RDL 2 - Air Quality Index Level

Oblates of St.
Joseph Schools
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY i
Banaba, Padre Garcia, Batangas
AIR QUALITY INDEX LEVEL IN PADRE GARCIA,

BATANGAS: BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AN
ANTI-AIR POLLUTION DEVICE
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School
Holy Family Academy
Padre Garcia, Batangas
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Senior High School
JENNY P. ANDAL
SHAILA ANGELA M. BRUCAL
JEROME BRIONES
KEN REXNIER P. CABRAL
BEATRICE M. CASTILLO
GIAN CARLO C. CUENTAS
EULYSIS V. DIMACUHA
Oblates of St. Joseph Schools
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY ii
March 2019
ABSTRACT
Researchers: JENNY P. ANDAL

SHAILA ANGELA M. BRUCAL
JEROME BRIONES
KEN REXNIER P. CABRAL
BEATRICE M. CASTILLO
GIAN CARLO C. CUENTAS
EULYSIS V. DIMACUHA
Title: AIR QUALITY INDEX LEVEL IN PADRE GARCIA,

BATANGAS: BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AN ANTI-AIR
POLLUTION DEVICE
Key Concepts: Air Quality, Air Pollution, Vehicle Exhaust, Human Health
Strand: STEM
Adviser: Mr. Edwin L. Cubero
Air pollution is a condition in which the air quality becomes damaged and
contaminated by various types of substance. Air pollution is now fully
acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible for a
growing range of health effects that are well documented from the results of an
extensive research effort conducted in many regions of the world.
This research dealt with the air quality index level in Padre Garcia
Batangas: Basis for developing an anti-air pollution device.
This research aimed (1) to identify the air quality index level and (2) to
identify the effects of poor air quality to the health of residents of Padre Garcia.
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY iii
The study used purposive sampling and descriptive research design-
both quantitative and qualitative research methods through survey questions
administered to the jeepney drivers, store owners, barkers, Traffic Management
Department (TMD) and commuters both students and workers and interview
with the administrators from the Municipal Health Center and Rosales Memorial
Medical Hospital. Results revealed that the air quality index level in Padre
Garcia is in moderate category wherein there are moderate health concerns for
a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. In
addition, it was found out that minor effects of poor air quality affected a little
the residents and major effects of poor air quality does not affected them at all.
Based on the findings, it is recommended for those people who belong to
sensitive groups to wear mask and limit the outdoor exertion. For the jeepney, to
undergo their vehicle in an emission test to reduce the pollutants being emitted
by its exhaust. Moreover, the researchers recommend an anti-air pollution device
that is thoroughly effective in reducing the amount of pollutants present in the
vehicle exhaust that will help to attain a community with a better air quality.
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY iv
Acknowledgment
The making of this study indeed a great challenge in the life of the
researchers. Therefore, the researchers particularly indebted to those persons
and wished their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to all the people who shared their
generous assistance, continuous encouragement and full cooperation to make
this study possible.
Therefore, the researchers want to express their greatest thanks to the
people who helped to accomplish this project, especially to the following
people:
First of all to the gracious God for giving the researchers knowledge and
help them to expand their limitation in ideas. Guide them and sustain light to
their minds in order to keep everything right.
To the research moderator, Mr. Edwin Cubero who guided the
researchers and shared his knowledge for them to accomplish this paper.
To the principal of Holy Family Academy, Mrs. Matilde Castillo, for her
approval to conduct an interview and survey as well.
To all the respondents: jeepney drivers, store owners, barkers, Traffic
Management Department (TMD) and commuters both a students and workers
who participated in the researchers’ survey.
To Mrs. Maria Christie Vidal, the Head Nurse and Ms. Katrin Tapalla, the
Secretary Inspector for Environmental and Sanitation in Municipal Health Center,

HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY v
as well as, Mr Ryan Galgo of Rosales General Memorial Hospital who gave their
full cooperation and concerned involvement in the interview and for giving their
full trust to the researchers as they give the morbidity data to them.
-The Researchers
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY vi
Dedication
We wholeheartedly dedicate this accomplished work to our Almighty
God, our creator, our source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and
understanding. He has been the source of our strength throughout the entire
process of accomplishing this study. We also dedicate this study to our parents,
for their words of encouragement and for their endless love and support for us
to accomplish this piece of work. And for our subject teacher, Mr. Edwin
Cubero, for his unending support, patience, efforts and advice to make this
study possible and for teaching us the things we still need to know as we go
along the process.
-The Researchers
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY vii
Table of Contents
PRELIMINARIES
Title page i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iv
Dedication vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figure ix
List of Graphs x
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1
Conceptual Framework 3
Statement of the Problem 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 6
II. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 8
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 16
Research Locale 17
Respondents of the Study 18
Sampling Technique 18
Research Instruments 19
Data Gathering Procedure 20
Data Analysis Procedure 21
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA 23
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS 39

AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography 43
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY viii
Curriculum Vitae 46
List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Morbidity data (January to December 2018) 25
Minor Effects of Poor Air Quality
2 Morbidity data (January to December 2018) 26
Major Effects of Poor Air Quality
3 Effects of Poor Air Quality to 30
Traffic Management Department (TMD)

Near-road Shop owners
Jeepney Barkers
Jeepney Drivers
Commuters
8 Summary of Effects of Poor Air Quality to the 37
Residents of Padre Garcia, Batangas

HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY ix
List of Figures
Figure Title Page
1 Conceptual Paradigm 3
2 Air Quality Index Level 14

HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY x
List of Graphs
Graph Title Page
1 Acute Upper Respiratory Infections 26
2 Pneumonia 27
3 Bronchial Asthma in Acute Exacerbation 28
4 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 28
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY xi
HOLY FAMILY ACADEMY 1
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Air pollution continues to pose a dangerous threat to the health of the
Filipinos as the smog constantly blankets the urbanized communities. As. vehicle
emission become the leading factor that contributes to 69% of the country’s air
pollution and 90% of it are coming from Metro Manila. Furthermore, public utility
vehicles such as Jeepneys, the common mode of public transport among
commuters led to rapid degradation of air quality due to its huge exhaust
emission.
In reality, the country continuously struggling in establishing a firm grasp on
air quality control as ambient air quality is affected adversely due to emission and
accumulation of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides and ozone that are mostly came from the fuel used such as
gasoline and diesel.
The air quality worsens due to the rapid increase in population and rapid
economic development. These are some factors why poor air quality remains on
the ground and not dispersing. The Philippines is currently working in air quality
index level through the implementation of various laws and ordinances. One of
these is Republic Act No. 8749, or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. RA 8749
that currently serves as the foundation for the country’s air quality management.
The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air
Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while
minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.
Air pollution monitoring is important as air pollution become the most
crucial from the point of human health. Every human being inhales about 15 - 22
kg of air daily and if that air is polluted, human health is easily affected. The
effects of air pollution are alarming due to the exposure in harmful chemicals.
This study focused on the air quality index level and provided an early
warning system about the increasing pollution level. Besides, to promote clean
air and strengthen the advocacy for clean air to improve air quality, an anti-air
pollution device is being proposed.

Conceptual Framework
This framework will functions as a reference throughout the entire process
of this study.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study
The paradigm shows the relationship of the given variables to each other in
accordance to air pollution. The researchers use a linear diagram to show the
connection of one variable to another. The first box shows the air quality index
level of Padre Garcia, Batangas. This level is directly proportional to the human’s
health, the higher the air quality level, the more hazardous it is. Thus, in the end
of the process, a proposed anti-air pollution device is shown that can lessen the
air pollution level and impede its increasing level and its harmful effect to one’s
health.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to identify the air quality index level in Padre Garcia,
Batangas and its effects to human health. Furthermore, to develop an anti-air
pollution device that will thoroughly reduce the harmful pollutants present in
vehicle exhaust.
Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the air quality index level of air pollution caused by public utility
jeepneys in Padre Garcia?
2. What are the effects of poor air quality to the health of the residents of the said
area?
3. What device that can be made to lessen the air pollution in Padre Garcia?
Significance of the Study
This study entitled “Air Quality Index Level in Padre Garcia, Batangas:
Basis for Developing an Anti-air Pollution Device” would be beneficial to the
people and the society and serves as a key factor for environmental problem
regarding polluted air.
The researchers of the study aimed to know the air quality index level in
Padre Garcia, Batangas and how this became the basis for developing an anti-air
pollution device device.

Therefore, this study is deemed significant to the following people for the
following reasons.
Community. This would benefit the community by determining the air quality
in the said area and how will it affect the residents in terms of health issues. This
study also wants to impart some advance knowledge about air pollution and how
can it be lessen through the use of a device.
Commuters. This project would benefit them, to be knowledgeable enough
of the air quality index level and its effects, for they are prone to air pollution.
Moreover, to provide them a device that can lessen the air pollution.
Drivers. This project would help them to reduce the number of the chemical
pollutants present in the exhaust of their vehicles.
Future researchers. The study can be a basis in which it can help them in
the future and further studies.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The focus of the study is to determine the air quality index level and
identify the effects of it to human health.
The scope of the study covered the area of Padre Garcia, Batangas and
the residents of the said area. The respondents were the jeepney drivers with the
routes such as Tiaong to Lipa, Rosario to Lipa and San Juan to Lipa as well as
the commuters who travelled in the mentioned routes especially the residents of
Padre Garcia, Batangas. Morever, the Traffic Management Department (TMD)
who enforcers traffic rules and regulate the flow of vehicles, the barker, near-road
shop owners and the hospital and municipal health center in the mentioned area.
This study does not cover other passenger's vehicle in Padre Garcia and
only focus on jeepney vehicles. It also does not include those hospitals that are
not in the vicinity of Padre Garcia and also those residents that rarely commute.
Definition of Terms
To understand key concepts throughout this study, it is important to
highlight a few key terms.
Air Quality Index. It is used to communicate to the public how polluted the air.
As the AQI increase, an increasingly severe adverse health affects.
Air Pollution. It refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental
to human health and the planet as a whole.
Muffler. It also called silencer, device through which the exhaust gases from an
Internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne
noise of the engine.
Vehicle Exhaust Emission. It is created by air-fuel mixture burning inside
internal combustion engines.

Pollutant. It is any substance, as certain chemicals or waste products, that
renders the air harmful or unsuitable for a specific purpose.
Acute Upper Respiratory Infections (AURI). It is an infection that may
interfere with normal breathing that is caused by an infection in nose,
sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
Morbidity. It pertains on how many people have a disease in a particular
population.
Bronchial Asthma in Acute Exacerbation. It is a situation when the bronchial
tubes present in the lungs constrict and swell up making the air passage
narrower thereby, leading to a difficulty in breathing.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis. It is an infectious disease that attacks the lungs.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter deals with the presentation of related literature and studies
use as guide in conducting the study. The following reviews were gathered to
strengthen the results and findings of the study.
Air Pollution and Air Quality
Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental
to human health and the planet as a whole (Mackenzie, 2016). It occurs when
the concentration of certain substances become high enough to cause the
atmospheric environment to become toxic (Gadi et al., 2012). Air pollution can be
resulted from both natural and human activities. Natural events that pollute the
air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal,
evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. On the other hand,
human activities that result in air pollution include emissions from industries and
vehicles which are today’s major contributors to air pollution (eSchooltoday,
2017).
In the Philippines, air pollution is among the main problems in highly
populated cities and urban centers through fuel combustion in transportation
sector, in which 65 % of air pollutants are from mobile sources such as cars,
motorcycles, trucks and buses (Pedrosa, 2016). These contains significant
amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other chemical substances. In

