Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
BY
NITESH M. DONGARE
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
DEFINITION
* The first five steps involve the problem formulation for an FTA.
• The remaining steps involve the actual construction of the FT, the evaluation
of the FT, and the interpretation of the FT results.
SYMBOL REPRESENTATIONS
Consider the following block diagram. Let I/P and O/P be the input
And output terminals. There are two sub-systems A and B that are connected in series.
X1 X3
INPUT OUTPUT
X2 X4
For this the fault tree analysis diagram shown in next slide
F (S) Top event
OR
AND AND
F( X 1) F( X 2) F( X 3) F( X 4)
Basic event
CONTINUE…..
Here F(x1) , F(x2) , F(x3), F(x4) Are Events Fail…
mains
transformer Operation
theatre
generator
BLOCK DIAGRAM
INPUT
X1 X2
OUTPUT
X3
Fault tree for problem
F (S)
AND
OR
A Generator
B C
fails
Main fails Transformer fails
SOLUTION
FAILURE OF THE SYSTEM
P ( X 1) = 0.01
P ( X 2) = 1 – 0.996 = 0.004
P ( X 3) = 1 – 0.99 = 0.001
F(S) = 0.0001396
FOR RELIABILITY
R(S) = 1- F(S)
= 1- 0.0001396
R(S) = 0.99986
USES
• Use of FTA to understand of the logic leading to the top event.
• Use of FTA as a diagnostic tool to identify and correct causes of the top event.
ADVANTAGES
• Complicated process.
Cooling
Water In
Reactor
TIC
Temperature
Controller TIA
Alarm Figure 11-8 Reactor with
at Thermocouple high temperature alarm and
T > TA High Temperature Alarm temperature controller.
Step 1 - Identify the initiating event
[Example]
• Alarms that alert the operator when the initiating event occurs and operator actions
designed to be performed in response to alarms or required by procedures.
• Barriers or Containment methods that are intended to limit the effects of the
initiating event.
Step 3: Construct the Event Tree
a. Enter the initiating event and safety functions.
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
Succes
s
Failure
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
Succes
s
If the safety function does not affect the course of the
accident, the accident path proceeds with no branch pt
Failure to the next safety function.
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
Succes
s
Completed !
Failure
B C D
A Safe condition,
return to normal
operation
AC Safe condition,
process shutdown
INITIATING EVENT:
ACD Unsafe condition,
Loss of cooling water runaway reaction,
to oxidation reactor operator aware of
A problem
AB Unstable condition,
process shutdown
Failure
ACCIDENT SEQUENCES
High Temp Operator Operator Operator
Safety Function:Alarm Alerts Notices Re-starts Shuts Down
Operator High Temp Cooling Reactor Result
Identifier: B C D E
Failures/Demand: 0.01 0.25 0.25 0.1
A Continue Operation
0.7425
AD
0.99 Shut Down
0.2227
0.247 ADE
Runaway
5 0.02475
A
AB
1 Continue Operation
0.00562
5
ABD
Initiating Event:
0.007 Shut Down
Loss of Cooling 0.00168
5 8
ABDE
0.00187
1 Occurrence/yr. Runaway
5 0.0001875
0.01 ABC
Continue Operation
0.00187
5
ABCD
0.002 Shut Down
0.000562
5 5
ABCDE
0.000625
Shutdown = 0.2227 + 0.001688 + 0.005625 = 0.2250 occurrences/yr. 0.0000625 Runaway
Runaway = 0.02475 + 0.0001875 + 0.0000625 = 0.02500 occurrences/yr.
Figure 11-9 Event tree for a loss of coolant accident for the reactor of Figure 11-8.
Safety Function
0.01 Failures/Demand