − D Y = − E Y = −
B S = − C Y = − D U = − E Z = −
F V = − G Z = − H V = − I E = −
F Y = − G L = − H Y = − I Y = −
U R
− B = → U = C = → R =
J Y=

S R−
B Y + = → Y = C Z = → Z = D = → S = E = → R =

D C + = → C = E (L − ) = → L = Y+ Z
C L F =→Y= G +=→Z=
F + = → C = G − = → L =
C
B = . C C = D
B O + = C O = I
Y
B + Y C + Y = . B +

D Y = . TP QFOT DPTU DFOUT Y
C + = → Y = $
B X = → X = C Y = → Y =
D ( + Y) = → Y = D
E X = → X = B 5IF EJGGFSFOU PSEFS JO XIJDI JT BEEFE BOE UIF SFTVMU JT
B Y = C Y= D Y= NVMUJQMJFE CZ
C NVMUJQMZ CZ
&YBNQMFT JODMVEF Y + = , Y = , − Y = ,
Y D TVCUSBDU
= Y, =
Y E /P UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIFN JT BMXBZT GPS BOZ
B 2x + 5 = 13 C 10 + 2x = 20 WBMVF PG Y
−5 −5 −10 −10
B Y = PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
2x = 8 2x = 10
C Y =
÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2
x=5 D ZFT FH Y + =
x=4

×5 ×5 −3 −3 B J NVMUJQMZ CZ JJ EJWJEF CZ
x−3=2
5x = 20 C Y = GPS CPUI PG UIFN
×2 ×2 D .BLFT UIF ýSTU TUFQ B EJWJTJPO CZ B GSBDUJPO
SBUIFS UIBO
2(x − 3) = 4
NVMUJQMJDBUJPO
D ZFT E ZFT
B Y = C Y= D Y= E Y=

1SPHSFTT RVJ[ B K = C B= D B= E B=
B & C / D & E / F D= G E= H Y= I Y=
"OTXFST
B 5 C ' D 5 E ' J Y=
B + N = C E =
D Y = E D + C =
&YFSDJTF (
B B= C Y= D N = E B= B / C 3 D 3
B Y = C B = E / F 3 G 3
B C D E
B + C D ¨
B I= C I= D N= E N =
B B = C X = D L = E N=
B Z = C Y= D Y=
B Y = C B= D N= E Z=
B D = C B= D I = E N = B "= C R= D U=
N +Y B ( = C Y= D Z=

B + = ; N = C = ; Y =
B = X × → X =
C J = I → I = JJ TRVBSF
&YFSDJTF ' B 1 = C I= D VOJUT TRVBSFE
$ B ' = C $ = D ◦ $ E ◦ $
B C D E 4 − C (' − )
B E = C $=
B USVF C GBMTF D USVF
2 −
E USVF F GBMTF G GBMTF D Y=

B Y + C C + D B − E B + B $IFDL CZ TVCTUJUVUJOH WBMVFT CBDL JOUP FRVBUJPO
F Y + G − Z H B + I V − C *G % = $ TIPVME FRVBM OPU BT JO SPX
B B + C + Y D C − E B + D $IFDL CZ TVCTUJUVUJOH WBMVFT CBDL JOUP FRVBUJPO
F Y + G L+ H C + I L + %U
E 'PS FYBNQMF $ = U − , $ = + ; PUIFS

B T= C M= D Q= E Z= TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF
F R= G Q = H N= I C= B "CCPUTGPSE "QFT
J Q= K Q= L Z= M S= C HPBMT
B E= C Y= D Y= E F= D 4 = R+ H + C
F B= G S= H V= I R = E HPBMT BOE CFIJOET HPBMT BOE CFIJOET HPBMT
B T= C J= D D= E W= BOE CFIJOET HPBMT BOE CFIJOET
F L= G R= H Z= I G=
J U=
&YFSDJTF )
B " C $ D $
B V = − C L = − D Q = − E R = −
F V = − G Y = − H Q = − I S = − B Y= C B= D L=
J Y = − B -FU D = DBST DPTU C D + =
B J ( + Y) = JJ Y = D D = E
C J (R − ) = JJ R = B -FU Q =DPTU PG POF QFO C Q =
D J (Y + ) = JJ Y = D Q = E
E J (Z + ) − Z = JJ Z = B -FU I = OVNCFS PG IPVST XPSLFE
B -)4 TJNQMJýFT UP CVU = JT OFWFS USVF C I + =
C -)4 TJNQMJýFT UP OPU D I =
D -)4 TJNQMJýFT UP OPU E IPVST
B -)4 = 3)4 = UIFSFGPSF USVF B X = C X = D N
C -)4 = 3)4 = UIFSFGPSF USVF E N
D -)4 TJNQMJýFT UP (Y + ) = → Y =
E 'PS FYBNQMF (Y + ) − − Y = 0UIFST QPTTJCMF Y=
B T = C M= D Q= E Z= I
F R= G Q = H N= I C= ZFBST PME
J Q= K Q= L Z= M S= Y + = → Y =