2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air
(Suen, 2018). Through the burning of fuel, motor vehicles, cars and trucks emit a
range of health damaging pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, a colorless,
odorless gas that can cause headache and dizziness that may lead to coma and
death (Shochat, 2018)and nitrogen dioxide that is quite toxic especially to the
lungs (Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005); carbon dioxide,
ozone, nitrogen oxide, particulate dust and other chemical substances.There are
approximately 3000 different air pollutants have been recognized, the majority of
which are emissions of organic substances derived from combustion of fuel,
which emit 500 different compounds (Fenger, 2014). According to the WHO there
are 4 levels of pollution: Pollution that does not cause damage to living things;
the one that causes irritation if exposed; pollution that if exposed for too long
leads to chronic illness; and pollution that causes acute to those exposed. The
more polluted the air we breathe, the more toxins enter the body.
The latest WHO report gathered data from 2,977 cities in 103 countries. Eight
(8) cities in the Philippines were on the list with Baguio the most polluted among
them. For PM 10, Baguio City ranked 262nd globally and for PM 2.5 it placed
308th. Other cities in the list are Cebu, Dagupan, Davao, Manila, San Carlos,
Urdaneta and Zamboanga. PM10 is particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in
diameter, PM2.5 is particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (Peña,
2018).
Air Pollution caused by Vehicles
As land transport plays a significant role in people’s life, it also provides
threat on everyone’s heath. The continued increase in the number of vehicles in
the Philippines pose challenges in maintaining healthy levels of air quality and
considered as the major factor of increasing level of air pollution or poor air
quality as a result of fuel combustion in vehicle engines, the direct and indirect
evaporation of fuel from the car during refueling operation and fuel production.
One study by Santiago (2014), asserts that the growing vehicle population
provide a high emission rate that has been associated with serious air pollution
problem in many urban areas of developing countries. Moreover, this vehicular
exhaust is generated during the fossil fuel combustion process and subsequently
emitted from the tail pipes containing primary pollutants such as carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, and other toxic
substances such as lead. While in an assessment of air pollution in a road traffic
presented by Krishnamurty (2013) reveals that there is a high concentration of
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
It is evident that the traffic generated high number of harmful chemicals due to
interrupted flow of vehicles and frequent “stop” and “go “situations that pose a
dangerous threat to human health.
The emissions problem in the Philippines is compounded by old,
inefficient vehicles that continue to ply the streets (Jimeno, 2018). A 2003 air
pollution study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) also found that a large
fraction of Metro Manila’s vehicle emission sources includes jeepneys.
Traditionally, jeepneys have used diesel engines. This is because diesels deliver
the torque necessary to propel the heavy steel-framed vehicles as well as a full
load of passengers (Ang, 2012). Though numbers are hard to come by, various
estimates say there are somewhere between 180,000 and 270,000 franchised
jeepneys on the road across the Philippines, with some 75,000 in Metro Manila
alone. Studies have shown they are the country's most popular mode of
transportation, taking millions to and from work every day. A 2016 study by the
Manila Observatory, a nonprofit science research institute, found that diesel-fed
jeepneys were responsible for 15 percent of the particulate matter emissions in
Metro Manila (Westerman, 2018) and responsible for about seventy percent
(70%) of the total soot or black carbon emissions in the Philippines.
Effects of Air Pollution to Human Health
Air pollution remains a top global health threat despite decades of efforts to
stop it. Recent research from the World Health Organization (WHO) found that
more than 80% of the world’s urban population lives in areas where air quality
regularly fails health standards. A 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) report
found that the Philippines ranked third in the world as having the most number of
deaths due to air pollution (after China and Mongolia). One in four deaths in the
Philippines are attributed to air pollution. When the size of particulate matter in
the air is 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) and below, it penetrates into a person’s
respiratory and cardiovascular system leading to serious health problems such
as pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pneumonia, heart disease and stroke.To put
things in perspective, the safe level for PM2.5 is 50 micrograms per cubic meter
(µg/m3) of air. Data from air monitoring stations in 2017 showed alarming figures
for air quality in several parts of Metro Manila such as Quezon City (369 µg/nm),
Taft Avenue, Manila (448 µg/nm), Paranaque (433 µg/nm) and Valenzuela (285
µg/nm). These values ranged from 500 to 900 percent beyond the recommended
safe level (Jimeno, 2018).
The effects of air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several
respiratory and heart conditions along with cancer, among other threats to the
body. Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to commonly suffer
from pneumonia and asthma (Kukreja, 2017). As cited by Pedrosa (2016), an
estimated 800,000 people worldwide die prematurely from lung cancer,
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases caused by outdoor air pollution. The
children and elderly are the most vulnerable to the health impacts of air pollution.
In the Philippines, high incidence of respiratory and other air pollution
related diseases has resulted to the enactment of the most comprehensive
legislation to address air pollution. The study, published in the journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, adds to growing evidence
showing how even low levels of air pollution harm human health. Many previous
studies have shown how pollution adversely affects the cardiovascular system,
causing lung and heart disease. But scientists are increasingly realizing that the
effects could extend to other areas like the brain and pregnancy. Exposure to
high levels of air pollution during pregnancy has been linked to miscarriages as
well as premature birth, autism spectrum disorder and asthma in children. Air
pollution may damage children’s brain development, and pneumonia, which kills
almost 1 million children under the age of 5 every year, is associated with air
pollution. Children who breathe in higher levels of pollutants also face a greater
risk of short-term respiratory infections and lung damage. Other conditions
associated with high levels of air pollution include emphysema and chronic
bronchitis, as well as lung cancer. Pollutants can affect cardiovascular health by
hardening the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack and strokes, and
there is even emerging evidence that air pollution may be linked to mental health
conditions and degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease,
Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia (Almendrala, 2018). In addition, it may
also leads to asthmatic attacks, coughing, difficulty in breathing and nose and
throat irritation (Tejada, R. 2018). Besides, observational studies in human have
linked increased levels of circulating negative hormones such as stress hormone
with exposure to air pollutants ( Jia et.al,2018;Miller et.al, 2016).
Synthesis
Air pollution is the release of pollutants into the air that are danger to
human health and to the environment (Mackenzie, 2016). In the Philippines, air
pollution is among the up main problems in most of cities through fuel
combustion in transportation sector, specifically from cars, motorcycles, trucks
and buses (Pedrosa, 2016). According to the WHO there are 4 levels of pollution:
Pollution that does not cause damage to living things; the one that causes
irritation if exposed; pollution that if exposed for too long leads to chronic illness;
and pollution that causes acute to those exposed. The more polluted the air we
breathe, the more toxins enter the body.
One study by Santiago (2014), asserts that the growing vehicle population
provide a high emission rate that has been associated with serious air pollution
problem. It was proven by the study done by Krishnamurty (2013) that reveals
that there is a high concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. It is evident that the traffic generated
high number of harmful chemicals due to interrupted flow of vehicles and
frequent “stop” and “go “situations that pose a dangerous threat to human health.
This is due to the old, inefficient vehicles that continue to ply the streets (Jimeno,
2018) wherein passenger vehicle such as jeepneys are the top passenger
vehicle in the country have used diesel engines that provide a huge emission
(Ang, 2012) and 15% of partivulate matter emissions in Metro Manila as stated in
the study done by Westerman (2018).
Air pollution remains a top global health threat despite decades of efforts
to stop it. A 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) report found that the
Philippines ranked third in the world as having the most number of deaths due to
air pollution (after China and Mongolia). One in four deaths in the Philippines are
attributed to air pollution. When the size of particulate matter in the air is 2.5
micrometers (PM2.5) and below, it penetrates into a person’s respiratory and
cardiovascular system leading to serious health problems such as pulmonary
disease, lung cancer, pneumonia, heart disease and stroke. As cited by Pedrosa
(2016), an estimated 800,000 people worldwide die prematurely from lung
cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases caused by outdoor air pollution.
Pollutants can also affect cardiovascular health by hardening the arteries and
increase the risk of heart attack strokes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease and schizophrenia (Almendrala, 2018). In addition, it may also leads to
asthmatic attacks, coughing, difficulty in breathing and nose and throat irritation
(Tejada, R. 2018). Besides, observational studies in human have linked
increased levels of circulating negative hormones such as stress hormone with
exposure to air pollutants ( Jia et.al,2018;Miller et.al, 2016).

