DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ALLAHABAD 211004,INDIA

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

STEERING SYSTEM OF
PROTOTYPE SHIP
PRESENTED BY: GUIDED BY:
SANDEEP KUMAR MANDAL(20163018) DR. SUNIL KUMAR GUPTA
SATYAM SINGH(20163052)
1
 PROJECT CONCEPT

• CONTROLLING THE ROTATION OF RUDDER USING

SERVOMOTOR , WHICH WILL BE CONROLLED BY REMOTE.

2
 OBJECTIVES

 Perform a detailed study and selection of rudder profile and rudder type.

 Determining dimension of rudder.

 Selection of material for rudder .

 Making model and static stress analysis of rudder of the ship.

 Fabrication of a prototype ship.

 Fitment of rudder with prototype ship model.

3
 SELECTION OF RUDDER PROFILE

The choice of the rudder profile depends on ship particulars, operational

requirements of manoeuvring performance, and fuel conservation.

PROFILES FLATE PLATE NACA, HSVA, FLAPPED,

PROPERTIES IFS FISHTAIL

EFFICIENCY high (but upto 5°) high less

EFFECTIVENESS moderate less high

• For seagoing ships which sail long distance, the efficiency of the rudder may have a
higher priority than the effectiveness.
• For ships mainly sail in constrained waterways like inland vessels, the effectiveness
of the rudder is more crucial than efficiency. 4
 CONSTRAINTS FOR SELECTING GFRP MATERIAL
FACTORS EFFECT
Density Density of C type GFRP=2.7 g/cm³
It has lesser density than that of other material density like Al
(2.7 g/cm³) and Steel ( 7.75-8.05 g/cm³).
Tensile Strength 70-230 MPa (40% Glass)
Corrosion Resistance GFRP has high corrosion resistant properties.
Impact Resistance GFRP has good resistant against Impact loading like shock
loading and fluctuating loading.
Availability and ease of Availability related to Material and Moulding Machine for
manufacturing fabricate the Rudder.
Maintenance Cost Initial cost will be more, but maintenance cost will be less.
(In comparison to Steel or Aluminium ).
Overall Cost will be less as compared to other material. 5
 FORCE ANALYSIS

The force F has two components:

1. a `lift component' which is the transverse
component of the rudder force, causing the ship to
turn.
2. a `drag component' which is the longitudinal
component of the rudder force.
• The total force generated can be assumed to act as a
single force at the centre of pressure of the rudder,
more often referred to as the `centre of effort'.
According to rudder theory of Reed’s Naval
Architecture For Marine Engineers book , this force is
given by the equation
𝐹 = 𝑘𝐴𝑉 2 sin(∝) N 1

6
Where , k is a coefficient depends upon the shape of the rudder , the rudder angle and
the density of the water .When the ship speed is expressed in m/s , average
values of k for sea water vary between about 570 and 610.
A= rudder area
V= ship velocity
∝= angle by which rudder is rotated from centre line(angle of attack)

 Dimensions of the prototype ship , taking Practical Ship Design of David G.M.
Watson as reference
For merchant ship LWL/B=4 LWL is length waterline
L/D =7.7 D is depth of ship
d/D=.61
Length of the ship is 100 cm
therefore
B= 85/4 = 21 cm
D=100/7.7=13 cm
d=.61 ×13=8 cm
7
Now,
Area of the rudder is given by
𝐴 = (𝐿 × 𝑑) ∕ 60 for fast ship

Where, L= length of the ship and

d=draught of the ship

A=(100× 8)/60
=13.334 cm²
Therefore ,from equation 1
𝐹 = 610× (13.334 × 10−4 ) × 11.112 × sin(35𝑜 ) N (v=40 kmph)
=57.578 N
 Rudder dimension calculation
Aspect ratio (Ar)=s2/A
Ar=1.5 (from naval research and development book)
1.5=s2/13.334
s=4.47 cm ≈ 4.50 cm 8
 Now
c× 𝑠=A
c=13.334/4.47
c=2.98 cm ≈ 3.00 cm
Thickness of rudder (t)=0.35× 𝑐 = 1.05cm ≈ 1 cm

