TEMA 2 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

Bidang Pembelajaran

Koordinasi Badan
BAB 7 Body Coordination

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT Concepts

Sistem endokrin manusia dan fungsinya

The human endocrine system and its functions

Jenis dadah
Types of drug
Punca dan kesan
ketidakseimbangan
KOORDINASI BADAN
hormon
BODY COORDINATION
Causes and effects of
hormonal imbalance
Minda yang sihat
Healthy mind

Kesan penyalahgunaan dadah

dan alkohol ke atas koordinasi
badan dan kesihatan mental
The effects of drug and alcohol
abuse on body coordination and
mental health

APAKAH ITU KOORDINASI BADAN?

WHAT IS BODY COORDINATION?

Koordinasi badan ialah penyelarasan gerak balas badan kita terhadap sebarang rangsangan di sekeliling
kita dan di dalam badan kita seperti perubahan suhu dan pencernaan makanan. Koordinasi memastikan
setiap bahagian badan dikawal supaya dapat berfungsi secara harmoni.
Body coordination is the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards any stimulus around us and from the
inside of our body like change in temperature and digestion of food. Coordination ensures that each part
of the body is controlled so that it functions in harmony.

71
 NOTA BESTARI
Sistem Endokrin dan Fungsinya
1. Kelenjar endokrin ialah kelenjar tanpa duktus yang
merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam darah.
2. Sistem endokrin manusia terdiri daripada kelenjar
yang berikut.
(a) Kelenjar pituitari
• Sebagai kelenjar induk yang mengawal kelenjar
endokrin yang lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan
otot dan tulang
(b) Kelenjar tiroid
• Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan,
perkembangan mental dan fizikal
(c) Pankreas
• Hormon insulin yang dirembeskan mengawal
aras glukosa di dalam darah
• Kekurangan hormon insulin akan menyebabkan
diabetes
(d) Kelenjar adrenal
Meningkatkan kadar metabolisme atau respirasi
(e) Ovari
• Merangsang penghasilan ovum, mengawal kitar
haid dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan
• Kekurangan hormon seks ini boleh
menyebabkan kemandulan, kitar haid tidak
teratur dan keguguran fetus jika mengandung
BAB
(f) Testis
• Merangsang penghasilan sperma
7 • Kekurangan hormon seks ini boleh
menyebabkan sperma yang dihasilkan kurang
matang dan perkembangan ciri-ciri sekunder
seks terencat.
Jenis-jenis Dadah
1. Dadah ialah bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi
dan fisiologi badan.
2. Penenang (depresen) seperti barbiturat dan
trankuilizer mengurangkan tekanan jiwa.
3. Perangsang (stimulan) seperti amfetamina, nikotina
dan kafeina meningkatkan kadar metabolisme badan.
4. Inhalan seperti aerosol bahan gas dan pelarut
merosakkan otak, peparu dan ginjal.
5. Halusinogen seperti marijuana (ganja) dan LSD
menyebabkan khayalan.
Minda yang Sihat
1. Minda adalah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan
menaakul.
2. Minda yang sihat membolehkan seseorang individu
membuat pertimbangan yang sewajarnya sebelum
bertindak.
3. Minda yang kurang sihat termasuklah kurang yakin,
sentiasa risau dan cepat marah.
72
Endocrine System and Its Functions
1. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete
hormones directly into the blood.
2. The human endocrine system consists of the following
glands.
(a) Pituitary gland
• It is the master gland that controls other
endocrine glands and controls the growth of
muscles and bones
(b) Thyroid gland
• Controls the rate of body metabolism, mental
and physical development
(c) Pancreas
• Insulin hormone that is secreted controls the
glucose level in the blood
• A lack of the insulin hormone will cause
diabetes
(d) Adrenal glands
• Increases the rate of metabolism or respiration
(e) Ovary
• Stimulates the production of ova, controls the
menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual
characteristics
• Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause
sterility, irregular menstrual cycles and
miscarriage in pregnancy
(f) Testis
• Stimulates the production of sperms
• Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause
the production of immature sperms and
stunt the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
Types of Drug
1. A drug is a chemical substance that can change the
function and physiology of the body.
2. Depressant such as barbiturates and tranquilizers
reduce mental stress.
3. Stimulant such as amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine
increase the metabolic rate of the body.
4. Inhalant such as aerosol, gas substance and solvent
damages the brain, lungs and kidneys.
5. Hallucinogen such as marijuana and LSD cause
hallucinations.
Healthy Mind
1. The mind is the ability of the brain to think and judge.
2. A healthy mind enables an individual to make rational
decisions before taking action.
3. An unhealthy mind includes lack
of confidence, constantly worrying and
short-tempered.
Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
7.1 Sistem endokrin manusia Tarikh:

Sistem Endokrin Manusia

7.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN Human endocrine system
PBD
Masteri

2002 BHG. B, S1  2005 BHG. B, S5  2015 BHG. B, S4(a), (b) & (d)
Lengkapkan ruang tentang kelenjar endokrin. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan berikut.
Complete the spaces about endocrine glands in the spaces below. Then, answer the following questions.

Kelenjar adrenal Pankreas Otot Testis Ovari Kelenjar pituitari

Adrenal glands Pancreas Muscles Testis Ovary Pituitary gland
Metabolisme Kitar haid Mental Induk Fizikal Seks sekunder
Metabolism Menstrual cycle Mental Master Physical Secondary sexual
Kelenjar tiroid Aras glukosa Tulang Sperma Respirasi Denyutan jantung
Thyroid gland Glucose level Bones Sperms Respiration Heartbeat

P: Kelenjar pituitari/Pituitary gland S: Kelenjar tiroid/Thyroid gland

Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function:
Sebagai kelenjar induk
yang fizikal
Mengawal perkembangan
mengawal kelenjar endokrin yang mental
dan serta kadar
lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan metabolisme badan
otot dan tulang
master Controls the physical and
As the gland that mental development and the rate
Stesen Jenis
controls other termometer
endocrine glands Prosedur
Station Types
and controls of thermometer
the growth of Procedure
of body metabolism
muscles and bones
Termometer klinik Letakkan di bawah lidah atau ketiak
1 T: armpit
Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal glands
Clinical thermometer Place under the tongue or
Q: Pankreas/Pancreas Fungsi/Function:
Termometer makmal Letakkan di bawah ketiak
2
Fungsi/Function:
Laboratory thermometer Place under the armpit Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung

BAB
aras glukosa di dalam
Mengawal Termometer rektal Letakkan di dalam duburdan respirasi serta metabolisme
3
7
Rectal the
darah/Controls glucose level in
thermometer Place in the anus badan/Increase the rate of
the bloodTermometer inframerah heartbeat respiration  , and
Dekatkan ke dahi atau masukkan keand
4 Infrared thermometer dalam salur telinga/Bring nearmetabolism
body the
R: Testis/Testis forehead or put into the ear canal
Fungsi/Function: U: Ovari/Ovary

Merangsang penghasilan sperma Fungsi/Function:

dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder Mengawal kitar haid dan ciri-
Stimulates the production ciri seks sekunder
of sperms and secondary sexual Controls the menstrual cycle and
characteristics secondary sexual characteristics

1 Apakah itu kelenjar endokrin? What is an endocrine gland?  TP2

Kelenjar tanpa duktus yang merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam aliran darah.
A gland without ducts that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
2 (a) Namakan garam mineral yang diperlukan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik.  TP1
Name the mineral salt which is required by the thyroid gland to function well.
Iodin/Iodine
(b) Nyatakan satu sumber utama garam mineral di 2(a).  TP1
State one main sources of the mineral salt in 2(a).
Makanan laut/Seafood
(c) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan garam mineral di 2(a) dalam gizi kita.  TP1
State one disease that is caused by the lack of the mineral salt in 2(a) in our diet.
Goiter/Goitre

73
 3 (a) Namakan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh pankreas./Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas.  TP1
Insulin/Insulin
(b) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon yang dinamakan di 3(a).  TP1
State one disease that is caused by the lack of the hormone named in 3(a).
Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus

4 Seorang lelaki mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa. Berdasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang
menyebabkan lelaki itu mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa?/A man has an abnormal height. Based
on the endocrine system, what causes the man to have an abnormal height?
Kelenjar pituitari merembes hormon pertumbuhan yang berlebihan.
The pituitary gland secretes excessive growth hormones.
5 Apakah kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan banyak hormon semasa kecemasan, marah atau
ketakutan?  TP1
What is the endocrine gland which secretes a lot of hormone during an emergency, when feeling anger or fear?
Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada ovari pada seorang perempuan.
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of hormonal secretion from the ovaries of a female.  TP2
Kitar haid tidak tetap. Perkembangan mental terbantut.
✓
The menstrual cycle is irregular. Mental development is stunted.
Keguguran fetus berlaku jika perempuan itu mengandung.
✓
A miscarriage occurs if she is pregnant.
7 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid.  TP2
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of the hormonal secretion from the thyroid.
Kadar metabolisme menurun. Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut.
✓ ✓
The metabolic rate decreases. Mental and physical development are stunted.
Perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder terbantut.
The development of secondary sexual characteristics becomes stunted.
BAB

8 Padankan jenis hormon dan kelenjar endokrin dengan fungsinya.  TP2

7 Match the types of hormone and endocrine glands with their functions.

Hormon Kelenjar endokrin Fungsi

Hormone Endocrine gland Function
Adrenalina Ovari Mengawal kadar metabolisme,
Adrenaline Ovary pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fizikal
dan mental pada kanak-kanak./Control the
rate of metabolism, growth, physical and
mental development in children
Hormon Pankreas Menyediakan badan untuk bertindak
antidiuresis Pancreas dalam keadaan kecemasan
Antidiuretic Preparing the body to respond to
hormone (ADH) emergencies
Estrogen Kelenjar adrenal Mengawal perkembangan ciri-ciri seks
Oestrogen Adrenal gland sekunder perempuan dan menyediakan
dinding uterus untuk penempelan embrio.
Controls the development of secondary sexual
characteristics of female and prepares the
uterus wall for the implantation of embryo
Insulin Kelenjar tiroid Mengawal aras glukosa di dalam darah
Insulin Thyroid gland To control the glucose level in the blood
Tiroksina Kelenjar pituitari Mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada
Thyroxine Pituitary gland badan dengan mengurangkan pengeluaran
air kencing/To prevent water loss from the
body by reducing urine output

74
 Tarikh:

Kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin

7.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN The effect of interference to the endocrine system
PBD
Masteri

Berdasarkan penerangan yang diberikan, nyatakan jenis penyakit atau keadaan yang dihadapi akibat
kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin./Based on the given explanation, state the types of illness or
condition faced as a result of interference to the endocrine system.  TP2

Hipoglisemia Diabetis melitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goiter Kreatinisme

Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goitre Cretinism
Hipotiroidisme Hipertiroidisme Akromegali (Kegergasian) Kekerdilan
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Acromegaly (gigantism) Dwarfism

Kesan rembesan hormone/Effects of hormone secretion

1 Hormon antidiuresis 2 Hormon insulin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin hormone
Berlebihan Kekurangan Berlebihan Kekurangan
Excess Insufficient Excess Insufficient

Hipoglisemia Diabetes melitus

Edema Diabetes insipidus Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus
Air berkumpul Air kurang diserap Aras glukosa rendah, Aras glukosa darah tinggi,
di bahagian semula, kerap kencing letih, sukar tidur, kerap kencing, berasa
tertentu badan dan dan berasa dahaga. mudah pengsan, sakit haus, kabur penglihatan,
membengkak, sakit Less water is kepala, berasa dahaga letih, luka lambat sembuh.
kepala, pening reabsorbed, frequent Low glucose level, High blood glucose level,

BAB
Water accumulates in urination and feeling fatigue, insomnia, faint frequent urination, feeling
certain parts of the thirsty easily, headache, feeling thirsty, blurred vision,
body and they swell,
headache, dizziness
thirsty tiredness, slow healing of
wounds. 7
3 Hormon pertumbuhan (kelenjar pituitari) 4 Hormon tiroksina
Growth hormone (pituitary gland) Thyroxine hormone
Berlebihan Kekurangan Berlebihan Kekurangan
Excess Insufficient Excess Insufficient

Akromegali Hipertiroidisme
(Kegergasian) Kekerdilan/Dwarfism Hyperthyroidism Goiter/Goitre
Acromegaly (gigantism) Kadar pertumbuhan Kadar metabolisme 4 (a) Kelenjar tiroid
Kadar pertumbuhan yang terlalu rendah, dan denyutan jantung bengkak, sukar
yang terlalu tinggi tulang kurang kuat dan tinggi, kurus, cepat menelan, sukar
pada tengkorak, kemerosotan jisim otot marah/High rate bernafas/Swollen
tangan dan kaki. The rate of growth is of metabolism and thyroid glands,
Growth rate of the too low, the bone is less hearbeat, skinny, difficulty in
skull, hands and feet is strong and the muscle irritates easily swallowing, difficulty
too high. mass decline in breathing.