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research methodology which presents the level
of Air Pollution in Padre Garcia, Batangas as well as the effects of air pollution to
human health. This chapter includes the research design, research locale,
respondents of the study, sampling technique, research instruments, data
gathering procedure and data analysis procedure.
Research Design
Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves
observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any
way (Shuttleworth, 2018). Descriptive research generates data, both qualitative
and quantitative, that define the state of nature at a point in time (Koh, 2018).
The researchers used both qualitatitive research method in a form of
interview and quantitative through administering survey questionnaires.
Qualitative research design is a systematic subjective approach used to
describe life experiences and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the
depth, richness, and complexity inherent in the phenomenon (Roller, 2011). The
qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of central

themes in the life world of the subjects. Interviews are particularly useful for
getting the story behind a participant’s experiences. The interviewer can pursue
in-depth information around the topic (McNamara, 2000). According to Newman
(2018), interviews are most effective for qualitative research as it help to better
understand, and explore research subjects' opinions, behavior, experiences,
phenomenon, etc.
On the other hand, quantitave research design is a design in which
numbers are used to explain findings (Kowalczyk, 2016).The advantages of
quantitative research methods are that it draws conclusions for large numbers of
people and it employs efficient data analysis, (Creswell, 2013).
In this study the researchers used both forms of data; the quantitative and
qualitative data. After gathering both forms of data they integrate overall
interpretation of the gathered data.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in the area within the town of the Padre Garcia,
Batangas. The town of Padre Garcia, Batangas is popularly known as the “Cattle
Trading Capital of the Philippines” and composed of eighteen barangays which
are Banaba, Banaybanay, Bawi, Bukal, Castillo, Cawongan, Manggas, Maugat
East, Maugat West, Pansol, Payapa, Poblacion, Quilo-Quilo North, Quilo-Quilo
South, San Felipe. San Miguel, Tamak, and Tangob. It is the chosen setting of
the study because the researchers wanted to investigate the local situation as
regards to level of air quality in the said area.
Respondents of the Study
This study was conducted with the participation of the Municipal Health
Center Head Nurse and Environmental Sanitation head and administrator in
Rosales General Memorial Hospital. Furthermore, the jeepney drivers with routes
from Lipa to Tiaong, Lipa to San Juan and Lipa to Rosario, store owners,
barkers, Traffic Management Department (TMD) and also with the participation of
commuters both students and workers or employees.
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective
sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on
their own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in
their study. In this, it requires researchers to have prior knowledge about the
purpose of their studies so that they can properly choose and approach eligible
participants (Foley, 2018). It focus on particular subset of people with particular
characteristics or fit a particular profile that are of interest, that will enable to
answer the research questions accurately (Lewis, 2012).