Z = → Z = B OP C 4PMVUJPO JT Y = XIJDI JT OPU XIPMF

&YBNQMFT JODMVEF I = X = PS I = X = . B /P -)4 TJNQMJýFT UP
"OTXFST
PUIFS TPMVUJPOT QPTTJCMF C J *T B TPMVUJPO JJ *T B TPMVUJPO
Y = ., Z = B " = DN C I = DN
B QPTTJCMF Q =
B C D
C /PU QPTTJCMF CFDBVTF TPMVUJPO JT OPU B XIPMF OVNCFS
B C D E DN
D QPTTJCMF Q =
B Z = C Z =
B + C = TP B = − C = ( − C) JT BMXBZT
FWFO
B J Y =
JJ 0OF BOHMF JT −◦ XIJDI JT JNQPTTJCMF B DFOUT C $ = + U D
C J − Y + + Y + JT BMXBZT SFHBSEMFTT E TFDPOET F TFDPOET
PG UIF WBMVF PG Y G NJO JO UPUBM TFDPOET GPS UIF ýSTU DBMM UIFO
JJ BOZ WBMVF MFTT UIBO BOE HSFBUFS UIBO − TFDPOET
D "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ B

C IPVST BU YIPVS BOE IPVST BU Y+
IPVS
1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT D
E Y =
B C D E
F Y = TP (FNNB FBSOFE GSPN .POEBZ UP 'SJEBZ
F
DN $IBQUFS
Y = , Z = , 1 = DN
N &YFSDJTF "
B = , C = , D =
B J GPPU = JODIFT = EJHJUT = QBMNT
B B = ., C = . C B = , C =
JJ NJMF = QBDFT
D B = , C = E B = , C =
C J GPPU = JODIFT JJ GFFU = ZBSE
TIFFQ EVDLT
JJJ NJMF = ZBSET
Y = ; , , , ,
D J N = DN JJ DN = NN
JJJ LN = N
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT EJHJU JODI QBMN GPPU DVCJU QBDF NJMF
JODI GPPU ZBSE SPE DIBJO GVSMPOH NJMF
$ " % # &
NJMMJNFUSF DFOUJNFUSF NFUSF LJMPNFUSF
$ " " # &
B C D
E F G
B C D
B GBMTF C USVF D USVF E F G
E GBMTF F USVF G GBMTF
B C D
B + V = C L = E F G
D [ = E B + C =
B LJMPNFUSFT C NJMMJNFUSFT D NFUSFT
B Y= C Y= D Z= E Z= E NFUSFT F DFOUJNFUSFT G LJMPNFUSFT
F B= G B =
B NFUSFT C NJMMJNFUSFT D LJMPNFUSFT
B Y = C B = D = S E = Q E LJMPNFUSFT F NFUSFT G DFOUJNFUSFT
B Y= C S = D Q= E C= QBDF
F Y= G S= H R= I V=
B V= C Q= D Y= E Z=
F Z= G Y = B NN C NN D DN
B + Q C Y + D B + E Y + E DN F DN
B Y= C Y= D Y= E Z = B DN C DN D DN

F [= G R=

B DN
NN DN N LN
#JHBO UPXFS
"OTXFST

NN B C D D

ZFBST
DN
ZFBST
NN
N
T
LN km
C ÷1000 ×1000
*ODI 'FFU :BSE .JMF m ×100 000
÷100 000

÷1 000 000 ÷100 ×100 ×1 000 000
*ODI

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DAVID GREENWOOD | BRYN HUMBERSTONE

"CPVU UIF BVUIPST JY

 8IPMF OVNCFST  Number and Algebra

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Mathematics for the Australian

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Note-taking Search functions

Online tests Video demonstration for

Student Class Access to all HOTmaths

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For question 14, try

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For question 16, try

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you will learn

Whole numbers in the

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