4 (b) Hipotiroidisme/Hypothyroidism 4 (c) Kreatinisme/Cretinism

Kadar metabolisme dan denyutan jantung
rendah, kecergasan mental dan fizikal
lemah, berat badan menurun./The low rate
of metabolism and heartbeat, mental and
physical fitness are weak, weight loss.
Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut
pada kanak-kanak
Mental and physical development are
stunted in children

75
 Standard Kandungan
7.2 Gangguan kepada koordinasi badan Tarikh:

Dadah, alkohol dan kesannya

7.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN Drugs, alcohol and their effects
PBD
Kontekstual

1 Apakah itu dadah?  TP2

What are drug?
Bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi dan fisiologi badan.
A chemical substance that can change the function and physiology of the body.

2 Nyatakan jenis dadah berdasarkan contoh-contoh dan ciri-cirinya.  TP2

State the types of drugs based on their examples and characteristics.

Perangsang/Stimulant Halusinogen/Hallucinogen Inhalan/Inhalant Penenang/Depressant

Jenis dadah Ciri-ciri Contoh

Types of drugs Characteristics Examples
(a) Penenang Melambatkan pergerakan impuls dalam Morfina, heroin, barbiturat,
Depressant koordinasi badan. kanabis, alkohol, candu
Slow down the movement of impulses in Morphine, heroine, barbiturates,
body coordination. cannabis, alcohol, opium

(b) Perangsang Mempercepat pergerakan impuls dalam Amfetamina, nikotina, kafeina

Stimulant koordinasi badan./Speeds up movement Amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine
of impulses in body coordination.

(c) Inhalan Disedut melalui nafas dan menyebabkan Aerosol, pelarut, bahan gas
Inhalant halusinasi/Inhale through breathing and Aerosols, solvents, gas
cause hallucinations substance
BAB

(d) Halusinogen Menyebabkan khayalan Marijuana, LSD, ketamin

Hallucinogen Cause hallucinations Marijuana, LSD, ketamine
7

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan dadah dan alkohol kepada koordinasi badan dan kesihatan
fizikal serta mental.  TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of drugs and alcohol abuse on body coordination and physical and mental health.

✓ Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hati (berparut dan mengeras).
Damages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis (scarred and hardened).

✓ Penglihatan menjadi kabur, pendengaran menjadi kurang peka, pertuturan tidak jelas,
halusinasi, tidak waras, perlakuan ganas./Vision becomes blurred, hearing sensitivity is
reduced, unclear speech, hallucination, insane, violent behaviour.

✓ Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulser.

Irritates the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers.

Menyebabkan mata dan hidung berair.

Causes eyes and nose to water.
Tindakan refleks yang lambat dan hilang
✓ keseimbangan badan.
Slow reflex action and loss of body balance.
✓ Menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon.
Causes hormonal imbalance.
MESTI BACA!
Sifat ingin tahu, pengaruh rakan sebaya, mencari
keseronokan dan ingin mengatasi kesedihan
menyebabkan penyalahgunaan dadah.
Curiosity, peer influence, pleasure seeking and
coping with sadness lead to drug abuse.

✓ Menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung.

Causes high blood pressure and heart disease.

76
 Standard Kandungan
7.3 Minda yang sihat Tarikh:

Minda yang sihat

7.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN Healthy mind
PBD
Kontekstual

Minda ialah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan menaakul.

The mind is the ability of the brain to think and reason.