Research Instruments
The research instrument used in gathering and collecting data is self-
made questionnaire. Malhotra (2004) enumerates the advantages of a
questionnaire in collecting data are: 1) it is simple to administer; 2) the data
obtained is reliable; and 3) the coding, analysis and interpretation of data are
relatively simple and straight forward. The quantitative research questionnaire
contains a series of question for gathering data from respondents.
As McLeod, S. A. (2018) emphasized that “questionnaires can be an
effective means of measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and,
intentions of relatively large numbers of subjects more cheaply and quickly than
other methods.”
In the questionnaire, the researchers were able to know the effects of air
quality index level caused by the exhaust of Jeepney vehicles to the health of the
residents of Padre Garcia, Batangas.
On the other hand, the researchers used an interview guide to gather
data. Based on Modell (2007), interview is the primary technique for information
gathering. In addition, interviewing is a way to collect data as well as to gain
knowledge from individuals. It is an interchange of views between two or more
people on a topic of mutual interest (Kyale, 2009).
Through an interview, researchers were able to obtain data and
information about health issues connected with poor air quality in the year
2018.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before conducting an interview and ask for their data about recent health
issues or cases related in poor air quality in Municipal Health Center and Rosales
Memorial Medical Hospital, a letter requesting permission to conduct an interview
was given to the principal of Holy Family Academy.
Upon approval, the researchers personally conducted an interview with
the administrators in Municipal Health Center and Rosales Memorial Medical
Hospital.
The content of the letter was read and discussed first. Also, to assure
that the data and information that will be generated is meant to be kept private.
The researchers conducted an interview with the Head Nurse and
Environmental Sanitation head of Municipal Health Center as well as with
Sanitation Head in Rosales General Memorial Hospital. This interview is to
determine the air quality index level in Padre Garcia, Batangas through a short
exchange of question and answer that led with the information on the morbidity
report or data in the year 2018 in accordance with air pollution both minor and
major effects.
At the same time, the researchers also conducted a survey. The
questionnaires were distributed to the selected respondents which are the
jeepney drivers, Traffic Management Department (TMD), near-road store
owners and the commuters to identify the effects of jeepney’s exhaust to their
health as they are the people who are more susceptible to polluted air from
vehicle exhaust. Before the survey, a letter provided by the researchers with
the approval of the principal was also read. Also, the questionnaires have been
thoroughly tackled by the researchers to be easily understood and grasped by
the respondents.
Data Analysis Procedure
The morbidity data that was given to the researchers and the survey
questionnaire that were collected were thoroughly analyzed by the researchers.
In the data generated from Municipal Health Center and hospital, the
data were analyzed and grouped into major and minor effects of poor air quality
to human health.
Then, the researchers analyzed the collected data which are the
responses given by the respondents based on their personal experiences
through the survey questionnaires provided. They analyzed the collected data by
encoding the frequency tally; measuring the central tendency particularly the
mean. Then, the researchers calculated the weighted mean of each category and
tabulated each data in a table.
Subsequently, data were tabulated using the scale and verbal
interpretation below.
Range Verbal Interpretation
3.50 - 4.00 - Very Much Affected
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
1.50 - 2.49 - Affected a Little
1.01 - 1.49 - Not Affected at all
Then, the researchers started to interpret and analyze each result. The
results of the given tally were interpreted by the researchers categorically in
order to make conclusions that were precise and accurate.

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the air quality index level that set as a basis, as well
as the analysis and interpretation of data that we gathered in this study.
Figure 2. Air Quality Index Level
Figure 2 shows the Air Quality Index (AQI). It tells how clean or polluted
an air is, and what associated health effects might be a concern. The AQI
focuses on health effects you may experience within a few hours or days after
breathing polluted air. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air
pollution, which means the greater the health concerns.
AQI is divided into six categories:

Hazardous is 301 to 500. The entire population is more likely to experience
serious health effects.
Very Unhealthy is 201 to 300. Health warnings of emergency conditions. The
entire population is more likely to be affected. Major effects are observed.
Unhealthy is 151 to 200. Everyone may begin to experience some adverse
health effects and should limit prolonged or heavy outdoor exertion.
Members of the sensitive groups may experience more serious health
effects and should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion.
Minor and increasing major effects are observed.
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups is 101 to 150. Members of sensitive groups
may experience major health effects. The general public is not likely to be
` affected. Minor and major effects are observed.
Moderate is 51 to 100. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants
there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of
people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Minor and few number
of major effects are just observed.
Good is 0 to 50. No health impacts are expected when air quality is in this
range.
1. Air Quality Index Level in Padre Garcia, Batangas
The following are based on the interview conducted by the researchers

and morbidity data given by the Municipal Health Center and Rosales Memorial
Medical Hospital. This data will determine the air quality index level in Padre
Garcia through analyzing its health effects.
Table 1. Morbidity data (January to December 2018)

Minor Effects of Poor Air Quality
Age
Diagnosis Below 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 M F

19 Above
M F M F M F M F M F M F
Acute
Upper
15 21 27 50 10 25 10 18 7 11 5 10 74 135
Respiratory
Infections
TOTAL 36 77 35 28 18 15 209
Table 1 shows the number of diagnosis with Acute Upper Respiratory
Infections in the year 2018. It was clearly seen that there is a total of 209 cases
of AURI, 135 of it are females and 74 are males. According to the Municipal
Health Center Head Nurse, the severity of AURI are enhanced through exposure
to air pollutants. The symptoms are runny nose, cough, fatigue, sore throat, chest
pain, headache, dizziness and nausea.

