Dr. A.K.

Panigrahi

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What is Management ???

 Is the process of using what you have
{ RESOURCES }, to do what you want to do ….
{GOALS}
 Resources {Assets}

7 categories of resources:
 People
 Money
 Time
 Work Procedures
 Energy
 Materials
 Equipment
 Goals

 Profit Levels or Maximum cost levels
 Maintenance or growth of financial strength
 Quality standards
 Guest employee & management concerns
 Professional obligations
 Societal concerns
The Management
process…..

Planning

Organizing
Evaluating Coordinating
Staffing

Directing
Controlling
 Management Functions
Classical
Management Functions
 Updated
Management Functions

Planning
Making Things Happen
Organizing
Meeting the Competition
Staffing
Organizing People,
Leading Projects, and Processes

Controlling
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 PLANNING

• Planning is determining the objectives and formulating
the methods to achieve them. It is more simply said than
done. A job well planned is half done. During planning
one needs to ask oneself the following:
• What am I trying to accomplish i.e. what is my objective?
• What resources do I have and do I need to accomplish the
same?
• What are the methods and means to achieve the
objectives?
• Is this the optimal path?

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 Types of Planning
• Purposes or missions,

• Objectives-It is the ultimate goal towards which the activities of the
organization are directed
• Strategies-general program of action and deployment of resources
• Policies-general statement or understanding which guide or
channel thinking in decision making
• Procedures-states a series of related steps or tasks to be performed
in a sequential way
• Rules-prescribes a course of action and explicitly states what is to
be done
• Programs-comprehensive plan that includes future use of different
resources
• Budgets-statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms
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 Principles of Planning

 Take Time to Plan
 Planning can be Top to Down or Bottom to Top
 Involve and Communicate with all those Concerned
 Plans must be Flexible and Dynamic
 Evaluate and Revise

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 Steps in Planning

1. Determining the goals or objectives for the entire
organization.
2. Making assumptions on various elements of the
environment.
3. To decide the planning period.
4. Examine alternative courses of actions.
5. Evaluating the alternatives.
6. Real point of decision making
7. To make derivative plans.
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 Types of Managerial
Decisions:

 Programmed
 Non programmed.
 Mechanistic-It is one that is routine and repetitive in
nature
 Analytical-It involves a problem with a larger number of
decision variables
 Judgmental-It involves a problem with a limited number
of decision variables, but the outcomes of decision
alternatives are unknown
 Adaptive-It involves a problem with a large number of
decision variables, where outcomes are not predictable
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 Process of Organizing

 Determine what is to be done/ Division of Work:
 Assign Tasks: Departmentalization:
 Link Departments: Hierarchy Development:
 Decide how much Authority to Designate/
Authority, Responsibility and Delegation:
 Decide the Levels at which Decisions are to be made
/ Centralization vs. Decentralization:
 Decide how to Achieve Coordination:

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 Techniques for achieving
coordination.

 Coordination by Rules or Procedures
 Coordination by Targets or Goals:
 Coordination through the Hierarchy
 Coordination through Departmentalization
 Using a Staff Assistant for Coordination:
 Using a Liaison for Coordination:
 Using a Committee for Coordination
 Using Independent Integrators for Coordination:
 Coordination through Mutual Adjustment:

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 STAFFING

Definition 1
 Selecting and training individuals for specific job
functions, and charging them with the associated
responsibilities.
Definition 2
 Number of employed personnel in an organization or
program. Also called workforce.

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DIRECTING/LEADING

 Provides positive and dynamic leadership
 Provides maximum opportunities
 Provides proper motivation of personnel
 Ability to command people

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 CONTROLLING
CONCEPTS

 Feed Forward Control-Control that attempts to
identify and prevent deviations before they occur is
called feed forward control, sometimes called
preliminary or preventive control.
 Concurrent Control-Control that monitors ongoing
employee activities during their progress, to ensure
they are consistent with quality standards, is called
concurrent control.
 Feedback Control-In this case, the control takes
place after the action. Sometimes called post-action
or output control
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 Steps in the Control
Process

 Establish Standards of Performance
 Measure Actual Performance
 Compare Performance to Standards:
 Take Corrective Action

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Principles of Effective Control

 Effective controls are timely.
 Control standards should encourage compliance.
 Setting effective standards is important
 Use management by exception.
 Employees should get fast feedback on performance.
 Do not over rely on control reports.
 Fit the amount of control to the task.

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What Companies Look for
in Managers

Technical Skills Human Skill

Conceptual Skill Design Skill

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MANAGERIAL SKILLS

CONCEPTUAL

HUMAN

TECHNI
CAL

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 TECHNICAL SKILLS

A persons’ knowledge and ability to make effective use
of any process or technique constitutes his technical
skills.
For eg: Engineer, accountant, data entry operator,
lawyer, doctor etc.

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 HUMAN SKILLS

An individuals’ ability to cooperate with other
members of the organization and work effectively in
teams.
For eg: Interpersonal relationships, solving people’s
problem and acceptance of other employees.

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 CONCEPTUAL SKILLS

Ability of an individual to analyze complex situations
and to rationally process and interpret available
information.
For eg: Idea generation and analytical process of
information.

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TYPES OF MANAGERS

 FIRST-LINE MANAGERS- often called supervisors
stand at the base of the managerial hierarchy
 MIDDLE MANAGERS- heads of various
departments and organise human and other
resources to achieve organizational goals
 TOP MANAGERS- set organizational goals,
strategies to implement them and make decisions

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 Levels of Management
Top Level Management CEO
COO
CIO
Middle Level Management General Mgr
Plant Mgr
Regional Mgr
First-Line
Management
Office Manager
Shift Supervisor
Department Manager
Team Leader
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 Top Managers
Responsible for…

Creating a context for change

Developing attitudes of commitment

and ownership in employees

Creating a positive organizational

culture through language and action

Monitoring their business environments

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Middle Managers
Responsible for…

Setting objectives consistent with top

management goals, planning strategies

Coordinating and linking groups,

departments, and divisions

Monitoring and managing the performance

of subunits and managers who report to them

Implementing the changes or strategies

generated by top managers
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First-Line Managers
Responsible for…

Managing the performance of

entry-level employees

Teaching entry-level employees

how to do their jobs

Making schedules and operating plans based on

middle management’s intermediate-range plans
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WHAT MAKES MANAGERS SUCCESSFUL?

 Hard work
 Smart work
 Patience
 Out of box thinking
 Reading and acquiring knowledge
 Ethical consciousness
 Collaborative relationship
 Perseverance

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 Thank you

Video :
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=WUUFyUcG
TSA

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