1 Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan ciri-ciri minda yang sihat dan yang kurang sihat dalam
peta pokok di bawah./Based on the above statement, classify mind into healthy mind and unhealthy
mind in the tree map below.  TP1

Berdikari Kurang yakin Sentiasa risau Berkasih sayang Bersikap positif

Independent Lacks confidence Worries constantly Caring Positive attitude
Cepat marah Bertanggungjawab Bersikap sabar Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri
Short-tempered Responsible Being patient Lacks self-control

Minda/Mind

Minda yang sihat/Healthy mind Minda yang kurang sihat/Unhealthy mind

Berdikari/Independent Kurang yakin/Less confidence

Berkasih sayang/Caring Sentiasa risau/Worries constantly
Bersikap positif/Positive attitude Cepat marah/Short-tempered
Bertanggungjawab/Responsible Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri
Bersikap sabar/Being patient Lacks self-control

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat.  TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy.

BAB
Tekanan mental Menghidap suatu penyakit
✓ ✓
Mental stress Suffering from a disease

✓
Penyalahgunaan dadah
Drug abuse
✓
Ketidakseimbangan hormon
Hormonal imbalance
7
Sentiasa bersenam Pengambilan alkohol berlebihan
✓
Regular exercise Excessive consumption of alcohol

✓ Kecederaan otak Penuaan

✓
Brain injury Aging
Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara Pengambilan pil vitamin
✓
Environmental conditions such as the quality of air Consumption of vitamin pills

3 Minda seseorang individu dipengaruhi oleh faktor luaran dan faktor dalaman. Daripada jawapan
di 2, kelaskan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat kepada faktor luaran dan
faktor dalaman dalam peta dakap di bawah./The mind of an individual is influenced by external and
internal factors. From the answer in 2, classify the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy into
external and internal factors in the brace map below.  TP1
Tekanan mental/Mental stress
Faktor luaran Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara
External factors
Environmental conditions such as the quality of air

Faktor-faktor Penyalahgunaan dadah/Drug abuse

Factors Kecederaan otak/Brain injury
Penuaan/Aging
Faktor dalaman
Internal factors Ketidakseimbangan hormon/Hormonal imbalance
Pengambilan berlebihan alkohol/Excessive consumption of alcohol
Menghidapi suatu penyakit/Suffering from a disease

77
 SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 7
Kertas 1
Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar 4 Apakah kesan kekurangan A Akromegali/Acromegaly
endokrin bagi manusia. rembesan hormon daripada B Edema/Edema
Diagram 1 shows the human kelenjar tiroid? C Diabetes melitus
endocrine glands. What are the effects of the Diabetes mellitus
deficiency of the secretion of D Diabetes insipidus
hormone from thyroid gland? Diabetes insipidus
A I Kadar metabolisme diper­
lahankan./Metabolic rate is 7 Maklumat di bawah menun­
slowed down. jukkan fungsi hormon yang
B dirembeskan oleh kelenjar X.
C II Pertumbuhan fizikal kanak-
D kanak terbantut./Physical The information below shows
growth in children is stunted. the functions of the hormone
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 III Perkembangan otak pada secreted by gland X.
kanak-kanak terencat.
Antara kelenjar A, B, C dan D,
Development of the brain in • Meningkatkan kadar
yang manakah tidak berfungsi children is retarded. denyutan jantung
dengan baik jika seseorang IV Aras glukosa dalam darah Increase the rate of heartbeat
menghidap goiter? meningkat/Glucose level in • Meningkatkan kadar
Which of the glands, A, B, C or blood increases pernafasan/Increases the
D, does not function well if a A I dan II/I and II rate of breathing
person suffers from goitre? B II dan III/II and III
KLON SPM 2009/2016 Apakah kelenjar X?