Here is the graphical representation of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections.
Table 2. Morbidity data (January to December 2018)

Major Effects of Poor Air Quality
Age
Diagnosis Below 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60

19 Above
M F
M F M F M F M F M F M F
2 3 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 1 5 12
Pneumonia
Bronchial
Asthma in
Acute 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 3
Exacerbation
Pulmonary 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
Tuberculosis
TOTAL 7 3 3 4 4 3 24
Table 2 presents the number of diagnosis with Pneumonia, Bronchial
Asthma in Acute Exacerbation and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the year 2018.
These are the top diagnosis related with poor air quality as stated by the
administrator of Rosales Memorial Medical Hospital. According to him, long term
exposure to polluted air results to significant health problems, including those
stated above. As seen in the table, there are total of 24 cases of major effects of
poor air quality, 7 are males and 17 are females. In this occurrence, females are
more susceptible to major effects of polluted air.
Here are the graphical representations of Pneumonia, Bronchial Asthma
in Acute Exacerbation and Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Based on the interview and morbidity data (2018) both in minor and major
effects of poor air quality generated in Municipal Health Center and Rosales
Memorial Medical Hospital, the air quality index level in Padre Garcia falls under
the category of Moderate wherein air quality is acceptable; however, for some
pollutants there may be a moderate health concerns for a very small number of
people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Minor and few number of
major effects are just observed.

2. Effects of Poor Air Quality to the Residents of Padre Garcia
Table 3. Effects of Poor Air Quality to

Traffic Management Department (TMD)
Minor Effects Mean Verbal Interpretation
Difficulty in breathing 2.14 Affected a Little

Irritation to throat 2.14 Affected a Little
Skin problems/ Allergies 1.00 Not Affected at all
Asthmatic attack 1.00 Not Affected at all
Poor Visibility 1.43 Not Affected at all
Headache 2.86 Affected
Stinging burning or itchy eyes 2.57 Affected
Drowsiness 1.43 Not Affected at all
Coughing 2.00 Affected a Little
Sneezing Attacks 1.86 Affected a Little
Chest pain 1.43 Not Affected at all
Increase fatigue 1.86 Affected a Little
OVER-ALL MEAN 1.81 Affected a Little
Major Effects Mean Verbal Interpretation

Bronchial Asthma 1.00 Not Affected at all
Exacerbation
Heart Attacks 1.00 Not Affected at all
Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1.00 Not Affected at all
Pneumonia 1.00 Not Affected at all
OVER-ALL MEAN 1.00 Not Affected at all
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
Table 3 illustrates the mean of every minor and major effects related to
poor air quality to traffic management department (TMD). The result reveals
based on over-all mean that the minor effects affected a little the TMD wherein
the weighted mean is 1.81. While, major effects got an over-all mean of 1.00,
means that major effects of poor air quality does not affected them at all.
Table 4. Effects of Poor Air Quality to Near-road Shop Owners
Difficulty in breathing 2.57 Affected

Irritation to throat 2.57 Affected
Poor Visibility 1.57 Affected a little
Headache 2.29 Affected a little
Coughing 3.29 Affected
Sneezing Attacks 2.71 Affected
Chest pain 2.00 Not Affected at all
OVER-ALL MEAN 2.11 Affected a Little

Exacerbation
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
Table 4 shows the mean of every minor and major effects related to poor
air quality to near-road shop owners. As seen on the table, the over-all mean of
minor effects to near-road shop owners falls under the scale of affected a little
with a weighted mean of 2.11. While the major effects got an over-all mean of
1.00 which means that major effects of poor air quality does not affected at all the
near-road shop owners.
Table 5. Effects of Poor Air Quality to Jeepney Barkers

Difficulty in breathing 3.50 Very Much Affected

Irritation to throat 1.00 Not Affected at all
Poor Visibility 2.00 Affected a little
Headache 3.50 Very Much Affected
Stinging burning or itchy eyes 4.00 Very Much Affected
Coughing 4.00 Very Much Affected
Sneezing Attacks 4.00 Very Much Affected
Chest pain 4.00 Very Much Affected
OVER-ALL MEAN 2.54 Affected

Exacerbation
Heart Attacks 2.00 Affected a little
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
Table 5 presents the mean of every minor and major effects related to
poor air quality to jeepney barkers. The result reveals based on over-all mean
that the minor effects affected the jeepney barkers with an over-all mean of 1.81.
Moreover, major effects got an over-all mean of 1.25, means that major effects of
poor air quality does not affected at all the jeepney barkers.
Table 6. Effects of Poor Air Quality to Jeepney Drivers

Irritation to throat 2.50 Affected
Asthmatic attack 2.00 Affected a little
Poor Visibility 2.60 Affected
Stinging burning or itchy eyes 4.00 Very Much Affected
Coughing 3.60 Very Much Affected
Sneezing Attacks 3.60 Very Much Affected
Chest pain 3.40 Very Much Affected
OVER-ALL MEAN 2.74 Affected

Exacerbation
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
air quality to Jeepney drivers. As seen on the table, the over-all mean of minor
effects to jeepney drivers falls under the scale of affected with a weighted mean
of 2.74. While the major effects got an over-all mean of 1.00 which means that
major effects of poor air quality does not affected at all the jeepney drivers.
Table 7. Effects of Poor Air Quality to Commuters

Difficulty in breathing 2.41 Affected a little

Irritation to throat 1.91 Affected a little
Asthmatic attack 1.91 Affected a little
Poor Visibility 1.36 Not Affected at all
Sneezing Attacks 2.36 Affected a little
Chest pain 1.95 Affected a little
OVER-ALL MEAN 2.07 Affected a little

Bronchial Asthma 1.50 Affected a little
Exacerbation
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected
air quality to commuters. It was seen that the over-all mean of minor effects to
commuters falls under the scale of affected a little with a weighted mean of 2.07.
While the major effects got an over-all mean of 1.16 which means that major
effects of poor air quality does not affected at all the commuters.
Table 8. Summary of Effects of Poor Air Quality to the
Residents of Padre Garcia, Batangas