Now, considering rudder as cantilever beam on

which F force acting at its tip (designing for worse
condition). Stress is given by

𝑀𝑦
𝞼=
𝐼
where , M=moment
y=distance from NA
I=area moment of inertia
9
Considering rectangular x-sectional area,
t= 1 cm NA
for which
𝐼 = (𝑠𝑡3)/12
S=4.50 cm
=3.75× 10−9 𝑚4
and
y=0.005 m
M =1.72 N-m

so, stress at the critical point (i.e., at the top of the root of the cantilever beam)

1.72×0.005
𝞼= = 2.293 MPa
3.75×10−9 m4

10
 STATIC ANALYSY USING ANSYS

Results after performing FEM on Ansys 2019 are:

Fig. a) Meshing of Rudder b) Deformation in Rudder 11

• Maximum stress = 18.193 MPa at
the trailing edge of the rudder

• Stress at the leading edge=2 to 3

Mpa

• Minimum stress = 0.033 MPa

• Maximum deformation = 0.0012141

mm

 No failure is observed after the

analysis so, dimensions calculated
can be used for the fabrication
process.
12
 FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE SHIP

• Material of the prototype ship:

Plywood(outside surface coated with epoxy resin)

Constraints for selecting wood-
• availability of machine and equipment,
• easy to manufacture,
• low weight
• low cost.

13
PROCEDURE OF FABRICATION

1. Taking prints of outlines of prototype ship on paper.

Bow view Stern view

14
Port view
2. Marking curves over plywood

Printed pages are pasted over plywood and then marking are done with marker.

15
3. Cutting out frames out of plywood

• Cutting operations are

performed using jigsaw
machine and edges are filed
using half round file tool.
• These frames are the
supports to the hull and to
get the desired curve over the
body.

16
Fig. Required stern and bow frames, cut out of plywood 17
4. Arranging frames to get the structure

All frames are put at specific positions and glued to their base frame using
adhesive and left for sometime to get fixed.

18
5. Planking of hull

• Planking is a method of boat building where hull planks are laid edge to edge
and fastened to a robust frame, thereby forming a smooth surface.
• Very flexible wooden strip are used for planking the hull because it need to bend
into complex curves.
• Nails are used to fix these strips to the frames.
• At first, one side is planked and then similarly other side is done to get the
complete hull of the prototype ship.

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Fig.(a) putting strip edge by edge Fig.(b) one side complete planked20
After planking both side

21
6. Complete prototype ship after finishing

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FITMENT OF RUDDER

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RC SYSTEM FOR RUDDER
CONTROL

Tx Transciever Rx Transciever
NRF24L01 NRF24L01 Battery system

Microcontroller
Microcontroller Arduino Uno/ Atmega 328P
Arduino Mega/ Atmega 2560

User input angle

on number pad Servo motor
Angle displayed
on LCD

Rudder

Part I Part II
 CONCLUSIONS

• The dimensions of the ship is calculated successfully.

• Profile as well as type of mounting of the rudder is selected as per requirement.

• The dimensions of the rudder calculated .

• The stress analysis of the rudder have been done. Although it is not satisfying as

maximum stress comes out at the trailing edge which is not expected in the

cantilever beam case (we assumed rudder to be cantilever)

• Prototype ship has been fabricated successfully.

• Fitment of the rudder has been shown on the prototype ship model.
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 BUDGET

S.NO. PRODUCT DETAIL QUANTITY COST (Rs.) VENDOR

Teleyarganj
01 PLYWOOD 3*4 foot 720
market
Teleyarganj
02 NAIL 100 gm 10
market
Teliyarganj
03 FEVICAL 100 ml 75
market
Teliyarganj
04 MARKER 01 10
market
Teliyarganj
05 FLEXIBLE STRIP 10 400
market
TOTAL Rs. 1215

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 PROJECT TIMELINE

MAY
JAN-FEB
OCT-NOV
Making model JUNE
Initiation of and assembly
Rudder fabrication MARCH Report
AUG-SEP design and writing &
work
analysis. submission
Study Fabrication
Report of
writing prototype
ship
2019

2019

2020

2020
7TH SEMESTER 8TH SEMESTER
THANK YOU !