BAB

C I, II dan III/I, II and III

2 Pernyataan yang manakah
7
benar tentang hormon?/Which
statement about hormones is true?
A Mengawal tindakan refleks
Control reflex actions
B Dihasilkan di dalam otak
sahaja
Produced only in the brain
C Dihasilkan pada orang
dewasa sahaja
Produced only in adults
D Dirembeskan oleh kelenjar
tanpa duktus
Secreted by ductless glands
KLON SPM 2014
3 Kelenjar endokrin yang mana­
kah terlibat dalam keadaan
kecemasan?
Which endocrine gland is involved
in an emergency condition?
A Pankreas
Pancreas
B Pituitari
Pituitary
C Adrenal
Adrenal
D Tiroid
Thyroid
D II, III dan IV/II, III and IV
5 Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah kesan alkohol
terhadap kesihatan manusia?
Which of the following are the
effects of alcohol on human health?
A Mengaktifkan otak
Activate the brain
B Merosakkan sel-sel ginjal
Damages kidney cells
C Mengganggu koordinasi
badan
Disrupts body coordination
D Membuat pertimbangan
yang wajar
Make reasonable judgments
6 Seorang lelaki kerap kencing,
berasa haus, kabur penglihatan
dan luka pada badannya lambat
sembuh. Apakah penyakit
yang mungkin dihidapinya?
A man often urinates, feels
thirsty, has blurred vision and
wounds on his body heal slowly.
What diseasess might he be
suffering from?
What is gland X?
A Kelenjar adrenal
Adrenal gland
B Kelenjar pituitari
Pituitary gland
C Kelenjar tiroid
Thyroid gland
D Pankreas/Pancreas
KLON SPM 2018
8 Antara pernyataan berikut,
yang manakah benar tentang
hormon yang dirembeskan
oleh pankreas?
Which of the following statements
are true about the hormone
secreted by the pancreas?
A Dapat dikesan dalam darah
It can be detected in the blood.
B Kekurangan hormon ini
menyebabkan goiter
Deficiency of this hormone
causes goitre.
C Bertindak pada kawasan
perut sahaja/It acts only in
the stomach region.
D Meningkatkan kadar respirasi
It increases the rate of
respiration

78
 Kertas 2
Bahagian B/Section B
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sistem endokrin bagi seorang remaja perempuan.

Diagram 1 shows the endocrine system of an adolescent girl.

Tiroid/Thyroid (a) (i) Namakan kelenjar X./Name gland X.  TP1

Adrenal/Adrenal
[1 markah/1 mark]
X (ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar
X./State one function of the hormone secreted by gland X.  TP2
Ovari/Ovary
Y
Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung/kadar metabolisme
Increases the rate of heartbeat/ the rate of metabolism

Rajah 1/Diagram 1 [1 markah/1 mark]

(b) (i) Namakan kelenjar Y./Name gland Y.  TP1
Pankreas/Pancreas
 [1 markah/1 mark]
(ii) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika kelenjar Y merembeskan kurang hormon?  TP3/KBAT
What will happen if gland Y secretes less hormone?
Menghidap diabetes melitus/Suffer from diabetes mellitus
 [1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Nyatakan penyakit yang dihidapi jika kelenjar tiroid tidak berfungsi dengan baik kerana kekurangan iodin.
State the disease that occurs if a thyroid gland is not fully functioning due to lack of iodine.  TP1
Goiter/Goitre

BAB
 [1 markah/1 mark]

7
(d) Seorang remaja perempuan mengalami kitar haid yang tidak teratur. Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang tidak
berfungsi dengan baik.  TP1
A girl suffers from an irregular menstrual cycle. Name the endocrine gland that is not functioning properly.
Ovari/Ovary
 [1 markah/1 mark]

Bahagian C/Section C
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instruction: Answer all the questions.
2 (a) Berikan penerangan kepada punca gangguan terhadap sistem endokrin yang menyebabkan kesan yang
berikut:  TP2
Give an explanation about the source of the interference to the endocrine system which causes the following effects.
(i) Diabetes insipidus/Diabetes insipidus
(ii) Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus
(iii) Akromegali/Acromegaly
(iv) Kadar metabolisme rendah/Low rate of metabolism
 [4 markah/4 marks]
(b) Seorang lelaki dewasa mendapati air kencingnya mengandungi gula. Terangkan bagaimana lelaki dewasa
itu dapat mengatasi masalah kesihatannya. Penerangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek
berikut:/A man found that his urine contained sugar. Explain how he can overcome his health problem. Your
explanation should include the following aspects:  TP4/KBAT
(i) Mengenal pasti masalah/Identify the problem
(ii) Terangkan punca masalah tersebut./Explain the cause of the problem.
(iii) Jelaskan kaedah penyelesaian./Explain the method to solve the problem.
(iv) Cadangkan satu perubahan yang harus dilakukan pada gizi hariannya.
Suggest a change needs to be done to his daily diet.
 [6 markah/6 marks]
79