Irritation to throat 2.02 Affected a little
Poor Visibility 1.79 Affected a Little
Headache 3.13 Affected
Sneezing Attacks 2.91 Affected
Chest pain 2.56 Affected
OVER-ALL MEAN 2.26 Affected a little

Exacerbation
Legend:
2.50 - 3.49 - Affected

Table 8 shows the Summary of Effects of Poor Air Quality to the residents
of Padre Garcia, Batangas, wherein, difficulty in breathing, headache, sneezing
attacks, chest pain and stinging, burning or itchy eyes are belong to the minor
effects that falls in the scale of affected (2.50-3.49). Stinging, burning or itchy
eyes got the highest mean in minor effects with 3.19. However, irritation to throat,
poor visibility, and increase fatigue falls under the scale of affected a little (1-50-
2.49). And the rest are in the not affected at all scale (1.01-1.41), this includes
skin problems/allergies, asthmatic attack, and drowsiness. In all, the weighted
mean of minor effects falls under the scale of affected a little with an overall
mean of 2.26.On the other hand, the major effects of poor air quality are in not
affected at all scale with an over-all mean of 1.08.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions arrived
based on the findings and recommendations offered for future research.
Findings
The analysis and interpretation of data resulted with the following findings
organized and presented in the order of problem posed in the study.
1. Female is most vulnerable to acute upper respiratory diseases and
major effects such as pneumonia, bronchial asthma in acute exacerbation and
pulmonary tuberculosis caused by poor air quality.
2. It was found out that 209 cases of Acute Upper Respiratory Inspections
were enhanced through exposure to air pollutants are recorded in year 2018 and
24 cases of Pneumonia, Bronchial Asthma in Acute Exacerbation and Pulmonary
Tuberculosis due to the effects of poor air quality were listed, 7 of them are male
and 17 are female.
3. It was found out that the air quality index level in Padre Garcia,
Batangas is in moderate level.
4. Jeepney drivers have the highest mean of experiencing minor effect of
air pollution, however the jeepney barkers has the highest mean of experiencing
major effect.
Conclusions
The following conclusions were drawn from the foregoing summary of
findings.
1. Sex is a factor in Upper Respiratory diseases. It was seen that females
admitted to those cases are more prone to the effects of polluted air than males.
2. The air quality index in Padre Garcia is not high in compared to other
places thus the effects of this to the residents such as jeepney drivers, shop
owners, jeepney barkers and commuters who do not have an illness or an
ailment are only a little in terms of minor effects and have no major effects at all.
3. Both jeepney drivers and jeepney barkers have a long exposure to air
pollution but because jeepney drivers are infront of jeepneys they only
experience the minor effect but the jeepney barkers are always at the rear side of
jeepneys where the muffler is attached so they are more prone to major effects.
4. Acute Upper Respiratory Inspections (AURI) is directly related with the
air quality. The greater the exposure to the air pollutants contained by the air
pollution can cause severity of the patients admitted to the disease stated.
5. The minor effects of poor air quality not totally affected the residents,
while the major effects absolutely does not affected at all the residents.
Recommendations
In the light of the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are
deemed appropriate and merit considerations.
1. The residents of the municipality should wear a mask (if possible) in
order to protect themselves in obtaining diseases in relation with the air pollution
and limit outdoor exertion especially for those people belongs to sensitive
groups.
2. There must be a monthly checkup in the municipal clinic for the
residents specifically those who are in contact with air pollution such as jeepney
drivers, commuters and etc. to know if they already obtained upper respiratory
diseases for them to be aware and to have an intimate knowledge on coping up
with the air quality level within the municipality.
3. Jeepney drivers’ vehicles should undergo an emission test annually to
test if its exhaust is not harmful at all to the human health.
4. More importantly, jeepney drivers should use an anti-air pollution device
as an extension of the vehicle’s exhaust pipe, to lessen the amount of air
pollutants present on it.
Bibliography
A. Unpublished Material
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Locsin (2018) "Baguio air is among the dirtiest in the country" retrieved from
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360705/baguio-air-is- among-the-dirtiest-in-the-country/story/
Peña (2018) "Peña: The latest WHO air pollution report" retrieved from January
26, 2019 https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1742569
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WANTED: A BREATH OF FRESH AIR
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20.pdf
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you-need-know
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Pollution: The DMMMSU-NLUC, Philippines Experience
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Curriculum Vitae
Jenny P. Andal
#129 Bukal, Padre Garcia,

Batangas
andaljenny6@gmail.com
09661198961
PERSONAL INFROMATION
Date of Birth : April 6, 2001
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Age : 17 years old
Senior High School : Holy Family Academy
Civil Status : Single
2018-2019
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Junior High School : Bukal National High School
Father’s Name : Jaime A. Andal
2016-2017
Mother’s Name : Wilma P. Andal
Elementary : Bukal Elementary School

2012-2013
AWARDS RECEIVED
Valedictorian- Elementary
With High Honors- Junior High School
Academic Excellence Award
Leadership Awardee
Patience Advocate Awardee
SKILLS
Leadership
Computer Literate
Can speak bilingual languages
Curriculum Vitae
Shaila Angela M. Brucal

#373 San Miguel, Padre Garcia, Batangas
angelashaibrucal@gmail.com
09201233750
Date of Birth : July 12, 2001
Age : 17 years old
Civil Status
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : Single
Father’s Name : Pedro Riche R. Brucal
Mother’s Name : Shiela M. Brucal

2018-2019
Junior High School : Holy Family Academy

2016-2017
Elementary : San Miguel Elementary School

2012-2013
AWARDS RECEIVED
Achiever - Elementary
GSP of the year
Leadership Awardee - Junior High School
SAC Citation
Saber Awardee
SKILLS
Leadership
Time Keeper
Computer Literate
Curriculum Vitae
Jerome Briones
Maugat West, Padre Garcia, Batangas
jeromebriones2000@gmail.com
09300495136
Date of Birth
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : November 20, 2000
Age High School
Senior : : Holy Family
18 years old
Academy
2018-2019
Religion
Junior High School : : Bukal National
Roman Catholic
High School
Father’s Name : Gorgonio R. Triviño
2016-2017
Mother’s Name : Aimee Ruselle Briones
Domingo M. Zuño
Elementary : Elementary School
2012-2013
AWARDS RECEIVED
Third Honorable Mention- Elementary
With Honors- Junior High School
SKILLS
Strategic
Computer Literate
Analytical
Curriculum Vitae
Ken Rexnier P. Cabral

Tangob, Padre Garcia, Batangas
cabral.ken22@gmail.com
09069240937
Date of Birth
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : June 2, 2001
Age High School
Senior : : Holy Family
17Academy
years old
2018-2019
Religion
Junior High School : : Holy Family
Roman Catholic
Academy
Father’s Name : Rex O. Cabral
2016-2017
Mother’s Name : Mirasol P. Cabral
Elementary : Isabang Elementary School

2012-2013
AWARDS RECEIVED
SKILLS
Leadership
Computer Literate
Industrious
Curriculum Vitae
Beatrice M. Castillo
#298 Banaba Padre Garcia
Batangas
beatricecastillo20@yahoo.com
09269946887
Date of Birth : May 28, 2001
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Age : 17 years old
2018-2019
Father’s Name : Elmerito V. Castillo
2016-2017
Mother’s Name : Maria Teresita M. Castillo
Elementary : Padre Garcia Central School

2012-2013
AWARDS RECEIVED
Achievers- Elementary
Academic Excellence Awardee
Leadership Awardee
Citation Awardee
Best in Manners
Star Reader
Most improved student
SKILLS
Leadership
Computer Literate
Communication skills
Critical Thinker
Time keeper
Curriculum Vitae
Gian Carlo C. Cuentas

#531 Cawongan, Padre Garcia, Batangas
giancuentas@yahoo.com
09959832477
Date of Birth : August 1, 2001
Age
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : 17 years old
Civil Status
Senior High School : : Holy Family
Single
Academy
Father’s Name : Jose G. Cuentas
Mother’s Name : Glenda M. Carbaquel
2018-2019

2016-2017
Elementary : Cawongan Elementary School

2012-2013
SKILLS
Computer Literate
Curriculum Vitae
Eulysis V. Dimacuha
Cawongan, Padre Garcia Batangas
eulysis8@gmail.com
09053173600
Date of Birth
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : August 29, 2001
Age
Senior High School : : Holy Family
17Academy
years old
2018-2019
Religion
Junior High School : : Holy Family
Roman Catholic
Academy
Father’s Name : Jhun D. Dimacuha
2016-2017
Mother’s Name : Neneth V. Dimacuha
Elementary : Holy Family Academy

2012-2013
SKILLS
Computer Literate

RDL 2 - Air Quality Index Level

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Oblates of St.

AIR QUALITY INDEX LEVEL IN PADRE GARCIA,

Researchers: JENNY P. ANDAL

Title: AIR QUALITY INDEX LEVEL IN PADRE GARCIA,

Adviser: Mr. Edwin L. Cubero

contaminated by various types of substance. Air pollution is now fully

acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible for a

extensive research effort conducted in many regions of the world.

Batangas: Basis for developing an anti-air pollution device.

The study used purposive sampling and descriptive research design-

both quantitative and qualitative research methods through survey questions

administered to the jeepney drivers, store owners, barkers, Traffic Management

Based on the findings, it is recommended for those people who belong to

by its exhaust. Moreover, the researchers recommend an anti-air pollution device

that is thoroughly effective in reducing the amount of pollutants present in the

researchers. Therefore, the researchers particularly indebted to those persons

generous assistance, continuous encouragement and full cooperation to make

this study possible.

Therefore, the researchers want to express their greatest thanks to the

people who helped to accomplish this project, especially to the following

their minds in order to keep everything right.

To the research moderator, Mr. Edwin Cubero who guided the

approval to conduct an interview and survey as well.

To all the respondents: jeepney drivers, store owners, barkers, Traffic

Management Department (TMD) and commuters both a students and workers

who participated in the researchers’ survey.

Secretary Inspector for Environmental and Sanitation in Municipal Health Center,

We wholeheartedly dedicate this accomplished work to our Almighty

God, our creator, our source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and

along the process.

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

II. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 8

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS 39

Table Title Page

1 Morbidity data (January to December 2018) 25

Minor Effects of Poor Air Quality

2 Morbidity data (January to December 2018) 26

Major Effects of Poor Air Quality

3 Effects of Poor Air Quality to 30

Traffic Management Department (TMD)

Near-road Shop owners

5 Effects of Poor Air Quality to 33

6 Effects of Poor Air Quality to 34

7 Effects of Poor Air Quality to 36

8 Summary of Effects of Poor Air Quality to the 37

Residents of Padre Garcia, Batangas

Figure Title Page

2 Air Quality Index Level 14

Graph Title Page

1 Acute Upper Respiratory Infections 26

3 Bronchial Asthma in Acute Exacerbation 28

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Air pollution continues to pose a dangerous threat to the health of the

vehicles such as Jeepneys, the common mode of public transport among

In reality, the country continuously struggling in establishing a firm grasp on

accumulation of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen

gasoline and diesel.

minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.

Air pollution monitoring is important as air pollution become the most

pollution device is being proposed.